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4 Stages of Cellular Respiration

Analogous to NADH

This is where most of ATP is made

Notice that NADH is continually made, carrying energy. All of this energy is released at the Electron Transport Chain, where it is used to drive ATP synthesis

STAGE ONE of CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
All 10 reactions of glycolysis occur in cytosol

GLYCOLYSIS
What goes in:

Glucose

Glucose6-phosphate

Fructose6-phosphate

Fructose1,6-bisphosphate

What comes out: Glycolysis begins with an energyinvestment phase of 2 ATP

Energy investment phase

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Energy Investment Phase

Phosphorylation

Isomerization

Phosphorylation

Hydrolysis

Isomerization

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The 2 indicates that glucose has been split into two 3-carbon sugars

Pyruvate

During the energy payoff phase, 4 ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP

Energy pay-off phase

Energy Pay-Off Phase

Reduction of NAD+

Phosphorylation to make ATP

Activation of compound

Phosphorylation to make ATP

***All steps in this phase are done twice for every one molecule of glucose.

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Substrate-level phosphorylation the production of ATP by through phosphate provided by an enzymes substrate. The phosphate is moved from substrate to ADP, producing ATP.

Substrate Level Phosphorylation production of some ATP in glycolysis and also in the Krebs cycle

Enzyme ATP ADP

Phosphorylated substrate

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If ATP levels are high, glycolysis can be inhibited.

Start of pathway

Intermediate

Intermediate

Product

Enzyme 1

Enzyme 2

Enzyme 3

Feedback inhibition:
Presence of product inhibits enzyme 1

Phosphofructokinase is allosterically inhibited by ATP

STAGE TWO of CELLULAR RESPIRATION Pyruvate Oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

First loss of carbon

**This happens twice for every one molecule of glucose