In the name of Allah

The most Merciful and Beneficial

Name: Muhammad Abdullah
Submitted date: 12-2-2008
Program: BBA (Hons)
Subject: psychology
Umt id: 073605-066
Semester # 2
Batch: 36

Submitted to:
Ms. Sadia Adan
Submitted by:
Muhammad Abdullah

School of business and

economic
University of management and
technology
 ASSIGNMENT TOPIC

Approaches in psychology:

 Development psychology

 Organization psychology

 Child psychology

 Education psychology

 Cognitive psychology

 Social psychology

 Abnormal psychology

 Psychology of individual different

 PSYCHOLOGY

Definition:

According to Wilhelm Wundt:

Psychology is a knowledge which study feelings, impression
willpower and functions is called conscious.

According to Robert .S. Feldman:

Psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental
process. It attempts to explain, predict modify and ultimately improve the life
of people and the world in which they live.

According to David Hume:

Psychology is nothing but the study of combining and
recombining experiences through the natural forces of association
 APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY:
Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychology, also known as human development

Developmental psychology is the study of changes in behavior during a

lifetime. Many developmental psychologists study only a part of the lifespan.
Most are chiefly interested in childhood and youth.
OR
The branch of psychology that studies how people grow and change
throughout the course of their lives.

Developmental psychologists are concerned primarily with how the human

mind changes over the course of a lifetime, from its
conception and intrauterine development through childhood,
adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
The field envelops nearly all aspects of life and seeks to understand the
factors that influence personality, intelligence, and behavior. Initially,
developmental psychologists focused primarily on childhood development,
believing that with adulthood came a kind of personality stasis.

Example:

The development differences is repeated all over the world .the child of one
years unable to walk while the four year old child can work easily

Organization Psychology

Organizational psychology is the study of the behavior of people in the

workplace. Industrial and organizational psychology applies psychological
knowledge and methods to aid workers and organizations.
OR
The branch of psychology that studies the psychology of the workplace,
considering productivity, job satisfaction and decision marking

Example:

Let us take my example that I applied in umt for BBA program

because .I was interested in a business administration and I want to become a
successful business man .I know that umt will fulfilled my needs it will help
me for achieve my goal. In contrary of umt I join any engineering college for
BBA then I could not get training in business
Educational Psychology:

The branch of psychology that considers how the educational process affects
students

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational

settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of
teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the
terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used
interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as
educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related
settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is
concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups
such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities.

Example:
In any class questioning is very important if a teacher asked a
question from any one student her answers may bring the other
attention to other students or gave them information and also
raised the confidence among students?

Child psychology:
Child psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the social and
mental development of children. It is also the study of the psychological
processes of children. The field is sometimes subsumed under developmental
psychology. Data are gathered through observation, interviews, tests, and
experimental methods. It is also called child development the study of the
psychological processes of children and, specifically, how these processes
differ from those of adults, how they develop from birth to the end of
adolescence, and how and why they differ from one child to the next.

Examples
The observations relating to a 5 to 8 year old girl the writer was studying
child psychology and took notes on the child's naturalistic socialization,
ability to interact & more. An interview with the girl mother is included and
the paper concludes with assessments based upon common knowledge and 5
supplemental articles cited in bibliography. It is concluded that the child has
adjusted quite well from a psycho-social perspective.
Cognitive psychology:

The branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing,

perceiving, learning and thinking about the world.
The intention of this essay is to explore the area surrounding
how cognitive psychology has affected or disaffected policing
practices and the positive or negative outcomes of it. To do
this, a deeper understanding of the terms cognitive and
psychology, along with their interactive relationship had to be
expounded.

The scope of cognitive psychology is vast in relation to the

public and police, particularly due to the fact that it is an
individual process with many external mitigating factors.
Therefore I have attempted to narrow the field and
concentrate on a couple of specific examples of the use of
cognitive psychology, while attempting to explain the theories
behind the processes.

Example:
 It is base on the mind work each person has a different way of
under starting about any issue and every person has different level of
understanding .similarly people have different ways to responded to words the
problems Person who understand the issue inmeti4tely made different image
rather then a person who
Understand later

Abnormal psychology:

Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to

describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning.
Abnormal psychology in clinical psychology studies the nature of
psychopathology, its causes, and its treatments. Of course, the definition of
what constitutes 'abnormal' has varied across time and across cultures.
Individuals also vary in what they regard as normal or abnormal behavior. In
general, abnormal psychology can be described as an area of psychology that
studies people who are consistently unable to adapt and function effectively in
a variety of conditions. The four main contributing factors to how well an
individual is able to adapt include their genetic makeup, physical condition,
learning and reasoning, and socialization.

EXAMPLE

Playing the client (15 points). Everyone must turn in a "client

proposal." This paper will be an extensive description of the client
i wish to portray.

Playing the diagnostician (65 points). During class, i will be

presented a model of how to write up a formal psychological
report. After interviewing your "client," you will use that model to
write up a report on your findings (including diagnosis) using DSM-
IV diagnostic categories.
 Feedback to classmate (20 points). In class, students will
anonymously exchange tapes with one another. Each student will
provide feedback on the tape she or he receives.

Individual differences:

Individual differences psychology studies the ways in which

individual people differ in their behavior. This is distinguished
from other aspects of psychology in that although psychology
is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists
invariably study groups. For example, in evaluating the
effectiveness of a new therapy, the mean performance of the
therapy in one group might be compared to the mean
effectiveness of a placebo (or a well-known therapy) in a
second, control group. In this context, differences between
individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control
manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as
interesting phenomena to study.

Example

Every one understanding capacity is different .In specific age group the
mentality of every individual is same to some extent the of student can be
measured but the weakness of single student made them different from other
student.
Social psychology:

The branch of psychology that studies how peoples thoughts, feelings and
action are effective by others.

Social psychology is the study of how social conditions affect human beings. Scholars in
this field are generally either psychologists or sociologists, though all social psychologists
employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis. Despite their similarity,
the disciplines also tnd to differ in their respective goals, approaches, methods, and
terminology. They also favor separate academic journals and societies.

Social psychology is an interdisciplinary area. The greatest period of collaboration between

sociologists and psychologists was during the years immediately following World War II
although there has been increasing isolation and specialization in recent years, some degree
of overlap and influence remains between the two disciplines.

Example:

To illustrate how easily and quickly we form in-groups and out groups, I divide my class
into those wearing colour cloth that day and those not wearing uniform Then I have each
group sit in a circle with its members. The colour cloth " group is assigned to list as many
reasons as it can think of as to why the members of the other group did not wear colour
cloth that day. The uniform group is assigned to list as many reasons as it can as to why the
other group members are wearing tennis shoes. The listing starts out fairly neutral, but it is
not long before each group's list becomes more and more derogatory, particularly when it
overhears the list the other group is generating.
References:

• Vikipidia =

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology

• Yahoo answer

• http://www.google.com.pk/search?hl=en&q=PSHCOL

OGY&meta=

TEACHER REMARKS