14.

Design of Pile Cap

14.1 Determination of Pile Cap Dimension
Minimum number of piles
n=
where

PD + PL
Qe

P D , PL

= dead and live loads on pile cap

Qe

= effective bearing capacity of pile

Qe = Qa 20

kN
3

( 3 D) H

= pile dimension

= depth of foundation

20

kN
3

= average unit weight of soil and concrete

m
Qa

= allowable bearing capacity of pile with FS = 2.5 .. 4

Distance between piles = 2D .. 4D

Distance from pile to concrete face =

D
150mm .. 200mm
2

Reactions of piles

Page-237-

Ri =

P
+
n

Mx yi
n

( yk) 2

k=1

My xi

Qu

( xk) 2

k=1

P = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL
Mx , My

= bending moments about x- and y-axis

xi , yi

= location of pile

Qu = Qa

1.2 PD + 1.6 PL
PD + PL

Page-238-

Suggested minimum cener-to-center pile spacing by several building codes are as follows:

1.2 Determination of Depth of Pile Cap

A. Case of Two-way Shear
Vu Vc
where

= punching shear

Vu

Vc = punching shear strength

= 0.75 is strength reduction factor for shear
Vu =

Routside = Qu noutside

4 f'c b0 d

4
2 + f'c b0 d

Vc = min

s d

+
2

f'

b
c 0
0

(in psi)

0.33 f'c b0 d

1 + 2 f' b d
0.17

c 0

Vc = min

d
s

0.083 b + 2 f'c b0 d

(in MPa)

s =

40

for interior columns

30

for edge columns

for conner columns

20

= ratio of long side to short side of column

Page-239-

= effective depth of footing

) (

critical section parameter

b0 = bc + d + hc + d is

2
critical section
for twoway shear
S

critical section
for oneway shear

B. Case of Pucnhing at coner pile

Ru Vcorner
where

Ru

= reaction of pile

Vcorner = punching shear strength at the coner pile

D
d/2
b0

0.33 f'c b0 d

1 + 2 f' b d
0.17

c 0

Vconer = min

d
s

0.083 b + 2 f'c b0 d

Page-240-

(in MPa)

b0 = ( D + d)

for circular pile

b0 = ( D + d) 4

for square pile

C. Case of Beam Shear or One-way Shear

Vu1 Vc1
where

Vu1 , Vu2

Vu2 Vc2
= beam shears

Vc1 , Vc2 = beam shear strength

Vu1 =

Rleft = Qunleft

Vu2 =

Rtop = Qu ntop

Vc1 = 2 f'c B d

(in psi)

Vc1 = 0.17 f'c B d

(in MPa)

Vc2 = 2 f'c L d

(in psi)

Vc2 = 0.17 f'c L d

(in MPa)

14.3 Determination of Steel Area

Section: Rectangular singly reinforced.
Required strength:

hc

bc

Mu1 =

Ri xi

Mu2 =

Ri yi

Example 14.1
Required strength

PD := 361.5kN

Foundation depth

H := 1.5m

Column dimensions

bc := 250mm

hc := 250mm

Material

f'c := 25MPa

fy := 400MPa

Page-241-

PL := 91.27kN

Allowable bearing capacity of pile

Qa := 65kN

Dimension of pile

D := 200mm

Solution
Effective bearing capacity of soil
Qe := Qa 20

kN
3

( 3 D) H = 54.2 kN

Number of piles
n :=

PD + PL

Pile spacing

Qe

= 8.354

n := 9

Use

S := 3 D = 600 mm

Dimension of pile cap

B := 2 S + 2 D = 1.6 m
600

600

200

200

600

1600

600

200

200

L := B = 1.6 m

1600

Determination of depth of pile cap

Depth of pile cap

h := 350mm
d := h 50mm + 14mm +

Page-242-

14mm
= 279 mm
2

Design bearing capacity of pile

Qu := Qa

1.2 PD + 1.6 PL
PD + PL

= 83.241 kN

Two-way shear from the face of column distane

d
= 139.5 mm
2

Vu := Qu 8 = 665.929 kN
Two-way shear strength

b0 := bc + d + hc + d 2 = 2.116 m
:= 0.75
:=

hc
bc

=1

s := 40

for interoir column

f'c

0.33MPa
b0 d
MPa

f'c
2

Vc := min
0.17 1 + MPa
b0 d

MPa

f'

c
s
0.083 b + 2 MPa MPa b0 d

Vc = 730.575 kN
Two_way_shear :=

"is not critical" if Vc Vu

"is critical" otherwise

Two_way_shear = "is not critical"

Beam shears or one way shear
Vu1 := Qu 3 = 249.723 kN
Vu2 := Qu 3 = 249.723 kN
Beam shear strengths
Vc1 := 0.17MPa

f'c
B d = 284.58 kN
MPa

Page-243-

f'c
Vc2 := 0.17MPa
L d = 284.58 kN
MPa
Beam_shear :=

"is not critical" if Vc1 Vu1 Vc2 Vu2

"is critical" otherwise

Beam_shear = "is not critical"

Steel reinforcements in direction L = 1.6 m
b := B = 1.6 m

d = 279 mm

hc

Mu := Qu S 3 = 118.619 kN m
2

Mu

R :=

= 1.058 MPa

0.9 b d

f'c
:= 0.85 1
fy

1 2

R
= 0.00271
0.85 f'c

f'c
0.25MPa

MPa 1.4MPa

min := max
,
= 0.0035

fy
fy

As := max , min b d = 15.624 cm

As0 :=

( 14mm)
4

= 1.539 cm

As0
sL := Floor
, 10mm = 150 mm
A
s

nL :=

B 50mm 2
+ 1 = 11
sL

As_L := nL As0 = 16.933 cm

Shrinkage steel reinforcement

< As_L = 16.933 cm

As.t := 0.0018 b h = 10.08 cm

Page-244-

Steel reinforcements in direction B = 1.6 m

b := L = 1.6 m

d = 279 mm

bc

Mu := Qu S 3 = 118.619 kN m
2

R :=

Mu

= 1.058 MPa

0.9 b d

:= 0.85

f'c
1
fy

1 2

R
= 0.00271
0.85 f'c

f'c
0.25MPa

MPa 1.4MPa

min := max
,
= 0.0035

fy
fy

As := max , min b d = 15.624 cm

As0
sB := Floor
, 10mm = 150 mm
As

nB :=

B 50mm 2
+ 1 = 11
sB

As_B := nB As0 = 16.933 cm

Shrinkage steel reinforcement

As.t := 0.0018 b h = 10.08 cm

<

1600

11DB14@150

1600

Page-245-

As_B = 16.933 cm

Example 14.2
Required strength
PD := 1794.572kN

PL := 427.5kN

MD := 25.55kN m

ML := 12.65kN m

Pile cap depth

H := 1.5m

Column stud

bc := 400mm

hc := 400mm

Material

f'c := 25MPa

fy := 400MPa

Dimension of pile

D := 300mm

Allowable bearing capacity of pile

Qa := 367.8kN

Solution
Effective bearing capacity of soil
Qe := Qa 20

kN
3

( 3 D) H = 343.5 kN

Number of piles
n :=

PD + PL
Qe

= 6.469

Use

n := 7

Location of pile

1000
500

500
X := 0 mm

500

500

1000

0
750

750
Y := 0 mm

750

750

Dimension of pile cap

B := ( max( Y) + D) 2

L := ( max( X) + D) 2

Page-246-

B 2100
=
mm
L 2600

 L
L
1
X0 := L
2
L

L

B
B

1
Y0 := B
2
B

B
Pile Locations
2

Reaction of pile
Pu := 1.2PD + 1.6PLMu := 1.2MD + 1.6ML
ORIGIN := 1

n := rows ( X)

i := 1 .. n

Ri :=

Pu
n

n=7
Mu Xi
n

( Xk) 2

k=1

Page-247-

 388.389
396.872

396.872

R = 405.355 kN

413.839

413.839

422.322
Ultimate bearing capacity of pile

Qu := Qa

Pile :=

1.2 PD + 1.6PL
PD + PL

= 469.664 kN

"is OK." if max( R) Qu

Pile = "is OK."

"is not good." otherwise

Depth of pile cap

h := 750mm
d := h 50mm + 20mm +

Punching shear from the face of column distane

20mm
= 670 mm
2
d
= 335 mm
2

Graphs

critical section of two-way shear

Vu := Qu 6 = 2817.985 kN
Page-248-

Punching shear strength

b0 := bc + d + hc + d 2 = 4.28 m
d = 670 mm := 0.75
:=

hc
bc

=1

s := 40

for interior

f'c

0.33MPa
b0 d
MPa

f'c
2
Vc := min 0.17 1 + MPa
b0 d

MPa

d
f'

s
c
0.083 b + 2 MPa MPa b0 d

Vc = 3548.655 kN
The_Cap :=

"is not punching" if Vc Vu

"is punching" otherwise

The_Cap = "is not punching"

Beam shears or one way shear from the face of column distance d = 670 mm
2

critical section of beam shear

Page-249-

Vu1 := Qu 1 = 469.664 kN

Vu2 := Qu 2 = 939.328 kN

Beam shear strengths

Vc1 := 0.75 0.17MPa

f'c
B d = 896.962 kN
MPa

Vc2 := 0.75 0.17MPa

f'c
L d = 1110.525 kN
MPa

The_Cap :=

"is not beam shear" if Vc1 Vu1 Vc2 Vu2

"is beam shear" otherwise

The_Cap = "is not beam shear"

- Steel reinforcements in direction L = 2.6 m
b := B = 2.1 m

d = 670 mm

Ru := max( R)
Mx :=

for i 1 ..

rows ( X)
2

continue if Xi = 0
hc

Mi Ru Xi
2

337.857
Mx = 126.697 kN m
126.697

M
Mu1 :=

R1 :=

Mx = 591.251 kNm
Mu1
2

= 0.697 MPa

0.9 b d

:= 0.85

f'c
1
fy

1 2

= 0.00177
0.85 f'c

R1

Page-250-


f'c

0.25MPa

MPa 1.4MPa

min := max
,
= 0.0035

fy
fy

As := max , min b d = 49.245 cm

2

( 22mm)
2
As0 :=
= 3.801 cm
4

As0
s1 := Floor
, 10mm = 160 mm
As

n1 := ceil

B 50mm 2
+ 1 = 14
s1

Asx := n1 As0 = 53.219 cm

Top bars (shrinkage reinforcement)

2

As.t := 0.0018 b h = 28.35 cm

As1 :=

( 18mm)
4

= 2.545 cm

As1
st := Floor
, 10mm = 180 mm
As.t

nt := floor

B 50mm 2
+ 1 = 12
st

- Steel reinforcements in direction B = 2.1 m

b := L = 2.6 m

d = 670 mm

Page-251-

My :=

for i 1 ..

rows ( Y)
2

0
My = 232.277 kN m
232.277

continue if Yi = 0
hc

Mi Ru Yi
2

M
Mu2 :=

R2 :=

My = 464.554 kNm
Mu2
2

= 0.442 MPa

0.9 b d

f'c
:= 0.85 1
fy

1 2
= 0.00112
0.85 f'c

R2

f'c
0.25MPa

1.4MPa
MPa

min := max
,
= 0.0035

fy
fy

As := max , min b d = 60.97 cm

As0
s2 := Floor
, 10mm = 160 mm
As

n2 := ceil

L 50mm 2
+ 1 = 17
s2

Asy := n2 As0 = 64.623 cm

Top bars (shrinkage reinforcement)

2

As.t := 0.0018 b h = 35.1 cm

As1
st := Floor
, 10mm = 180 mm
As.t

Page-252-

nt := floor

B 50mm 2
+ 1 = 12
st

Bottom Steel Bar

Page-253-