Graduate Course EE8407: Bin Wu Professor

Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
EE8407 Topic 3
1
Power Converter Systems

Graduate Course EE8407
Ryerson Campus

Bin Wu PhD, PEng

Professor
ELCE Department
Ryerson University

Contact Info
Office: ENG328
Tel: (416) 979-5000 ext: 6484
Email: bwu@ee.ryerson.ca
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~bwu/

EE8407 Topic 3
2
d
i
A
v
B
v
C
v
A
i
s
L
1
N
a
i~
2
N
3
N
a
i
= 30 o
= 0 o
a a
i i i
A
~' + ' =
d
C
d
V
lk
L
lk
L
A
B
C
a
b
c
a
~
b
~
c
~
Topic 3

Multi-pulse Diode Rectifiers
EE8407 Topic 3
3
Lecture Topics

Six-pulse Diode Rectifier (Building Block)
Series-type 12-, 18- and 24-pulse rectifiers
Separate-type 12-, and 18-pulse rectifiers
EE8407 Topic 3
4
Why Use Multipulse Diode Rectifiers?

To reduce line current THD;
To improve input power factor; and
To avoid semiconductor devices in series.
EE8407 Topic 3
5
Resistive Load
) 3 / 4 sin( 2
) 3 / 2 sin( 2
) sin( 2
t e
t e
e
=
=
=
t V v
t V v
t V v
PH c
PH b
PH a
) 6 / sin( 2 t e + = = t V v v v
LL b a ab
Supply Voltages:
a
i
b
i
c
i
1
D
3
D
5
D
4
D
6
D
2
D
d
v
a
v
b
v
c
v
d
i
d
R
a
b
c
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
EE8407 Topic 3
6
Waveforms
d
v
ab
v
ac
v
1
A
bc
v
ca
v
cb
v
d
v
ba
v
do
V
I II
t
b
v
c
v
a
v
v
0
0
0
a
i
6 1
, D D
2 1
, D D
ON
t 2
t e
t e
t e
t 2
t
ab
v
6
t
2
t
a
v
ON
( ) ) ( 6 / sin 2
3 /
1
3 /
area
2 /
6 /
t d t V V
LL do
e t e
t t
t
t
+ = =
}
1
A
LL LL
V V 35 . 1
2 3
~ =
t
EE8407 Topic 3
7
Capacitive Load
d
C
d
V
(a)
d
V
(b)
R
a
i
b
i
c
i
1
D
3
D
5
D
4
D
6
D
2
D
d
i
a
b
c
s
L
a
v
b
v
c
v
s
L
s
L
Assumption:
constant = =
d d
V C
EE8407 Topic 3
8
Waveforms
t e
t e
t e
t e
t e
ab
v
ac
v
bc
v
ba
v
ca
v
cb
v
ab
v
ac
v
t t 2
a
i
b
i
d
i
6 1
, D D
t t 2
c
i
ON
2 1
, D D
ON
v
0
0
0
0
0
d
V
EE8407 Topic 3
9
Discontinuous Current Operation
t
3 / t
1
u
2
u
3
u
d
i
v ab
v
ac
v
t e
t e
d
V
3 / t
4
u
0
0
p
I
5
u
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

LL
d
V
V
2
sin
1
1
u
1 2
u t u =
EE8407 Topic 3
10
t
3 / t
1
u
2
u
3
u
d
i
v ab
v
ac
v
t e
t e
d
V
3 / t
4
u
0
0
p
I
5
u
Differential Equation:
d ab
d
s
V v
dt
i d
L = 2
3 1
u e u < s t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) u u u u
e
e e
e
u
u
u
+ =
=
}
1 1
cos cos 2
2
1
sin 2
2
1
1
d LL
s
d LL
s
d
V V
L
t d V t V
L
i
Solution:
d
V
a
i
b
i
c
i
1
D
3
D
5
D
4
D
6
D
2
D
d
i
a
b
c
s
L
a
v
b
v
c
v
s
L
s
L
EE8407 Topic 3
11
t
3 / t
1
u
2
u
3
u
d
i
v ab
v
ac
v
t e
t e
d
V
3 / t
4
u
0
0
p
I
5
u
Peak dc current:
Average dc current:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
cos cos 2
2
1
u u u u
e
+ =
d LL
s
p
V V
L
I
Voltage theta relation:
3 1
3 1
cos cos
2 u u
u u
=
LL
d
V
V
( ) ( ) u u
t
u
u
d i I
d d
}
=
3
1
3 /
1
EE8407 Topic 3
12
Continuous Current Operation
d
i
i
c
i
D
2
, D
3
D
1
, D
2
D
1
D
2
D
3
I III II
On-state
Diode
t t 2
p
I
b
i
t e
t e
a
i
p
I
a
i
b
i
c
i
c
u
d
V
a
i
b
i
c
i
1
D
3
D
5
D
4
D
6
D
2
D
d
i
a
b
c
s
L
a
v
b
v
c
v
s
L
s
L
Note:
- With the increase of the load current, the rectifier will
enter into continuous current operation.
- During commutation interval, three diodes are on.
EE8407 Topic 3
13
Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Phase voltage (pure sine):
Line current (distorted):
RMS line current:
Line current THD:
( )
n n an
n
a
t I i | e =

=
) ( sin 2
,... 3 , 2 , 1
( )
2 / 1
,... 3 , 2 , 1
2
2 / 1
2
0
2
) (
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

}

= n
an a a
I t d i I e
t
t
1
2
1
2
a
a a
I
I I
THD

=
t V v
a a 1
sin 2 e =
EE8407 Topic 3
14
Definition of Power Factor (PF)
Per-phase average (real) power:
Per-phase apparent power:
Total power factor (PF):
Distortion factor (DF) :
Displacement power factor (DPF) :
( ) t d i v P
a a
e
t
t
=
}
2
0
2
1
1 1
cos|
a a
I V =
a a
I V S =
DPF DF
I
I
I V
I V
S
P
PF
a
a
a a
a a
= = = =
1
1 1 1
cos
cos
|
|
a a
I I DF /
1
=
1
cos| = DPF
PF = f (THD) :
2
1 THD
DPF
PF
+
=
EE8407 Topic 3
15
Per Unit System
Rated power, rated lint-to-line voltage:
Base voltage and frequency:
Base current and impedance:
Base inductance and capacitance:
Example
Rectifier ratings: 4160V, 60Hz, 2MVA.
Base current = 277.6A, Base inductance = 22.9mH.
Line inductance = 2.29mH = 0.1pu
Line current = 138.8A = 0.5pu
R R
V S ,
. and
3
B
B
B
B
R
B
I
V
Z
V
S
I = =
3
R
B
V
V =
1
2 f
B
t e = and
B B
B
B
B
B
Z
C
Z
L
e e
1
and = =
EE8407 Topic 3
16
a
i
1 a
i 1.41
t
0
t 2 t 3 t 4
0.282
a
i
1 a
i
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
(a) I
a1
= 0.2 pu
(b) I
a1
= 1 pu
Harmonics
n
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
THD
(%)
1
/
a an
I I
(%)
pu 2 . 0
1
=
a
I

63.4 38.7 8.99 8.64 4.22 3.61 2.48 2.02 75.7
1
/
a an
I I
(%)
pu 1
1
=
a
I

30.4 8.79 6.31 3.40 2.30 1.89 1.04 1.03 32.7

Typical Waveforms / Harmonic Content
EE8407 Topic 3
17
A
B
C
1.0
PF
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.9
A
B
C
(b) PF
100
THD(%)
20
60
40
80
(a) THD
A: L
s
= 0.05
B: L
s
= 0.10
C: L
s
= 0.15
A: L
s
= 0.05
B: L
s
= 0.10
C: L
s
= 0.15
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 a
I
0 (pu) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 a
I
0 (pu)
THD and PF
EE8407 Topic 3
18
d
i
A
v
B
v
C
v
A
i
s
L
1
N
a
i~
2
N
3
N
a
i
= 30 o
= 0 o
a a
i i i
A
~' + ' =
d
C
d
V
lk
L
lk
L
A
B
C
a
b
c
a
~
b
~
c
~
Rectifier Topology
Series type:
Two six-pulse rectifiers
are in series at the output.
Phase shifting transformer: = Z Z = 30 ~
~
AB
b a
V V o
Secondary line-to-line voltage: 2 / ~
~
AB
b a
ab
V V V = =
Turns ratio:
2
2
1
=
N
N
.
3
2
3
1
=
N
N
and
12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
EE8407 Topic 3
19
Simplified Block Diagram
s
L
a
i
= 0 o
= 30 o
d
i
A
v
B
v
C
v
A
i
s
L
1
N
a
i~
2
N
3
N
a
i
= 30 o
= 0 o
a
i~
a a
i i i
A
~' + ' =
a a
i i i
A
~' + ' =
d
C
d
V
lk
L
lk
L
lk
L
lk
L
A
B
C
a
b
c
A
i
(a) 12-pulse diode rectifier
(b) Simplified diagram
a
~
b
~
c
~
d
i
d
C
d
V

EE8407 Topic 3
20
-1.50
-0.75
0
0.75
1.50
d
i
) ( pu 1
1 1
=
a a
I i
a
i
2 /
a a
i i = '
a
i~'
-0.80
-0.40
0
0.40
0.80
a a A
i i i ~' + ' =
-1.50
-0.75
0
0.75
1.50
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
t t 2 t 3
t 4
) ( pu 1
1 1
=
A A
I i
(pu)
Waveforms and FFT
No 5
th
or 7
th
harmonics in the line current.
Primary line current THD: 8.38%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
/
a an
I I ' '
n = 1
n = 5
7
11
13
17 19
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
7
11
13
17 19
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
11
13
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
1
~ ~ /
a n a
I I ' '
1
/
A n A
I I
n = 1
n = 5
n = 1
250 500 750 1000 f (Hz)
THD = 24.1%
1 1
/ /
a an a an
I I I I = ' '
THD = 24.1%
1
~ ~
1
~ ~ / /
a n a a n a
I I I I = ' '
THD = 8.38%
EE8407 Topic 3
21
5
10
15
20
25
THD(%)
(a) THD
A: L
s
= 0.00
B: L
s
= 0.05
C: L
s
= 0.10
(L
lk
= 0.05)
A
B
C
A: L
s
= 0.00
B: L
s
= 0.05
C: L
s
= 0.10
(L
lk
= 0.05)
1.00
PF
0.92
0.96
0.94
0.98
(b) PF
A
B
C
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 A
I 0 (pu) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 A
I 0 (pu)
Comparison with six-pulse rectifier:
THD is reduced; and
PF is improved.
THD and PF
EE8407 Topic 3
22
A
i
s
L
Z
= 20 o
= 0 o
Z
= 20 o
d
C
a
i
a
i~
a
i
d
i
a a a
i i i i
A
'
+
'
+
'
= ~
lk
L
lk
L
lk
L
d
V
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer
Converter Topology
EE8407 Topic 3
23
Simulated Waveforms
0
a
i'
a
i'
(b)
0.30
0
-0.30
-0.60
1.50
0.75
-0.75
-1.50
(a)
3 / ~ ~
a a
i i = '
a a a A
i i i i ' + ' + ' = ~
t t 2 t 3
t 4
THD = 23.7%
THD = 3.06%
0
0.60
(pu)
No 5
th
, 7
th
, 11
th
, or 13
th
harmonics in the line current.
Lowest harmonic: 17
th

Line current THD: 3.06%
EE8407 Topic 3
24
Measured Waveforms
a
i
a
i~
A
i
5ms/div pu/div, 2
200Hz/div pu/div, 5 / 2
(a) Currents:
(b) Spectrum:

a
i

EE8407 Topic 3
25
THD and PF
2
4
6
8
10
THD(%)
(a) THD
A: L
s
= 0.00
B: L
s
= 0.05
C: L
s
= 0.10
(L
lk
= 0.05)
A
B
C
A: L
s
= 0.00
B: L
s
= 0.05
C: L
s
= 0.10
(L
lk
= 0.05)
1.00
PF
0.92
0.96
0.94
0.98
(b) PF
A
B
C
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 A
I 0 (pu) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 A
I 0 (pu)
Comparison with 12-pulse:
Improved THD
EE8407 Topic 3
26
Converter Topology
A
i
s
L
Z
= 15 o
= 0 o
Z
=15 o
= 30 o
a a a a
i i i i i
A
) ' + ' + ' + ' = ~
a
i
a
i~
a
i
a
i
)
lk
L
lk
L
lk
L
lk
L
d
C
d
i
d
V
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer
EE8407 Topic 3
27
Typical Waveforms
0.30
-0.30
-0.60
0.60
0.30
-0.30
-0.60
1.50
0.75
-0.75
-1.50
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
a a a a A
i i i i i
) ' + ' + ' + ' = ~
a
i'
a
i
) '
4 / ~ ~
a a
i i = '
a
i'
t t 2 t 3
t 4
t t 3
THD = 24.0%
THD = 24.0%
THD = 1.49%
0
0
0
(pu)
0.60
Lowest line current harmonic: 23
th

THD: 1.49%
EE8407 Topic 3
28
THD and PF
0
2
4
6
8
THD(%)
(a) THD
A
B
C
1.00
PF
0.92
0.96
0.94
0.98
(b) PF
A
B
C
A: L
s
= 0.00
B: L
s
= 0.05
C: L
s
= 0.10
(L
lk
= 0.05)
A: L
s
= 0.00
B: L
s
= 0.05
C: L
s
= 0.10
(L
lk
= 0.05)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 A
I 0 (pu) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 A
I 0 (pu)
EE8407 Topic 3
29
Rectifier Topology
d
C
s
L
a
i
= 0 o
= 30 o
d
C
d
i
L
O
A
D
L
O
A
D
a
i~
a a
i i i
A
~
'
+
'
=
lk
L
lk
L
d
i~
d
V
d
V
~
A
i
Separate Type
Each six-pulse rectifier feeds a separate dc load.
12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
EE8407 Topic 3
30
= 0 o
= 0 o
= 0 o
M
= 30 o
= 30 o
= 30 o
Application Example
Multilevel Cascade
H-bridge Inverter Fed Drive
Phase Shifting
Transformer
EE8407 Topic 3
31
Typical Waveforms
Comparison with series-type:
- DC current ripple: higher
- Line current THD: close

t t 2 t 3
t 4
a
i
d
i
d
i~
a
i~'
0
1.00
0
-1.00
-2.00
1.00
0.50
0
-0.50
-1.00
1.50
0.75
0
-0.75
-1.50
(a)
(b)
(c)
t t 2 t 3
a a A
i i i ~' + ' =
2 /
a a
i i = '
(pu)
2.00
11 13 17 19
11 13
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
/
a an
I I ' '
1
/
A n A
I I
250 500 750 1000 f (Hz)
7
n = 1
n = 5
n = 1
(d)
1 1
~ ~ / /
a an a n a
I I I I ' ' = ' '
THD = 32.7%
THD = 7.36%
EE8407 Topic 3
32
Measured Waveforms
a
i
a
i~
A
i
5ms/div pu/div, 2
200Hz/div pu/div, 10 / 2
(a) Currents:
(b) Spectrum:

EE8407 Topic 3
33
Line Current THD and Input PF
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
I
A1
(pu)
THD(%)
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
5
10
15
20
25
A: L
s
= 0
B: L
s
= 0.05pu
C: L
s
= 0.10pu
( L
lk
= 0.05pu )
PF
Continuous
Current Mode
A
B
C
A
B
C
A: L
s
= 0
B: L
s
= 0.05pu
C: L
s
= 0.10pu
( L
lk
= 0.05pu )
I
A1
(pu)
EE8407 Topic 3
34
Rectifier Topology
A
i
s
L
Z
= 20 o
= 0 o
Z
= 20 o
d
C
a
i
d
C
L
O
A
D
L
O
A
D
a
i~
d
C
L
O
A
D
a
i
d
i
a a a
i i i i
A
'
+
'
+
'
= ~
lk
L
lk
L
lk
L
d
i~
d
i
d
V
d
V~
d
V
EE8407 Topic 3
35
Simulated Waveforms
3 / ~ ~
a a
i i = '
a
i'
a
i'
0.80
0.40
0
-0.40
-0.80
1.50
0.75
0
-0.75
-1.50
0
(a)
(b)
t t 2 t 3
t 4
a a a A
i i i i ' + ' + ' = ~
(pu)
THD = 32.7%
THD = 3.05%
EE8407 Topic 3
36
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
I
A1
(pu)
THD(%)
2
4
6
8
10
A
B
C
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
PF
A
B
C
A: L
s
= 0
B: L
s
= 0.05pu
C: L
s
= 0.10pu
( L
lk
= 0.05pu )
A: L
s
= 0
B: L
s
= 0.05pu
C: L
s
= 0.10pu
( L
lk
= 0.05pu )
I
A1
(pu)
Continuous
Current Mode
EE8407 Topic 3
37
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
THD(%)
0
2
4
6
8
A
B
C
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
I
A1
(pu)
PF
A
B
C
Continuous
Current Mode
I
A1
(pu)
A: L
s
= 0
B: L
s
= 0.05pu
C: L
s
= 0.10pu
( L
lk
= 0.05pu )
A: L
s
= 0
B: L
s
= 0.05pu
C: L
s
= 0.10pu
( L
lk
= 0.05pu )
EE8407 Topic 3
38

Graduate Course EE8407: Bin Wu Professor

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Graduate Course EE8407: Bin Wu Professor

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Textbook: Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006

12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

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