.

, 2010

1
.
600 .. 1600 ..
- The Period of Speculation,
, .
1600 .. 1800 ..
(The Dawn of Scientific Meteorology).

.
(50)
, Ferrel.
Ferrel
,
, .
,
. D Alembert,
Halley Hadley, ,
, . , Euler
, ,
,
, .
L. F. Richardson,
.
,
.

Brandes 1820.
. 14 1954
- .
,
Le Verrier
. Le Verrier
200 ,

.
,
,
,
. Le Verrier

.

,
,
.
,

, , ..
.
:
1.
.
2.
, .
3. / .
4. ,
, , ,
.

3
,

. :
, , r.

, ,
.

3.1

,
. ,
,

. , z
( ),
x ,
, y ,
. ,

, y, z, t.

, i , j k,
, , ,
(3.1.).
V = u ( x )i + v ( y )j + w(z )k

(3.1)

: u(x), v(y), w(z),

:
u ( x ) = r d / dt

( )

(3.2)

v ( y ) = rd / dt

( )

(3.2)

w(z ) = dz / dt

( )

(3.2)

R (R=6378,39 Km ,
R=6356,91 Km ), z
, r = R+z. r R.
,
, z
R (z<<R), 0.2%.

,
, .
, ,
.

3.2

. ,

z, x
, y .
, ,
, .
s n, :
,
.
O(s,n) ,
.

3.3

.
, z
, P=f(x,y,z,t),
() , =g(x,y,z,t).
,
, -
0(x,y,P,t), -
0(x,y,,t). ,
, .

1945, 1946 .
0(x,y,z,t)
0(x,y,P,t) , :
,
,
,

.

.

.

(3.4), mb/day.
dP/dt

(3.4)

, (w<0),
, (w>0).
, w (3.5).
.
- gw

(3.5)

( ),
, ,
0(x,y,,t). , (3.6),
Ps . 0(x,y,,t )
.

0,

= / Ps ,
1,

(3.6)

4
4.1 .
Newton,
:
G d
G
mV
F=
dt
Lagrange
Euler.
G , :
G
G
G
G
G
dV
V
Lagrange:
, V = f ( r0 , t )
Euler:
, V = f ( r , t )
dt
t
G
dV
,
Lagrange,
dt
,
G
V
, ,
Euler,
t
.

( )

.
:
T
T
T
T
dx +
dy +
dz +
dt
x
y
z
t
dT T
T
T
T
=
u+
+
w+

dt x
y
z
t
dT T G G
=
+ V T
dt
t

dT =

(4.1)

(4.1) .
(4.1).

G
V

(4.1) :
G
G
dV V G G G
=
+ V V
dt
t
G
G
V
dV G G G
=0
= VV ().

t
dt
(steady)
.

(4.1) :
dT T G G
=
+ V T
dt
t
G G
1) V T > 0 (Warm Air Advection WAA)
G G
2) V T < 0 (Cold Air Advection CAA)

P.

(4.1) :
dP P G G
=
+ VP
dt
t

:
Q :
dQ Q G G
=
+ V Q
dt
t
dQ
= 0 , Q =
dt
G G
Q
= V Q
:
t

Q,
.

4.2 .
: 2 Newton .
G
G
G
G n G
F
=
m
a

m=1gr
,

:
a
= Fi , Fi :
i
n

i =1

i =1

G
FT

G
FB
G
g

G
G G
G
a = FT + FB + g

(4.12)

2 Newton (
). , 4.2 :

G
G
G
dVa
G
G 3 G
= FT + FB + g = Fi
a a =

i =1
dt a
4.2.1 .
, :

G
G
G
S dS
V lim
=
t 0 t
dt
2
2
2
G
G
G
G G
dy
dx
dz
V = ui + j + wk , V = + +
dt
dt
dt
:
G
G
G
G
V dV d 2 S
a lim
=
= 2
t 0 t
dt
dt

4.2.2 .
G
a : .
G
a r : .
G
G
d
V
G
G
dV
a =
0
=
G dV G V 2 G
dt
dt
a
=
0 +
r0

r
dt
G V2 G

ar =
r0

r
4.2.3 .
G G G
V = r V = r sin 90 = r

: V = R sin , r = R sin
G G G
: V = R
G
G
V , a = 0
G V2 G
V 2 G 2 R 2 sin 2 G
ar =
r0 =
r0 =
r0 a r = 2 R sin = (R sin )
r
R sin
R sin

G
G G G
ar = R

4.2.4 .

G
G
G
V a = V + V0

:
G
V a : , .
G
V : , .
G
V0 : .
:

G
dV a

dt

G
G
dS
dS
G G
= + S
dt

a dt

G
G

dV a
G G
=
+ V a dV a

Ga G dt G
G
dt
V a = V + R

G
dV a

G G
G G
+ V + R
=

a dt

G
dVa

dt

G G
G G
G G
= d V + R + V + R

a dt

G
dVa

dt

G
G
G G

G dR G G G G G

d
V
d
=
+
R +
+ V + R

dt
dt
a dt

G
dVa

dt

G G
G G G
d
V
=
+
2

V
+

a dt

, ,
, Coriolis .
G
dVa
:
dt

G
G

G
= FB + FT + g , :

a
G
G
G G
G G G
G G
dV
= 2 V R + FB + g + FT
dt

(4.3) :

(4.3)

10

G
dV du G d G dw G
1)
=
i +
j+
k
dt
dt
dt
dt

, :
G
dV du u tan uw G d u 2 tan uw G dw u 2 + 2
j +

+
+
+
i +
dt dt
R
R dt
R
R
R
dt

G
k

G
G
G
G
G
G G
2) Fc = 2 V : = 0i + cos j + sin k
:

G
G
i
j
G
Fc = 2 0 cos
u

G
k
G
G
G
sin = 2 (w cos sin )i + u sin j u cos k
w

G
G
G
G
Fc = ( 2 sin w2 cos )i u 2 sin j + u 2 cos k
G
G
G
G
Fc = ( f ew)i fuj + euk

f = 2 sin e = 2 cos

G G G
G G G
3) R = 2 R max R = 0,03m sec 2

g = 9,80616 m sec-2 (=45, MSL)

G G G G G
, : g R g

G
1 G
1 P G 1 P G 1 P G
4) FB = P =
i
j
k

x
y
z
, :
P G 1 P G 1 P G
1
i
j
k
R cos
R

G
1
FB =

G
G
G
G
5) FT = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
,
. (4.3) :

11

1 P
du
=
+ f ew + Fx
x
dt
1 P
d
=
fu + F y
y
dt
1 P
dw
=
+ eu g + Fz
z
dt

(4.4)

(4.4)
.
, (4.4) :
1 P
du u tan uw

+
=
+ f ew + Fx
x
dt
R
R
1 P
d u 2 tan w
+
+
=
fu + F y
y
R
R
dt

(4.5)

1 P
dw u 2 + 2

=
+ eu g + Fz
z
dt
R

4.2.5

G
G
G
G
: = x i + y j + z k ,
:

x = 0
y = cos
z = sin
G
G
G
G
: = 0i + cos j + sin k , .
:
366,25
366,25
2
= 2
. . =
365,25
1 365,25
2
366.25
=
= 7.292 10 5 sec 1
86400 sec 365.25

4.2.6 Coriolis

G G
2 V .

12

.
0, Coriolis .

, .

.

4.2.7

(G G R).

. .
.
G2
r , r .

.
:

G G G
R = 2 R sin = 2 R cos = , ,
2
2
= 7.2910-5 sec-1, R = 10 7 m .

: a r = (7.29 10 5 sec 1 )
2

10 7 m = 0.03m sec 2

4.3 .
4.3.1 .

:
:
:
:
:
:
Coriolis

U 10 msec1
W 1 cmsec1
L 1000 km
H 10 km
P 10 hPa
10-3 grcm3
f0 104 sec1

= 103 cmsec1
= 100 cmsec1
= 108 cm
= 106 cm
= 104 dyncm3
= 103 grcm3
= 104 sec1

13

4.3.2 .

du
dt

u tan

uw
R

1 P

d
dt

u 2 tan
R

U2
L

U2
[R]

UW
[R]

P
L

f 0U

f 0W

102

103

106

101

101

104

1 P
y

2 sin
( f )

2w cos
(ew)

2u sin
( fu )

4.3.3 .

dw
dt

u +2

1 P

2u cos
(e )

UW
L

U2
[R]

P0
H

f 0U

105

103

103

101

103

4.3.4 .
1. .

, . :
1 P
f =
(4.6)
x
1 P
fu =
(4.7)
y
:
i)
.

ii)
(Meso-) .
.
iii)
10%,
iv)
.

14

2. .

( ) :
1 P
du
= f
dt
x
1 P
d
= fu
dt
y

(4.8)
(4.9)

:
.
i)
.
ii)
.
iii)
Rossby (R0).
iv)
3. .

.
P
= g
z

P
= g
z

(4.10)

(w) .
.

1. Rossby:

R0 =

U
=
Coriolis
fL

2. Reynolds:

Re =

LU
=

3. Richardson:

g z

Ri =
=
V 2

15

5 .
5.1 .

, ,
.
.

5.2 .
:

()
Coriolis
,
.

G G
1 G
2 V g = 2 P

5.2.1 .
, (5.2.1) :
1 P
1 P
f g =
g =

x
f x

1 P
1 P
ug =
fu g =
f y
y
G G 1 G
f Vg k = 2 P
:

5.2.2 .
(5.2.2) :
G
G
1 G G
1 P G P G
Vg =
k 2P

j
Vg =
i +
f
f y
x

(5.2.1)

(5.2.2)

(5.2.3)

(5.2.4)

5.2.3 ( ).

Coriolis
G
G
1 P
. , : FB = Fc
= 2V g sin
n
1 P
Vg =
(5.2.5)
f n
(5.2.5) :
1. , .
2. ,
.
3. , .

16

5.2.4 .
:
P
P
P
P z
P =
x +
z = 0
=
x
z
x
z x
:
P
= g
z
:
1 P
P
z
z
= g
= g
x
x
x P
x P
y .
, (5.2.2) :
g z
g =
f x P
z

y P
(5.2.6) :
G
g G G
Vg = k P z
f

G G g G
Vg k = P z
f
g
ug =
f

(5.2.6)

(5.2.7)

(5.2.8)

5.2.5 ( ).
,
:
g z
Vg =
(5.2.9)
f n P
z

.
n
(5.2.9)

.

. :
d = g dz
g , (5.2.7) :
G
g G G
1 G G
V g = k P z = k P ( gz )
f
f
G
G
G
1
Vg = k P
(5.2.10)
f
5.2.6 .
, :

17

G
1 G G
V g = k (c P T + )
f
(5.2.11) :
1
(c p T + )
g =
f x
1
(c p T + )
ug =
f y

(5.2.11)

(5.2.12)

= c P T + Montgomery.

5.2.7 .
1. .
:
i)
.
.
ii)
2. .
,
:
i)
, .
,
ii)
.
3. .
, :
i)
V g > V .

ii)

V g V .

4. .

(RAOBs).
5. .
:

V
.
Rossby Ro =
i)
fL

VL

Reynolds Re =
.

6. .
:
0.
i)
.
ii)
ii)

18

5.3 .
: ,

(), Coriolis
.
:
G G
G G
G G
VV2 k
+ f V2 k = f V g k
(5.3.1)
r
G
G G 1 G
dV2
= f Vg k 2 P
(5.3.2)

dt

) (

5.3.1 .
A) .
(5.3.1) :
G G
G G
VV2 k
1 G
+ fV2 k = 2 P

r
, :
1 P
V2
+ fV =

r
r
r P
V L2 + rfV L
=0
r
B) .
(5.3.1) :
G G
G G VV2 k 1 G
2P
fV2 k =

r
, :
V 2 1 P
fV =
+

r
r
r P
V H2 rfV H +
=0
r
(5.3.3) (5.3.4), :

rf
VL =
2
VH =

rf

r2 f
4
r2 f
4

r P
r

r P
r

(5.3.3)

(5.3.4)

(5.3.5)
(5.3.6)

5.3.2 .
P
1)
= 0 ,
r
. , 0.
(3.3.5) , ,
:

19

rf rf
.

2
2
+. (5.3.5) :
0=

rf
VL = +
2

r2 f
4

r P
r

(5.3.7)

(5.3.6) :
rf rf

2
2
(3.3.6) :
0=

VH =

rf
r2 f

2
4

r P
r

(5.3.8)

(5.3.7) (5.3.8)
.
2) (5.3.3) 0
.
(5.3.4). (5.3.4),
, :
r 2 f 2 r P

0
r
4

P rf 2

r
4

(5.3.9)

3) .
P
= f ( , r )
i)
r
P

ii)
r
.
iii)
.

5.3.3 Vg VL, VH.

A) Vg VL.

1 P 1 P 1 P
=
=
f n f r
f r
(5.3.3) (5.3.10) :
V2
V L2 + rfV L rfV g = 0 L = V g V L
rf
Vg =

(5.3.10)

V L2
> 0 , :
rf

Vg > VL

(5.3.11)

20

,
.
B) Vg VH.
C)
(5.3.4) (5.3.10), :

V H2 rfV H + rfV g = 0

V H2
= VH Vg
rf

V H2
> 0 , :
rf

VH > Vg

(5.3.12)
,
.
,
. :
2

VL =

rf
rf
+ + rfV g
2
2
2

VH =

(5.3.13)

rf
rf
rfV g
2
2

5.3.4 Vg VH.

(5.3.8) (5.3.10) :
4V rf rf
4V g

1 g =
1

2
rf 2
rf

4V g
rf

(5.3.14)
V H = 1 1
2
rf
VH
, 0. V
4V g
4V g
rf
(5.3.15)
1
= 0 1
= 0 Vg = .
4
rf
rf
(5.3.14), :
rf
V H max =
2
(5.3.15)
V H max = 2V g
rf
r2 f

VH =
2
4

rf
r2 f
rfV g V H =

2
4

21

5.4 .
: ,

.
:
G G
G
VV2 k
dV2
1 G
= 2P =
r

dt
, :
V 2 1 P
=
(3.4.1)
r
r
:
Rossby , : Ro 103.
:
1) (r~100m)
( : L~1000m)
2) (f~105sec1 // ~10)
(f~104sec1 // ~40)
3) (V~30ms1)
(V~10ms1)
4) (P~40hPa)
(P~10hPa)
, Rossby:
V
3 10 3
Ro =
5 4 = 3 10 4
fr 10 10
.
(tornadoes)
(water spouts)
(dust devils)
(P.C. Sinclair, 1965)
.
r
= 100m
V
= 30ms1
P
= 40hPa
f
= 27.29105sin(12)

= 103grcm3

= 104cm
= 3103cms1
= 4104dyncm2
= 310-5s1
= 103grcm3

, :
V 2 (3 10 3 )

= 900
r
10 4
fV 3 10 5 3 10 3 = 0.09
2

:
Coriolis:
:

1 P
1 4 10 4
3
= 4000
r 10
10 4

22

5.5 .
:
.
:
, (5.2.7):
G
g G G
Vg = k P z
f
, :
G
G
G
G
V = V g 5 V g10 = V g 5 10
G
G
V g 5 , Vg10

. 5 10
500hPa 1000hPa.
.
:
G
g G G
g G G
g G G
g G G
V = k P z 5 k P z10 = k P ( z 5 z10 ) = k P (z )
(5.5.1)
f
f
f
f
:
RT
P
z = a ln 10
(5.5.2)
g
P5
(5.5.1) (5.5.2) :
G
G
P
g R a P10 G G
g G G R T
ln
k PT
V = k P a ln 10 V =
P5
f g
P5
f
g
G
R
P G G
V = a ln 10 k P T
(5.5.3)
f
P5

R
P T

u = a ln 10
f
P5 y P
(5.5.4)
R a P10 T

=
ln
f
P5 x P

5.5.1 .

:
P
= g
z
:
P = RT
:
= gz
(5.5.5) (5.5.6) :

(5.5.5)
(5.5.6)
(5.5.7)

23

gP
P
=
z
RT

(5.5.8)

(5.5.8) (5.5.7) :
RT

=
P
P
(5.5.9) .

(5.5.9) :
10
P10
P
P
P
= RT
= R T
10 5 = R ln 10
P
P
P5
5
P5

(5.5.9)

T
(5.5.10)

(5.2.10):
G
1 G G
Vg = k P
f
, :
G
1 G G
V = k ( )
f
:
R a P10 G G
G
G
G
G
ln
k PT
V g V g
f
P5
V
V
g 1 G G
= lim
=

=
=
k PT
P10
Ra
z z 0 z
z
z
f T
T ln
P5
g
P10
P5

= R ln

G
V g

G
V
g G G
=
=
k PT
z
z fT
(5.5.11) :
V g V
g T

=
=
z

fT n P

V =

g
fT

z
n P

(5.5.11)

(5.5.12)

u g
z
g

g
fT

g
=
z
fT

(5.5.13)

24

5.6
:
,
.
: ,

, , ,
.
Oxyz , :
m = xyz
:
x m
m
(5.6.1)
= uyz

= (yz )
t
t x1
t x1
:
( u )

m
= u +
x yz

x
t x1 +x

( u )
m
= uyz +
xyz

x
t x1 +x

(5.6.2)

( u )
m
m
m
m
xyz

=
x
t x
t x t x1 t x1 +x
:

( )
m
xyz

=
y
t y
( )
m
xyz
=

z
t z

( u ) ( ) ( w)
m
(5.6.3)
xyz
+
+
=
z
y
t
x

V
m
V
,

= (V ) =
+V
= 0 (V ), (5.6.3) :
t
t
t t
t

m
(5.6.4)
=V
t
t
(5.6.3) (5.6.4), :
( u ) ( ) ( w)

(5.6.5)
+
+
=
z
y
t
x

G
G

= V
(5.6.6)
t
(5.6.6) .
,
:

( )

25

G
G ( w )

= 2 V
z
t

( )

(5.6.7)

, :
( u ) ( ) ( w)

tan
=
+
+

R
t
y
z
x

(5.6.8)

5.6.1 .

(5.6.6) :
G G
G G GG

= V
= V V
t
t
:
d G G
d G G
=
+ V
=
V
t
dt
t
dt
(5.6.9) (5.6.10) :
G G
1 d
= V
dt
(5.6.11) .

( )

(5.6.11) :
1 d G G
w
+ 2V =
dt
z
G G
w
2V
z
u w
1 d
+
= +

dt
x y z
:
u w
1 d
2w
tan +
+
= +
dt
R
x y z R
5.6.2 .

m = xyz

( ):

P = gz

m =

xyP
g

(5.6.9)

(5.6.10)

(5.6.11)

(5.6.12)
(5.6.13)
(5.6.14)

(5.6.15)

26

1 d
(m) = 0 g d xyP = 0
m dt
xyP dt g
1 dx 1 dy 1 dP
+ +
= 0
x dt y dt P dt
u

+
+
=0
x y P
dP
.
=
dt
lim(x) = lim(y)=lim(dP)=0, :
u

=0
+
x y P P
G G
2V +
=0
(5.6.16)
P
G G
V P = 0
(5.6.16) .
,
.

( )

5.6.3 .
1. (w,):
2.
. .
:
d
=0
dt
(
), 10% .
, (5.6.11) :
h
G G
G G
u
w
dz
+
w(h ) w(0 ) =
V = 0 2V =
x y
z
0
< u > < >

+
w(h ) w(0 ) = h
y
x

(5.6.17)

. .
(5.6.16) :
P
u
u

(P ) (P0 ) =
dP
=
+
+
P
x y
x y P
P0
< u > < >

+
y
x

(P ) (P0 ) = (P P0 )

(5.6.18)

27

2. w .

dP P G G
P
(5.6.19)
=
+ V 2 P + w
dt
t
z
G
V2
. :
G
G
G
V2 = V g + V

:
G
1 G G
Vg =
k P
f

G G
. V g P = 0
, (5.6.19) :

P G G
P
(5.6.20)
+ V 2 P + w
t
z

:
10hPa
10 4
P
1.
= 8 = 10 1
t 1000km 10
10m / sec 10 3
G G
10hPa
10 4
2. V2 P 1m / sec
= 100 8 = 10 2

1000km
10
1000hPa
10 310 3
P
3. w 1cm / sec
=1
= 10 0
6
10km
10
z
, 10%, (5.6.20) :
P
=w
z

P
= g
z
:
gw
(5.6.21)
(5.6.18) w, (5.6.21) :

w(P ) =

0 w(P0 ) 1 < u > < >

(P P0 )

+
+

g x
y

3. .
(5.6.7) :
G
G
( w)
+ 2 V =
z
t

( )

(5.6.22)

28

=0
t
, L, :
L G
G
w L L wS S = 2 V dz

1% ,

( ( ))

0, :
L G
G
1
(5.6.22)
wL =
2 V dz

L S
, L :
G
G
1
wL =

V
dz
(5.6.23)
2

( ( ))

( ( ))

(5.6.22) (5.6.23) :
G

( (V ))dz = ( (V ))dz
L

5.6.4 .

1. (x, y, , t)
P G P G P d
+ V +

=0
t
dt
2. Lagrange.

3. .

4. .

G G
d
ln x = V
dt

U i ,i = 0 u i,i = 0
G G
d m
d
+ m V = m
1 dt
dt

5. .

G
G
N e
= q L N eV
t

29

5.7 .
:
, .
:
,
3 .
:

.
:
P
(5.7.1)
dp = gdz
= g
z
:
G
G ( w )

(5.7.2)
= 2 V
z
t
(5.7.1) L , :

P
L dP = L gdz PL 0 = g L dz t L = g L t dz
G

G
( w)
P
= g 2 V dz g
dz
z
t L
L
L
G
G
P
=

g
2 V dz + ( gw) L
(5.7.3)

t L
L
GG

G G
P
(5.7.4)
= g V 2 dz g 2V dz + ( gw) L
t L
L
L

( )

( ( ))

( ( ))

(5.7.4) .
L , w=0, (5.7.4) :
GG

G G
P
= g V 2 dz g 2V dz
t S
S
S

(5.7.5)

5.7.1 - .
1. .
,
() :



(5.7.4)
2. ( Jeffrey).
, , :
G
G
G
G

1 2P 1 2P
2 V = (u g ) + ( g ) =
+
= 0 2 V = 0
(5.7.6)
x
y
f yx f xy

( )

( )

30

(5.7.3) (5.7.6) :
P
= ( gw) L .
t L
(L=S), 0
P
: = 0 P0 = . , P0
t S
.
3. .
GG
PL
PL

V 2 T
P
dP + d
wdP
=
T
t L 0 T
0
4. .
:
i)

ii)
.
:
G
G
V g < V H 5.3.3
i)
G
G
V g > V L 5.3.3
ii)

iii)
iv)
v)

=
g z
1 P
Vg =
Vg =
f n
f n
f=2sin

5.8 .
:

P . =(P).

G
G
= BP

: .
:
=0
:
C
:
B = V RT
CP
1
:
B=
RT

5.9 .
:
.

31

6
6.1


( ).
.
5.1.1
, .

, , ,
(.. , .), ,
, ,
.
. ,

, .

, .
.
4mb.
2mb ,
"L" "X", "" "".

, :
1. :
( 6 12 ).
2. :
,
.
.
,

.
3. :
.
'
. , ,

.
4. : , ,
. ,
, .

32

5. :
,
, .


(, ) .).

6. :
. ,

.
,
.
.
,
.

.
.
'
, ,


.
.
7. : ,
.
. "" .
.
8. :

.
'
:
) () .
) .
) .
) ,
,
.
,

. 4mb,

.
. (
) .
.

33

6.2
,
.
( ). '
,
.
, ,
( ).

850, 700, 500, 300, 200 100 mb. 12
.
( ), ( C),
( C), ( ),
12 .

.
:

, :
, 850, 700 500 mb
, 300 200 hPa
.
,
.
(troughs) (ridges).
.
,
.
( ).
' .

' . ,
,
.

. ,
.
( )
. ,
. ' ( )
.

.

. ,
.

.

34

, ,
.

.

,
.

,
, .
, ,

. ,
.

.

.

6.3
1.

.

4mb.

.
2.

850 hPa.
40 (gpm).
850 hPa 1400 1600 gpm.
. , '
5 C, , ,
-d <5 C.
,
.

.
3.

700 hPa.
: gpm
300 gpm. 5 C.
(-d < 5 C) (troughs)
(ridges).
,

.
. ,
.

35

4.

500 hPa.
80 gpm 5400
gpm. 5500 gpm
. 5 C
.
.
, (
),
.

.
5.

300 mb.
80 gpm
.

(jet
stream). ,
.

.
'
2-5 .
6.

1000-500 hPa.

1000 500 mb
. 80 gpm
.

( ,
). ,
,
,
.

6.4

.

500 mb.

500 mb.

500
mb. ,
:

36

Vsfc = (V500 + V) /2

(6.4.1)

V .

3-6 .
C.-G Rossby (1939), " Rossby"
" ". Rossby
Coriolis . Rossby
, ,
,
.
, ,
" " (short waves). , ,


.
Rossby, C,
Rossby (5.4.2).
C = U L2/42
(6.4.2)
U ,
Coriolis L .
.
(5.4.2) ,
L, Rossby
. ,
, Rossby
.. (5.4.2), U-C
Rossby (
) 45,
Rossby 4-5.
4-5, 2-3
( C < 0).

. , 4-5, 6-7,
C > 0 ).
, "",
4-5 Rossby
.

, ,
. '
.

.
.
, . .
.
,
, .

37

7
7.1
,

.
: , , , .


.
,
,
.
,

.
7.2.

,
, ,
,
.

. ,

, .

, ,

.
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
,
. , ,
,
,
.
7.3

, ; , , , ,

38

.
.

.
, ,
.
,
(.. - ).
,
, .
,
.


. :
()
. ,
.

,
.
() .
, ,
.
()
,
. H
. ,
.
()
- .
()
.
.
()
.
()
.
.

. ,
, , .
7.4 (Tephigram)
.
Sir Napier
Shaw. , ,
.
,
(), (s),

39

(- Diagram = Tephigram).
1. 1
s, , s - .

90 .
, ,
. ,
.

, .

.

.

40

1. ,
-4C/m, 2C/10 Km.
2. ,
,
0,8C/hr,
0,4C/hr. 8 m/sec,
60.
3.
, 200 Km,
20 Km/hr.
-5C +5C ,
1C/2,
;
4.
:
() : U100 m/sec, w10 m/sec, L100 m, H10 Km, P10 hPa
() : U50 m/sec, w1 m/sec, L100 m, H10 Km, P40 hPa
5.
60 700 Km .
2,5 cm
1:2x107 ( 40 ).
6.
70 Km .
40 hPa/100 Km,
20.
7. ,
P=Poexp(-2ro2/2RT)
15C, ,
100 m , 1000 hPa 100 m.sec-1, ,
;
8.
2,5 Km 41.
2C/150Km 2C.

41

9. ,
,
.
10. H
850 hPa 500 hPa 3C 100 Km
. 850 hPa
20 m.sec-1,
500 hPa. , f=10-4 sec-1.
850 500 hPa
.
11. 900 500 hPa
. 900 hPa 10
m.sec-1, 700 hPa . O 500
hPa 20 m.sec-1.
, 900-700 hPa 700-500
hPa.
.
;
12. 50 Km
: , , ,
: 90 10 m/sec, 120 4 m/sec, 90 8 m/sec, 60 4
m/sec. .
10%,
,
.
13.
:
(hPa)
(x10-5 sec-1)
1000
+0,9
850
+0,6
700
+0,3
500
0,0
300
- 0,6
100
- 1,0
.
, 260,
w=0 m/sec 1000 hPa.