T THERMODYNAMICS Section 15.1 Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings Section 15.

2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Section 15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 1. Complete the following statement: Walls that separate a system from its surroundings and permit heat to flow through them are called (a) diathermal walls. (c) entropic walls. (b) adiabatic walls. (d) isobaric walls. Ans. (a) 2. Which one of the following situations is a direct application of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics? (a) Block A has twice the temperature of block B before they are brought into contact. Upon contact, heat flows from block A to block B. (b) A sample of gas within a cylinder with a piston is held at constant temperature and pressure while it is allowed to expand. During this process, the gas absorbs heat from its surroundings. (c) The motor of a refrigerator uses electric energy to remove heat from inside the refrigerator and transfer it to the room. (d) A thermometer is calibrated by placing it in an ice water bath within an adiabatic container until the thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with the ice water. Ans. (d) 3. Complete the following statement: The first law of thermodynamics states that (a) heat is a form of energy. (b) entropy is a function of state. (c) the entropy of the universe is increasing. (d) the change in the internal energy of a system is given by Q W. Ans. (d)

4. Brad spends four hours watching football on television and does 1090 J of work. In the process, his internal energy decreases by 2990 J. Determine the value of Q, including the algebraic sign. (a) 1900 J (c) 2990 J (b) +1900 J (d) +4080 J Ans. (a) 5. When the gas enclosed beneath the piston shown in the figure receives 1930 J of heat, Q, from its surroundings, it performs 2250 J of work in raising the piston. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas? (a) 320 J (b) +320 J (c) 4180 J (d) +4180 J Ans. (a) 6. An ideal gas absorbs 750 J of heat as it performs 625 J of work. What is the resulting change in temperature if there are 1.3 moles of the gas in the system? (a) 8.6 K (c) 7.7 K (b) 4.3 K (d) 9.6 K Ans. (c) 144 Chapter 15 Thermodynamics 7. Enclosed beneath the moveable piston in the drawing is 4.8 moles of a monatomic ideal gas. The gas performs work on the piston as 2300 J of heat are added from the surroundings. During the process, the temperature of the gas decreases by 45 K. How much work does the gas perform? (a) 5.0 103 J (b) 3.2 103 J Ans. (a) (c) 1.4 103 J (d) 6.0 102 J

Section 15.4 Thermal Processes 8. What are the SI units of the product of pressure and volume, PV? (a) newton (c) joule (b) kilogram meter/second (d) meter2 9. A match ignites within in an oxygen-filled cylinder that has a movable piston. The piston is moved so quickly that no heat escapes. What kind of change is demonstrated in this process? (a) an isobaric change (b) an adiabatic change (c) an isothermal change (d) an isochoric change Ans. (b) 10. Which one of the following pressure-volume graphs represents an isochoric process?

Ans. (d) 11. An isobaric process is represented on a pressure-volume graph by which one of the following curves? (a) a parabola (c) a vertical line (b) a hyperbola (d) a horizontal line Ans. (d) 12. A system containing an ideal gas at a constant pressure of 1.22 105 Pa gains 2140 J of heat. During the process, the internal energy of the system increases by 2320 J. What is the change in volume of the gas? (a) +1.48 103 m3 (c) +3.66 103 m3 (b) 1.48 103 m3 (d) 3.66 103 m3 Ans. (b)

13. A container is divided into two chambers that are separatedby a valve. The left chamber contains one mole of a monatomic ideal gas. The right chamber is evacuated. At some instant, the valve is opened and the gas rushes freely into the right chamber. Which one of the following statements concerning this process is true? (a) Work is done by the gas. (b) The temperature of the gas decreases. (c) The change in the entropy of the gas is zero. (d) The change in the internal energy of the gas is zero. Ans. (d) 14. A thermally isolated sample of an ideal gas at a fixed temperature is confined to one half of a container by an impermeable membrane. The other half of the container is evacuated. The membrane is then pierced and the gas is allowed to expand freely and to double its volume as shown. Which one of the following statements is true concerning this situation? (a) The process is reversible. (b) This is an isothermal process. (c) The entropy of the gas decreases. (d) The internal energy of the gas must decrease. Ans. (b) Questions 15 through 17 pertain to the following situation: 5.00 kg of liquid water is heated to 100.0 C in a rests on the closed system. At this temperature, the density surface of the 3 of liquid water is 958 kg/m . The pressure is water. The water is maintained at atmospheric pressure of 1.01 then 5 10 Pa. A moveable piston of negligible weight converted to steam by adding an

additional amount of heat to the system. When all of the water is converted, the final volume of the steam is 8.50 m3. The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 106 J/kg.

15. How much work is done by this closed system during this isothermal process? (a) 8.37 J (c) 1.21 104 J (b) 4.20 103 J (d) 8.58 105 J Ans. (d) 16. How much heat is added to the system in the isothermal process of converting all of the water into steam? (a) 2.17 103 J (c) 4.52 105 J (b) 1.70 104 J (d) 1.13 107 J Ans. (d) 17. What is the change in the internal energy during this isothermal process? (a) zero joules (c) 4.40 105 J (b) 1.28 104 J (d) 1.04 107 J Section 15.5 Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas 18. Heat is added to a sample of an ideal monatomic gas. Which one of the following statements is necessarily true? (a) The gas must expand. (b) The gas must do work. (c) The type of change that will occur depends on the conditions of the gas when the heat was added. (d) The gas must change phase. Ans. (c) 19. Neon is a monatomic gas with a molar heat capacity at constant volume of 12.66 J/(mol K). Two moles of neon gas enclosed in a constant

volume system receive 5250 J of heat. If the gas was initially at 293 K, what is the final temperature of the neon? (a) 200 K (c) 400 K (b) 300 K (d) 500 K Ans. (d) 146 Chapter 15 Thermodynamics 20. If one complete cycle of a reversible process is carried out on a sample of an ideal gas so that its final state is the same as its initial state, which one of the following quantities is the only one which can be nonzero? (a) the change in volume of the sample (b) the net heat absorbed by the sample (c) the change in the entropy of the sample (d) the change in temperature of the sample Ans. (b) 21. During one stage of a reversible process, the temperature of an ideal gas remains constant as its volume is decreased. Which one of the following statements concerning this situation is true? (a) The process is adiabatic. (b) The pressure of the gas decreases in this process. (c) Heat flows out of the gas and into the surroundings. (d) The gas does "positive" work on its surroundings. Ans. (c) 22. A fixed amount of ideal gas is compressed adiabatically. Which entry in the table below correctly depicts the sign of the work done, the change in the internal energy, and the heat exchanged with the environment? work done change in internal energy heat exchanged (a) positive negative zero (b) negative zero positive (c) negative negative zero (d) negative positive zero Ans. (d)

23. A fixed amount of ideal gas is compressed isothermally. Which entry in the table below correctly depicts the sign of the work done, the change in the internal energy, and the heat exchanged with the environment? work done change in internal energy heat exchanged (a) negative zero negative (b) positive negative zero (c) negative zero positive (d) negative negative zero Ans. (a) 24. An ideal monatomic gas undergoes an adiabatic process; and its internal energy increases by 50 J.Which pair of choices below is correct for this process? work done heat exchanged (a) 50 J by the system zero joules (b) 50 J on the system zero joules (c) 50 J by the system 100 J supplied (d) zero joules 50 J removed Ans. (b) 25. Beneath the moveable piston in the drawing, 1.5 moles of a monatomic ideal gas is enclosed at 314 K. The initial volume of the gas is 3.0 m3. The gas is compressed isothermally to a final volume of 1.0 m3. How much heat is removed from the gas during this process? (a) 6450 J (b) 4300 J (c) 2900 J (d) 1450 J Ans.(b) 26. In an isothermal process, 2.33 moles of an ideal gas is compressed to one-fifth of its initial volume at 285 K. What quantity of heat is added to, or removed from, the system during this process? (a) 133 J added (c) 1070 J removed (b) 3020 J added (d) 8880 J removed

Ans.(d) 27. A paddle wheel frictionally adds thermal energy to 5.0 moles of an ideal monatomic gas in a sealed insulated container. The paddle wheel is driven by a cord connected to a falling object as shown in the drawing. How far has the 2.0-kg object fallen when the temperature of the gas increases by 10.0 K?

(a) 8.0 m (b) 16 m Ans. (c)

(c) 32 m (d) 50 m

28. A paddle wheel frictionally adds thermal energy to an ideal monatomic gas in a sealed, insulated container. The paddle wheel is driven by a cord connected to a falling object as shown in the drawing. In this experiment, a 5.0-kg object falls through a total distance of 2.0 m and the temperature of the gas is found to increase by 4 C. Assume that all of the mechanical energy lost by the falling object goes into the gas. How many moles of gas must be present in this container?

(a) 2.0 (b) 3.0 Ans. (a)

(c) 4.0 (d) 5.0

29. One mole of a monatomic gas at 400 K is reversibly taken to half of its original volume by an isobaric process. How much work is done by the gas? (a) +1700 J (c) +3300 J

(b) 1700 J Ans. (b)

(d) 3300 J

30. An ideal gas is taken from state A to state B through process shown on the pressure-volume graph. How much heat is added to the gas in this process? (a) zero joules (b) 1.0 104 J (c) 2.4 104 J (d) 6.0 104 J Ans. (c) 148 Chapter 15 Thermodynamics 31. A quantity of carbon monoxide gas is slowly compressed adiabatically in an insulated container to one-half of its initial volume. The ratio of the specific heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume, cP/cV , for carbon dioxide is approximately 1.3. Determine the final pressure of the gas if the initial pressure is 2.0 105 Pa. (a) 2.0 105 Pa (b) 2.6 105 Pa (c) 3.7 105 Pa (d) 4.9 105 Pa Ans. (d)

32. Two moles of a confined ideal monatomic gas begin at state A in the pressure volume graph and follow the path shown to state D. If the temperature of the gas at A is 54 K, what is the temperature of the gas at D? (a) 32 K (b) 46 K (c) 54 K (d) 60 K Ans. (c) Questions 33 through 36 pertain to the situation described below: An ideal monatomic gas originally in state A is taken reversibly to state B along the straightline path shown in the pressure-volume graph.

33. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas for this process? (a) zero calories (c) 110 cal (b) +12 cal (d) +122 cal Ans. (d) 34. How much work was done by the gas? (a) zero calories (c) 110 cal (b) +12 cal (d) +110 cal Ans. (d) 35. How much heat was exchanged during this process? (a) 110 cal (c) +123 cal (b) 12 cal (d) +121 cal Ans. (c) 36. Suppose that the same gas is originally in state A as described above, but its volume is increased isothermally until a new volume of 3.0 liters is

reached. Which one of the following statements for this isothermal process is false? (a) The change in the internal energy is zero. (b) The final state of the system will still be B. (c) The work done will be smaller for the isothermal process. (d) The heat added will be smaller for the isothermal process. Ans. (b) Questions 37 through 39 pertain to the following situation described below: An ideal monatomic gas expands isobarically from state A to state B. It is then compressed isothermally from state B to state C and finally cooled at constant volume until it returns to its initial state A.

37. What is the temperature of the gas when it is in state B? (a) 437 K (c) 927 K (b) 573 K (d) 1200 K Ans. (d) 38. How much work is done by the gas in expanding isobarically from A to B? (a) 1 103 J (c) 3 103 J (b) 2 103 J (d) 4 103 J Ans. (d) 39. How much work is done on the gas in going from B to C? (a) 2.5 106 J (c) 4.5 106 J (b) 5.5 106 J (d) 6.5 106 J Ans. (b)

Questions 40 through 42 pertain to the following situation: Two moles of an ideal gas have an initial Kelvin temperature Ti and absolute pressure Pi. The gas undergoes a reversible isothermal compression from an initial volume Vi to a final volume 0.5Vi. 40. Which one of the following expressions represents the final pressure of the gas? (a) 0.5Pi (c) 2Pi (b) Pi/31.7 (d) 3.17Pi Ans. (c) 41. How much heat is exchanged with the environment? If heat is exchanged, is it absorbed or released? (a) PiVi (ln 2), released (c) (0.5)PiVi, released (b) PiVi (ln 2), absorbed (d) (0.5)PiVi, absorbed 42. What is the change in entropy of the sample? (a) +8.31 (ln 2) J/K (c) +16.62 (ln 2) J/K (b) 8.31 (ln 2) J/K (d) 16.62 (ln 2) J/K Ans. (d) 150 Chapter 15 Thermodynamics 43. The ratio of the molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant volume, , for diatomic hydrogen gas is 7/5. In an adiabatic compression, the gas, originally at atmospheric pressure, is compressed from an original volume of 0.30 m3 to 0.15 m3. What is the final pressure of the gas? (a) 2.0 105 Pa (c) 3.0 105 Pa (b) 2.7 105 Pa (d) 3.7 105 Pa Ans. (b) Section 15.6 Specific Heat Capacities Section 15.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 44. Which one of the following statements is true concerning the ratio of the molar heat capacities Cp/Cv for an ideal gas? (a) The ratio is always 1. (b) The ratio is always less than 1.

(c) The ratio is always greater than 1. (d) The ratio is sometimes less than 1. 45. Determine the quantity of heat added to 3.5 moles of the ideal gas argon if the temperature increases from 75 C to 225 C during an isobaric process. Note: The molar specific heats of argon are CV = 3.0 cal/Kmol and CP = 5.0 cal/Kmol. (a) 2600 cal (c) 1600 cal (b) 2100 cal (d) 1100 cal Ans. (a) 46. What change in temperature occurs when 1200 J of heat are removed from 4.0 moles of monatomic gas under constant pressure? (a) 8.3 K (c) 14 K (b) 11 K (d) 28 K Ans. (c) Section 15.8 Heat Engines 47. Which one of the following statements best describes the operation of a heat engine? (a) A heat engine uses input heat to perform work and rejects excess heat to a lower temperature reservoir. (b) A heat engine performs work and generates an equal amount of heat in a cyclic process. (c) A heat engine transfers heat from a lower temperature reservoir to a higher temperature reservoir through work performed on the system. (d) A heat engine transfers heat from a higher temperature reservoir to a lower temperature reservoir through work performed on the system. Ans. (a) 48. Which one of the following statements is not a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) The efficiency of any engine is less than 100%. (b) The natural direction of heat flow is from hot to cold. (c) A motor can operate using the atmosphere as a heat reservoir.

(d) There is zero net entropy change for the universe in the operation of a real refrigerator. Ans. (d) 49. An engine is used to lift a 2700-kg truck to a height of 3.0 m at constant speed. In the lifting process, the engine received 3.3 105 J of heat from the fuel burned in its interior. What is the efficiency of the engine? (a) 0.19 (c) 0.29 (b) 0.24 (d) 0.34 Ans. (b) 50. A gasoline engine with an efficiency of 0.40 generates 1500 W of power. If a liter of gasoline has an energy content of 3.7 107 J, how many liters of gasoline does the engine consume each hour? (a) 0.36 (c) 1.4 (b) 0.48 (d) 2.8 Ans. (a) 51. In a reversible heat engine, one mole of an ideal gas is carried through a circular cycle beginning and ending at point A as shown in the figure. Which one of the following statements concerning this system is false? (a) The entropy must increase in one cycle. (b) The heat added in one cycle must be 314 J. (c) The work done in completing one cycle is 314 J. (d) The change in internal energy for one cycle is zero joules. Ans. (a) 52. Two engines are identical except that engine A is two years old and engine B is new. If engine A does 15% less work than engine B under

identical operating conditions, what is the ratio of the efficiencies of the two engines, eA/eB? (a) 0.10 (c) 0.85 (b) 0.15 (d) 0.90 Ans. (c) Section 15.9 Carnots Principle and the Carnot Engine 53. Under which one of the following conditions would a Carnot heat engine be 100% efficient? (a) The engine discharges heat at 0 K. (b) The engine uses no heat. (c) The engine does no work. (d) The engine can be operated in reverse. Ans. (c) 54. A heat engine operates in a Carnot cycle between reservoirs of temperatures 1000 K and 400 K. It is found to discharge 20 J of heat per cycle to the cold reservoir. What is the work output per cycle? (a) 10 J (c) 30 J (b) 20 J (d) 40 J Ans. (c) 55. A Carnot engine operates between hot and cold reservoirs with temperatures 527 C and 73.0 C, respectively. If the engine performs 1000.0 J of work per cycle, how much heat is extracted per cycle from the hot reservoir? (a) 878 J (c) 1163 J (b) 1333 J (d) 1527 J Ans. (b) 56. A Carnot heat engine is to be designed with an efficiency of 85%. If the low temperature reservoir is 25 C, what is the temperature of the hot reservoir? (a) 45 C (c) 850 C (b) 430 C (d) 1700 C Ans. (e)

57. What is the maximum possible efficiency of an engine operating between the boiling and freezing points of water at sea level? (a) 0.27 (c) 0.61 (b) 0.49 (d) 0.85 Ans. (a) 152 Chapter 15 Thermodynamics 58. A Carnot engine has a heat input of 3700 J and heat exhaust of 1400 J. What is the ratio of the Kelvin temperature of the hot reservoir to that of the cold reservoir, TH/TC? (a) 3.6 (c) 1.6 (b) 0.38 (d) 2.6 Ans. (d) Questions 59 through 61 pertain to the following situation: A heat engine operates between a hot reservoir at 1500 K and a cold reservoir at 500 K. During each cycle, 1.0 105 J of heat is removed from the hot reservoir and 5.0 104 J of work is performed. 59. Determine the Carnot efficiency of this engine. (a) 0.15 (c) 0.50 (b) 0.34 (d) 0.67 Ans. (d) 60. What is the actual efficiency of this engine? (a) 0.15 (c) 0.50 (b) 0.34 (d) 0.67 Ans. (c) 61. Determine the change in entropy of the cold reservoir. (a) 1.0 102 J/K (c) 1.8 102 J/K (b) +1.0 102 J/K (d) +1.8 102 J/K Ans. (b) Section 15.10 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps 62. If the coefficient of performance for a refrigerator is 5.0 and 65 J of work are done on the system, how much heat is rejected to the room?

(a) 390 J (b) 330 J Ans. (a)

(c) 260 J (d) 210 J

63. A heat pump is found to remove 2400 J of heat from the exterior of a house and deliver 3500 J of heat to the interior of the house. What is the coefficient of performance of the heat pump? (a) 1.5 (c) 0.31 (b) 3.2 (d) 3.9 Ans. (b) 64. A heat pump extracts 7.0 106 J of heat per hour from a well at 280 K and delivers its output heat into a house at 320 K. If the heat pump uses an ideal Carnot cycle in its operation, what minimum work must be supplied to the heat pump per hour? (a) 8.6 105 J (c) 7.7 106 J (b) 8.0 106 J (d) 1.0 106 J Ans. (d) Questions 65 through 67 pertain to the situation described below: A container holding 1.2 kg of water at 20.0 C is placed in a freezer that is kept at 20.0 C. The water freezes and comes into thermal equilibrium with the interior of the freezer. 65. How much heat is extracted from the water in this process? (a) 48 000 J (c) 400 000 J (b) 170 000 J (d) 550 000 J Ans. (d) 66. What is the minimum amount of electrical energy required by the refrigerator to carry out this process if it operates between reservoirs at temperatures of 20.0 C and 20.0 C? (a) 63 000 J (c) 87 000 J (b) 77 000 J (d) 348 000 J Ans. (c)

67. Which one of the following statements is true concerning this process? (a) The water gains entropy in accord with the second law of thermodynamics. (b) The water loses entropy so the process violates the second law of thermodynamics. (c) The water gains entropy, but the air outside the refrigerator loses entropy in accord with the second law of thermodynamics. (d) The water loses entropy, but the air outside the refrigerator gains entropy in accord with the second law of thermodynamics. Ans. (d) Section 15.11 Entropy 68. Which one of the following processes represents a decrease in entropy? (a) the melting of ice (b) the condensation of steam on a kitchen window (c) the evaporation of perfume (d) the vaporization of liquid helium Ans. (b) 69. Which of the following samples exhibits the highest degree of entropy? (a) a diamond crystal (c) a block of graphite (b) ammonia vapor (d) a block of paraffin Ans. (b) 70. In which one of these processes will there be no net change in the entropy of the system? (a) the growth of a microorganism (b) the fusion of a crystalline solid (c) the heating of water in an open container (d) the evaporation and condensation of benzene in a closed vessel Ans. (d)

71. A block that slides on a rough surface slows down and eventually stops. The reverse process never occurs. That is, a block at rest never begins to move and accelerate on a rough surface without the action of an external agent. The second situation is forbidden because it would violate (a) conservation of total energy. (b) conservation of momentum. (c) the second law of thermodynamics. (d) the first law of thermodynamics. Ans. (c) 72. A 1.00-kg sample of steam at 100.0 C condenses to water at 100.0 C. What is the entropy change of the sample if the heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 106 J/kg? (a) 6.06 103 J/K (c) 2.26 104 J/K (b) +6.06 103 J/K (d) +2.26 104 J/K Ans. (a) 73. In an isothermal and reversible process, 945 J of heat is removed from a system and transferred to the surroundings. The temperature is 314 K. What is the change in entropy of the system? (a) 3.01 J/K (c) 0.332 J/K (b) +3.01 J/K (d) +0.332 J/K Ans. (a) 154 Chapter 15 Thermodynamics Additional Problems Questions 74 through 79 pertain to the situation described below: An ideal monatomic gas expands isothermally from state A to state B. The gas then cools at constant volume to state C. The gas is then compressed isobarically to D before it is heated until it returns to state A.

74. What is the internal energy of the gas at point B? (a) 1 103 J (c) 3 103 J (b) 2 103 J (d) 4 103 J

Ans. (c) 75. What is the pressure of the gas when it is in state B? (a) 5 atm (c) 20 atm (b) 10 atm (d) 25 atm Ans. (a) 76. What is the temperature of the gas when it is in state C? (a) 33 C (c) 327 C (b) 130 C (d) 817 C Ans. (a) 77. What is the ratio of the internal energy of the gas in state C to that in state A? (a) 2/1 (c) 130/327 (b) 1/2 (d) 240/600 Ans. (d) 78. How much work is done on the gas as it is compressed isobarically from state C to state D? (a) zero joules (c) 100 J (b) 50 J (d) 400 J Ans. (d) 79. What is the net amount of work done after one complete cycle? (a) zero joules (c) 1000 J (b) 20 J (d) 40 J Ans. (c)