Xin cho Thy

Cc bn

an xen-M ha knh

Gii thiu m ha knh

Cc khi trong h thng truyn thng
nh l dung lng knh truyn
M ha knh

Cc khi trong h
thng truyn thng

 -Format (nh dng): chuyn t tng t sang s

-Source encode (m ha ngun): nn d liu loi b cc thng tin d
tha,ch truyn thng tin cn thit => truyn thng tin c hiu qu,tng tc

- Enerypt (mt m ha):bo v thng tin truyn dn trn knh truyn

-Channel encode (m ha knh):pht hin li v sa li
-Multiplex (ghp knh):truyn thng tin trn mt knh truyn chung
-Pulse modulate (iu ch xung): chuyn tn hiu ph hp vi sng mang
-Bandpass modulate( iu ch gii): qua ghp sng thng tin vi sng
mang
-Frequency spread (m rng ph)
-Multiple access(a truy cp)
Mt chiu:FDM,TDM
Hai chiu : FDMA,TDMA,CDMA,SDMA

nh l dung lng knh truyn

C = W log2 (1 + S/N)
vi W l bng thng ca knh thng tin, c
n v o l [Hz], S l cng sut ca tn hiu
c truyn i, c n v [W], N l cng sut
ca nhiu, cng c n v o [W]. C v R c
th nguyn [bit/giy] hay [b/s]
=> Tn ti phng php m ha kim sot li.
Cht lng h thng truyn thng s:
- Xc sut li bit Pb
- T l li bit BER = Pb.Rb

M ha knh
Tn hiu truyn qua knh truyn s b nh hng bi
nhiu,fading.lm tn hiu u thu b sai.
M ha knh: Dng bo v d liu khng b sai
bng cch thm vo cc Bit d tha.
tng m ha knh l gi mt chui Bit c kh
nng sa li.
M ha knh khng lm gim li Bit truyn m ch
lm gim li Bit d liu.
C 2 loi m ha knh c bn l:m ha khi tuyn
tnh v m chp.

M Ha Khi Tuyn Tnh

M ha khi tuyn tnh

inh nghia
M khi tuyn tnh c xy dng da trn cc
kt qu ca i s tuyn tnh l mt lp m c
dng rt ph bin trong vic chng nhiu.
Mt m khi c chiu di n gm 2k t m c
gi l m tuyn tnh C(n, k) nu v ch nu 2k t
m hnh thnh mt khng gian vect con k chiu
ca khng gian vect n chiu.

M ha khi tuyn tnh

M tuyn tnh C(n, k) c mc ch m ho
nhng khi tin (hay thng bo) k bit thnh
nhng t m n bit.

M ha khi tuyn tnh

Cach biu din ma
M tuyn tnh C(n, k) l mt khng gian con k chiu
ca khng gian vect n thnh phn, k t m c
lp tuyn tnh, chng hn (g0, g1, ...,) sao cho mi t m
trong C l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca k t m ny (vi ai
{0, 1} i = 0, 1, ..., k-1)
w = a0g0 + a1g1 + ... +
k t m ny to thnh mt ma trn cp k n nh sau
Vi gi = (, ,., ), vi i = 0, 1, , k-1.

M ha khi tuyn tnh

M ha khi tuyn tnh

Cach ma hoa
Nu u = (a0, a1, , ) l thng tin cn c m
ho th t m w tng ng vi u c ta bng
cch ly u nhn vi G
w = u G = (a0, a1, , )
hay
w = a0g0 + a1g1 + +
V cc t m tng ng vi cc thng bo
c sinh ra bi G theo cch trn nn G c
gi l ma trn sinh ca b m.

M ha khi tuyn tnh

Vi du
Cho ma trn sinh ca mt m tuyn tnh C (7, 4) nh
sau

Nu u= (1101) l thng tin cn m ha th t m l

w= 1. g0 + 1. g1 + 0. g2 + 1. g3 = ( 1100101)

M ha khi tuyn tnh

Cach giai ma

u = (, , , ) l thng bo, w= (, , , , , , )
l t m tng ng.
Phng trnh lin h gia u v w.
= + + (1)
= +
(2)
= +
(3)
= +
(4)
=
(5)
=
(6)
= +
(7)

M ha khi tuyn tnh

Cach giai ma
Chn 4 phng trnh (4), (5), (6), (7) gii tm
c
= +
=
=
= +

M Chp

M Chp
Ma chp l mt k thut ma hoa sa sai. trong o
mi symbol m bit (chui m bit) c ma hoa
thnh mt symbol n bit, vi m/n l t l ma hoa
(code rate) (n m) hm truyn t l mt hm ca
k symbol thng tin, vi k l constraint length.
Ma chp thuc h ma li v c xy dng da
trn mt a thc sinh hoc mt s chuyn
trng thai c trng.
Ma chp thng s dung thut giai ma viterbi
giai ma.

M Chp
M ha chp s nhn mt chui bit lin tc v
to thnh mt chui ng ra.
Hiu qu hay tc d liu ca m ha chp
c nh gi bng t l ca s bit ng vo k,
v s bit ng ra n.
M ha chp c mt vi b nh dng ghi
nh dng bit vo c s dng m ha cc
bit tip theo

M Chp
B m ha cho m chp thng c coi l mt
tp cc b lc s.

B m ha cho m chp tc R=1/2

(Cc D biu th cc nh 1 bit cc trigger D)

M Chp
Dng vo i qua 2 b lc dng chung cc
phn nh to ra.

1 bit vo s c 2 bit m ha c a ra nn
m c tc R=1/2.

M Chp
Gi s cho cc m sa li khi hay xon c cng kh nng nh
nhau, c 7 bit th m ny sa c 1, ta truyn i v d 14 bit m
xon(A y l i din cho bit ng , B cho bit sai).
Nu l m khi (m Haming, Cyclic ..) 7 bit u c php sai 1
li, 7 bit sau c php sai 1 li, tng t ta c.
- AAABAAA AAAAABA ABAAAAA ...
V m xon th trong 7 bit (3 bit lin trc v 3 bit lin sau) m
ng th s sa li c, v d y l trng hp n sa c
nhiu li nht :
- AAABAAA BAAABAA ABAAABAAA..
C th ni l mt sa li ca m xon tng hn hn i vi
trng hp li b ri u.

M chp
Thc hin m ha mt cch lin tc ch
khng chia thnh khi nh m ha khi tuyn
tnh.
Gi tr cc Bit u vo l s kt hp ca cc Bit
u vo hin ti v cc Bit u vo trc
lu trong thanh ghi.

u
ra Xj

M Chp
Xj=
Trong l a thc sinh.
Xj ph thuc vo gi tr u vo hin ti v L
Bit trc lu trong thanh ghi.
Mi Bit tin tc nh hng n (L+1) Bit u ra
khi n c dch trong thanh ghi.

M Chp
Xt v d sau:m ha tc 1/2, vi u vo
l m = {1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1}, cc a thc m
g1(x) = 1 + x +x2.
g2(x)= 1 + x 2.
Gii:

M Chp
Cc u ra s l:
C(1)(x) = m(x)g1(x) = (1+ x +x4 + x6 )(1+ x + x2)
= 1 +x3 +x4 +x5 +x7 + x8.
C(2)(x) = m(x)g2(x) = (1+ x +x4 + x6 )(1+ x2)
= 1+x + x2 +x3 +x4 +x8.
Dng ra tng hp l: C = {11, 01, 01, 11, 11, 10,
00, 10, 11}

M Chp
C 3 phng php biu din m chp l:
S li
S trng thi
S hnh cy

M Chp
S hnh cy

M Chp
S hnh cy
Nu bit vo u tin l bit 0 th u ra nhn
c chui 00. nu bit vo u tin l 1 th u
ra nhn c chui 11. Nu bit vo u tin l
bit 1 v bit tip theo l bit 0 th chui th nht l
11 v chui th hai l chui 10.
Hng ln l hng ca bit 0 i vo b m,
nhnh i xung biu hin cho bit 1 c dch
vo.

M Chp
S li

Bit 1 l cc ng lin nt, bit 0 l cc ng

t nt. T tng th 2 tr i c 2 ng vo nt
v 2 ng ra khi nt.

M Chp
S trng thi
S trng thi c thc hin bng cch n
gin s 4 trng thi c th c ca b m (00,
01, 10, 11) v trng thi chuyn tip c th c
to ra t trng thi ny chuyn sang trng thi
khc, qu trnh chuyn tip c th l

M Chp
v d:

12/31/2014

K thut m ha-an xen

K thut an xen
Khi xen d liu

K thut an xen
K thut ghp xen d liu nhn c s phn tp
khng gian m khngthm bt k thng tin overhead
no. K thut ny dng gii quyt vn li cm
(bursty errors), cc bit c phn tn nn khng b li
ng thi khi xy ra fading su hay cm nhiu
(bursty noise)
Nu khi sa li hng trc FEC ch sa c li
t 1 n 3 bit th k thut ghp xen li sa c li
vi cc chui di. C hai k thut ghp xen d liu:
- Khi xen d liu Interleaver
- Khi xen chp Convolution Interleaver

K thut an xen

K thut an xen
Chng ta c th thy Hnh trn l on d liu
khng ghp xen, khi xy ra li d liu b ph
hu hon ton.

K thut an xen

Khi xen d liu

Khi xen d liu

Khi xen d liu

Khi xen d liu

Hai hng u tin ca bng tr nh by s sp
xp cc bit ny s c gi ln knh m khng
cn thc hin xen b xen.
Nu c li xy ra trong knh thc ch ra
hng th 3 ca bng,hai hng cui ca bng ch
cc bit s c gi ti khi FEC trong b thu
tr n cng knh. Khi dng k thut xen, cc bit
b ph hu, th FEC s t sa li.