1

&
:

: 50
2:
.
.
.

2
. (.. 76671), 04.01 ()
09/01/2012

1
1.1 pH,

1.2 pH
3
1.3
4
2
2.1
4
3

3.1
8
3.2
9
3.3
12
3.4
14
4

16

3
4.1
17
4.1.1

17

4.1.2
17
4.1.3

18

4.2

19

20
1

22

27

1
1.1 pH,
pH ( pouvoir hydrogene)
(
) .
, pH 7. pH

(pH=-log[H+]).
,
, pH .
, pH
. pH
, .

4

( = ),
,
(+). ( Arrhenious).
.

1.2 pH
pH (
)
5,5.
,

CO2, SO2, NOX. ,

, , ,
, ,
(H2CO3, H2SO4, HNO3).

, pH
5,5. ,
, 4.
( 1).

1.3 .

5

.

,

.

2
2.1
,
, .
,
( .,
2009). :
)

(,

, , ). ,

SO2 NOX
,
.
) ,
(, ),
.

6

.
( )
(,
, , .),
( ,
, .) (, ..,
1998)

, ,
, , NOX
SO2.

SO2:
50-100106
,
80106

:
65%

(,

, .)
15%.

43%

. (S+O2SO2).
SO3

7
H2SO4 (SO3 + 2 H2SO4) ,
.

NOX:
,
. ,
,
NOX.
,
.
, 85-9910 6
, 1/3
.
(3).

19 .

,
(
) 1000Km,

(.....,

1989).

1).

, ,
,

..,

2000).

, .

3

,
,
.
.
, pH ,
,

9

, ,
.
:

3.1

,
, , ..
, , , , ..
,

.
, ,
(Ca2+), (Mg2+), (Na+),
(K+). ,

(
, ).

,
,

,
pH .

10
,

.

. : ,
.

( ., .., 2004).

3.2
:

.
,
. ,
,

.

. ,
.

.
,
,
. , ,

11
,
,
.

,

.

,

,
.
,

, , (, .., 1998).
,
.

,

( ., .., 2004).

,
1970.
, ,

12
. 50%
,
.
,
, , .
... .
().
10 70
. ,


.
(phytochelatines) (
)
( )

.
,
( ...
).

13

14

2:

3.3

,
,
( ,
).
pH .
,
.
,
pH

15
.
,

).

,
,

.
,

(,

pH.
pH ,
.
, ,
. pH
,
.
(, , )
.
.
, ,
.
.

.

16
,
.

. ( Daphnia,
Diaptomus, Branchinecta Lepidurus)
.

.

.

. pH

96 100%
pH=4,5 , (fathead
minnows), .
50g/lt pH 5,5
0-30%, 100 g/lt
100%.

, ,
, , ,
.
,
.

17
,
.
(, )
,
.
pH ( ,
pH 3,0-4,5).
(.. ).

.
,
.
.
,

.


. (piscivorous)
,
pH.

3.4

,
(CaCO3) ( ),

18

. To 1865 o Robert Angus Smith,

o
:

...,
. CaCO3
SO2
(Ca SO4),
:
CaCO3 + H2SO4 Ca SO4 + CO2 + 2

,

SO2 ( ).

..

( 2).
,
.

19

1817,

.
(: G. Tyler-Miller-
)

(
1).

.
, ,
1967 46 .

65km/h
.

4


pH .
. ,

20

.
,

.
:

(,

, , ..)

,

.

.

4.1


, .

, .

21

:
4.1.1 .

(.. diesel
),
,
...
30-90%.
4.1.2 .

.
, ,
.
,
.
.
NOx

-, ,

22
,
.
4.1.3 .


.
(

) (
).
,
.
,
.
.
, ,
, ,

( 285C).
18 .

,
.

23
(.. ).

.

4.2
,
.

,


.


70,
1984

1987. ,

, .
,
.
80.000 100.000 .

,
,

24
(Ca(OH)2), , .

. ,

.
.
,
, ,
,
( ) .


. , ,
,
. ,
,
`
.

25
100 .
- -
.

, , .
pH ,


.


.

(
)
( ),
(
, .., 2000).

,
.

.
.

26

1
1
www.corbis.com/ http://acidrain2010.blogspot.com/

27

3:
. 1908
.

4:

Lincoln,

Lincolnshire .

5:

Lincolnshire .

St.

Stephens

28

6:

To

7:

800 ..
,

.

29
8: ,

,
:
1:longmen gottoes (china)
2:taj mahal (India)
3: LESHAN GIANT BUDDHA (china)

4: DAMPIER ROCK (Australia)

5: Parthenon (Greece)

30

9: .

10:
, .
.

31

11:
Cornell,
,


.

., ., ., .,

.,

2000.

),

.,

2009.

Organic

Edunet.

., ., ., .,

.,

.,

..

2004.

., ., ., 1998.
. University studio press.

....., 1989.
. , 3.

32

G. Tyler-Miller, ..

http://www.corbis.com/

http://acidrain2010.blogspot.com/