ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Category GeneralApproach MLA TheModernLanguageAssociation (MLA)providesamethodforsource documentationthatisusedinmost humanitiescourses.Thehumanities placeemphasisonauthorship,somost MLAcitationinvolvesrecordingthe authorsnameinthephysicaltext.The authorsnameisalsothefirsttoappear intheWorksCitedpageattheendof anessay.

ThemostrecentMLA formattingcanbefoundintheseventh editionoftheMLAmanual. BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequire theauthorname,worktitle, publicationcity,publisher,year published,andanindicationofthe publicationmedium,suchasprint. Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivores Dilemma.NewYork:PenguinGroup, 2006.Print. Pollan,Michael. Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn. APA TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation (APA)providesamethodforsource documentationthatisusedinmost socialsciencescourses.Thesocial sciencesplaceemphasisonthedatea workwascreated,somostAPAcitation involvesrecordingthedateofa particularworkinthephysicaltext.The dateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyafter theauthorsnameintheReferences pageattheendofanessay.Themost recentAPAformattingcanbefoundin thesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual. BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequire authorname,publicationyear,work title,publicationcity,andpublisher.

1 CMS TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesa methodforsourcedocumentationthatisused inmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuch emphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesand endnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpage whereaparticularpieceofinformationwas derivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedto aparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteor endnotewillappearatthebottomofthepage linkingthesourcetothetext.Themostrecent CMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteenth editionoftheCMSmanual. BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequire theauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity, publisher,andpublicationyear.

CitingBooks

Generalbook format

Singleauthor Twoorthree authors Morethan Kernis,Michael.etal. threeauthors Morethan Kernis,Michael.etal. sevenauthors Corporate/ Organization author

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivores dilemma.NewYork,NY:Penguin Group. Pollan,M.(2006). Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968). Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R., Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S. (1993). Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R., Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.SLast AuthorsName(1993). AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. (2005).

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma. NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006. Pollan,Michael. Bell,JamesK.andAdrianA.Cohn. Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Unknown OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. author Twoormore Nochangetonameformat;change worksbythe notedbytitle. sameauthor Twoormore Nochangetonameformat;change worksbythe notedbytitle. sameauthor inthesame year. Authorwith Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed. aneditor KathleenA.Hauke. Authorwitha Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayon translator Probabilities.Trans.F.W.Truscott andF.L.Emory. Editorwithno ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor.Eds. author G.J.DuncanandJ.BrooksGunn. Workinan anthology Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging ReluctantWriters."ATutor'sGuide: HelpingWritersOnetoOne.Ed.Ben Rafoth.Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann, 2000.2434.Print. Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D. Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5thed. DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed.P. Wiener.4Vols. Posner,Rebecca.Romance Languages.TheEncyclopedia Britannica:Macropedia.15thed. 1987.Print. Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction. PermanenceandChange:An Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001). Slechty,P.C.(1997). Slechty,P.C.(2001). Slechty,P.C.(1997a). Slechty,P.C.(1997b). Poston,T.(2000).AdraftofhistoryK.A. Hauke,(Ed.). Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophical essayonprobabilities.(F.W.Truscott &F.L.Emory,Trans.). Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.). (1997).Consequencesofgrowingup poor. Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome: Engagingreluctantwriters.InBen Rafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide:Helping writersonetoone(pp.2434). Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann. Helfer,M.S.,Keme,R.S.,&Drugman,R. D.(1997).Thebatteredchild(5thed.). Wiener,P.(Ed.).(1973).Dictionaryof thehistoryofideas(Vols.14). Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages. InTheencyclopediaBritannica: macropedia(15thed.). Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke, PermanenceandChange:An OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Nochangetonameformat.

Nochangetonameformat.

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Editedby KathleenA.Hauke. P.S.Laplace.APhilosophicalEssayon Probabilities.TranslatedbyF.W.Truscott andF.L.Emory. Duncan,G.J.andJ.BrooksGunn,eds.

Editionother thanfirst Multivolume work Encyclopedia/ Dictionary

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging ReluctantWriters."InATutor'sGuide: HelpingWritersOnetoOne,editedbyBen Rafoth,2434.Portsmouth,NH: Heinemann,2000. Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman. TheBatteredChild.5thed. Weiner,P.,ed.DictionaryoftheHistoryof Ideas.4vols. Citedinendnotesonly. 1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia, 15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages. Duncan,HughDalziel.Introductionto PermanenceandChange:AnAnatomyof

Foreword, introduction,

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart preface,or afterword ArticlesinPeriodicals AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv). UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrill Company,Inc. Althoughperiodicalsarecitedsimilarly InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsare tomostbooksources,MLAsseventh namedbytheirlastnamefollowedby editionmakessomedistinctions initials;thepublicationyeargoes specifictoperiodicals. betweenparenthesesandisfollowedby aperiod.Thetitleofthearticleis writteninsentencecase,inwhichonly thefirstwordandpropernounsare capitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswritten intitlecaseandisfollowedbythe volumenumber,which,withthetitle,is alsoitalicizedorunderlined. Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaToo Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TV CloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:7071. makesatooclosecall.Time,20,7071. Print. Bagchi,Alaknanda."Conflicting Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflicting Nationalisms:TheVoiceofthe nationalisms:Thevoiceofthe SubalterninMahaswetaDevi'sBashai subalterninMahaswetaDevisBashai Tudu."TulsaStudiesinWomen's Tudu.TulsaStudiesinWomens Literature15.1(1996):4150.Print. Literature(15.1),4150. Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating." Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearof NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1. eating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1. Print. "OfMinesandMen."Editorial.Wall Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24). StreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.2003: [Editorial]TheWallStreetJournaleast, A14.Print. p.A14. Hamer,John.Letter.American Hamer,J.(2006/2007, JournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan. December/January).[Lettertothe 2007:7.Print. editor].AmericanJournalismReview, 7. Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawling Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthe Suburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt sprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreallycall AnatomyofPurpose. Purpose.

CMSperiodicalcitationsincludeauthorname, articletitle,publicationtitle,publicationdate, andissueinformation.CMSalsorequires citationofaURLifthejournalwasaccessed online.

Magazine Journal paginatedby issue

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooClose Call."Time,November20,2000. Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms: TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahasweta Devi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin WomensLiterature15.1(1996):4150. Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYork Times,May2007. Citedinnotesonly. 1.Editorial,WallStreetJournal,October24, 2003. Citedinnotesonly. 1.JohnHamer,lettertotheeditor, AmericanJournalismReview,December 2006/January2007. Sietz,MattZoller.ReviewofRadiantCity, DirectedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown.

Daily newspaper Editorialin newspaper Lettertothe editor

Bookorfilm review

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart itliving[ReviewofthefilmRadiant City,directedbyGaryBurnsandJim Brown].NewYorkTimes,lateed.:E1. InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoften includewhatareknownasDOIs,or digitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIis available,itisusedinplaceofaURL.The DOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthe sourceregardlessofURLchanges,andit canoftenbefoundonthefirstpageof anonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APA generallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle, sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,anda URLorDOI. Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]). Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublication Title,volumeorissuenumber. Retrievedfromhttp://urladdress UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards. Agency.(2004,July).Drinkingwater EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan.2006 standards.RetrievedfromUSEPA websitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThird Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:A WorldIssue.Nativeweb.Nativeweb, thirdworldissue.Nativeweb. n.d.Web.22Feb.2006. Retrievedfrom http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/lega l/shiva.html MediaGiants.Frontline:The Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:The MerchantsofCool.PBSOnline,2001. MerchantsofCool.RetrievedfromPBS Web.7Feb.2006. Online http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron tline/shows/cool/giants/ Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV. Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir.Gary BurnsandJimBrown.NewYorkTimes 30May2007lateed.:E1.Print. MLAguidelinesformostonlinesources weredevelopedundertheassumption thatcontentcanbefoundonlineas longasinformation,suchasauthorand title,wereincluded.Therefore,MLA doesnotrequireaURLlisting.MLA citationofonlinesourcesdoes, however,askforapublisherorsponsor ofthewebpage.Authorsforwebsites areoftencorporations,orgovernments (Hacker). Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Date created(usen.d.ifnotgiven). Medium.Dateaccessed. NewYorkTimes,May30,2007,Late edition.

OnlineSources

CMScitationrequirestheURLtobelistedat theendofthecitationbutnotthedatethe contentedwasaccessed.Iftheinternetsource istimesensitive,includethedateofaccess aftertheURLlistinginparenthesis.CMS documentationoftenincludestheuseofDOIs.

General format

Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.

Entire Website

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards. http://water.epa.gov/drink. Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorld Issue.Nativeweb. http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi va.html.

Pagefrom Website

Pagefrom Websitewith unknown author Imagefroma

MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsof Cool. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ shows/cool/giants. Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Website MuseoNationaldelPrado.Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd /goya/hd_goya.htm Onlinebook Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI. Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI. Poetryfoundation.org.Poetry PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfrom Foundation,2008.Web.14Dec. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/arc 2008. hive/poem.html?id=174002 Portionofan Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.The Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.The onlinebook EducationofHenryAdams.ByAdams. educationofhenryadams. Boston:Houghton,1918.N.pag. Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline. Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline. Retrievedfrom Web.8Jan2007. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html Articleinan Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationof Bent,H.(1959).Professionalizationof onlinejournal thePh.D.Degree.TheJournalof thePh.D.degree.TheJournalofHigher HigherEducation30.3(1959):140 Education,30.3,140145. 145.Web.5Dec.2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286. Articleinan online magazine/ newspaper Entireblog Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWriting theLivingWeb."AListApart:For PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AList ApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4 May2009. Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout. WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007.Web. 19Jan.2007. IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldelPrado, Madrid.MuseoNationaldelPrado. Web.22May2006.

5 MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800. Painting. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy a/hd_goya.htm Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateof OriginalPublication. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/ poem.html?id=174002 Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationof HenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition, Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationofthe Ph.D.Degree.TheJournalofHigher Education30,no.3(1959):140145. AccessedDecember5,2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286. Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLiving Web.AListApartMagazine.August16, 2002. http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv ing Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout(blog). http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko ut/

Responseina blog

Editor,screenname,author,or compilername(ifavailable).Posting Title.NameofSite.Versionnumber (ifavailable).Nameof institution/organizationaffiliatedwith thesite(sponsororpublisher).

Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwriting thelivingweb.AListApart:ForPeople WhoMakeWebsites.Retrievedfrom http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr iteliving Mayer,C.(2007,January10).The checkout.[Weblogpost].Retrieved from http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec heckout/ Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectof BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentryby post.[Weblogcomment].Retrieved WritersName,Dateofpost. from:URLorDOI

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Mediumofpublication.Dateof access. Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage. 4thed.Boston;Houghton,2000.CD ROM. Kunka,Andrew."Re:Modernist Literature."Messagetotheauthor. 15Nov.2000.Email. MLAformatformultimediasources requiresamediumdescriptionatthe endofthecitation.Film,DVD,radio, Web,aperformance,andother descriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicate thetypeofmultimediathatisbeing referenced. AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.David Guggenheim.Narr.AlGore. Paramount,2006.DVD.

CDROM

Pimpernel.(2000).[CDROM].The AmericanHeritageDictionaryofthe EnglishLanguage.4thed. Notincludedinreferences.

Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed. Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM. Citedinnotesonly. 1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto author,November15,2000. WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat, includeasmuchinformationasisavailable regardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,and anyavailableURL.Anaccessdateisnot neededinCMSformatting. AnInconvenientTruth.UnitedStates: ParamountHomeEducation,2006.DVD,94 min. Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece. Project:Report.YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2Vc dqB9k/ Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM. Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.Early ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla, CA,March2005. Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain

Email

MultimediaSources

ElectronicsourcesinAPAformatmay includeadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI) number.WhenaDOIisevident,itmay beusedinplaceofaURLaddress.An onlinesourceshouldincludeeithera DOIoraURL.

Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L. (Producer).(2006).Aninconvenient truth[DVD].UnitedStates:Paramount HomeEntertainment. Podcast/ Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfile Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tips YouTube Piece.Project:Report.YouTube,7 foragoodprofilepiece.[YouTube]. Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008. Project:Report.Retrievedfrom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu A2VcdqB9k/ Lecture/ Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolent Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram, Publicaddress DeathinDelinquentYouth:A K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005).Early ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy. violentdeathindelinquentyouth:a AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican prospectivelongitudinalstudy. PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla, [Presentation].Paperpresentedatthe California.March,2005.Presentation. AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,CA. OtherSources ThePurdue Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7).

Videoorfilm

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart OWL MainComponentsforEffective Outlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab. PurdueUniversity,7April,2010.Web. 20Dec.2010. ContinentalCongress.Journalsofthe ContinentalCongress,17741789. WashingtonDC.19041937. Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginaries inDeathRitualsduringtheNorthern SongDynasty.Diss.Universityof Chicago,2008.Web.Contesting ImaginariesinDeathRitualsduring theNorthernSongDynasty. Likemostsourcedocumentation systems,MLAusesintextcitationsto givereadersinformationanddirects readerstothemorespecificWorks Citedpageshouldareaderwantto pursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLA intextcitationrequiresanauthorname andapagenumberwherethe informationbeingcitedcanbefound. Citationscanbeformattedinavariety ofways. Fourmaincomponentsforeffective outlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab. Retrievedfrom http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res ource/544/01/ ContinentalCongress.(17741789). Journalsofthecontinentalcongress. Washington,DC.19041937. Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginaries indeathritualsduringthenorthern songdynasty(Doctoraldissertation). AvailablefromProQuestdatabase. (AAT3300426). APAaddstoMLAstylebyincludingan authorname(s),pagenumber(s),and date.Thedateisgenerallyprovided parentheticallywheneverthe authors(s)name(s)is(are)givenwhile pagenumbersalwaysappearattheend ofthesentence.Thedateisimportant insocialsciencebecauseithelps demonstratetherelevance(newness) oftheworkbeingcited. PhilosopherStephenC.Pepper(1961) referstothisphenomenonasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence (p.49).

7 ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.Purdue OnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc e/544/01/ ContinentalCongress,Journalsofthe ContinentalCongress,17741789,Editedby WorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols. Washington,DC,190437. Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesinDeath RitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty. PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago,2008. ProQuest(AAT3300426).

Government publication

Dissertation

InTextCitations CitingBooks

Footnotesorendnotesareusedwhenciting withinthetextofaCMSformatteddocument. Thesenotesdonottaketheplaceofthefinal bibliographypage;instead,endnotesand footnotesworktostrengthenadocuments credibilitybyprovidingspecificsource informationatthebottomofthepageorina separatenotessectionforreaderstoreview. FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludethe authorname,thepublicationtitle,publication dateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcited forthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber. PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration ofevidence.12

Authornamed PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto inasignal thisphenomenonasacumulative phrase collaborationofevidence(49).

(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottom ofthepage)

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

8 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12 12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles: UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

Authornot namedina signalphrase

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper,1961,p.49).

Unknown author

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(WorldHypotheses49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p. 49). Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper,Evidenceand Corroborationsection,para.22).

Unknown Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas pagenumber acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper).

Morethan oneworkby thesame author

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto thisphenomenonasacumulative collaborationofevidence(World Hypotheses49),whichhehintstoward inearlierworkaswell(Emergence 241).

Twoorthree authors

ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernotein GoingPublictheimportanceof redefiningexpectationsforfacultywork

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses, (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961). PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis thisphenomenonasacumulative phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration collaborationofevidence(World ofevidence,12whichhehintstowardin Hypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehints earlierworkaswell.13 towardinearlierworkaswell (Emergence,1926,p.241). 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses, (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. 13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,The JournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926). RoseandWeiser(2010)notethe ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoing importanceofredefiningexpectations Publictheimportanceofredefining forfacultywork(p.3). expectationsforfacultywork.6

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart (3). Fourormore authors Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon undergraduateperspectivesof academicwritingfoundavarietyof approaches(Andersonetal.11).

9 6.ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeiser,Going Public,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010). In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst, Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon Miller,andMillerproducedastudythat undergraduateperspectivesofacademic focusedspecificallyonundergraduate writingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2 perspectivesofacademicwriting,and theyfoundavarietyofapproachesin 2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross place(p.11). CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReport onWayswithAcademicWords,College CompositionandCommunication41,no.1. Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificant Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleof roleofprayerasacopingmechanism prayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9 forhealth(AmericanPsychological Association,2011,p.67). 9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation, NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCoping MechanismforHealthConcerns:Changes from2002to2007,PsychologyofReligion andSpirituality. Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A. Doesnotapplybecauseendnoteswill Smith,2009,p.19). differentiate. Romancelanguageshaveacurious history(Posner,1987). Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearin bibliography. 1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica: Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.Romance Languages. Usethepagenumberanddate;indicate 10.PhillipP.Weiner,Dictionaryofthe thevolumeinthereferencesection HistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerand only. Sons,2004). Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnoted notedtheimportanceofreligionin theimportanceofreligioninconceiving conceivingnature(Emerson1836; nature.22 Thoreau,1862).

Corporate author

TheAmericanPsychological Associationsstudydemonstratedthe significantroleofprayerasacoping mechanismforhealth(67).

Authorswith thesamelast name Encyclopedia

Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A. Smith19). Romancelanguageshaveacurious history(RomanceLanguages).

Multivolume work Twoormore worksinthe same parentheses

Usethevolumenumberfollowedbythe pagenumberinthecitation,e.g.,(2: 119). Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors notedtheimportanceofreligionin conceivingnature(Emerson1123; Thoreau1994).

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

10 22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862; RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836. ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa fascinationwithsauntering.22 22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862. 19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracks onaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmerican Autobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork: Norton,1999),336.

Anentire work

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa fascinationwithsauntering.

ThoreausWalking(1862) demonstratesafascinationwith sauntering. Citethespecificworkonly,notthe anthologyoritseditor. Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis capturedbyHurstonscandid autobiography,FromDustTracksona Road(1942). Citeasintextdocumentusingrelease date. TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish (1993). Usevideo/podcastauthorname,if known,title,andpostingdate. Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet Money(2011). Theproblemofviolentdeathamong delinquentyouthswascarefully documentedbyTeplinetal.inan addressdeliveredattheAnnual MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

Usetheselectionsnameandpage number,nottheeditor. Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis capturedbyHurstonscandid autobiography,FromDustTracksona Road(336). MultimediaSources Videoorfilm Citeasintextdocumentusingrelease date. TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish. Podcast/ Usevideoauthor/podcastnameand YouTube giventitle. Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet Money. Lecture/ Theproblemofviolentdeathamong Publicaddress delinquentyouthswascarefully documentedbyTeplinetal.inan addressdeliveredin2005attheAnnual MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

Workinan anthology

45.TheSecretofRoanInish,DVD,directed byJohnSayles(1993;CulverCity,CA: ColumbiaTristarHomeVideo,2000).

Treatasadocumentfromawebsite. 31.DavidKestenbaum,ABigBridgeinthe WrongPlace,PlanetMoneyPodcast, NationalPublicRadio, http://www.npr.org/blogs/money

Ifusinganunpublishedlectureoraddress,cite inwritingonly. PresidentObamanotedduringanaddresson August1,2011that...

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart LawSociety. LawSociety(2005).

11

OtherSources ThePurdue OWL

Government publication

Ifusingapublishedlectureoraddress,follow thisexample: 41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,Early ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla, CA,March2005. KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeewriteinthe KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011) KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenote, OnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity, writeintheOnlineWritingLabat ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican PurdueUniversity,Researchbased institutions,botheducationalandcorporate, institutions,botheducationaland writinginAmericaninstitutions,both isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularly corporate,isfilledwithrulesthat educationalandcorporate,isfilledwith beginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhow writers,particularlybeginners,aren't rulesthatwriters,particularly tofollow.23 awareofordon'tknowhowtofollow beginners,aren'tawareofordon't (AvoidingPlagiarism). knowhowtofollow. 23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,Avoiding Plagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab, PurdueUniversity, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/ 589/01/ AccordingtothePennsylvania TheEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin 27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentof DepartmentofConservationand Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof ConservationandNaturalResources,Bureau NaturalResources,theEmeraldAsh countyquarantinesinrecentyears ofForestryPublications:Coleoptera: BorerinvasioninPennsylvaniahasled (PennsylvaniaDCNR,2011). Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire, todozensofcountyquarantinesin 2011. recentyears.