MEASUREMENT

Measurement - it is a process of comparing one quantity with a certain standard. In measurement, we give two things: 1. number 2. unit of measurement

A. SHORT HISTORY:
In early times, the bases of measurement are the human body and objects such as seeds, sticks, shells and stones. Among the body parts are the following ancient measures: a. Cubit the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. b. Span - the distance from the tip of the little finger to the tip of the thumb of an outstretched arm. c. Palm the distance between the base of the four fingers and the wrist. d. Digit the thickness or width of the middle finger e. Inch the thickness or width of the thumb f. Foot the distance from the heel to the tip of the big toe. g. Fathom is the length of the two arms stretched horizontally. h. Pace the distance from the heel of a persons foot to the heel o his other foot while walking. i. Yard the distance from the tip of the nose to the end of the thumb with the outstretched hand of Englands King Henry I.

B. THE FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES:

The original fundamental quantities: 1. Length is the measure of the distance from one point to another. The SI unit of length is meter (m). 2. Mass is the measure of the quantity of a body. The SI unit of mass is gram (g) or Kilogram (Kg). 3. Time is the measurement of duration or the interval between two events or phenomena. The SI unit of time is second (s). The following are the new and additional fundamental quantities: 4. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance. The units used are C, F, and K. 5. Luminous Intensity is the measure of radiant intensity in a given direction. It pertains to the brightness of light. Its unit is in candela (cd). 6. Electric Current is the measure of the flow of electrical charges. The unit of electric current is Ampere (A). 7. Amount of Substance is the amount of substance which includes the number o entities in a system. It is defined by mole (mol). It is defined in the Avogadros number whose value is 6.02 x 1023 molecule/mol Units taken from fundamental quantities can be: 1. Fundamental or Base Units units taken from the fundamental quantities It can be: a. Conceptual Unit - units based on natural phenomena or things b. Standard Unit - units based on some physical quantities and then derived other units from it. 2. Derived Units units obtained by mathematical operations using the fundamental units. Ex. area, volume, density, speed, etc.

C. BASIS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS: 1. Measurement of distances or lengths:

Standard Unit: Meter (m) : 1 meter = 10,000,000 of the earth's quadrant
1

= 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of orange-red light of krypton 86

= length of Platinum-Iridium bar Derived units: area and volume 2. Measurement of mass: Standard Unit: Gram (g) or Kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram = 1000 cm3 of water at maximum density, 4 C = platinum iridium cylinder with a volume of 1L or 1000 cm3 3. Measurement of time: Standard Unit: second (s) 1 second = earth's motion (rotation = 1 day; revolution = 1 year)
1 solarday 86400

= 9,192,631,720 vibrations of Cs - 133 This is known as the Cesium Clock.

D. SYSTEMS OF UNITS:
2 Systems of Units: 1. British or English System or FPS (Foot Pound Second) unit of measures for the three fundamental quantities. 2. S.I Units (Le Systeme Internazionale dUnites) which adopted the metric system of measurement and based on the decimal system. It can be: a). MKS ( meter kilogram second) system for bigger measure b). Gaussian or cgs system (centimeter gram second) for smaller measure

D. USE OF PREFIXES:
Prefix Yotta Zetta Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deka Standard Unit deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto Symbol Equivalent Scientific Notation Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1024 Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1021 E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018 P 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015 T 1,000,000,000,000 1012 G 1,000,000,000 109 M 1,000,000 106 k 1,000 103 h 100 102 da or D 10 101 Meter (m), Gram (g), Second (s), Watt (W), Newton (N), Volt (V), etc. d 1/10 10 -1 c 1/100 10 -2 m 1/1000 10 -3 1/1,000,000 10 -6 n 1/1,000,000,000 10 -9 p 1/1,000,000,000,000 10 -12 f 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 10 -15 a 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000 10 -18 z 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 10 -21 y 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 10 -24

E. Conversion of Metric Units: From the conversion equivalents at the table, convert the following units to its indicated new metric unit. 1) 12.8 m cm 12.8 m x
100cm = 1280 cm 1m

4) 3250 g

kg
1kg

3250 g x 1000 g = 3.25 kg 5) 430 mg g 430 mg x 1000mg = 0.430 g 6) 34 hL daL 34 hL x

10daL = 340 daL 1hL
1g

2) 130 m km
1km 130 m x = 0.130 km 1000m

3) 135 m dam
1dam 135 m x = 13.5 dam 10 m

Exercises: 1. 120 mm cm 2. 340 cm dm 3. 245 mm dm 4. 102 dm m 5. 41 km dm 6. 1997 hm 7. 345 m 8. 682 m 9. 120 km 10. 5672 dm dm hm dam m Mm

F. English to Metric Conversion: Common English and Metric Conversion factors for length and masses: LENGTH 1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm 1m = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m or 12 in. 1 mile (mi) = 5280 ft or 1.609 km 1 km = 0.62137 mi Examples: 3 MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 ounce (oz) = 28.35 g 1 pound (lb) = 453.6 g 1 ton = 2000 lb 1 lb = 16 0z

1. 1.5 km ft 1.5 km x
1000m 3.28 ft x = 4920 ft 1km 1m

4. 120 lbs kg 120 lbs x

1kg = 54.545 kg 2.2lbs

2. 3.25 mi. m
1m 5280 ft 3.25 mi x x 3.28 ft = 5231.707 m 1mi

5. 3564 oz kg 3564 oz x
1kg 28.35 g x 1000 g = 1oz

101.039 kg 3. 12350 ft km 12350 ft x 2045.455 kg Exercises: 1. 2.45 km 2. 1.86 mi 3. 57689 ft 4. 0.75 mi 5. 3456 m mi m km m mi 6. 430 kg 7. 145 oz 8. 0.075 ton 9. 658 lbs 10. 568 g lbs kg g kg oz
1m 3.28 ft

6. 2.25 ton kg
1km x = 3.765 km. 1000m

2.25 ton x

2000lb 1kg x = 1ton 2.2lbs

G. Derived Units (Area and Volume):

AREA: the size of a plane surface

- it is expressed in square units: FORMULA: a. Square a plane figure with 2 pairs of parallel sides and four equal sides and four right angles s s b. Rectangle = a plane figure with sides meeting at right angle with opposite sides of equal lengths. A = lw l c. w Triangle = a three sided figure with three vertices. a
1 A = ab 2

A = s x s or s2

where: A = area s = sides

where: A = area l = length w = width where: a = altitude or height b = base A = area

b The length of the hypotenuse can be obtained by using the Pythagorean Theorem: c 2 = a 2 + b2 or c = a 2 + b 2

d. Circle = a closed plane figure formed by a curved plane every point of which is of equal distant from one and the same point inside the figure. 4

A=r d d=2r r= Sample Problems:

where: r = radius d = diameter c = center A = area or

d 2

1 d 2

1. Find the area of a square tile whose sides measure 14.5 cm each. Given: Solution: s = 14.5 cm A=s2 = (14.5 cm) 2 Asked: A = 210.25 cm 2 2. Find the size of a rectangular surface whose length measures 5 dm and 250 mm wide? What is its area in sq. m and in sq. cm.? Given: l = 5 dm 0.5 m 50 cm w = 250 mm 0.25 m 25 cm Asked: a. A in sq. m b. A in sq. cm Solution: a. In sq. m A = lw = (0.5 m)(0.25 m) = 0.125 m 2 b. In sq. cm A = lw = (50 cm)(25 cm) = 1250 cm 2

3. A triangular lot measures 12 m on one side and 15 m on the other. Find : a. the size of the lot b. the magnitude of its longest side. Given: b = 15 m h = 12 m Asked: a. Area b. hypotenuse Solution: a. Area
bh A= 2 (12m)(15m) = 2

b. hypotenuse
c = b2 + b2
= (15m) 2 +(12m) 2

= 90 m 2

= 19.209 m

4. Find the area covered by the base of a cylinder if its diameter is 12 dm? Given: d = 12 dm Asked: A Solution:
A = r2

= (6dm) 2

= 113.097 dm2

Exercises: 1. Determine the area of a floor if it measures 120.25 dm on each side? 2. Find the area of lot which is 15 m long and 13 m wide? 5

3. A lot measures 12 m by length and 10 m wide. What is the area of the lot? 4. What is the area of a circular plate whose diameter is 86.25 cm? 5. A study table has a triangular frame on its sides. If its base is 0.5 m and a height of 40 cm. What is its area in cm2 and the length of its longest side? 6. How many tiles are needed to cover a rectangular floor measuring 4 dm by 2 m, if the tiles to be used is measuring 20 cm on its sides? How much will its owner spend if a tile cost Php. 15.00? 7. What is the largest area of a circle that can be cut from a square sheet whose sides measures 15 cm each? What is the total area of the remaining sheet? VOLUME: the total amount of space that the object is occupying. - it is expressed in cubic units. FORMULA: a. Rectangular Solids a regular three dimensional figure having six rectangular faces meeting each other at right angle. where: l = length w = width V = lwh h = height or h thickness V = volume

l w b. Cube a solid having six equal sides. where: s = sides V = volume s V = s x s x s or s3 s s c. Cylinder a closed plane figure with 2 parallel sides and circular ends. d h V = r2 h where: V = volume = pi r = radius h = height d = diameter

d. Sphere - closed curved figure with all ends are equidistant from its center. where: = pi r = radius 6

V=

4 r3 3

or

d = diameter

V = 0.5236 d3 A = 4 r2 d

Sample Problems: 1. Find the volume of match box if its length is 8 cm, 5 cm wide and 1.5 cm thick. Given: l = 8 cm w = 5 cm h = 1.5 cm Asked: V 2. A wood measures 10 cm by 10 cm on its sides. If it is 18 cm tall, find the total space occupied by it? Given: s = 10 cm h = 18 cm Asked: V Solution: V = S2h or = (10 cm) 2 (18 cm) = 1800 cu. cm. = 1800 cm 3 V= sxsxh = (10 cm) (10 cm) (18 cm) = 1800 cu. cm. = 1800 cm 3 Solution: A = lwh = (8 cm)(5 cm)(1.5 cm) = 60 cm 3

3. A cubical box used for keeping jewelries measures 10.5 cm on its sides. Determine its volume? Given: s = 10.5 cm Asked: V Solution: V=s3 = (10.5 cm) 3 = 1157.625 cu. cm = 1157.625 cm 3

4. A canister measures 10 cm in diameter. If it is 25 cm tall, what is its volume? Given: d = 10 cm h = 25 cm r = 5 cm Asked: V Solution: V = r 2 h = (5cm) 2 ( 25cm) = 1963.495 cu. cm = 1963.495 cm 3

5. A spherical tank has a diameter of 1.5 m. What is the space occupied by this tank? Given: Solution: 7

d = 1.5 m Asked: V

V = 0.5236 d 3 = 0.5236 (1.5 m) 3 = 1.767 cu. m = 1.767 m 3

or

V =

4 3 r 3 4 3 = (0.75m) 3

= 1.767 cu. m = 1.767 m 3

Exercises: 1. What is the volume of a container van with a length of 20 m, 20 dm wide and 200 cm tall? 2. A cylindrical tank has a diameter of 2.25 m. If it is 9000 mm long. What is its volume? 3. A cubical gasoline tank measures 3.5 dm on its sides. What would be its volume? 4. A gasoline tank has a surface area of 12.5664 sq. m. If its height is 0.75 m, what is its volume? 5. What is the volume of a ball with a diameter of 30 cm? 6. A pile of bricks measures 100 dm by length, 200 cm wide and 1500 mm by height. How many bricks are there if a brick measures 20 cm by length, 10 cm by width and 50 mm by height. MASS VOLUME RELATIONSHIP (based on the density of Water)
Volume of solids 1 cubic meter 1 cubic decimeter 1 cubic centimeter (ccm) Volume of liquids 1000 L 1L 1 mL Mass Equivalent 1 metric ton (mton) = 1000 kg 1 kg 1g

Sample Problem: 1. A swimming pool measures 15 m long, 8 m wide and 2.5 m deep. Determine: a. the total volume of water on it b. the total mass of the water on it c. the amount of time needed to fill it with water if a pump delivers water at 150 L/min. d. the time to empty the pool if its released pipe delivers water at 220 L/ min. e. If its owner utilizes water from water concessionaire to fill the tank, how much will he spend if water is sold at Php. 12.00/ m3. Given: l = 15 m w=8m h = 2.5 m Asked: a. VH2O b. MH2O = 2000 min or 33.333 h c. TFILL d. TEMPTY e. Cost Solution: Vpool = lwh = (15 m)(8 m)(2.5 m) 8 d. TEMPTY =
VH 2 O rateofpump 300000 L = 220 L / min

b. MN2O = VH2O

1Kg 1L 1Kg = 300000 L 1L

= 300000 Kg c. TFILL =
VH 2 O rateofpump 300000 L = 150 L / min

= 1363.636 min or 22.727 h e. Cost = VPOOL x Price = 300 m 3 x Php 12.00 / m 3

= 300 cu. m or 300 m 3 a. VH2O = Vpool

1000 L m3

= Php 3600.00

1000 L m3 = 300000 L or 300 KL

= 300 m 3

2. An aquarium measures 125 cm long, 7 dm wide and 0.6 m tall. If it is 90 % filled with water. Find: a. the total volume of water it contains b. the total mass of water it contains c. the time to fill it if a faucet delivers water at 15 L / min. d. the time to empty the aquarium if the siphoning hose releases water at 10 L / min. e. the number of persons needed to lift it if each person can support a load of 80 kg each and the aquarium alone weighs 45 kg. Given: l = 125 cm 1.25 m w = 7 dm 0.7 m h = 0.6 m Asked: a. VH2O
b. MASS d. TEMPTY =

b. MASS = VH2O

1Kg 1L 1Kg = 472.5 L 1L

= 472.5 Kg c. TFILL =
VH 2 O rateoffaucet 472.5 L = 15L / min
= 31.5 min

c. TFILL d. TEMPTY e. # of Persons needed Solution: VAQUARIUM = lwh = (1.25 m)(0.7 m)(0.6 m) = 0.525 cu. m VH2O = VAQUARIUM x
1000 L x 90% 1m 3 1000 L = 0.525 m 3 x x 0.9 1m 3 = 472.5 L

VH 20 rateofsiphon 472.5 L = 10 L / min

= 47.25 min e. # of Persons =

MASSTOBELIFTED
Capacityofeachperson M H 2O + M AQUARIUM

= =

80kg / person

472.5 Kg + 45 Kg 80 Kg / person 517.5 Kg = 80 Kg / person

= 7 persons

Exercises: 1. A submarine has 10 spherical tanks as its ballast. Each tank has a diameter of 1.525 m. Find: a. What is the total volume of water that the tank holds? b. How long does it takes to fill and release the water if each of its pump sucks and releases water at 18 L / sec. 2. A caisson was lowered into a river. It has a diameter of 15 m and a height of 12.5 m. It is filled 9

with water up to 90% of its height. Determine: a. the amount of water inside the caisson. b. the mass of the water inside the caisson. c. If there are 4 pumps pumping the water out of the caisson, how long does it take for the pumps to remove the water if each pump can deliver water 100 L per minute.

GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS: The easiest way to understand and see the relationship between variables or quantities in an experiment or in a set of data is to make a pictorial representation of these which can be done through a graph. A graph enables us to see how variables and numbers are related and helps us to understand the facts better allowing us to make reliable conclusion. 10

Steps in making a graph: 1. Determine which of the given quantities are dependent variable and independent variable. Dependent variable is the variable whose value depends on the independent variable

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