Bi ton Poincar

v Cu chuyn nm mt sau ca tm huy chng vng Fields-2006.

Phm Tr n (Vin Ton)

Tin cc bo. Madrid . . . H nm 2006. . . Hn 5.000 Nh ton hc cng cc Nh bo t khp nm chu bn bin dn v y. Tt c u ang nng lng v hi hp ch i L Khai mc Hi ngh Ton hc Th gii ln th 25, ICM-25. Nng lng v s kin ny 4 nm mi c mt ln. Hi hp v trong L khai mc trng th ny, LTHTG s cng b danh sch nhng ngi c Gii thng Fields, Gii thng Nevanlinna v Gii thng Gauss, nhng gii thng danh gi nht ca LTHTG tn vinh cc nhn ti ton hc. i vi mt ngi lm Ton, c tham d ICM mt ln l may mn ri. c mi lm Bo co ti Tiu ban l ng t ho. c mi lm Bo co ti Hi ngh ton th, th qu l mt nim hnh phc ln lao, t nh ton hc c uc, trong sut c cuc i lm ton ca mnh. Nu va c mi lm bo co ton th, li va c nhn mt trong cc phn thng cao qu nht ca LTHTG th tht l trn c tuyt vi ! Th nhng, c mt nh ton hc li chng quan tm g n L khai mc ca ICM-25, ngay c khi Ban T chc thng bo trc cho ng bit, ng c tn trong danh sch nhng ngi c Gii thng Fields-2006 v mi ng n nhn gii ng thi mi ng lm mt bo co ton th v cng trnh c gii ca chnh mnh. Nhng con ngi y vn khng n d L khai mc v b lun c vic nhn Gii thng Fields-2006 do ch thn Nh vua Ty Ban Nha trao tng. Tht l kh hiu ! Con ngi y l Tin s G. Perelman, ngi Nga. ng c nhn Gii thng Fields2006 v gii c Bi ton Poincar, mt bi ton cc k kh v tn ti trn 100 nm nay. Cn k l hn na, nu Bn c bit thm rng, vo nm 2000, trc thm ca mt Thin nin k mi, Vin Ton hc Clay ca M cng b By bi ton kh ca Thin nin k mi v t gii thng 1.000.000 USD cho li gii ca mi bi ton . Trong 7 bi ton kh bc Thin nin k , Bi ton Poincar ng v tr th 3. Vi vic trao gii thng Fields cho Perelman , LTHTG coi nh chnh thc tha nhn ng l ngi gii quyt c Bi ton Poincar v l ng nhin l ng s c nhn mt triu la M tin thng ca Vin Ton Clay. Mt s tin qu ln i vi mt nh khoa hc ang sng v lm vic nc Nga vo thi kinh t th trung ca nhng nm 2000

ny! Th nhng ng vn khc t tt c, ch vi mt l do a ra l ng cm thy khng th ho hp c vi cng ng ton hc hin nay, cho nn ng khng mun nhn ! C th thi! H ni. . . H 2008 . . . . Th l hai nm tri qua . . . Gi y chng ta c mt li thi gian cn thit c th bnh tnh nhn li S kin Perelman mt cch khch quan hn, bn cht hn v cng nhn vn hn. Nhng trc ht l mt Ci nhn ton cnh v Bi ton Poincar.

Bi ton Poincar : Nhng chng ng chinh phc cc nh cao .

Chng Khi u. Gi thuyt Poincar do Nh Ton hc ngi Php, Henri Poincar (1854-1912), xut bt ngun t mt nhn xt c tnh trc quan trong dn gian : Trong cc hnh cu - 2 chiu thng thng, mi ng cong khp kn u c th co li lin tc thnh mt im trn mt phng. ( hnh 1). Nm 1904 Poincare t vn : liu kt qu trn c cn ng hay khng i vi mt Hnh cu - 3 chiu? Hnh hc-Tp, i khi cn c gi mt cch dn d l Hnh hc ca cc mng cao su, v ngnh ny chuyn nghin cu v s bo tn ca cc b mt, khi cc b mt b ko dn ra hay b chc thng. i vi cc nh Tp hc, chng c mt s khc bit no gia mt chic bnh vng vng vi mt tch c ph, v c hai u c mt l thng trn b mt, nhng li c s khc bit rt quan trng gia mt tri bng trn (khng c l thng no) vi mt chic sm t c bm cng (c mt l thng). H. Poincar d on S khng c cch no bin i mt b mt khng c l thng thnh mt b mt c mt l thng m khng x rch n v bt k b mt khng c l no cng c th ko cng thnh b mt ca mt khi cu. ng tm cch chng minh phng on ny, nhng khng chng minh c. Sau ny phng on ca Poincar c cc nh ton hc gi l Gi thuyt Poincar, vit tt l PC (Poincar Conjecture). Chnh Poincar dng thut ng a tp (manifold) ch mt khng gian tp tru tng v Gi thuyt Poincar by gi c th pht biu mt cch khc bng ngn ng ca ton hc hin i nh sau : Tt c cc a tp-3 chiu , ng v n lin, u l khi hnh cu. Sau ny cng c mt cu hi tng t nh th cho Hnh cu n - chiu vi n > 3 v chnh l Gi thuyt Poincar m rng. V tm quan trng ca Gi thuyt Poincar, ngoi s kin PC l mt bi ton rt kh v mt ton hc, cc nh khoa hc cn k vng rng PC c th gip chng ta c c nhng hiu bit mi v Ci tha ban u ca v tr. Chnh Poincar cng d on rng Cette question nous entrainerait trop loin ! (Vn ny s a chng ta i rt xa y!).

Sau Poincar, cng c nhiu nh tan hc khc cng thi vi ng, sn tay o ln th chng minh PC, nhng phn ln h u trng tay, tr mt s t ngi c may mn thu lum c mt vi kt qu ph, mang du n qu hi dc ng , nh B Dehn, nh l mt cu, nh l khuyn, v v Chinh phc nh cao PC vi n > 3 . Thi gian tri nhanh . . . bc vo nhng nm 60 ca th k XX . Lc ny, ngnh Tp ang pht trin mnh v thc s tr thnh mt trong s nhng ngnh si ng nht ca Ton hc ng i. Trong bi cnh chung , xut hin mt t sng Tn cng PC mi vi c mt th h cc nh ton hc tr, rt ti ba. Kt qu khng ng l cc nh ton hc tr pht hin ra mt s kin quan trng, lm ng ngng cnh cc nh ton hc gi thi by gi. Ho ra l vic chng minh PC trong trng hp a tp c s chiu ln hn 3 li d hn nhiu so vi chng minh PC vi s chiu ng bng 3 !. Mi nghe th cm thy nh v l, tri vi nhng g ta vn thy trong thc t, ( l chng minh trong trng hp s chiu ln th thng kh khn hn so vi khi s chiu l b hn !) . Vy m nm 1960 Stephen Smale li chng minh c PC vi s chiu ln hn 4 v n nm 1983, Michael Freedman chng minh c PC cho s chiu ng bng 4. Cn trng hp n bng 3 th c hai th nhng u b tay. Chnh nh cc kt qu ny, m Smale nhn Gii thng Fields - 1966, cn Freedman c nhn Gii thng Fields - 1986. n y Bn c c th t cu hi : Nguyn nhn no lm cho chng minh PC vi s chiu bng 3 li l kh hn nhiu so vi trng hp s chiu ln hn 3? . Cu tr li t pha nhng ngi trong cuc l : 3 chiu l s chiu qu nh ta c th di chuyn Min vn (Problemtical regions) ca PC ra khi Vng nh hng tng tc ca mt s vn khc, c nh hng quan trng n PC. Chng ng Hnh hc ho. Trong Tp, ngi ta thng s dng phng php Hnh hc ho phn loi cc 2a tp (tc l phn loi cc b mt). Mi b mt tp c gn vi mt hnh hc c bit v duy nht, theo ng cong ca b mt c tri ra mt cch ng ng trn a tp (tc l chng c cong nh nhau mi ch). Hnh cu l hnh duy nht c tnh cht ny, l mt mt cu trn trnh, hon ho. Dng qu trng l mt hnh khc, kh d c th hy vng p ng c yu cu trn ?. Tuy nhin ta thy n li khng tho mn iu kin cong l bng nhau mi ch, b v qu trng, u nh c cong ln hn u to. Cc 2-a tp to nn ba kiu hnh hc. Hnh cu c coi l c cong dng. Hnh xuyn c hnh hc ho l phng, c cong bng khng, ging nh mt phng. Tt c cc 2-a tap khc c t hai tay cm tr ln, th d hnh yn nga, u c cong m. l s hnh hc ha cc 2-a tp. Nhng khi p dng phng php trn cho cc 3-a tp, ho ra cc 3-a tp li rc ri hn nhiu. Hu ht cc 3-a tp khng th gn c vi mt hnh hc ng nht. Thay vo , chng c th c ct thnh cc mu nh, mi mu c mt hnh hc chnh tc ring bit. Hn th na, thay v ch c ba dng hnh hc

c bn nh trong trng hp 2-a tp, cc 3-a tp c th c ti 8 dng hnh hc chnh tc. Vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 70 thuc th k trc, nh ton hc Thurston xut Gi thuyt Hnh hc ho , vit tt l GC (Geometrization Conjecture), c pht biu nh sau : C th ct mt a tp 3 - chiu thnh cc phn, mi phn c mt trong tm loi hnh dng khc nhau, trong c dng mt cu.. Sau ny chnh Thurston m t tt c cc a tp - 3 chiu c th c c, v l mt s tng qut ho ca PC. Nm 1982, Thurston c nhn Gii thng Fields v nhng ng gp quan trng ca ng cho ngnh Tp hc. y l Gii thng Fields th ba c lin quan trc tip ti Gi thuyt Poincar. Trong lch s Ton hc, tht him thy c vn ton hc no l ci ni cho nhiu Gii thng Fields n th! Chng tng tc : Dng Ricci Cng vo nm 1982, c mt nh ton hc khc l Richard Hamilton , H Cornell , M, bt u mt chng trnh phn tch mi cc a tp - 3 chiu bng cch s dng mt phng trnh gi l Dng Ricci (ly theo tn nh ton hc Ricci-Curbastro), mt phng trnh tng t nh phng trnh truyn nhit trong Vt l ton. Nh mi ngi u bit, trong mt vt, nu c s chnh lch v nhit , th ngay tc khc, nhit lng s c truyn mt cch t nhin t ni nng sang ni lnh cho n khi no nhit ti mi ni l nh nhau. Phng trnh Dng Ricci cng c mt hiu ng tng t nh vy, nhng l xy ra vi tham s l cong. Hiu ng ny s lm mt dn i nhng li lm, tc l lm mt dn i s chnh lch cong, cho n khi cong mi ni l nh nhau. Nu ta bt u vi mt hnh qu trng, n s dn dn bin thnh mt hnh cu hon ho. Nhng php phn tch ca Hamilton li gp mt tr ngi ln m ng khng th vt qua c. l trong mt s trng hp nht nh, dng Ricci li lm mt a tp co li thnh mt im. V d khi a tp c dng l mt qu t cm tay, tc l gm 2 hnh cu c ni vi nhau bng mt trc hnh ng. Khi cc hnh cu s ht vt cht t trc ng v lm cho phn gia trc tr thnh mt im. Mt v d khc na l khi c mt ci que c gn vo mt a tp, dng Ricci li c th gy ra ci gi l k d dng iu x-g. Khi cc a tp b bin dng nh th, n khng cn l mt a tp - 3 chiu thc s na ! Lch s ang ch i s xut hin ca mt nhn vt mi, c y cc phm cht cn thit, c th t ln vai con ngi ny, ci s mnh thing ling l chinh phc nh cao cui cng PC vi n = 3 ! . Chinh phc nh cao cui cng PC vi n = 3 Cui cng, lch s cng tm c nhn vt cn tm. l Nh ton hc tr tui ngi Nga, Tin s Grigori Perelman , Vin Ton Steklov, Peterburg. Perelman trong mt giy pht thng hoa tuyt vi ca t duy Ton hc, ng a vo mt s hng mi cho phng trnh Dng Ricci. Phng trinh mi thu c, tuy khng loi b c cc rc ri v k d, nhng n cho php Perelman thc hin cc

phu thut tinh vi hn. Vi nhng k d hnh hnh qu t, ng c mt cch diu tr nh sau : ct i s bin dng mi bn v hn li ch h trn mi qu t bng mt chm cu. Khi y Dng Ricci c th tip tc bin i a tp, ng thi vi th tc phu thut nh vy. i vi cc k d kiu iu x-g, ng ch ra rng, chng khng th xy ra. Theo cch ny, mt 3-a tp bt k c th a v mt tp hp cc mu nh, mi mu nh c mt hnh hc ng nht. Khi dng Ricci v Php phu thut ca Perelman c p dng cho mt a tp 3 - chiu bt k, v nu kt qu nhn c trn cc mu nh u l hnh cu 3- chiu c th iu c ngha l a tp cn tm chnh l hnh cu 3 - chiu v n l duy nht. Perelman ch ra c iu ny. V nh vy, Gi thuyt Poincar c chng minh. nh cao cui cng PC vi n =3 c G. Perelman chinh phc nh th y ! ngha ca vic chng minh c CP V ngha, chng minh Gi thuyt Poincar ca Perelman m ra mt hng mi trong k thut phn tch. Cc nh ton hc hy vong v cng ang th vn dng phng php ny gii mt s cc bi ton kh khc. Nhng ngha chnh ca thnh tu ton hc ny li nm mi lin h ca PC vi Vt l l thuyt. Trong vt l, Dng Ricci c lin quan n Nhm ti chun ho, xc nh s thay i cng ca cc tng tc, c ph thuc vo nng lng va chm trong vt l. Chng hn, nhng nng lng thp, tng tc din t c cng c c trng bi con s 0,0073 ( xp x khong 1/137). Nu hai electron va vo nhau vi mt tc gn bng tc ca nh sng, th cng tng tc s xp x bng 0,0073. Tng nng lng va chm, tng ng vi nghin cu i tng mt khong cch gn hn. V vy nhm ti chun ho ng vai tr nh mt knh hin vi c phng i c th thay i c, kho st mt qu trnh no nhng mc chnh xc khc nhau. Tng t nh vy, dng Ricci cng c vai tr nh mt chic knh hin vi dng quan st cc a tp vi mt phng i cho trc. Khi y nhng li lm nhn thy c mt phng i ny c th s bin mt mt phng i khc. Cc nh vt l mong i rng thang chiu di Planck , khng gian m chng ta ang sng s hon ton khc, n s ln nhn nhng vng kn, cc tay cm cng cc cu trc tp khc. Nh vy Ton hc m t s thay i cc lc vt l li rt ging vi Ton hc m t s hnh hc ho ca cc a tp ! PC cn c cc mi lin h khc vi Vt l l thuyt, thng qua cc phng trnh ca Thuyt tng i tng qut. Cc phng trnh ca thuyt tng i tng qut m t lc hp dn v cu trc ca V tr, phm vi v m, rt gn vi phng trnh Dng Ricci. Hn th na, s hng m Perelman thm vo trong phng trnh dng Ricci, thc ra l c trong L thuyt dy, mt l thuyt lng t v lc hp dn. Do ngi ta hy vng rng, khm ph ca Perelman s em li cho con ngi nhng hiu bit mi v v tr, thng qua L thuyt tng i tng qut chng?.

Vi tt c cc cc ngha va quan trng va su sc trn, Tp ch Science, mt t bo khoa hc i chng hng u ca M, cui nm 2006 bu chn s kin Chng minh c Gi thuyt Poincar ca Perelman l s kin t ph s 1 ca nm 2006, cng vi 9 s kin t ph khc, c chn t cc ngnh khoa hc khc na, nhng c 9 s kin ny u khng c Science xp hng th t. Hn th na, theo bnh lun ca Tng bin tp Tp ch Science, Donald Kennedy, th s kin Chng minh gi thuyt Poincar ca Perelman , theo ng, khng nhng l s kin t ph ca nm 2006, m cn l s kin t ph ca t nht mt thp k na ! . T trc n nay cha c mt thnh tu ton hc no li c t Science nh gi cao n nh vy !.

Cu chuyn nm mt sau ca tm Huy chng vng Fields-2006

Perelman, Anh l ai ? Grigori Yakovlevich Perelman sinh ngy 13 thng 6 nm 1966 ti Leningrad, nay l Saint Peterburg, nc Nga, trong mt gia nh tr thc gc Do thi. Anh c tha hng mt s thng minh bm sinh t B M, v c hc tp, o to trong mt mi trng rt tt. Anh l hc sinh ca Trng Ph thng Trung hc s 239 ca Leningrad, mt trong s cc Trng chuyn Ton-L, rt ni ting Lin X trc y. Nm 1982, Perelman tham gia i tuyn Olympic Ton Quc t ca Lin X v t Huy chng vng vi s im tuyt i. Anh hc i hc ti Trng H Tng hp quc gia Leningrad, mt trong s cc trng H c cht lng hng u ca Lin X trc y. Cng ti y, Perelman bo v lun n Ph tin s Ton-L. Sau khi bo v, Perelman lm vic ti Phn vin Ton Steklov ti Leningrad ca Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Lin X, mt Vin Ton c cht lng rt cao trn th gii. Anh c mt thi gian di tu nghip ti M. Ti M, Anh c dp tip sc v lm vic vi nhm nghin cu v Bi ton Poincar ca GS R. Hamilton ti H Cornel. Sau khi nm c mi ngc ngch ca Bi ton Poincar, hiu c ch mnh v ch yu , ch ng ct ca nhm Hamilton , H nm 1995 Anh quyt nh quay tr v Vin Ton Steklov ti Saint Peterburg, tip tc c lp nghin cu Bi ton Poincar. Thng 11 nm 2002, Perelman gi bi bo u tin ca mnh cho arXiv.com, (mt trang Web lu tr rng ri cc bi bo khoa hc va mi hon thnh, ca cc nh khoa hc trn ton th gii, n ng vai tr nh mt Preprint, nhng thun tin v c nh hng rng hn nhiu, do cc tin ch ca InterNet mang li). Trong bi bo th nht ny , Perelman vch ra cc tng c bn ca chng minh Gi thuyt Hnh hc ho, mt gi thuyt bao gm Gi thuyt Poincar nh l mt trng hp ring. Bi bo ni chung c c gi chp nhn v tnh thuyt phc cao ca n. Thng 3 nm 2003, Perelman gi tip cho arXiv.com bi bo th hai. Bi bo th hai trnh by cc k thut thc hin cc tng c trnh by trong bi bo th nht. Chnh bi bo th hai ny gy ra nhiu nghi ng , tranh ci trong gii cc Nh ton hc trn khp th gii . Ngay sau khi bi bo th 2 ca Perelman c tung len mng, Anh c mi n M trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu ca mnh ti mt lot cc i hc c uy tn M, trong

 c Hc vin k thut Masachusetts, H Princeton, H New-York, H Columbia v H Harvard. Ti cc ni ny, Anh tr li mi cu hi ca cc ngi nghe mt cch y , r rng. Nh Ton hc Michael Anderson, H Stony Brook, nh li : Cha ai c th a ra bt c s nghi ng ng k no. C thm mt b nh c chng minh hon tt cc kt qu c. Nhng khng c nghi ng no v gi tr ca cng trnh ny Trong khi , mt ng nghip ngi Nga, Yevgeny Damaskinsky nhn xt Perelman l mt con ngi rt hng ni. ng khng quan tm g n tin bc, m ch ngh n nghin cu. i khi ta thy ng c v nh in r , nhng li l mt phm cht cn c ca cc nh ton hc ti nng. ng khng cn n phn thng v vinh quang. Tin bc ng cng khng quan tm n . iu duy nht ng quan tm n l cc tng chng minh PC ng a ra c ng hay khng ? Trong bc nh him hoi do Phn Vin ton Steklov cung cp, ta bt gp mt chng trai Perelman c i mt mu xanh, b ru dy v i lng my rm . l mt nh ton hc tr y ti nng, v c mt c tnh rt mnh. Anh chng minh thnh cng PC. Vi chin cng ny, Anh hon ton xng ng l mt ngi Anh hng! Cc nguyn nhn no trc tip dn n S kin Perelman ? Mt con ngi nh Perelman m li c cc hnh ng bt thng, k quoc n nh th, chc l c cc tc ng rt mnh, rt xu, t u dn dp n i vi Anh? Theo cc tin tc m chng ti thu thp c t cc ngun khc nhau, th c 3 nguyn nhn chnh , trc tip sau y, nh 3 t sng thn , lin tip, dn p ln u Perelman, khin Anh b chong vng, b sc, v sau cng l ng gc, khng gng ng ln c na. Ba tc ng l : Mt l, Perelmen chn cch cng b cng trnh ca mnh mt cch khng bnh thng . Anh tung n ln mng , ch khng thng qua cc tp ch chuyn ngnh. Trong cc cng trnh ca Anh, phn chng minh li chng c gii thch di dng, v cng khng theo mt chun mc no c . iu ny buc cc ng nghip, nu mun tm hiu cc cng trnh ca Anh, th phi my m tm li cch gii ca Anh. Chuyn u c d v khng phi nh ton hc no cng c th lm c. Hu qu l sau khi Perelman gi lu tr 2 bi bo ca mnh, th ngay lp tc c hng chc cc nhm c thnh lp ti cc Vin v cc Trung H nhm kim tra cc kt qu ca Anh. Sau l c mt dng thc cc cu hi v cht vn vo Email ca Anh. Tt c gy cho Anh nhiu phin phc, qu mt mi v cui cng l m pht cu, dn n mt sng sut, khi Anh quyt nh bt u t thng 4 nm 2003, ct lun c Internet , d khi phi nhn th v cng khi phi tr li th qua Email na. Hai l, vo Ma xun nm 2003, Perelman rt kh s khi Phn Vin Ton Steklov tuyn b ct bin ch ca Anh . L do a ra l v trong khong 8 nm gn y, Anh khng c mt bi bo no c cng b. Cn cc nghin cu ca Anh theo hng Hnh hc ho, th nhng ngui lnh o v qun l quan liu ca Vin li khng tin l s c kt qu. Anh hon ton b sc v s kin ny. Anh cm thy sao m mnh li au kh v xu h, c n v lc lng gia cc ng nghip v b bn ca mnh n th? Ba l, bt u t nm 2006 , v cng gn n ngy khai mc ICM-2006, ( Thng Tm nm 2006), c mt s nh ton hc trn th gii, cng gia tng cc hot ng c tnh vn 7

ng bn l, vi hy vng mnh t nhiu c chia phn Gii thng Fields-2006 ca LTHTG c d kin dnh cho Bi ton Poincar. Trong s ny , tiu biu nht l 3 nh ton hc gc Trung quc, gm Shing Tung Yau, (H Haward), M, Huai Dong Cao, (H Lehigh), M , v Xi Ping Zhu , (H Zhongshan), Trung Quc. H tin hnh mt chin dch vn ng, tuyn tuyn, qung b rm beng cho cng lao ca h trong vic gii quyt Bi ton Poincare. Chng hn, h c cc bi bo vi li tn st sn st nh Chng minh gi thuyt Poincar, cng lao ca Hamilton l 50%, ca hai nh ton hc Trung Quc Huai Dong Cao v Xi ping Zhu l 30% v ca Perelman ch l 25% . iu ng nhn ny khng ng vi thc t !. Thc ra h c vit c mt vi bi g . nhng ch l s trnh by li hoc vit li v chi tit ho cc tng trong chng minh ca Perelman m thi ! V c c chuyn ci ra nc mt , khi cc tc gi ca mt bi bo , trong lc vi vng cu th lm php cng 50% + 30% + 25% = ? 100% ( tha mt 5% ?). Yau cn ni ba rng : Ti rt hi lng i vi cng trnh ca Zhu v Cao v cch gii bi ton Poincare v rng Cc nh ton hc Trung Quc c l do c th th t ho v thnh tu ln lao ca mnh, l gii quyt trn vn Bi ton Poincar. Nhng ng thi trn, khin cho Perelman cng nh gii ton hc c cm gic l cc nh ton hc gc Trung quc ny mun chim ot cng lao ca Perelman trong vic gii quyt Bi ton Poincar ?. C m tinh thn qu him ny khin Perelman nh b ri vo mt khong trng chn khng ca khng hong lng tin. Nhng may thay, ng vo thi im trng en cn ln ln nh th, th c 9 thnh vin trong Ban xt Gii thng Fields-2006, m v Ch tch ca Ban li chnh l v Ch tch LTHTG, GS John Ball, b phiu kn 100% ng , trao Gii thng Fields 2006 cho mt mnh Perelman m thi!. By gi Bn c hiu r hn cu ni ca Perelman Ti khng mun nhn Gii thng Fields, v ti cm thy khng th ho hp c vi cng ng ton hc trn th gii hin nay . Bun thay! Nhng l mt thc t !

Li bnh
Tin mi nht m chng ti nhn c : Perelman khng cn n lm vic Phn Vin Ton Steklov ca Saint Peterburg na !. Hin nay Thin ti ton hc ny ang sng cng vi m trong mt khu chung c c, thuc ngoi thnh ph Peterburg. Cc c gi n s in thoi m Perelman ng k trong danh b in thoi du khng c ngi nhc my. Nhng ngi quen bit Perelman th t chi cung cp a ch mi ca Anh . Anh hin nay khng cn lm Ton na. . . Ta au lng nh li trng hp ca Alexandre Grothendieck nm xa . . T sau nm 1993, Grothendieck khng cn a ch bu in na, khng ai c th lin lc vi ng, ngoi tr mt s ngi bn gn gi ca ng. ng sng trong mt cn nh nh bn sn dy Pyrnes. C l b c v i nht v Ton hc , ang mun ginh thi gian suy ngm v cuc i ny . . . ( xem [ 7 ] ).

Trong Vn miu Quc t gim H ni, c mt cu rt hay : Hin ti l nuyn kh ca mt quc gia. Cu ny c th suy rng ra Hin ti l nguyn kh ca mt ngnh khoa hc. Grothendieck v Perelman l cc Nh ton hc hin ti. Cc gii thng Fields tng thng cho hai ng minh chng cho iu . Th m chng ta mt i vnh vin mt Grothendieck! Nay chng ta li ang mt dn mt mn mt Perelman! Tht ng tic lm thay! Ti liu tham kho 1. Wikipedia (The encyclopedia), Poincare Conjecture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincare_Conjecture. 2. Wikipedia (The encyclopedia), Grigori Perelman, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_ Perelman. 3. Dien dan toan hoc, Nhng hnh dang ca khng gian, http://www.diendantoanhoc.net 4. Dien dan toan hoc, Cu chuyn hp dn v Gi thuyt Poincare, http://www.diendantoanhoc.net 5. BBC NEWS/Science/Nature/ Maths solution tops science class, http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/ 6. Bruce Kleiner and John Lott, Notes and commentary on Perelmans Ricci flow papers, http://www.math.umich.edu 7. H huy Khoi Alexandre Grothendieck, Thng Tin Ton Hc, Tp 8, s 4 (2004). 8. Phm Tr n Cc Gii thng Fields, Nevanlinna v Gauss nm 2006, Thng Tin Ton Hc , Tp 10, s 3 (2006).

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Hnh 4

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Hnh 5 : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Hnh 1 : M t PC cho Hnh cu 2 chiu . H2 : Henri Poincar. H3 : Perelman thi sinh vin. H4 : G. Perelman, thi im chinh phc nh cao cui cng . H5 : Tp ch Science bnh chn S kin t ph ca Nm 2006

11