Practical 1 Aim : To determine the heat of neutralisation of (i) hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide (ii) sulphuric acid

and sodium hydroxide (iii) nitric acid and potassium hydroxide : EC1 is 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

Materials

EC2 is 1.0 mol dm-3 solution of sulphuric acid EC3 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide EC4 is 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid EC5 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous potassium hydroxide Apparatus : 25 cm3 pipette, thermometer 00C-1100C (0.20C), 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, plastic cup and wash bottle filled with distilled water. Procedure: 1. Using a pipette, place 25.0 cm3 of EC1 into a plastic cup. Record the temperature of EC1 as the initial temperature of mixture R in the table below. 2. Using a measuring cylinder, add 60 cm3 of solution EC3 into the plastic cup containing EC1. 3. Stir mixture R carefully with a thermometer and record the highest temperature attained in the table below. 4. Pour away mixture R from the plastic cup. Then clean and rinse the cup with distilled water. 5. Repeat the above procedure using (i) 25.0 cm3 of EC2 to replace EC1 to obtain mixture S, and (ii) 25.0 cm3 of EC4 and 60 cm3 of EC5 to replace EC1 and EC3 respectively to obtain mixture T. Results: Complete the table below.

Mixture R EC1 + EC3 Highest temperature /oC Initial temperature /oC Increase in temperature /oC 32 30 + 30 2

Mixture S EC2 + EC3 33 30 + 30 3

Mixture T EC4 + EC5 32 30 + 30 2

Questions: 1. Write an ionic equation for the reaction taking place in mixtures R, S, and T. (2 m) 2. Compare the values of the heat of neutralisation you obtained in (i) Mixture R and S; (ii) Mixture R and T; and (iii) Mixture S and T Explain why there is a difference or similarity between the two values that you compare. (6 m) 3. The heat of neutralization between a strong acid and a strong base is -57.3 kJ mol-1. Suggest two ways to improve the given procedure so that an approximate value of -57.3 kJ mol-1 could be obtained? (4 m) 4. Will the heat of neutralization between a strong acid and a weak acid greater or less than -57.3 kJ mol-1? Explain. (3 m)