1

LI NI U


Gio trnh thit k kh c in h p cp n nhng vn c bn nht v
tnh ton, thit k cc b phn ch yu ca kh c in h p. Chng gm cc phn sau :
-Nhng vn chung v thit k
-Mch vng dn in
-C cu trong kh c in
-Nam chm in
-Tnh ton nhit
y l gio trnh dng cho sinh vin ngnh thit b in in t, nhng n cng
c th b ch cho sinh vin cc ngnh khc v cc cn b k thut, quan tm n cng tc
thit k, tnh ton, ch to sa cha cc kh c in h p.
Tham gia bin son chng trnh ny gm cc ng ch :
-Phm T Nguyn : chng 2, mt phn chng 5 v chu trch nhim chnh.
-Lu M Thun : chng 3 v chng 4.
-Phm Vn Chi: chng 1v mt phn chng 5.
-Bi Tn Hu : chng 6.
V trnh v thi gian c hn nn cun sch ny chc chn cn nhiu thiu st.
Rt mong nhn c s gp ca bn c, th xin gi ti b mn Thit B in, trng
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.











2

CHNG I : NHNG VN CHUNG V THIT K KH C IN
1-1. KHI NIM CHUNG
A- CC LOI KH C IN
Kh c in l nhng thit b in, c cu in dng iu khin cc qu trnh
sn xut, bin i, truyn ti, phn phi nng lng in v cc dng nng lng khc.
Khi nim iu khin theo ngha rng bao gm : iu chnh bng tay t ng,
kim tra v bo v.
Theo lnh vc s dng, cc kh c in c chia thnh 5 nhm, trong mi nhm
li c rt nhiu chng loi khc nhau. Cc nhm l :
1-Nhm kh c in phn phi nng lng in p cao, gm: Dao cch ly, my
ngt du (nhiu du v t du), my ngt khng kh, my ngt t sn kh, my ngt chn
khng cu chy (cu ch), dao ngn mch, in khng, bin dng, bin in p
2-Nhm kh c in phn phi nng lng in p thp, gm: My ngt t ng,
my ngt bng tay, cc b i ni (cu dao, cng tc), cu ch
3-Nhm kh c in iu khin: Cng tc t, khi ng t, cc b khng ch v
iu khin, nt n, cng tc hnh trnh, cc b in tr iu chnh v m my, cc b
khuch i in t, khuch i t, t p
4-Nhm cc rle bo v: Rle dng in rle in p, rle cng sut, rle tng
tr, rle thi gian.
5-Nhm kh c in dng trong sinh hot v chiu sng: cng tc, cm, phch
cm, bn l, bp in
B- CC B PHN CA KH C IN
Cc kh c in c nhiu chng loi khc nhau v kt cu, kch thc, nguyn l
lm vic. Tuy vy trong cng tc thit k vn c th phn loi cc b phn ca chng.
Cc phn t hp thnh kh c in bao gm:
- Chi tit: l phn s ng ca kh c in, c ch to t mt cht ng nht v
cha phi dng n nguyn cng lp rp.
- Cm (n v lp rp) l t hp lp rp c hai hay nhiu chi tit. Trong mt cm
cng c th gm hai hay nhiu cm nh (cm bc hai v cc bc cao). Cm c s l cm
m bt u t lp rp thnh kh c in.
3
- Nhm: l thnh phn ch yu ca kh c in, gm t hp ca cc cm v cc
chi tit c chc nng chung c bit, nhm c th ch c chi tit m khng c cm.
Cc b phn ch yu ca kh c in thng gp l:
- Mch vng dn in gm u ni, thanh dn v cc tip im.
- H thng dp h quang
- Cc c cu trung gian
- Nam chm in
- Cc chi tit v cc cm cch in
- Cc chi tit kt cu, v, thng
C-YU CU CHUNG CA CC KH C IN
Cc kh c in c thit k phi tho mn hng lot cc yu cu ca mt sn
phm cng nghip hin i: l cc yu cu v k thut, v vn hnh, v kinh t, v
cng ngh v v x hi chng c biu hin qua cc quy chun, nh mc, tiu chun
cht lng ca nh nc hoc ca ngnh v chng nm trong nhim v thit k k thut.
1-Cc yu cu v k thut:
- bn nhit ca cc chi tit, b phn ca kh c in khi lm vic ch nh
mc v ch s c.
- bn cch in ca cc chi tit b phn cch in v khong cch cch in
khi lm vic vi in p ln nht, ko di v trong iu kin ca mi trng xung quanh
(nh ma, m, bi, tuyt,) cng nh khi c qu in p ni b hoc qu in p do kh
quyn gy ra.
- bn c v tnh chu mn ca cc b phn kh c in trong gii hn s ln
thao tc thit k, thi hn lm vic ch nh mc v ch s c.
-Kh nng ng ngt ch nh mc v ch s c, bn in thng ca
cc chi tit, b phn.
-Cc yu cu k thut ring i vi tng loi kh c in.
-Kt cu n gin, khi lng v kch thc b.
2- Cc yu cu v vn hnh:
- Lu n nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh: m, nhit , cao,
- tin cy cao.
- Tui th ln, thi gian s dng lu di
- n gin, d thao tc, sa cha, thay th.
4
- Tn ph vn hnh t, tiu tn t nng lng.
3- Cc yu cu v kinh t, x hi :
-Gi thnh h
-To iu kin d dng, thun tin cho nhn vin vn hnh (v tm sinh l, v c
th,)
-Tnh an ton trong lp rp ,vn hnh
-Tnh thm m ca kt cu
-Vn u t khi ch to, lp rp v vn hnh t
4- Cc yu cu v cng ngh ch to :
-Tnh cng ngh ca kt cu: dng cc chi tit, cm quy chun, tnh lp ln
-Lu n kh nng ch to: mt bng sn xut, c im t chc sn xut, kh
nng ca thit b.
-Lu n kh nng pht trin ch to, s lp ghp vo cc t hp khc, ch to
dy,..

D-NH HNG CA MI TRNG LM VIC N KT CU CA
KH C IN
1-Vng kh hu : Trong qu trnh thit k, phi lu n iu kin kh hu ni s
dng. V vy cn phi nghin cu cc dng, loi ph hp vi tng vng kh hu. Nhn
chung cc loi kh c in ch khc nhau mt s loi vt liu v cc lp sn ph b mt
cc chi tit.
C cc loi kh c in cho cc vng kh hu sau :
- Loi dng cho cc vng kh hu n i.
- Loi dng cho cc vng kh hu nhit i m .
- Loi dng cho cc vng kh kh, sa mc.
- Loi dng cho cc vng kh hu hn i.
- Loi dng cho cc vng kh hu bin, n i.
- Loi dng cho cc vng kh hu bin. nhit i.
2-V tr lp t : Ngoi iu kin kh hu, khi thit k kh c in cn phi lu
n v tr lp t ca chng nh :
- Kiu t trong phng kn, c thng gi.
- Kiu t trong cc hm l, c m cao.
5
- Kiu t bn ngoi, khng c che chn, b tc ng ca ma bi, bn
- Cc kiu chuyn dng, c che chn, chng bi, nc, chng n.
Tu theo mc chng c nh hng ca mi trng bn ngoi, cc kh c
in c phn theo cc cp bo v (c tiu chun).
3-Tc ng c hc:
Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun vn hnh, cc kh c in
chu tc ng c hc t mi pha, th hin qua rung v va p. Tc ng ny c dng
v ln khc nhau cho tng lnh vc s dng, v d nh trong cng nghip , tu in,
my bay
4-S thay i cc thng s nh mc ca kh c in :
Khi nhit mi trng tng th dng in nh mc ca cc kh c in gim
xung. Khi chiu cao ni lm vic ln hn 1000m, nn thay i dng in v in p
nh mc ca cc kh c in nh sau :

cao, m K
I
= I/I
m
K
u
=U/U
m

1000 1,00 1,00
2000 0,98 0,90
3000 0,96 0,80
6000 0,90 0,56

Tt c cc nhn t trn u nh hng n kt cu ca kh c in. V vy, cc
nhn t ny nm trong phn nhim v thit k.
A- CC PHNG PHP THIT K V TNH TON
Thit k l vic gii bi ton nhiu n. Bi ton ny thng thiu cc s liu cn
thit nn phi cho trc mt s thng s, a vo cc iu kin gii hn phi n gin
ho nhiu vn , cc phng php ch yu dng trong qu trnh thit k v tnh ton kt
cu thng gp l: Phng php ng dng, phng php tng t, phng php gn
ng lin tip.
Tnh ton thit k phi bm st vo nhim v c giao. i khi phi hu b kt
qu tnh ton v kch thc v cc thng s, mc d kt ny ng v mt ton hc nhng
khng th chp nhn c v mt kt cu, ch to, vn hnh, kinh t
6
Trong vic tnh ton, cn da vo cc vn l thuyt v thc t, trong gm
cc lut vt l, cc s liu thc nghim ca cc kh c in tng t. Vai tr ca tnh ton
l quan trng , nhng trong nhiu trng hp li chn trc dng v cc kch thc, m
khng cn n tnh ton. Nn lu rng, khi s dng cc cng thc tnh ton kinh
nghim, cn bit r mi quan h vt l gia cc i lng, bn cht vt l ca hin tng
v gii hn ca cc i lng trong cng thc ny.
Trong cng tc thit k, thng s dng cc phng tin tnh ton: tnh bng tay
v bng my tnh. Vic tnh ton bng tay c nhiu nhc im, sai st ln. Vic s dng
my tnh in t cho php gii cc bi ton tuyn tnh v phi tuyn vi kt qu tng i
chnh xc. gii cc bi ton trong kh c in nn dng my tnh tng t, vi u
im l chn s nhanh, d hiu chnh cc bin s, cc tr s ban u. My tnh s cho
kt qu chnh xc cao nhng vic lp phng trnh cng phc tp.
B- GIAI ON CHUN B THIT K
y l giai on kh quan trng trong cng tc thit k. giai on ny, yu cu
phi nm vng c nhim v thit k, tm tt c u nhc im ca cc kt cu
tng t sn c lm quen vi c s kinh t-k thut ca bn thit k v hiu chnh nhim
c thit k k thut.
a-Nhim v thit k:
Trong nhim v thit k mt kh c in hoc mt dy kh c in, phi c cc
s liu v cc thng s k thut, v yu cu vn hnh ch to, cng ngh. Nhng s liu,
tin tc c bn:
1-Tn kh c in v mc ch s dng
2-Dng in (mt chiu hay xoay chiu) in p nh mc, tn s
3-Tr s v dng nh mc
4-Dng in v in p nh mc ca mch iu khin hay cc mch ph khc
5-S lng v cc tip im chnh, tip im ph thng ng, thng m,..
6-c tnh ca ph ti v cc thng s vn hnh c bn loi ph ti, s ln ng
ngt trong mt gi, ch lm vic: ngn hn, di hn,kh nng ng ngt gii hn
bn nhit v bn in ng, tui th in v loi c cu ng ngt, kh nng v iu
kin lp t, iu kin vn hnh, cc yu cu v thng tin v cng ngh ch to, cc yu
cu v kinh t v cc yu cu khc.
7
Vi cc kh c t hp- t hp ca mt vi kh c in cn cn cc yu cu khc
nh: s in ca chng, quan h tng h, v tr lp t.
b-Tm tt cc kt cu sn c
Cc kh c in mi phi da vo thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh trong lnh vc
chuyn mn. V vy cn nghin cu cc kt cu sn c trong v ngoi nc vi cc chc
nng tng t, vi cc thng s k thut gn ging loi nh thit k.
Trong trng hp kh c in s c thit k l loi mi, khng ging cc loi
c th bng tm tt cc loi sn c c xem nh l ti liu tham kho.
Khi lp bng tm tt cc kh c in sn c, ngoi vic m t ngn gn cc u
nhc im cn phi nh gi cht lng ca cc kt cu . Bng tm tt nn lm theo
th t sau:
1- M t ngn gn cc u, nhc im ch yu:
- Nguyn l v c im c bn ca kh c in
- c im ca cc b phn chnh nh h thng tip im, h dp h quang,c
cu ng, ngt, cc cm v chi tit v
2 - Cc thng s chnh:
-Cc thng s nh mc v cc thng s k thut c bn nht
-Khi lng, cc kch thc lp rp v th tch, din tch lp t.
-Cc ch tiu cng ngh kt cu: s lng cc chi tit chnh v cc chi tit c nh.
Thnh phn cc chi tit theo cng ngh ch to (c, dp ngui, p gia cng trn my ct
gt,..)
-Gi thnh
3 - Cc ch tiu ring (sut ch tiu)
-V khi lng trn mt n v th tch, trn mt n v thng s c bn (dng
in, cng sut)
-V kch thc: th tch lp t trn mt n v khi lng, din tch lp t trn
mt n v thng s c bn
-V gi thnh trn mt n v khi lng, trn mt n v th tch, trn mt n
v thng s c bn
c- C s kinh t -k thut:
8
C s kinh t k thut ca cc kt cu mi phi em li hiu qu kinh t, k thut
cho nn kinh t quc dn, c biu din qua cc ch tiu nh lng.
Kh c in c thit k phi t kt qu vn hnh ln nht vi chi ph lao ng
ch to lp rp v vn hnh b nht. Mt khc cng c th b vn u t ln hn so vi
thit k c, gi thnh thit b mi cao hn song n phi lm tng hiu qu kinh t khi vn
hnh hoc tng yu cu k thut.
Cn lu rng vn kinh t- k thut phi c ngi thit k qun trit trong
sut qu trnh lm vic, t khi bt u cho n khi chuyn bn thit k vo sn xut v
tn n giai on vn hnh. cc giai on khc nhau, yu cu mc chnh xc ca vic
tnh ton kinh t c khc nhau.Trong giai on u, cc s liu xut pht mang tnh cht
gi thit s b, cn cc giai on sau, chng c tnh ton chinh xc hn,
d- Hiu chnh nhim v thit k- k thut:
Sau khi lp bng tm tt tng hp cc kt cu sn c v nghin cu c s kinh t
k thut ca kh c in c thit k, thng xut hin nhng yu cu cn thit hoc s
liu sai. V vy giai on chun b thit k cn b sung, hiu chnh, chnh xc ho mt
s im ca nhim v thit k.
C- CC LOI THIT K :
C cc loi thit k sau: thit k trong cng nghip v thit k gio hc. Thit k
gio hc l hnh thc thit k dng trong nh trng cho qu trnh o to, loi thit k
ny c hai hnh thc: thit k mn hc v thit k tt nghip. Mc ch ca thit k mn
hc l lm cho sinh vin nm vng c nhng bc c bn nht trong vic tnh ton kt
cu ca mt kh c in, cn thit k tt nghip yu cu sinh vin phi nm vng v
rng hn nhng vn v chn phng n, tnh ton kt cu v c cng ngh na. giai
on ny cn tnh t lp sng to ca sinh vin.
Trong sn xut sau khi c nhim v thit k nh thit k phi tin hnh cc giai
on sau:
-Thit k s b (phc tho)
-Thit k k thut
-Thit k cng ngh
1- bc thit k phc tho phi tin hnh nghin cu cc phng n tm s
kt cu xc nh dng kt cu lp b cc tng hp ca kh c in, v bn v tng qut
9
vi cc kch thc chnh cc kch thc lp rp, xc nh s b khi lng ca kh c
in. Tin hnh tnh ton c bn i vi cc chi tit chnh v xc nh cc kch thc ca
chng. Kho st cng ngh ch to cc chi tit, cc cm chnh v phc tp nht, ng
thi chn vt liu cho chng- xc nh s b cc ch tiu kinh t k thut- lp bng thuyt
minh s b. y l khu quan trng cho vic thit k k thut
2 - Thit k k thut: l phn quan trng v quyt nh nht trong qu trnh thit
k kh c in. Phi xc nh c phng n kt cu ti u. Tin hnh nghin cu t m
cc b phn v cc cm chi tit. Chnh xc ho kt cu khi ca c kh c in. Phi to
kh nng s dng trit nhng chi tit, cm quy chun ho. Lp bn vt liu v cc
dng phi ca tt c cc chi tit tr mt vi chi tit ph. a ra cc iu kin th nghim,
kim tra cc b phn, cc cm v ton b kh c in. Chn dng sn, ph. Xc nh tt
c cc ch tiu kinh t, k thut cn thit. Vit bn thuyt minh, tnh ton c th v hiu
nh ln th nht iu kin k thut ca bn thit k, ch to v nghim thu.
3 - Thit k cng ngh: trong qu trnh thit k cng ngh, phi da vo nhng
hng dn, quy nh ca bn thit k k thut c thng qua nhng kinh nghim sn
xut, nhng kt qu v nghin cu v th nghim ca mu th.Qua tin hnh chnh
xc ha kt cu. Nghin cu v lp cc bn v cng ngh cho tt c cc chi tit cm,
ng thi ch s dng ti mc ti a vic quy chun ha cc chi tit v b phn nh:
ng knh l, cc chi tit nh v, ren, then c th n gin ha ti mc ln nht
cc ng tc, danh mc ct gt, cc dng c o lng v cc chi tit g lp, lp v xc
nh dung sai lp ghp, cc nguyn cng, quy trnh v gia cng nhit, hn tm, xy
Xc nh chnh thc hnh dng ca v v trang tr m thut, cch m, lp ph chnh xc
ha cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut, chnh l bn thuyt minh. Lp h s v cng ngh
chnh xc ha cc iu kin k thut v ch to v nghim thu ca kh c in
Sau khi ch to mt vi mu chun, cn tin hnh hiu chnh bn thit k cng
ngh v cc yu cu k thut (nu cn thit). Cn lu n vai tr ch o ca nh thit
k trong tt c cc giai on: nghin cu, tnh ton, ch to th, sn xut v vn hnh ca
kh c in.

D TRNH T THIT K.
Tuy kh c in c nhiu dng, loi rt khc nhau, nhng vn c th tm ra mt
trnh t thit k chung. Ty theo tng loi kh c in v dng thit k (thit k gio hc
10
hoc thit k sn xut) trnh t ny c th thay i cht t. Vit thit k mt kh c in
c tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
1 Giai on chun b thit k: tp hp v thng nht nhim v thit k k thut
lp bng tm tt, tng hp cc kt cu tin tin cng chc nng c sn. Nghin cu c
s kinh t - k thut cn thit.
2 Chn s v dng kt cu, b cc ca kt cu.
3 Chn v tnh ton cch in chung.
4 Lp bng v phc tho dng tng qut ca kh c in v xc nh cc kch
thc ch yu.
5 Thit k phn mch vng dn in u ni, thanh dn.
6 Thit k cc tip im.
7 Tnh ton, thit k h thng dp h quang.
8 Tnh ton lc in ng khi ngn mch v khi khi ng.
9 Tnh ton v thit k cc c cu truyn ng (K c nam chm in).
10 Tnh ton v, cc chi tit cch in, thng cha.
11 Tnh ton nhit.
12 V cc chi tit, cm ca kh c in da theo cc kt qu tnh ton
13 Phn tch s t hp v s c lp ca cc b phn, cm v tin hnh cc vn
v phi tiu chun ca cc vn v an ton lao ng trong sn xut cng nh trong
vn hnh.
14 Nghin cu cc vn v t chc, lin quan n vic ch to kh c in.
15 Lp phn kinh t ca bn thit k.
16 Lp cc bn v, th ca bn thit k.
17 Lp bn thuyt minh gm tt c cc im k trn. Trong tng phn ca bn
thuyt minh phi c tnh ton, lp lun, l gii. Phn cui ca bn thuyt minh phi a
ra nhng nhn xt, kt lun, cc u nhc im chnh ca bn thit k, cc ch tiu kinh
t - k thut c bn, hiu ng kinh t v k thut m bn thit k s mang li.

.1 3 /-XC NH CC KHONG CCH CCH IN CA KH C
IN H P
Khong cch cch in trong kh c in ng mt vai tr kh quan trng. N
nh hng ti kch thc ca kh c in v tin cy khi vn hnh. V vy vic xc
11
nh hp l i lng ny c mt ngha khng nh trong ton b cng tc thit k kh
c in. Khong cch cch in ph thuc vo kh nhiu yu t: in p nh mc, mi
trng lm vic, qu trnh dp tt h quang. Vic xc nh cc khong cch cch in
trong kh c in h p thng chn theo kinh nghim
1 in p nh mc theo cch in
Vi kh c in iu khin v phn phi nng lng h p (n 1000V), tn ti cc
tiu chun quy nh v bn cch in theo in p nh mc. trng thi kh v sch
ca kh c in cha vn hnh, trng thi nng v ngui ca cch in, n phi chu
c in p th, tn s 50Hz, thi gian th 1 pht theo bng 1.1

Bng 1.1: in p th nghim ca kh c in h p
in p nh mc KCD,
V
in p nh mc ca
cch in V
in p th nghim (tr
hiu dng) V
12, 24 n 24 500
36, 48, 60 60 1000
110, 127, 220 220 2000
380, 440, 500 500 2500
600, 660 660 2500
750 750 3000
1000 1000 3500

2 Khong cch cch in gia cc phn t dn in c in p khc nhau
Mun kh c in c tin cy cao th cn khong cch cch in ln, song nh
vy li tng kch thc v khi lng ca thit b. V vy nn chn theo khong cch
cch in ti thiu theo quy nh ca cng nghip in lc cho cc kh c in h p
thng dng bng 1.2






12

Bng 1.2: Khong cch cch in ca cc phn t c in p khc nhau v so
vi phn t ni t ca cc kh c in dng trong cng nghip, in p n 1000V

Tn thit b hay mch s
dng
ng i ca h quang
in p nh mc V
T 100
n
250
T 251
n
400
T 401
n
600
Khong cch, mm
Cc kh c in iu
khin, phn phi nng
lng
Khe h in 4 5 7
Cc kh c in phn
phi dng bo v
thit b
Khong cch in r (khng
ph thuc vo v tr b mt)
15 17 22
Cc mch chnh ca
KC iu khin, bo v
v phn phi nng lng
Khong cch in r theo mt
trn
10 12 15
Khong cch in r theo b
mt di
8 10 12
Kh c in trong mch
iu khin v tn hiu
Khong cch in r theo b
mt pha trn
7 9 11
Mch chnh ca kh c
in c dng nh mc
b (n 15A)
Khong cch in r theo b
mt thng ng hoc mt bn
5 7 9

Ch : Khong cch cch in gia cc b phn chu tc ng ca h quang v
cc kh ion ha khng nm trong bng ny.
Khi chn khong cch cch in, cn lu rng n ph thuc rt ln vo tnh cht
ca vt liu, ca bi, m, trng thi b mt ca cch in. V vy phi thit k hnh
dng, cu trc ca cch in sao cho khi vn hnh bi bn khng ph ln chng.
gim cc kch thc ca kh c in v loi tr kh nng bi bn, nn chn kt cu ca
cch in theo dng c g, mi, bc nh hnh 1.1
13







Hnh 1.1 Cu trc ca cc chi tit cch in trong kh c in h p
Y - Khong cch theo b mt (khong cch in r)
Z - Khe h in trong khng kh
chng vic tch t bi, trn b mt cch in nn gia cng nhn, phng v ch
ni ca hai b mt nn gia cng c cong u n
Vi cc kh c in s dng nhng ni c iu kin mi trng khc nghit,
khe h in v khong cch in r nn chn ln hn cc tr s bng 1.2.
Vi cc t hp t hai kh c in thit b tr ln, cc khe h in v khong cch
in r

gia chng nn ly ln hn tr s trong bng 1.2, v rng khi lp rp t hp th
dung sai lp rp khng th m bo chnh xc nh tng kh c in ring r.















< 2.5
Z
Y Y
Z
> 2.5
14
CHNG II: MCH VNG DN IN
2 1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Mch vng dn in ca kh c in do cc b phn khc nhau v hnh dng kt
cu v kch thc hp thnh. Mch vng dn in gm thanh dn, dy ni mm, u ni,
h thng tip im (gi tip im, tip im ng, tip im tnh) cun dy dng in
(nu c, k c cun dy thi t dp h quang)



Hnh 2.1: Mch vng dn in ca cng tc t 1 chiu
1.Thanh dn vo
2.Cun thi t
3.Tip im tnh
4.Tip im ng
5.Gi tip im ng
6.Dy dn mm
7.u ni ra


Nhim v tnh ton l phi xc nh cc kch thc ca cc chi tit trong mch
vng dn in
Tit din ca cc chi tit quyt nh c ca mch vng v cng quyt nh kch
thc ca kh c in

2 2. THANH DN
Cc tnh ton c bn ca thanh dn gm:
-Xc nh tit din v cc kch thc ca n ch lm vic di hn v cc ch
lm vic khc.
-Tnh ton kim nghim tit din v cc kch thc ca n ch lm vic ngn
hn ch khi ng i vi cc kh c in iu khin v dng trong t ng ha.

3

4
2
1
5 6
7
15
A/ XC NH TIT DIN THANH DN CH LM VIC DI
HN:
1) Xc nh tit din thanh dn da vo bng s khi tit din ca n khng thay
i theo chiu di.
Trong cc bng 2.1 n 2.6 cho cc tr s ca dng in v cc tit din tng ng
vi cc loi vt liu khc nhau khi lm vic ch di hn.
2) Tnh ton thanh dn vi tit din khng i:
T cng thc Niutn:

od T T mt od T T
. S . K ) .( S . K P t = u u = ( W) (2-1)
c th vit biu thc cn bng nhit nhit xc lp cho mi chi tit vi b mt tn
nhit
T
S , chiu di l v chu vi
l
S
p
T
=
) ( S . K K . R . I P
mt od T T f
2
u u = =
u

=

u
S
K . . I
m
2
) ( p K
mt od T
u u
Trong :

u
R ) (O : in tr ca thanh dn nhit n nh
) m (O
u
: in tr sut ca vt liu nhit n nh
) 1 (
o
ou + =
u

) m (
o
O : in tr sut ca vt liu C
o
0
o l h s nhit in tr (1/C)
0042 , 0 ; 0043 , 0
Al Cu
= o = o

f
K : h s tn hao ph c trng cho tn hao bi hiu ng b mt v hiu ng
gn

g bm f
K . K K =

bm
K : hiu ng b mt

g
K : hiu ng gn
i vi dng in xoay chiu:
06 , 1 03 , 1 K
f
=
16
i vi dng in mt chiu 1 K
f
=
) m ( S
2
: tit din thanh dn
) m ( S
2
T
: din tch tn nhit b mt ca thanh dn
) m ( p : chu vi ca thanh dn

od
u : nhit n nh (
0
C)

mt
u : nhit mi trng (
0
C)

mt od od
u u = t : tng nhit n nh (
0
C)

T
K : h s tn nhit (W/m
2 0
C) ( bng 6-5)
W) ( P : cng sut tn hao trong thanh dn (W)
) A ( I : dng in n nh (A)

Tit din ca thanh dn c xc nh theo biu thc:

) ( K
K ). 1 ( I
K
K . I
p . S
mt od T
f od o
2
od T
f
2
u u
ou +
=
t

=
u
(2-4)

Khi xc nh chu vi p v h s tn nhit
T
K cn phi lu n v tr ca chi tit
so vi cc chi tit khc v iu kin tn nhit ca n. V d: nu chi tit gip vi nha
th qu trnh tn nhit ca vng tip gip khng ng k, khi tnh ton th b qua b mt
ca chi tit ny.
Tit din v kch thc cc cnh a, b ca cc chi tit hnh ch nht c xc nh
theo:


od T
f
2
. K
K . . I
) b a ( 2 . b . a
t

= +
u
(2-5)

3
od T
f
2
. K ). 1 n ( n 2
K . . I
b
t +

=
u
(2-6)
vi
b
a
n =
17

Vi cc chi tit c hai lp cch in th tit din c xc nh theo:

od
2 T 2
2
1
1
f
2
)
K
1
.( K . . I
) b a ( 2 . ab
t
+

o
+

= +
u
(2-7)

Tit din v ng knh d ca cc chi tit hnh trn c xc nh theo biu thc:

od T
f
2 2
. K
K . . I
4
d
. d
t

=
t
t
u
(2-8)

3
od T
2
f
2
. K .
K I 4
d
t t

=
u
(2-9)
Vi cc chi tit c hai lp cch in th tit din c xc nh theo:


od
3 2 T 2
3
2 1
2
1
f
2
2
)
d . K
1
d
d
ln
2
1
d
d
ln
2
1
.( K . . I
4
d
. d
tt
+

=
t
t
u
(2-10)


Tnh ton kim nghim: t cc biu thc trn c th xc nh nhit
od
u ,
chnh lch nhit
od
t v tr s ca dng in cho php I. tng nhit v nhit cho
php cho trong bng 6-1.
Kim nghim khi xy ra ngn mch (xem chng 6)

Bng 2-1: Ph ti di hn cho php ca dy dn c cch in cao su v
polyclovinyl nhit khng kh xung quanh C 40
o
( s trong ngoc dng cho dy
dn t tng chm c nhiu si nh)




18
Tit din dy dn
(
2
mm )
Ch lm vic
HB : 100% HB : 40% HB : 25%
Dng in cho php (A)
1,5
2,5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
18(15)
24(21)
32(30)
39(36)
65(55)
79(67)
110(90)
130(105)
170(145)
210(175)
260(215)
300(250)
345(285)
18(15)
24(21)
32(30)
39(36)
88(75)
110(95)
150(125)
180(145)
235(200)
290(245)
360(300)
420(350)
480(395)
18(15)
24(21)
32(30)
39(36)
110(95)
135(115)
190(155)
225(180)
295(250)
365(305)
455(375)
525(435)
600(495)

Ch thch: HB l thi gian ng mch tng i.

Bng 2-2: Ph ti cho php ca thanh dn nhit C 100
o
, mi trng xung
quanh C 40
o
(thanh dn sn mu en t 1 cnh).

Chiu rng
thanh dn
( mm)
Chiu dy thanh dn (mm)
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 4 5 6 8
Dng in di hn (A)
10
12,5
16
62
121
153
122
150
188
144
175
223
166
200
254
184
223
280
220
271
330
254
308
380
_
_
425
_
_
515




19
Bng : 2-3 Dy dn mm c bit
Tit din
dy dn
mm
2
Dy dn trn 9125-59 Dy dn bt ( lm bng d
y)
Dng in
di hn cho
ng knh
dy nh
Mm
ng knh
dy dn
mm
ng knh
dy nh
mm
Kch thc
dn
1 0,08 1,7 - - 13
1,5 0,08 2,1 - - 17
2,5 0,1 2,6 - - 24
4 0,13 3,3 - - 30
6 0,13 4,2 0,08 1,7x12 38
10 0,13 5,5 0,08 1,7x20 50
16 - - 0,08 1,7x25 75
25 - - 0,08 4,6x25 105
35 - - 0,08 4,6x30 120

Vic xc nh nhit ca cc phn ring bit ca thanh dn trong mch vng dn in
c tnh theo cc biu thc cho trong bng 2-7.
Bng 2-4: c tnh k thut ca thanh dn ng v Nhm c tit din ch nht,
ph ti dng cho php ca chng (ort 5415-63 v 10552-63 Lin X)

Kch thc
dy dn
mm
ng
Khi lng
1 mt di
kg
Ph ti dng
1 2 3 4
15x3 0.399 210 - - -
20x3 0.529 275 - - -
25x3 0.662 340 - - -
30x4 1.195 475 - - -
40x4 1.420 625 -/1090 - -
40x5 1.770 700/705 -/1895 - -
20
50x5 2.240 860/870 -/1525 -/1895 -
50x6 2.670 955/960 -/1700 -/2145 -
60x6 3.200 1125/1145 1740/1990 2240/2495 -
80x6 4.260 1480/1510 2110/2630 2730/3220 -
100x6 5.340 1810/1875 2470/3245 3170/3940 -
60x8 4.26 1320/1345 2160/2485 2760/3020 -
80x8 5.69 1690/1755 2620/3095 3370/3850 -
100x6 7.11 2080/2180 3060/3810 3930/4690 -
120x8 8.51 2400/2600 3400/4400 4340/5600 -
60x10 5.34 1475/1525 2560/2725 3390/3530 -
80x10 7.11 1900/1990 3100/3510 3900/4450 -
100x10 8.89 2310/2470 3610/4325 4650/5385 5300/6060
120x10 10.67 2650/2950 4100/5000 5200/6250 5900/6800

Ch thch: T s l ph ti dng xoay chiu, mu s l ph ti dng 1 chiu.
Bng 2-4: c tnh k thut ca thanh dn ng v Nhm c tit din hnh ch
nht, ph ti dng cho php ca chung ( r ocr 5415-63 v 10552-63 Li n X )


ng knh
thanh dn
mm
ng
Khi lng
1 mt di
kg
Ph ti dng
1 2 3 4
15x3 0.122 165 - - -
20x3 0.162 215 - - -
25x3 0.203 265 - - -
30x4 0.324 365/370 - - -
40x4 0.432 480 /855 - -
40x5 0.540 540/545 /965 - -
50x5 0.675 665/670 /1180 /1470 -
50x6 0.810 740/745 /1315 /1655 -
21
60x6 0.972 870/880 1350/1555 1720/1940 -
80x6 1.296 1150/1170 1630/2055 2100/2460 -
100x6 1.620 1425/1455 1935/2515 2500/3040 -
60x8 1.296 1025/1040 1680/1818 2180/2330 -
80x8 1.728 1320/1355 2040/2400 2620/2975 -
100x6 2.160 1625/1690 2390/2945 3050/3620 -
120x8 2.592 1900/2040 2650/3350 3380/4250 -
60x10 1.620 1155/1180 2010/2110 2650/2720 -
80x10 2.160 1480/1540 2410/2735 3100/3440 -
100x10 2.700 1820/1910 2860/3350 3650/4160 4150/4400
120x10 3.240 2070/2300 3200/3900 4100/4860 4650/5200

Bng 2 -5: Ph ti dng di hn cho php ca thanh dn ng v nhm tit din trn

ng knh
thanh dn
mm
Ph ti dng ng knh
thanh dn
mm
Ph ti dng
ng Nhm ng Nhm
6 155 120 21 900/905 695/700
7 196 150 22 955/965 740/745
8 235 180 23 1140/1165 885/900
10 320 245 27 1270/1290 920/1000
12 415 320 28 1325/1360 1025/1050
14 505 390 30 1450/1490 1120/1155
15 565 435 35 1770/1865 1370/1450
16 610/615 475 38 1960/2100 1510/1620
18 720/725 560 40 2080/2260 1610/1750
19 780/785 605/610 42 2200/2430 1700/1870
20 835/840 650/655 45 2380/2670 1850/2060

Ch thch: T s l ph ti dng xoay chiu
Mu s l ph ti dng mt chiu.

22

Bng 2-6: c tnh k tht ca thanh dn thp tit din ch nht v ph ti dng
cho php ca n

Kch
thc
Thanh
dn ,
Mm
khi
lng
1m kg
ph ti
dng
A
Kch
thc
thanh
dn
mm
khi
lng
1m
kg
ph ti
dng
A
Kch
thc
Thanh
dn
mm
khi
lng
1m
kg
ph ti
dng
A

16x2,5 - 55\70 70x3 1.65 215\320 40x4 1.26 130\220
20x2.5 0.39 60\90 75x3 - 230\345 50x4 1.57 165\270
25x2.5 0.49 70\110 80x3 1.88 245\365 60x4 1.88 195\325
20x3 0.47 65\100 90x3 2.12 275\410 70x4 2.2 225\375
25x3 0.59 80\120 100x3 2.36 305\460 80x4 2.51 260\430
30x3 0.71 95\140 20x4 0.63 70\115 90x4 2.83 290\480
40x3 0.94 125\190 22x4 - 75\125 100x4 3.14 325\535
50x3 1.10 155\230 25x4 0.79 85\140 - - -
60x3 1.41 185\250 30x4 0.94 100\165 - - -


Ghi ch : t s l ph ti dng xoay chiu . Mu s l ph ti dng mt chiu
Bng 2-7: Cc cng thc tnh nhit pht nng n nh ca cc chi tit ca mch vng
dn in.
Dng mch vng Cng thc tnh ton Cc k hiu
u=const u
Kt S,P,p


O
T
S P k
I
u

u + =
. .
.
2

o
T
od
T T
I
S P K
I
S
P K
b
S
P K
a
u

u
u

u

+ =
+ =
= =
2
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
2 2
1
1
1 1
1
. .
.
;
.

23


u1
uc u2
S1,P1,j1 S2,P2,j2
x=0
1 2






1 1
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1
1
) (
). (
b a
b a
e
e
od od
c
od
x b
od
od
x a
od
+
+
=
+ =
+ =

u u
u
u u u u
u u u u

S, m
2
- tit din ngang thanh
dn
P,m - chu vi ca tit din
- Om, in tr xut ca
vt liu.
C K
o
T
2
W/m , h s tn
nhit.
o
u -
0
C, nhit mi trng.
j A/mm
2
mt dng
in.
I A, dng in.

u1
u2
umax
x0
1 2
x=0

od o
x x b
mx od
od od mx
x sha
e
b
a
x cha
o
2 1
) (
1
1
1
2
1 1 1 1
.
) (
) (
1 1
u
u u u
u u u u
+
=
+ =


1
1
1
1
2 1
1
cha
b
a
x cha
o
od od
od mx
+

=
u u
u u
umin
u1
u2
x1
1 2

o c
od od
od
o
x x b
od
od
x sha
b
a
x cha
x sha
b
a
o
1
1
1
1
1 2
1 min
1
) (
1 min
1
1
2 1
. ) (
1 1
+

=

u u
u u
u u
u u

Vi mi phn on ca
mch vng xem:
const
const
K K K
P P P
S S S
O
T T T
=
=

u

2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,









24
B- XC NH KCH THC DY DN CH LM VIC KHNG
N NH
( Ch ngn hn, ngn hn lp li, ngn mch)
( xem chng 6)
.2-3/- U NI:
u ni tip xc khng ngn mch l phn t rt quan trng ca kh c in, nu
khng ch s b h hng nng trong vn hnh nht l i vi kh c in c dng in
ln v in p cao. C th chia lm hai phn: cc u cc ni vi dy dn bn ngoi
v ni cc b phn bn trong mch vng dn in.
A-YU CU:
1) Nhit yu cu cc mi ni ch lm vic di hn vi dng in nh mc
khng c tng qu tr s cho php, do mi ni phi c kch thc v lc p tip xc
Ftx in tr tip xc Rtx khng ln, t tn hao cng xut.
2) Mi ni tip xc cn c bn c v bn nhit khi c dng ngn mch
chy qua.
3) Lc p in tr tip xc, nng lng tn hao v nhit phi n nh khi kh c
in vn hnh lin tc.
B-TRNH T TNH TON:
1) Chn dng kt cu
2) Xc dnh ng knh bu lng.
3) Kim nghim cc kch thc chn bng cch xch nh in tr tip xc Rtx
in p ri U
tx
trn chng v so snh vi cc tr s cho php.
4) Tnh ton bn nhit, bn c ca c cu ni tip xc.
C- CC DNG KT CU:
1) Mi ni tho ri c (H.2-2) bng ren v H.2-3 bng bu lng.
2) Mi ni khng tho ri c ( hn in, hn thic p)
3) Mi ni kim khp bn l c dy ni mm hoc khng c dy ni mm.
Vic chn kt cu mi ni tip xc ph thuc vo hnh dng vt liu ca thanh dn
vcc yu cu kt cu khc.
25
Thng c gng gim mt cch hp l s mi ni tip xc, mi ch ni u c th
l ni h hng ca mch vng u tin.
Cc s liu v in tr ca mch vng dn in ca cng tc t bng 2-8


a)
b)
c)
e)
d)


Hnh 2-2:
Cc mi ni tip xc khng ngt mch (khng ng ngt) c th tho ri c
a- Ni vt dn vi cc chi tit c b mt tip xc phng
b-Ni dy dn trn vi dy dt
c-Ni cc dy dn trn vi nhau.
d-Hn dy dn trn vi nhau.
e-Hn v p (hn ngui ) dy cp vi u ni.
26
Bng 2-8: in tr ca mch vng dn in ca cng tc t loi 1cc, dng in 1000A
No Tn chi tit R - O
1 Cun dy dp h quang 6,10
2 Cun dp h quang - tip im trn 1,93
3 Tip im trn -di 0,45
4 Tip im di - gi tip im di 1,84
5 Gi tip im di 0,81
6 Gi tip im dy dn mm 1,62
7 Dy dn mm 3,50
8 Tng tr mch vng 16,25


6
10
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
4
5
8
9
9
a)
b)
c)
d)


Hnh 2-3: Ni cc thanh dn phng vi u cc ra ca thit b in.
a-Ni trc tip
b-Ni bng cch hn
c-Ni c thanh chuyn tip ng nhm
d-Ni c s dng lp bc
1-Li u ra bng ng hoc hp kim ng
2-ai c bng thp thng
27
3-ai c bng hp kim ng hoc ng:i vi thanh dn ng bnh thng
i vi thanh dn nhm th tng kch thc
4- Thanh dn ng,nhm hoc ng.
5- Thanh dn ng hoc thanh dn chuyn tip ng nhm
6- Mi hn
7- Thanh dn chuyn tip ng nhm
8- Lp bc
9- Mi hn
10- Thanh nhm

D-XC NH KCH THC U NI THO RI C V CC CHI
TIT, S LNG VT, BU LNG DNG NI.
Tr s dng in nh mc l s liu ban u xc nh kch thc cc u ni
thng c ly tng ng vi tit din v kch thc ca thanh dn, kch thc b mt
tip xc phi ph hp vi s lng v kch thc ca cc chi tit ni, v d cc ng
knh ngoi vng m thp t di vng m vnh kch thc mi ni ph thuc vo
din tch tip xc v ln lc p cn thit ch tip xc.
Chiu di phn chng ph ln nhau ca mi ni thng c ly bng chiu rng
ca thanh dn hoc chiu rng mt phng ni ca chi tit nu phn c th lp c
s bulng hay c vt cn thit
Din tch b mt tip xc c xc nh theo cng thc :
S
tx
= a.b = I
dm
/J
i vi thanh dn v chi tit ng, mt dng in c th ly bng 0,31A/mm
2

vi dng xoay chiu tn s f = 50 Hz, dng in nh mc nh hn 200A. Khi dng nh
mc ln hn 2000A mt dng c th ly bng 0,12A/mm
2
.

Kch thc v s lng cc chi tit dng ni c xc nh theo s liu thc
nghim cho trong bng 2-9 v hnh 2-4

28
Bng 2-9: kch thc cc bu lng khng dn in v cc tr dn in c ren ca
cc mi ni tho c, khng ngt mch ph thuc vo tr s dng nh mc ch
lm vic di hn.

Dng nh
mc (A)
ng knh ren h mt
Bu lng thp
khng dn in
Tr, li: dn in c ren
ng ng thau Thp
6
10
16
26
40
63
100
160
200
250
400
650
1000
1600
2000
2500


3
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
10
10
12
16 hoc 2.10
4.1 hoc 2.12
4.12
4.12
4.16
-
-
4
5
5
6
8
8
10
12
16
20
-
-
-
-

3
4
4
5
5
6
8
10
12
16
20
-
-
-
-
-

3
4
4
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-


Ch thch : khi ni cc chi tit bng nhm c b mt tip xc phng, cn chn
vng m c din tch ln hn (1,4 1,5 ln) v chiu dy ln hn (khong 2 ln ) so vi
vng m tiu chun s dng khi ni cc chi tit dy in bng ng, ng thau, ng
thanh, v thp.

29
Tnh chn s vt hoc bu lng cn thit cho mi ni c th theo tr s ca lc F
tx

v s liu trong bng 2-10


I dm
d (mm)
0
200 400 600
5
10
15
20
3
2
1


Hnh 2-4 : S ph thuc ca ng knh vt ,bu lng dng trong mi ni tho ri
c vo tr s dng in nh mc ch dng in lm vic di hn
1-Bu lng v vt thp khng dn in
2-Tr ng dn in
3-Tr ,li dn in bng ng thau .
Thng vt c s dng vi ng knh m M4, M5 khi ng knh ln s dng
bu lng .









30
Bng 2-10 : Cc thng s ca vt v bu lng ni c ch to bng thp CT -3

ng knh
Ren,(mm)

Tit din
tnh ton (mm
2
)
Lc tnh ton (kN) Tr s dng nh
mc trn 1 bu
lng ,(A)
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
16,7
30,8
50,0
74,0
140,0

2,3
4,2
7,0
10,0
20,0

63-100
100-160
200-250
300-400
500-630

Ch thch: khi dng thp CT4 v CT5, lc tnh ton ly theo bng v nhn tng
ng vi 1,15 hoc 1,3
Theo thc nghim t tr s in tr tip xc v in p ri cho php cn phi
to ra c lc p ring f
tx
trn mi ni cc thanh bng ng nhm v hp kim ca chng
khng nh hn 100kG/cm
2
, thp c m thic f
tx
= (100-150)kG/cm
2
. Lc p tip xc
c tnh theo:
F
tx
= f
tx
.S
tx


. 2-4/-TIP IM
A- YU CU I VI TIP IM
Tip im thc hin ch nng ng ngt cc kh c in ng ngt.Kt cu v cc
thng s ca h tip im xc nh cc thng s chnh, kt cu, kch thc v khi lng
ca kh c in (hnh 2-5)
31
1
2
3
4
1
m
l
m
a)
b)
c) d)
l
m
Ftd
x
Ftd
Ftd
F
Ftd



Hnh 2-5 :cc loi tip im
a-tip im cu (khng c ln trt)
b-tip im l xo l (c trt )
c-tip im ngn (c ln v trt)
d-tip im hnh nm (c trt)

F,M lc v mmen ca c cu truyn ng.
Ftd - lc p tip im.
m,l - m v ln ca tip im.
Cc yu cu chnh:
1) Khi kh c in lm vic ch nh mc, nhit b mt ni khng tip xc
phi b hn nhit cho php (bng 6-1).
Nhit ca vng tip xc phi b hn nhit bin i tinh th ca vt liu tip
im.
2)Vi dng in ln cho php (dng khi ng , dng ngn mch) tip im phi
chu c bn nhit v bn in ng. H thng tip im dp h quang (nu c)
phi c kh nng ng ngt cho php khng b hn tr s nh mc.
32
3)Khi lm vic vi dng in nh mc v khi ng ngt dng in trong gii hn
cho php, tip im phi c mn in v c b nht, rung ca tip im khng
c ln hn tr s cho php.
B-CC THNG S CA TIP IM
1) m
2) ln
3) ln, trt
4) Lc p tip im
5) Vt liu tip im
6) Ta chuyn ng ca tip im
7) Kh nng ng ngt
8) n nh in ng ( bn in ng)
9) Dng in hn dnh tip im
10) Cc thng s v rung
11) mn
12) tin cy

C-NHIM V V TRNH T THIT K

m bo cc yu cu ca tip im trong qu trnh tnh ton phi gii quyt
hng lot nhim v theo trnh t sau:
1) Chn dng kt cu ca h tip im chnh v tip im ph ng thi chn
dng kt cu ca cc chi tit cn li ca mch vng dn in, chn h thng dp h
quang, xc nh m ca tip im
2) Chn vt liu v kch thc c bn ca tip im
3) Xc nh lc p, nhit , in tr tip xc v in p ri trn tip im ch
lm vic chnh.
4) Xc nh tr s dng in hn dnh tip im v cc bin php tng dng hn
dnh. Xc nh tr s lc in ng y tip im khi c dng gii hn i qua nu cn
thit
5) Xc nh cc thng s v s dng ca tip im v cc bin php gim rung
6) Xc nh chu mn ca tip im v bin php gim s n mn
33
Khi chn cc thng s kt cu ca h tip im nh m , ln ,tit din v lc
p tip im, khng nn chn cc gi tr qu ln v nh th tng cc kch thc khi
lng, gi thnh ca kh c in dn n gim cc ch tiu k thut

.2-5 - CHN DNG KT CU CA H TIP IM

Dng kt cu ca h tip im c xc nh bi rt nhiu yu t.
Bng 2-11: Phn loi cc dng tip im thng dng theo chc nng v theo c
im kt cu

Du hiu phn loi Loi tip im
Chc nng trong kh c in - Chnh
- Dp h quang
- Ph
S ng ngt trong mch in - ng
- Ngt
- Chuyn mch
S ch ngt trong mch in - Mt ch ngt
- Hai ch ngt
- Nhiu ch ngt
Dng tip xc - im
- ng
- Mt
V tr ca tip im ng trng thi
ng
- T nh v
- Khng t nh v
S chuyn dch ca tip im ng - Bc
- Nm
- Trt
- Ln

Khi chn kt cu ca h tip im nn da vo cc khi nim sau :
1)Cc tip im chnh phi c in tr b
34
T nhim v thit k c th chn h tip im c tip im dp h quang ni song
song vi tip im chnh, n ng trc v ngt sau tip im chnh, h quang ch sinh ra
trn n m khng sinh ra trn tip im chnh. H quang l nhn t chnh lm hng b
mt tip im
2) Dng ca tip im c chn t nhim v thit k da trn quan im mch
in ng ngt

3) S ch ngt trong mch xc nh khi chn dng kt cu v c th chn li khi
thit k bung dp h quang
Khi in p, dng in ,in cm ca mch ngt nh, v d r le nn chn loi
mt ch ngt.
Khi in p khong 24-28V in mt chiu,220-400V in xoay chiu, dng in
khong vi chc ampe ti cm nn chn loi 2 ch ngt (H2-5c) c u im :
-Kh nng ngt ln hn nhiu so vi loi mt ch ngt,
-Khng cn dy dn mm.
Nhc im : lc p tip im phi ln hn nn dn n tng c cu truyn ng
Vi dng in ln khong vi trm ampe nn dng h tip im c bung dp h
quang loi mt ch ngt (hnh 2_5c)
4) Dng b mt tip xc c 3 dng : tip xc im , tip xc ng ,tip xc mt
,khi chn da vo cc yu t:
a) Tip xc im (hnh 2-5c) dng vi dng in b khong vi ampe khng, cn
lc p ln, thng dng cho cc rle, khi tip im ph.
Tip xc im loi mt cu _mt phng dng vi dng in khong vi chc
ampe. Dng tip im ny c kh nng lm sch bi bn ni tip xc:
Lc p tip im nh, thng s dng vt liu tip im bng kim loi khng b
oxi ha.
b) Tip im ng (H2-5c,d) dng cho dng in ln n vi trm ampe ,hoc
ln hn th dng vi tip im ni song song.
Cng mt lc p tip im loi tip xc ng c in tr b hn loi tip xc
mt 2-3 ln.
Dng tip xc c kh nng ty sch bi bn li lm ni tip xc.
35
c) Tip xc mt dng cho cc dng in ln, cn mt lc p tip im ln nn c
nhng ni tip xc vt liu b bin dng. iu kin lm sch b mt tip xc khng tt
bng dng tip xc ng .
*Khi chn dng kt cu ca tip im cn phi lu n nhng vn quan
trng sau :
1)L xo xon tr (H2-5a,c) t b n mn v bn hn l so tm phng (H2-5b)
nhng khi dng in b loi l xo tm phng hay c s dng hn nh cc loi rle
2) Loi l xo khng c dng in chy qua lm vic tin cy hn so vi loi c
dng in chy qua v khi c dng in n b pht nng v b gi ha, gim tnh n hi
3) Dy ni mm tip im ng l phn t km tin cy v chng mn v t ,
nht l trng hp tn s thao tc ln.
4)Tip im chp ni di chuyn theo ng thng (H2-5 a) thng c thit k
khng c c cu trt.
5) Tip im dng chm (H25-d) c tnh cht t lm sch, loi ny ni h quang
chy v ni tip xc lm vic khc nhau, c cu truyn ng khi ng khng cn phi
thng lc nn ton b tip im m ch cn thng lc ma st. trnh lc va p ln sinh
ra khi ng lm hng tip im thng s dng b hon xung.
6) Tip im i (H2-5d) c n nh in ng ln. Dng in chy qua cc
nhnh song song vi nhau nn lc p tip im tng , khi c n nhnh th dng in ln
nht trong mi nhnh bng I
1
= K.I/n , K = 1,3 1,5 h s khng ng u do in tr
tip xc gy ra.
7) Tip im ln c u im l khng c dy dn mm nhng nhc im l
khng t lm sch c.
8) Tip im chi (cc l mng ghp thnh khi ) t c s dng so vi cc loi
khc v :
- Khi c dong in ln i qua cc l kim loi b nng lm mt tnh n hi
- B mt tip xc b mn bi nhng ht kim loi nng chy khi c h quang, cc
l kim loi d b hn dnh.
- Kh m bo c lc p tip im cn thit.
Trong bng 2-12 nu mt s v d v cc loi tip im thng gp


36
a) b)

c) d)

Hnh 2-6 :Tip m dng chp ni (a,b) v tip im dng chm (c,d)
a-Kiu cu vi l xo xn hnh tr, chuyn ng trn mt ca hnh trn
b-Kiu trng
c-Kiu chm, l xo vng
d-Kiu chm, hai l xo xon

Bng 2-12 : Dng kt cu ca cc h tip im thng dng

Loi tip
xc
Dng
chuyn
ng
Dng kt cu
ca h tip
im
Dng in Ni s dng S
hnh v
Chp ni Theo cung
ca vng
trn
-Kiu n l
xo l
-Kiu n l
xo xon
-Hnh tr
khng c
trt
Nh hn
n v
vi n v
Vi chc
n hng
trm
Vi n v
-rle thit b
ng bng
tay

-cng tc t
rng ri
2-6 b
2-6 a
2-5 c
2-5a
37
Kiu cu l xo
xon hnh tr
Chp ni Theo ng
thng
Kiu cu l xo
xon hnh tr
Hng chc Rng ri 2-5a
Chp ni
trt
Theo hnh
tr
Kiu trng vi
l xo l v
Vi n v Thit b
ng bng
tay
2-6 b
Nm Thng -Kiu cm ,l
xo l
-Kiu cm l
xo vng
-n hng
trc
-n hng
tram
cm, cu
ch
2-7
2-6,c




38
A-A
A
A
a)
b)
c)
d)
3
5 3
6
2
1
3
4
7
7
1
7
7
3
3
b
b
2
7
b-b
A-A


Hnh 2-7: Tip im cm
a- cm cng v phch cm dn hi
b- cm n hi v phch cm cng
c- cm dp n hi v dao cm cng
1-Phch cm cng 2-Mt ct ca cm
3-V nha ca cm 4-Nm nha
5-Phch cm x rnh n hi 6- cm cng 7- cm dn hi

.2-6 - M , LN ,KHONG LN,KHONG TRT :
A- M :
m ca tip im l khong cch gia tip im ng v tip im tnh v
tr ngt ca kh c in (H.2-5) xc nh m ca tip im sao cho khi ngt h quang
s b ko di ti di ti hn v b dp tt. (dp tt h quang bng ko di c kh).
39
m ln h quang d b dp tt nhng hnh trnh ca c cu s ln, c cu truyn ng
nh nam chm in s ln do khe h khng ch ln. V vy phi chn m cn thit
m bo dp tt h quang nhng kch thc , khi lng ca c cu truyn ng li t
ti u. Theo kinh nghim vi cng tc t dng in khong I = (40 600) A , in p
500V c th chn m m = (6 12) mm.
i vi ti cm, cng tc t in p t (380 500) V khng th ly ms8mm.
Cn phi xc nh li m khi tnh ton bung dp h quang
B- LN (khong vt)
ln l ca tip im l qung ng i thm c ca tip im ng nu
khng c tip im tnh cn li (H.2-5).
Cn thit phi c ln ca tip im c lc p tip im v trong qu trnh
lm vic tip im b n mn, tip im vn m bo tip xc tt. Nh vy phi chn
ln ca tip im l ln hn cao b n mn h ca tip im (l > h) Thng chn l =
(1,5 2,5)h.
C th chn ln theo dng in nh mc qua tip im v dng in ln
cn c lc p tip im ln tng ln lc p tip im s tng ; theo cng thc
l = A + B.I
m
, mm
A = 1,5 (mm) ; B = 0,02 (mm/A) ; I
m
(A)

- Hoc theo kinh nghim

I
m
, A 100 150 300 600
l , mm 2,3 3,5 3 4 4 5 5 6

C- KHONG LN :
thay th tip im h quang dng khong ln (x) (h 2-5 c) cho tip im
ng di chuyn trn mt cung trn thng s dng tip im ngn to s ln ca tip
im ng trn mt tip im tnh, im lm vic ca tip im s khng trng vi im
chy ca h quang. Xc nh khong ln trong khong x = 3 12 mm. Tr s b dng
cho tip im c dng in nh. Tng khong ln tip im lm vic tin cy nhng dn
n kt cu phc tp.

40
D-KHONG TRT :
ty sch bi bn g gh do h quang hoc lp oxt to nn, s dng khong
trt y (h 2-5 c). Thng s dng tip im ngn to s trt ca tip im ng trt
trn b mt tip im tnh . Xc nh khong trt t vi phn n vi milimt . Kinh
nghim chn khong trt y = 0,2 - 1,5 mm . Nu tng khong trt s tng n mn
ca tip im.
Thng s dng kt hp khong ln v khong trt.

2-7/- CHN VT LIU V KCH THC TIP IM
A-CHN VT LIU YU CU I VI VT LIU TIP
1) in tr sut v in tr tip xc b
2) Tnh dn nhit , nhit nng chy cao.
3) t b oxy ho.
4) Kh hn dnh.
5) cng cao, t b n mn c.
6) c tnh cng ngh tt.
7) Gi thnh h.
Khi chn sao cho tho mn phn ln yu cu cho thit k
Bng 2-13 Tnh cht c bn ca vt liu tip im (ph lc)
Bng 2-14 So snh c tnh ca cc loi vt liu tip im thng dng (ph lc).
41
B-KCH THC TIP IM
Kch thc tip im ph thuc vo gi tr dng in nh mc, kt cu
h thng tip im v tn s ng ngt dng in.
Kch thc cc tip im hnh tr, hnh nn, ch nht bng kim loi qu
(h.2-8) c th ly theo bng 2-15 v bng 2-16.


D
D
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
l


Hnh 2-8 Cc tm t hp tip im c sn xut bng phng php
luyn kim bt ( kim loi gm). Ch li ln trn ca b mt khng lm vic
nhm tng tip xc ln tip im bng cch hn hnh cn g vo cc tm p
.

42
i vi kh c trong my bay tnh chu mn nh hn so vi kh c
thng dng trong cng nghip; ng knh tip im hnh tr ly nh hn gn
hai ln so vi s liu
Nhit lng ta ra tip im s truyn ng k vo cc phn t mch
vng dn in. V vy khi xc nh cc kch thc chnh ca tip im ng
ngt c dng in nh mc ln nn chn s b theo tit din thanh dn.
Bng 2-15 : Cc kch thc tip im hnh tr v tm p tip im

Dng in nh mc
A
ng knh tip im
(mm)
Chiu cao tip im
(mm)
n 2 1-2 0,3-1,0
2-5 2-4 0,6-1,2
5-10 3-5 0,8-1,6
10-20 5-8 1-2
20-40 8-12 1,2-2,2
40-63 12-16 1,4-2,5
63-100 16-20 1,6-3,0
100-160 20-25 2,2-3,0
160-250 25-32 2,5-3,5

Bng 2-16 : Kch thc tm tip im hnh ch nht

Chiu di (mm) Chiu rng (mm) Chiu cao ( mm)
4 ; 5 3; 4; 5 0,8; 1,0; 1,6
6 ; 8 ; 10 3; 4; 6; 8; 10 1,0; 1,2; 1,4; 1,6; 2,2
12 ; 14 6 ; 8 ; 10 ; 12 ; 14 1,0; 1,4; 1,6; 2,2; 2,5
16 ; 20 8; 10; 14; 16; 20 1,6; 2,0; 2,2; 2,5; 3,0
25 ; 3 2 12; 16; 20; 25; 32 3,0; 3,5; 5,0
40 ; 50 14; 20; 25; 32; 40 2,5; 3,0; 3,5; 5,0

43
Ch thch :
1) Chiu rng nh nht ca tm bng mt na chiu di ca n. Chiu
rng ln nht bng chiu di.
2) Gi tr dng in nh mc c th s b xc nh theo bng 5-5 bng
phng php so snh din tch ch nht v ng trn.

. 2.8/- XC NH NHIT , IN TR TIP XC LC P V
IN P RI TRN TIP IM CH LM VIC DI HN.
I) NHIT CA TIP IM :
1) Da vo s cn bng nhit trong qu trnh pht nng ca thanh dn
di v hn, c tit din khng i. Gi s mt u mt u thanh dn tip xc
vi thanh dn khc v ngun nhit t ti ni tip xc.


Kt S P
R I
Kt P S
I
td dm dm
mt td
. . . . 2
.
. .
.
2 2

u
u u + + = (2-11)


u
u u
. . . 8
.
2
tx m
td tx
R I
+ =


u
u u
. . . 8
.
2
Rtx I
m
td tx
= (2-12)

Trong :
u
mt
: nhit mi trng xung quanh tnh theo
0
C
u
td
: nhit ca tip im tnh theo C
u
tx
: nhit ni tip xc tnh theo C
I
m
(A) : dng in nh mc ch di hn

u
( Ocm) : in tr sut ca vt liu tip im
R
tx
( O) : in tr tip xc (khng k n in tr vt liu tip im)
44
K
T
(W/cm C): h s tn nhit ca b mt thanh dn;
S (cm) : tit din ca tip im
P(cm): chu vi ca tip im
- Vi tip im dng cu s 2 mu trc cn thc khng cn na.
- Quan h trn ng vi cc tip im cng sut nh vi dng in ln.
Kt qu cho sai s tng i ln so vi thc nghim.
2) Da vo vic kho st in trng v nhit trng ca thanh dn
c di v hn c ngun nhit u tip xc vi thanh dn khc.


1
2 / 1
. . 4
. . .
. . 4
.
) arccos(
td
m m
tx
td
F
HB A I
a
A I
T
T

| = = = (2-13)

2
2
2
1
)] [arccos(
1
.
. 16
. .
.
tx
td
m td
T
T
Hb A
I F

t
= (2-14)

)
. . 4
. . .
cos(
1 td
m
td
tx
F
HB A I
T
T

t
= (2-15)
) arccos( .
. .
1 . . 4
tx
td
m
T
T
HB A
Ftd
I
t

= (2-16)

Trong :
T
td
(
0
K) : nhit thanh dn ch xa ni tip xc
T
tx
(
0
K) : nhit ni tip xc
a (cm) : bn knh ca b mt tip xc
I
m
(A) : dng in nh mc ch lm vic di hn
(W/cmC): h s dn nhit ca thanh dn coi nh khng ph thuc
vo nhit (bng )

2 0 8
) / ( 10 . 3 , 2 C V A

= : hng s Iven c nhng gi tr khc nhau khi vt
liu khc nhau v t ph thuc vo nhit nn coi l hng
F
td1
(kN) : lc nn ti mt im tip xc
F
td
= n.F
td1

45
Trong : n l hng s tip im vi: tip xc im n = 1; tip xc
ng n = 2; tip xc mt n = 3.
HB a F
td
. . .
2
1
t =
trong : = 0,3- 1 : h s tnh n gim p lc trn mt tip xc do tnh n
hi ca vt liu v li lm ca b mt tip im.
Nhng quan h trn l cho trng hp tip xc im n gin gia hai
thanh dn c, di v hn c tit din khng i. Trong thc t qu trnh xy ra
tip im phc to hn nhiu, v vy ch nn dng kho st hin tng
mt cch nh tnh c nhng kt qu gn ng vi iu kin thc t .Trong
cc cng thc trn cn phi da thm vo cc h s thc nghim; ngoi ra nn
dng cc quan h thc nghim .



Hnh 2-9: quan h gia cng HB ( cng Brinel) vi nhit pht
nng ca vi loi vt liu tip im.
1- ng mm 2- COM8
3-COK12 4-Bc cng

40
60
50
70
200 400 500 800 C
0
kG/mm
2

1
2
3
4
20
10
30
46
B_LC P TIP IM
Lc p tip im m bo cho tip im lm vic bnh thng ch
lm vic di hn, m trong ch ngn hn dng in ln nh m my, qu
ti, ngn mch .....lc p tip im phi m bo cho tip im khng b y ra
do lc in ng v khng b hn dnh do h quang khi tip im b y v b
rung.
Lc p tip im c th xc nh theo cc quan h l thuyt theo cng
thc thc nghim hay theo th.
1) Xc nh lc p theo quan h l thuyt theo cc quan h 2-14 kt qu
thu c cn phi c hiu chnh qua h s thc nghim bng 2.17
2) Xc nh lc p theo thc nghim .
Trong bng 2-17 cho cc s hiu lc p cui ca tip im Ftdc(lc p
tip im khi ng hon ton ) ca cc loi rle sut lc p cui trn mt n
v dng in nh mc Ftd ca cc kh c in thng dng.
Bng 2.17 lc p ca mt tip im (mt tr ngt) lm vic trong khng
kh v trong du ca cc dn kh c in hin i
Loi kh c in Vt liu Ft (G/A) Lc nn Ft(G)

1 2 3 4
R le c nhy
cao dng b hn
1(A)
Rle c nhy
cao (bo v, cc
tnh)
Vng, platin, hp
kim ca vng vi
iridi
- 0,3-2
Titan, paladi hp
kim vi bc
- 2-10
Rle in thoi v
iu khin (n
3A)
Bc 10-30
Rle t ng v
trung gian (dng
Bc ,CK15M - 25-50
47
5-15A)
Cc b rung, bin
i rung tn s
cao
Volflram - 40-350
Cc tip im ph
ca cc kh c
in n 1000V
Bc 5 >20
Bc 5-10 >20
Cng tc t in
t
kim loi gm 7-15 >25
Cng tc t thu
kh nn (lc l xo
khng c khng
kh )
ng
ng
15-25
16-20
>300
Cng tc i ni
Cng tc xoay (l
xo l, dng nh
mc 10-100A)
ng
ng thau
45-60 tr s ln cho
dong in b
Cc b khng ch
kiu phng , kiu
trng v kiu trc
ng , ng 25-40 ----

Cng tc nh
hnh (t 2-15A)
ng , CH40 22-80
20-60
Gi tr ln cho
dng in b
p t mt
nh hnh
Vn nng
ko in
Kimloi
Gm
Bc
ng
20-25
45-60
20-40
20-40
-
-
-
-
Cu dao v cu
dao i ni (dng
n 100-400A)
ng 150-250 tr s ln cho
dng in nh
200-6000 A ng 150-250

48
(1): mt na lc cho tip im loi cu, lc cho mt tm ca tip im
hoa hu, mt tm ca dao.
(2): lc nn trong du ln 1,4-1,6 ln so vi khng kh v do nht ca
du v cc sn phm t du khi c nhit cao.

) ( , .
) / ( ,
G I f F
A G
I
F
f
dm td td
dm
td
td
=
=
(2-17)
Tr s ca f
t
da vo s phn tch cc thng s k thut ca cc kh c
in c s dng. Lc p tip im tnh theo s liu trong bng 2.17.
Ln hn tr s tnh ton theo quan h l thuyt bi v khi dng in nh
cn c lc d tr ,cn khi dng in ln cn tng lc m bo n nh
in ng v n nh nhit ca tip im.
Gi tr lc p ban u F
td
ti thi im bt u tip xc khi ng v ct
tip im ly bng (0,4 0,7) lc p cui F
t
. C th xc nh lc p tip
im theo cc cng thc kinh nghim v theo cc cng thc thc nghim.
C-IN TR TIP XC.
in tr tip xc ca tip im R
tx
(mt ch ng ngt )l mt phn
ca in tr mch vng dn in R c o t 2 u ca mch vng mt cc
ca kh c in.

E + E + E = R R R R
n tx

R
tx
- Tng in tr tip xc ca tip im .

2 1 tx
R R R + = E
R
1
- in tr ca ng i dng in b tht hp li
R
2
-in tr tip xc gia cc lp.

n
R E - Tng in tr cc u ni.


R - Tng in tr bn thn vt liu ca mch vng
49
1) in tr tip xc ca tip im theo l thuyt .
in tr tip xc do dng in b tht hp R
1
c dng :

an
R
2
1

= , O (2-20)
Trong :

2
) (
2 1

+
= , cm O
- in tr sut ca 2 loi vt liu nu cc tip im lm bng 2
loi vt liu .
a,cm - Bn knh b mt tip xc
n=1 tip xc im.
n=2 tip xc ng
n=3- tip xc mt.
Khong cch gia cc tip im cnh nhau phi sao cho dng in chy
qua mi im tip xc khng b nh hng ln nhau.
Vi lc p khng ng k (0,01N) nhng ch li lm b bin dng n
hi. Khi lc nn tng n (0,1-0,15)N bt u c bin dng do dn n vt liu
b nn cht. Nu tng lc nn n hng trm N th c lp vt liu b bin dng
n hi , nu tip tc tng lc p na s b bin dng do.

c trng cho s bin dng khi lc p t 10N c th kho st qua tr s
p sut trung bnh
2
1
.a
F
td
t
nu p sut trung bnh nh hn cng ca vt liu
tip im HB vt liu bin dng n hi, nu ln hn bin dng do .
Khi vt liu bin dng n hi, bn knh a v in tr R1 c th biu
din:

cm
E
r F
a
td
,
.
. 86 , 0
3
1
= (2-21)
50
) (
.
. . 58 , 0
. 2
3
1
1
O = =
r F
E
a
R
td

(2-22)
Trong
F
td1
, N (kN) : lc nn ca mt ch tip xc
r, (cm) : bn knh ca tip im hnh cu
E , N/cm (kN/cm): m un n hi ca vt liu tip im
(Ocm) : in tr sut vt liu lm tip im.
Khi vt liu b bin dng do th a v R1 c th biu din :
) ( ,
.
1
cm
HB
F
a
td
t
= (2-23)
) ( ,
.
.
2
1
1
O =
td
F
HB
R
t
(2-24)

Cc quan h trn ng cho mi tnh ton gn ng, qua c th kho st nh
hng ca cc yu t n in tr tip xc R1

2) in tr tip xc ca tip im khng b pht nng xc nh theo
cng thc da vo kt qu thc nghim

) ( ,
) . 102 , 0 (
1
O =
m
td
tx
F
K
R (2-25)
Trong :
F
td
, N : lc nn tip im
m: h s dng b mt tip xc
- m = 0,5 : tip xc im
- m = 0,5-0,7 : tip xc ng
- m = 0,7-1 : tip xc mt
K
tx
: h s k n s nh hng ca vt liu v trng thi b mt ca
tip im.
Gi tr K
tx
khi b mt tip im khng c lp oxt c th ly s b nh sau:
51

Bc _Bc 0,6.10
-4
ng_ng(tip xc mt) (0,09-0,14).10
-3

ng_ng(tip xc im) (0,14-0,18) .10
-3

ng_ng(trng thic) (0,07-0,1) .10
-3

ng_ nhm 0,98.
3
10

ng_ng thau 0,38.
3
10

ng thau_ng thau 0,67.
3
10

ng thau_ thp 3,04.
3
10

ng _ thp 3,1.10
-3

Thp _ nhm 4,4.10
-3

Thp _thp 7,6.10
-3

Nhm _ ng thau 1,9.10
-3

Nhm _ nhm 1,6.10
-3

COM10-COK15(kim loi gm) (0,2 0,3).10
-3


3) in tr tip xc ca tip im khng pht nng c th xc nh theo
cc ng cong thc nghim hnh 2-10 , 2-11 , 2-12

52


Hnh 2-10 : th quan h gia in tr tip xc v lc p tip im
ca rle cng sut b dng trong thng tin v t ng tip xc im ( mm 2 = | ,
dng in n 2A. ng chm chim tr s ln)
1-Bc 2-Vng 3-plalai
4-Vng-NIKEN 5% 5-platin 6-platin irii 10%
7-volfram(u 4mm) 8-Reri




Rtx
1 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 70 100
100
200
300
500
700
1000
2000
3000
5000
7000
10000
20000
30000
50000
70000
100000
200000
300000
500000
700000
[O]
Ftd [N]
53

Hnh 2-11 : th quan h gia in tr tip xc v lc p tip im .
Tip im kim loi gm dng tip xc im (hnh cu-mt phng u 14mm ,
dng in 140 v 240A ).
1-Bc gm ;
2-COH 10 ;
3-COK15
4-CB 50 ;
5-CH9






40
50
60
100
200
300
400
500
600
800
1000
Ftd
kG
N
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0
2 3 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20 30 40
5
3
4
2
1
5
Rtx
[O]
10
20
30
54
Rtx []


Hnh 2-12 : th quan h gia in tr tip xc v lc p tip im
ca tip im trng thi ngui (do hai hnh tr vung gc vi nhau to
thnh) khi lc nn t 1 n 227 kG
1-Bc , mt;
2-ng ,mt;
3-Bc , ng ;
4-ng ,ng ;
5-Bc ,im;
6-ng , im;
7-ng (ng cng);
8-ngVonfram.
1 2
5
101420 50
100 200
1.4
2
5
10
20
50
100
140
200
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 1.42 5 10 20 50
500
Ftd
kG
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
55
4) S thay i ca in tr tip xc:
Khi c dng in chy qua , tip im b pht nng in tr tip xc
tng v in tr sut ca vt liu tng

)
`

+ = + = ) 20 (
3
2
1 )
3
2
1 (
0
20 0
u o ou
u tx tx tx
R R R (2-26)
Trong :
R
tx0
R
tx20
R
txu
: L in tr tip xc 0
0
C, 20
0
C v u
0
C
o: h s nhit in tr ca tip im.
2/3 : h s tnh n s gim nhit theo khong cch t ch tip xc.

Quan h trn ng cho trng hp nhit ca b mt tip xc b hn nhit
ho mm ca vt liu.

D- IN P RI TRN IN TR TIP XC CA TIP IM :
Trong trng thi ng ca tip im in p ri trn mch vng dn
in ch yu l do in tr tip xc ca cc phn u ni, in tr ca vt liu
tip im khng ng k so vi R
tx
v vy in p ri trn tip im s bng :
U
tx
= I. R
tx
, V (2-27)
in p ny lin quan trc tip ti nhit pht nng ca vng tip xc
u
tx
:
u
tx
- u
t
= t
tx
= U
2
tx
/8 ,
0
C (2-28)
Trong :
U
tx
, in p tip xc
, Ocm- in tr sut ca vt liu tip im
, W/cm
0
C h s dn nhit ca vt liu tip im
Vi cc kh c in c tip im lm vic trong mi trng khng kh,
nhit pht nng ca tip im gn bng tr s cho php , qua tr s ca U
t

c th xc nh c tng nhit t
tx
ca b mt tip xc :
U
t
(mV)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 90
tx
t , C
ng 3 4 8 11 16 21 28 36 44 61 85 149
Bc 4 5 10 14 20 26 40 42 51 70 96 160
56

tip im lm vic nhit tip im khng vt qu nhit bin
dng tinh th ca kim loi v t nhit ny bn c ca kim loi gim i rt
nhiu. Nhit tip im phi nh hn nhit nng chy rt nhiu v nhit
ny s xy ra hn dnh tip im. Bng 2-18 cho nhit ho mm v nhit
nng chy ca vt liu tip im.
Bng 2-18: in p ri trn in tr tip im, nhit bin dng tinh
th (ho mm) v nhit nng chy ca vt liu tip im.
Vt liu
tip im
Ho mm Nng chy
U , mV u ,
0
C U , mV u ,
0
C
Bc
ng
Platin
Vonfram
Grafit
90
90130
220440
120250400
-
180
190
540
1000
-
370
430450
700
8001000
5000
961
1083
1773
3400
4700

T trn c th xc nh c tr s ca dng in cho php qua tip im :
I
cf
= (0,50,8) I
thm
= (0,50,8) U
m
/ R
tx
, A (2-29)
I
thm
tr s ti hn ca dng tip im U
t
nm trong khong.
1) Vi rle cng sut b dung trong t ng v thng tin lin lc, hng
khng:
U
t
= (0,50,8) U
m

2) Cc kh c in iu khin v phn phi nng lng n 1000V, tip
im lm vic trong khng kh:
U
t
= 230 mV
- Vi tip im lm lnh bng nc:
U
t
= 3040 mV





57
C-NHIM V TNH TON:
Khi tnh ton cho cc ch lm vic di hn, ngn hn, ngn hn lp
li cn gii quyt nhng bi ton sau :
1) T dng in nh mc I
m
(di hn) chn vt liu v kch thc ca
tip im xc nh lc p tip im F
t
sao cho in p ri U
tx
v nhit tip
im u
t
, khng vt qu tr s cho php. in tr tip xc R
tx
phi nh hn tr
s c xc nh theo 2-20 v 2-25 (tnh ton thit k). Trn c s n nh in
ng n nh nhit cn hiu chnh tr s lc p F
t
tnh ton .
2) T dng in nh mc I
m
chn vt liu , kch thc v lc p ca
tip im F
t
, xc nh in p ri U
tx
v nhit ca tip im u
t
, so snh
vi tr s cho php, xc nh in tr tip xc, nhit ca b mt tip xc u
tx

phi nh hn nhit ho mm ca vt liu (tnh ton kim nghim).
3) Chn vt liu, kch thc v lc p tip im F
t
,xc nh tr s dng
in di hn I
m
, in tr tip xc R
tx
sao cho in p ri U
tx
v nhit ca
tip im u
t
khng vt qu tr s cho php (tnh ton kim nghim).
.2-9/- DNG IN HN DNH V CC BIN PHP CHNG
HN DNH CA TIP IM :
Khi dng in qua tip im ln hn dng in nh mc I
m
(qu ti
khi ng, ngn mch) nhit s tng ln v tip im b y do lc in
ng dn n kh nng hn dnh. n nh ca tip im chng y v chng
hn dnh gi l n nh in ng ( bn in ng ). n nh nhit v
n nh in ng l cc thng s quan trng c biu th qua tr s ca dng
in ti hn I
thhd
, ti tr s s hn dnh ca tip im c th khng xy ra,
nu c cu ngt c kh nng ngt tip im.
C hai tiu chun nh gi: lc cn thit tch cc tip im b hn
dnh; Tr s ti hn ca dng in hn dnh. N ph thuc vo vt liu tip
im v kt cu, ch lm vic ca kh c in .





58
A- XC NH TR S DNG IN HN DNH THEO QUAN H
L THUYT :

1) Gi thit khi c dng in c tr s khng i chy qua, nhit ca
vng tip xc tng nhanh n tr s gn nng chy, dng in ti hn I
thhd
gn
ti tr s hn dnh.
) arccos( .
. .
. . 4
1
1
T
t
td tx
T
t
td td td
thhd
e T T
e T T
HB A
F
I

=
u
t

(2-30)
T
t
- Nhit ca thanh dn xa vng tip xc, do tr s dng in ln
(qu ti, ngn mch, khi ng) gy ra khi chy qua mch vng dn in.
T
txt
Nhit ca vng tip xc ti thi im t
1
, c th coi T
txt
= T
tx
.
HB
u
- cng Bribel nhit T
tx
.
F
tE
- Lc p tng ca tip im
F
tE
= F
t
- F
1
F
2
, kG (2-31)
Trong :
F
t
- Lc p tip im .
F
1
- Lc in ng do ng i ca dng b tht li , n ngc chiu
vi lc l xo ca tip im .
F
2
- Lc in ng gia cc chi tit ca mch vng dn in gn vi
tip im
T Hng s thi gian pht nng ca tip im
s ,
H . 24
F . . C
T
B
td
u
E

t
= (2-32)
Trong :
C, , - t nhit, khi lng ring v h s dn nhit ca vt liu
(bng 2-22)
I
thhd
Dng in khng i (dng 1 chiu). Vi dng in xoay chiu
(dng ngn mch, ngn hn) th I
thhd
tnh theo tr s bnh phng trung bnh
theo thi gian dng in i qua t
1
trong na chu k u . Vi tip im c dng
ln , lc p F
t
ln th I
thhd
ly theo tr bin ca na sng u tin .
59
B TNH TON TR S BAN U CA DNG IN HN
DNH DA VO QUAN H GIA IN P RI V NHIT CA
B MT TIP XC TIP IM :

I
hdb
= A
td nc
F . f (A) (2-33)

) .
3
2
1 .( . .
) .
3
1
1 .( . . 32
0 nc
nc nc
HB
A
u o t
u o u
u
+
+
= (2-34)
Trong : A Hng s vi tng loi vt liu

0
- in tr sut ca vt liu 0
0
C
HB

- cng Brinel ca vt liu 0

0
C
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu
F
t
- Lc p tip im
f
nc
- H s c trng cho s tng din tch tip xc trong qu trnh
pht nng, n ph thuc vo lc p tip im v thi gian ko di ca xung
dng in.Thng f
nc
= 24 v c th ln hn nu vt liu mm
Kt qu trn cho sai s ln nu lc p tip im nh .

C DA VO TR S TNH TON V THC NGHIM CA
DNG IN HN DNH I
HDB
TRNG HP TIP XC IM,TIP
IM BNG BC V NG:


B
td nc
td
B
nc
tx
nc
hdbd
H
F U
F
H
U
R
U
I
t t

2 2
= = = (2-35)

U
nc
-in p nng chy (bng 2-18)

D-XC NH TR S DNG IN HN NH THEO THC
NGHIM
60
Theo cng thc Bt K Vit:c th s b xc nh tr s dng in hn
dnh ban u (tr bin ) ca tip im theo lc p tip Ftd(KG).

t hd hdb
F . K I = (A) (2-36)
H s K
hd
xc nh theo trn v c th xc nh theo bng 2-19 v hnh 2-13 .


Hnh2-13:Quan h gia dng in hn dnh ban u I
hdb
(tr s bin )
vi lc p (ca l xo) khi xung l 0.05 n 5 giy ca cc tip im lm vic
trong mi trng khng kh
Cc dng tip xc: Tip xc im; tip xc ng;tip xc mt.

Bng trn k hiu v vt liu ch s trong ngoc n tng ng vi cc tr
s ca bng 2. (F
td
kG, I
H.CD
kA)
E-CC PHNG PHP CHNG HN DNH
1.V Kt Cu:
Tng lc p tip im, gim s rung ca tip im trong qu trnh ng.
Chn kt cu cho lc in ng cng chiu vi lc p tip im. Thay i dng
tip xc , tip xc im b hn dnh vi dng in b, tip xc ng v mt
vi dng in ln, phn thnh nhiu cp tip im song song, khi c n tip
im song song th h s dng in ln nht s l:
I
n
=KI/n
T-CH 45(1a)
T-COK 45(
1b)
T-MT (1B)
T-C (T2)
II-MT3
II-MT(4)
II-MT(5A)
II-MT-P(5B)
II-C (6)
T-CH 40
CB 80
T-MB50(2b)
FN10cexyhb
(26)
T-C (7B)
T-MT(2r)
T-M(2B)
T-CB60(7a)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
3
2
4
6
8
10
20
30
IH.CB
kA
F
td
0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 4 6 10 20 30 40 60
61

K: h s khng ng u: K=1,31,5
2. Chn vt liu.
Nu hai tip im lm bng kim loi khc nhau th kh b hn dnh hn
l lm bng cng mt loi kim loi.
mi trng khng kh cc tip im kim loi gm b hn dnh vi
dng in ln hn so vi cc vt liu khc.
n nh ca tip im v chng hn dnh c th kho st qu trnh .
.2-10/- S RUNG CA TIP IM V CC BIN PHP GIM
RUNG.
Khi tip im ng, thi im bt u tip xc c xung lc va p c
kh gia tip im ng v tip im tnh xy ra hin tng rung ca tip im.
Tip im ng b bt tr li vi mt bin no ri li tip tc va p qu
trnh tip xc ri li tch ri gia tip im ng v tip im tnh xy ra. Sau
mt thi gian th kt thc chuyn sang trng thi tip xc n nh, s rung kt
thc .
Qu trnh rung c nh gi qua tr s bin rung

X
m
ca khong
y ln nht u tin v thi gian rung t
m
tng ng vi X
m
(hnh 2-14).


Xm
tm
t
X


X
m:
tr s bin rung u tin
t
m:
thi gian tng ng ca X
m
Hnh 2-14: th biu din qu trnh rung ca tip im
62
A-TNH TON N GIN GIA CC THNG S C BN V
RUNG CA CC TIP IM THNG NG:
1) Cc tip im cua rle cng sut b l xo l khng c im ta
to lc nn ban u gim rung nguy him, quan h gia cng ca l
xo tnh J
t
v l xo ng J
d
phi tho mn:

J
t
J
d
(2-37)
gim rung khi ngt ngi ta su dng thanh im ta cng (H.2-15)
2) Tip im rle cng sut b , l xo l c gn vo chi tit ng , tip
im cng ( khng n hi) (H.2-15)


xM
xM
xM
%
%
100
100
f(Fd)
f(J)
f(Fd)
f(md,Jd)
f(vd)
xM


Hnh 2-15: Biu din cc thng s v tnh ton s rung ca tip im v quan
h gia bin rung
m
X vi cc yu t nh hng n s rung


m
X - Tr s bin u tin ca qung y tip im ng.

td0
F - Lc p tip im ti thi im va p.
J - cng ca l xo.

0 d
V ,
0 d
e - Tc ,tc gc ca tip im ti thi im va p.

d
m - Khi lng phn ng.

d
J - Mmen qun tnh ca phn ng.
63

d
M - Lc tc ng ln phn ng .

trnh rung ng nguy him ti thi im va p th iu kin cn
thit l hiu ca lc tc ng v phn lc qui i v im tip xc phi tha
mn :

2
v . m
J
K 1
K
5 , 0 F F
2
0 d d
1 f dt
v
v

> (2-38)
Trong :
F
t
(N) Lc ht in t (lc tc ng )
J (N/m ;KG/m) cng ca l xo.
m
d
(Kg ;KG;
2
S
m
) Khi lng ca phn ng .
v
d0
(m/s) - Tc tip im ti thi im va p .
K
v
- H s va p ph thuc vo tnh n hi ca vt liu.

v
K = 0,9 - ng

v
K = 0,07 - ng thau

v
K = 0,85 0,95 - Thp

v
K = 0,75 0,9 - Bc v hp kim
3 )Tip im loi cu (H.2-5c) :
cng c tnh ton qua tr s bin
m
X v thi gian
m
t

tdd
V d d
m
F
K v m
x
. 2
) 1 .( .
2
0

=
E
,m (2-39)


t
0 d d
m
F
K 1 v . m . 2
t
v E

= , s (2-40)

Trong : F
tdd
(kG) Lc p tip im ban u ti thi im va p

4 )Tip im kiu ngn c l xo xon hnh tr (H.2-5c) :
rung cng c tnh ton qua tr s
m
X v
m
t :

64

v
v
o o
K
l w J
J
K
l
x
d
m

+
=
1
2
1
. . .
'
1
) . (
2 20
2 ' 2
2 20
,m (2-41)

v
K w l l
x
t
m
m
+
=
1 . ). (
. 2
10 2 1
,s (2-42)

1
' '
10
,
. 2

+
= s
J J
S
g d
dtc
e (2-43)

o
20
- Gc tng ng vi nn ban u ca l xo tip im so vi trc
2
O .
J (KG/m) cng ca l xo vi tip im qui i v trc i qua ch
va p v hng va p .

' '
,
g d
J J - Mmen qun tnh ca tip im ng 2 v gi tip im 1 so
vi trc
1
O .

10
e - Tc gc ca phn ng ti im va p.

dtc
S - din tch ca phn hnh v gii hn bi ng c tnh lc in
t tnh
t
F v c tnh c
c
F t v tr ban u ca tip im n thi im
va p, c biu din bng th nng
5 ) Tip im kiu i c l xo xon hnh tr (H.2-5d) :
rung cng c nh gi qua tr s
m
X v
m
t :

v
v
v
K
f m
J
K
f
x
bd d d bd
m

+
=
E
1
2
1
. .
'
1
2
0
2
,m (2-44)
s
v
X
t
d
m
m
,
. 2
0
= (2-45)

Trong : f
bd
- bin v tr ban u ca l xo tip im .


65
B ) TR S RUNG CHO PHP V CC BIN PHP GIM
RUNG :
Nu rung khng lm tip im b m ra v b mn nhiu th c
xem l rung cho php v khng nguy him cc kh c in khc nhau. V
d cng tc t, rung c coi l khng ln, nu tng thi gian rung:
ms t 3 , 0 =
E
.
C th dng quan h: s
F
v m
t
tdd
m
,
.
=
Chn
tdd
F
m
nh khong 10
-3
kg/N Khi tng thi gian rung ca tip im ca
cng tc t khong 10ms

Tng thi gian rung s b xc nh theo biu thc
s t t
m
, . 2 ). 8 , 1 5 , 1 ( =
E
(2-47)
Trn hnh 2-15 trnh by cc ng cong v quan h gia tr s ca X
m
vi cc
yu t my. Quan h X
m
vi mt i lng c lp c xc nh khi cc i
lng khc gi c nh. T cc ng cong trn nhn thy rng gim X
m
c
th dng cc bin php sau:
- Tng lc p tip im ti thi im va p v tng cng J ca l xo.
- Gim tc
d
v v
d
e ca phn ng kh c in ti thi im va p.
- Gim khi lng phn ng
d
m v mmen qun tnh ca phn ng
d
J


-Gim lc
d
F tc ng ln phn ng .
Ngoi cc bin php trn cn c th s dng l xo hon xung hp th
nng lng chuyn ng ca cc phn ng sau thi im va p.
S rung ca tip im cng c th sinh ra khi c s va p ca cc chi
tit thuc c cu truyn ng. trnh s truyn va p ny n tip im, c
th dng cc c cu gim rung cho khu truyn ng (c cu hon xung, l xo,
cao su thy lc).


66
.2-11:S MN CA TIP IM V CC BIN PHP KHC
PHC.
S mn ca tip im xy ra trong qu trnh ng v qu trnh ngt
mch in.
S mn tip im th hin qua vic gim ln, gim kch thc (chiu
cao) ca tip im cng nh gim khi lng hoc th tch ca kim loi tip
im.
Nguyn nhn gy ra s n mn ca tip im l s n mn v ha hc,
n mn v in v n mn v c nhng ch yu tip im b n mn l do qu
trnh mn in.
Tnh ton s n mn rt phc tp v vy kt qu tnh ton cn thiu
chnh xc. y ch xt nhng phng php tnh ton gn ng v mn ca
tip im.
A CC YU T NH HNG TI S N MN :
S n mn ca tip im ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t sau:
1) iu kin lm vic :
- Loi dng in (in mt chiu, in xoay chiu)
- Tr s in p ngun .
- Tr s dng in .
- c tnh ph ti (ti cm b mn nhiu)
- Tn s ng ngt.
- Mi trng lm vic (vi dng in n hng trm ampe, mn
trong du nhiu hn trong khng kh, cn vi dng in n hng ngn ampe
th nh nhau).
2 ) Kt cu ca kh c in :
- Thi gian ng v ngt .
- S rung ca tip im .
- Vt liu tip im .
- Kt cu ca dng tip im .
- Cng t trng gia hai tip im (tng qu ln cng t
trng dn n tng lc in ng, lm bay hi kim loi, tng mn).
67
- S dng thi kh hay thi du (cng nh thi t, chng lm tng
mn).
- Tc chuyn ng ca tip im ng.
B CC PHNG PHP TNH TON GN NG LN
CA LOI KH C IN THNG DNG
chu mn th hin qua thi gian s dng ng vi s ln ng ct
c xc nh theo cng thc :

ng d
m
ng d
m
g g
V
V V
V
N
+
=
+
=
.
(2-48)

m
V (
3
cm ) Phn th tch ca i tip im b n mn nh hng ti
ln ca tip im .Tr s mn cho php ca mi tip im n 0,5 0,75 dy
(chiu cao) ca tip im khi cha b n mn
(g/
3
cm ) Khi lng ring ca vt liu tip im .

d
V ,
ng
V (
3
cm ) Th tch mn ring cho mt ln ng ngt .

d
g ,
ng
g (g) Khi lng mn ring cho mt ln ng ngt .
1) Rle cng sut b ,dng in n 5A, in p n 220V in mt chiu
v in xoay chiu tn s f=50 400Hz.Vi in mt chiu mt tip im b mn
nhiu, kim loi chuyn di t tip im n sang tip im kia, cn vi in xoay
chiu th c hai tip im mn nh nhau.
2) in mt chiu : vic tnh ton mn cc tr s dng in v in p
ngt khc nhau theo nhng quan h khc nhau v ph thuc vo t s gia in p
ngt, dng in ngt vi tr s
0
U v
0
I m ti nhng tr s , h quang khng
sinh ra .
- Nu
ng
U <
0
U v
ng
I <
0
I vic n mn ch yu l do phn kim loi b
mt tip im b nng chy khi ngt b chuyn sang catot. Th tch kim loi chuyn
t Anot sang Catot trong mt ln ngt c tnh bng :

3
.
ng
V K I ~ (2-49)

ng
V (
3
cm ) th tch b n mn trong mt ln ngt
I (A) Dng in
K Hng s ph thuc vo bn cht kim loi
68
Vi : Vng K =4,42.
14
10

Platin K = 5,63.
14
10

Bc K = 6,75.
14
10

Paladi K= 5,32.
14
10

- Nu
ng
U >
0
U hay
ng
I >
0
I khi trong qu trnh ngt s sinh ra tia
la in ,cn gi l h quang ngn.
- Nu
ng
U >
0
U v
ng
I >
0
I khi ngt s pht sinh h quang v h quang
s chuyn di kim loi t Anot sang Catot.Th tch kim loi b chuyn di sau
mt ln ng ngt l :
.
d Ad d
v q = ,
3
cm
( ).
ng e ng Ang
v q = + ,
3
cm (2-50)

d
q (culon) in lng i qua tip im trong qu trnh ng ,ng vi
thi gian bng (0,30,7). t

- thi gian rung ca tip im .

ng
q (culon) in lng trong qu trnh ngt c th xc nh theo s
liu thc nghim hoc bng tnh ton l tch ca dng in ngt
ng
I v thi
gian chy ca h quang
hq
t .

hq
t ly bng thi gian ko di h quang ti chiu di ti hn l
hqth


Ad
,
Ang
,
e
(
3
cm /culong) mn ring ca Catot, Anot khi ng
v ngt c cho bng 2_20.
Bng 2_20:
Vt liu tip im
Ad
.
6
10

(
3
cm /culon)
Ang
.
6
10

(
3
cm /culon)
e
.
6
10

(
3
cm /culon)
Bc , 20
0
C 0,3 16
0,5 1,8
(3,1 3,6)
0,2 0,4
Bc , 120
0
C ------- ------- 0,1
Vng , 20
0
C 15 1,4 3,3 1,3
Platin , 20
0
C 1,5(5,5) 0,16 0,9
Vonfram , 20
0
C 3,6 (0,3 0,45) 0,04
ng 5 ----- 1,5
Platin Iridi 9 (2,0) 1,5
Bc 60
0
C -Niken 40
0
C 20 1,2 0,6

69
a) in xoay chiu :
- Tip im b mn khi ng do va p v khi ngt do nhit cao.
- H quang s sinh ra khi
ng
I >
0
I v
ng
U >
0
U ,mt khc h quang cn
ph thuc vo thi im ngt v gc lch pha gia dng v p khi ngt.
- H quang b dp tt thi im i qua tr s khng ti na chu k u
tin ca dng ngt v vy mt cch gn ng, c th coi thi gian chy ca h
quang b hn na chu k (vi tn s 50Hz l 10ms, cn vi tn s 400Hz nh
hn 1,25ms).
- in lng c th xc nh theo tr s bin ca n trong mt ln
ngt :

e
m
I
q
0
. 2
= (m: tr s bin )
Vic tnh ton mn ca cc tip im rle in xoay chiu c th
theo cc cng thc nh in mt chiu nhng phi k c n s thay i ca
th tch tip im khi ng v khi ngt .
2 ) Cc kh c in c in p n 30V in mt chiu dng in n vi
trm ampe. Cc cng thc di y ch yu dng cho cng tc t ca ng c
in .
Tng khi lng mn cho mt ln ng ngt gm :

3
2
0
0
,
.
. . .
2
1
ln . . ). (
2
1
cm
T
t K
I
U U
U
T I v v
dtd
r hq
d Ad
ng hq
hq
dtng ng e Ang ng d
E
+

+ = +
(2-51)
0, 001( )
ng
dtng
ng
L
s
R
T = ~ (2-52)
0,004( )
d
dtd
d
L
T s
R
= ~ (2-53)

dt
T - Hng s thi gian in t khi ng v ngt ph ti c in cm L
v in tr R .

Ad
,
Ang
,
e
- Th tch mn ring ca Anot v Catot trong mt ln
ng ngt cho trong bng 2.
70

0 hq
U -in p h quang ti thi im ng vi tr s dng in khi bt
u ngt.

r
t

-Tng thi gian rung khi ng ca tip im.

K
hq
= 0,30,7 H s nh gi phn thi gian rung c h quang.

3 ) Cc kh c in phn phi v iu khin n 1000V :
Khi lng mn trung bnh ca 1 cp tip im cho mt ln ng ngt
vi dng in ln hn 20A theo R.C Kudonhexop s bng :

9 2 2
10 .( . . ).
d nd d d ng ng kd
g g K I K I K

+ = + (2-54)

d
K ,
ng
K (g/
2
A ) H s mn khi ng v ngt ,cho trong bng 2-21 v
hnh 2-16.

kd
K - H s khng ng u nh gi mn khng u ca cc tip
im (vi in 1 chiu t 20 150A, mn ca Anot ln hn na tng ca
mn chung t (1,1 3) ln ; cc kh c in xoay chiu ba pha mn ln
nht bng 1,12,5 ln mn trung bnh.
Bng 2_21
Dng in (A) v
mi trng
Ch Vt liu tip im
d
K hay
ng
K
(
2
/ g A )
200 400
Khng kh
ng, gim rung
(tng
r
t

=0,3ms)
Bc COK-15
Khong 0,002
Khong 0,001
15300
Khng kh
ng, tng cng
rung
(
r
t

=1 5ms)
Bc COK-15
0,01
0,05
100 300
Khng kh
Nh trn ng Khong 0,2
1500
Khng kh
Ngt
Vt liu cho
hnh 2
Cho hnh 2
20500
Du
ng v ngt Bc v ng 330

71

1
9A
2 4 10 20
40 100 200
A
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
1
2
1 2
3 5
7
4


Hnh 2-16 : Quan h gia h s
ng
K v ng in ngt ca tip im
trong mi trng khng kh.
1 Bc 3040% nikel;
2 Bc 15% oxyt Cadmi;
3 Bc ;
4 ng;
5 ng Cadmi;
6 Bc 40% Volfram
7 Bc 60% Volfram;
8 Bc 80% Volfram.



C CC BIN PHP TNG CHU MN CA TIP IM
1 ) Chn vt liu : Vi cc tip im rle c dng ngt b hn tr s to
ra h quang
ng
I <
0
I th nn s dng nhng kim loi qu nht: bc platine, vng
v cc hp kim ca n. Vi cc tip im c dng in ln hn cht t, nn
dng vt liu tip im bng cc kim loi cng v chu nhit cng nh cc hp
kim ca chng nh: Volfram , Molipden
72
Vi cc tip im ca rle v kh c in iu khin v phn phi nng
lng n 1000V c dng t 1 n hng chc ampe th Bc l th vt liu chu
mn nng trong mi trng khng kh (H.2-16).
Vi cc tip im c dng ln hn 80A nn dng vt liu gc kim loi
gm (H.2-16).Trong mt vi trng hp nu dng ng hay kim loi Cadimi
(Bng 2-14). Kh nng chu mn ca kim loi gm tng ln nu tng t l phn
trm ca thnh phn kim loi chu nhit v gim kch thc ca cc ht kim
loi .
2 ) Gim thi gian chy ca h quang v cu kim loi nng chy gia
hai tip im, c th s dng cc bin php sau :
a ) Trong trng hp chung nn tng tc ban u ca tip im trong
qu trnh ngt .
b ) Khi tnh ton bung dp h quang cn chn cng t trng thi
t ti u. V nu chn ln, kim loi nng chy s b lc in ng thi bn i
gy mn nhiu .
3 ) Gim thi gian rung trong qu trnh ng ca tip im .
4 ) Cc bin php kt cu :
Tng kch thc ca phn tip im d b n mn, s dng cc tip im
t nh v, nht l trong tip im kiu cu, c s tip xc ng u v
mn cng c phn b u, b mt tip im phi c gia cng (p) bng
phng.
Cc vt liu dn in s dng trong kh c in tham kho bng 2-22.
73
CHNG 3
H THNG DP H QUANG

.3.1/- KHI NIM CHUNG
Dp tt h quang in trong thit b in p cao v in p thp l mt trong
nhng vn quan trng c cha tt c cc vn tng hp phc tp ca k thut
in v vt l. Hin nay cn c nhiu vn cha c nghin cu v kho st
thch ng. Mt s hin tng xy ra trong h quang v s chy ca n cng cha
c thng nht quan im.
iu gy ra nhiu kh khn trong vic thit k thit b dp h quang.
Trong cc thit b khc nhau, qu trnh dp h quang cng khc nhau nn
thng kho st ring bit tng loi kh c:
1) Kh c in c in p thp n 220V v dng in nh, ch yu l cc
phn t t ng (r le in c).
2) Kh c in c in p n 1000V l nhng kh c ng ngt phn phi
nng lng v iu khin (my ngt t ng, cng tc t, cu chy, kh c ch huy,
v.v).
3) Kh c in cao p kh c ng ngt phn phi nng lng (my ngt,
cu chy).
Trong chng trnh ny ch trnh by cc phng php tnh ton gn ng
thit b dp h quang ca kh c in h p (loi th nht v loi th hai nu
trn). Vn thit k thit b dp h quang in p cao nu trong gio trnh kh
c in cao p.
Tnh ton s nu ra di y l ca cc tc gi B-rn, Ta-p, Khu-z-net-
xp. Cc tnh ton ny ch l gn ng, tuy nhin cho ta mt khi nim v cc
tham s chnh v kch thc chnh ca thit b dp h quang.
.3-1-1. YU CU I VI H THNG DP H QUANG
Thit k thit b dp h quang phi tha mn nhng yu cu sau:
1. m bo c kh nng ng v kh nng ngt, ngha l m bo gi tr
dng in ng v dng in ngt iu kin cho trc.
74
2. C thi gian h quang chy nh gim n mn tip im v thit b dp
h quang.
3. Qu in p thp.
4. Kch thc h thng dp h quang nh, vng kh ion ha nh, nu khng
n c th to ra chc thng cch in gia cc phn ca thit b v cn ton b kh
c.
5. Hn ch nh sng v m thanh.
Cc yu cu trn y c mu thun. V d: gim thi gian h quang chy dn n
tng qu in p. V vy, trong qu trnh thit k thit b dp h quang i hi phi
tm ra phng php ti u nht trong cc trng hp cho.
.3-1-2. GI TR DNG IN NGT KHI TNH TON THIT B
DP H QUANG.
Thi gian dp h quang l mt trong nhng tham s ch yu ca thit b dp
h quang:
Khi thit k thit b dp h quang n 1000V vi dng in t mt chc n
trm, nghn Ampe th chiu di h quang t hng chc mm n vi chc cm
V tc chuyn ng ca h quang t 0 n hng trm m/s.
Trn hnh 3-1 l s ph thuc ca thi gian h quang chy vo dng in ngt i
vi thit b in mt chiu cng nh xoay chiu.
vng I thi gian chy ca h quang gn nh t l thun vi dng in.
nhn t ch yu dp h quang in mt chiu l s ko di c kh, cn i vi h
quang in xoay chiu l bn in phc hi ca khong trng h quang vng
gn ka-tt U
ph
v s qung t n ca mch in, s ko di c kh ca h quang c
gi tr th yu.
vng II nhn t dp h quang ch yu l ko di c kh c tc dng mc
thp, lc in ng cng nh. V vy, trong vng II thi gian dp h quang ln
nht.
75

Hnh 3-1: Quan h c trng gia thi gian chy v dng in h quang
ca thit b dp h quang n 1000V (khi U
ng
= const v L = const).
vng III, nhn t dp h quang ch yu l lc in ng xut hin gia
dng in h quang v t trng to ra bi cc chi tit mch vng dn in, cng
nh gia h quang v t trng ph ca cun dy thi t (nu c).
Thi gian dp h quang i vi thit b in mt chiu l t
hq
s 0,1s, cn i
vi thit b xoay chiu nh hn mt na chu k, khi ngt dng in gii hn cho
php thi gian dp h quang cho php bng mt vi na chu k.
Gi tr dng in vng II gi l dng in ti hn I
th
. Trong cc thit b
in hin i n 1000V gi tr dng in ti hn vo khong 3-30A mt vi loi
thit b mt chiu c th ln n 100A.
Nu gi tr ti hn m h quang tt th n tt tt c cc gi tr dng in
nh hn ti hn. H quang cng tt tt c cc gi tr dng in ln hn ti hn
nu n c kh nng chuyn ng theo cc vng dp h quang b ko di thm ra;
nu khng c g ngn cn chuyn ng ca n v nu cch in ca thit b khng
t s dn n ngn mch gia cc pha.
Gi tr dng in ngn tnh ton
Da vo c tnh cho hnh 3-1, tnh ton thit b dp h quang i hi
thc hin t nht i vi cc gi tr sau ca dng in ngt.
1. Dng in ti hn I
th
.
I
th

t
hq
, s
I
ng
, A
II III
0

Dng in ngt
I
Thi gian
chy
76
gi tr ny ca dng in vic dp tt h quang nng n nht. V vy vic
dp h quang dng in ti hn l nhim v cn thit ca vic thit k thit b dp
h quang. Dng in ti hn s b gn ng ly bng dng in ng vi khe h
cui ca tip im ; cn gi tr chnh xc c xc nh theo quan h ca thi gian
dp h quang vi dng in ngt (ng cong tng t nh hnh 3-1).
2. Dng in nh mc l mt trong nhng tham s chnh ca thit b.
3. Dng in biu th kh nng ngt gii hn ca thit b I
ng
.
a) i vi cng tc t (theo tiu chun OCT 11206-65) dng in ngt gii
hn c biu th bng nhng gi tr sau i vi tng loi kh c:
- ng ngt mch mt chiu: 10I
m

-

ng ngt mch xoay chiu: 4I
m
v 8I
m
(nu tnh ton vi gi tr bin
cc i th:
I
ng
=1,4. 2 . 8. I
m
= 16 I
m

(h s 1,4 tnh n thnh phn khng chu k)
b) i vi my ngt t ng I
ng
ph thuc vo dng in nh mc ca my
ngt, c th t 15 I
m
n 100 I
m
hoc cao hn.
.3-2/- VT LIU V KT CU BUNG DP H QUANG.
.3.2-1- VT LIU BUNG DP H QUANG:
Khi la chn vt liu lm bung dp h quang cn phi quan tm n nhng
tnh cht sau:
1. Tnh chu nhit ca vt liu lm bung dp:
Nhit h quang sinh ra rt ln hng vn K, bung dp h quang
khng b ph hy do nhit lng h quang sinh ra trong bung dp, h quang cn c
tc chuyn ng nhanh trnh h quang chy mt ch.
Trong trng hp ch h quang chy c tc gim. V d trong cc khe
hp ca bung - to ra

nhng ng dn in khng ch i vi cc chi tit lm
bng vt liu gm, tt c cc trng hp u lm chn h quang li v bung b
nng.
cc ch c h quang, v d khong trng gia cc tip im, cui
sng dp h quang, vt liu ca vng b nng nhiu hn c.
2. Tnh cch in v chng m ca bung dp:
77
Thnh bung dp h quang thng t gn cc chi tit dn in ca kh c in. V
vy nhng chi tit ca bung dp h quang phi m bo tnh cch in v chng
m. Nu vt liu c tnh ht m cao (v d xi mng amian) th khng m bo c
chc nng cch in m ch c chc nng hn ch h quang. Vt liu ny di tc
dng ca h quang hi nc cc h quang vo cc khe hp.
3. nhm b mt bn trong thnh bung dp:
nhanh chng dp tt h quang, h quang phi chuyn ng vi tc ln vo
khe hp ko di thm h quang ng thi lm cho thn h quang tip xc vi
thnh bung lm lnh h quang. B mt bn trong thnh bung i hi phi
nhn, cng nhn tc di chuyn h quang cng nhanh v ngc li b mt bn
trong thnh bung m nhm, tc di chuyn h quang b gim, gy ra t nng
vung dp v cc chi tit khc.
Nhng loi vt liu c bn ch to thnh bung dp h quang:
1) Vt liu xi mng - amian:
Xi mng amian loi tp theo OCT 6697-50 c p t xi mng amian
v nha amian.
Amian l tn gi ca mt nhm khong cht c cu trc dng x, n l bin
dng pentinic, thnh phm ch yu l 3MgO
2
.SiO
2
.2H
2
O. Amian nm trong lp
nham thch, c loi x di v x ngn, thng dng loi x di, nhit nng chy
n 1150C, tnh cch in kh cao (10
10
10
12
cm). Tuy nhin trong trng thi
m tnh, cch in ca vt liu b gim, ngoi ra di tc dng nhit cao ca h
quang nhng khe nc nh to thnh vt lm cho thnh bung c nhm ln.
i vi nhng chi tit bng nha xi mng amian c nhm b mt ln.
Cng ngh ch to ra bung dp bng xi mng amian nh sau: trn x
amian nghin ti vi xi mng l cht dnh kt v nc, m bo ng c
nht nh. Sau em p vo khun dng tm hay mu khun nh sn cui
cng sy kh cc chi tit p.
2) Vt liu p chu h quang:
N gm nhiu vt liu tng hp li: si amian v cc loi nha chu la (nh
Heloominow, nha silic hu c, nha -pc-xi v cc loi nha khc c cht in
nh khong vt thch anh), thnh phn ca chng ph thuc vo kt cu chi tit.
78
Cc chi tit lm bng vt liu ny c tnh chu nhit, chu h quang cao, cch
in tt v t c nhn bng b mt.
3) Gm (silicat):
Hot thch sa mt, k-r-en (Al
2
O
3
) hay k-r-en in phn so vi nhng
dng khc ca gm (s, steatit) th gm ny c tnh chu nhit cao (ln hn 1750C)
tn hao tg b, in tr sut cao v rt bn v c hc nhng b mt khng c nhn.
Bung dp h quang bng vt liu gm s dng c hiu qu kinh t cao ch khi sn xut
hng lot c khi lng ln v s gia cng ca n rt phc tp.
.3.2.2/- KT CU BUNG DP H QUANG
Cc kh c in mt chiu v xoay chiu c nhiu loi khc nhau nn kt
cu thit b dp h quang cng khc nhau (hnh 3-2 v 3-3)


1
2 3
4
5
A
A
11
A-A

a)

5
4
2
3
A
2
1
2
A
A-A
7
11

79
b)

4
3
2
1
2
5
3
11

c)


2
3
4
5
9
1
11
A
A

g)



1
4
10
3
2
5
10
1
2

h )
80


1
4
10
3
2
5
1
2
12 13

i)

Hnh 3-2 : Thit b dp h quang ca cng tc t in mt chiu.
a. Bung h e. Bung c hai "ti khng kh "
b. Bung c khe rng g. Bung c dn st dp h quang
c. Bung c vch ngn dc h. Bung c khe h dch dc hp
d. Bung c "ti khng kh" i. Bung c khe h dch dc hp v dn
dp h quang
1.Tip im 8.Ti khng kh
2.Sng dp h quang 9.Cc tm dn st dp h quang
3.Cun dy dp h quang 10.Nhng ch li c to ra bi khe ziczac
4.Tm dn t dp h quang 11.Khe h ca bung
5.Thnh , bung dp 12.Cc tm dn dp h quang
6.Vch ngn ngang 13.Np dn dp h quang.
7.Vch ngn dc


2 5
6
4
3

3
6
2
4

81
a) b)

3
5
2
4

1
9 2
3,8
4

c) d)

7
3

6
3

e) f)



Hnh 3-3 :Thit b dp h quang ca cng tc t xoay chiu
1.Bung chnh 6.Dn st dp h quang
2.Np ca bung 7.Cun dy dp h quang
3.Tip im c nh 8.Vng dy dp h quang
4.Tip im cu 9.Tm m thp
5.Hnh ch U dp h quang


82
.3.3/- CHU VI CHIU DI, NG KNH V THI GIAN CHY
TT CA H QUANG CHY T L IN MT CHIU V XOAY
CHIU N 1000V

Chu vi : Do c tnh xon c v c hnh cong nn xc nh chnh xc chiu
di ca h quang l mt vic kh khn. Tuy nhin tnh ton gn ng c th n
gin ha chu vi ca h quang.



Hnh 3-4: Chu vi ca h quang vi cc dng khc nhau ca tip im

Khi h quang chy t do chu vi ca n xem gn ng l vng trn c dy
cung h
hq
.Trn hnh 3-4 l cc dng chu vi c trng nht ca h quang mt chiu
v xoay chiu.
Chiu di h quang:
Trong qu trnh ngt tip im khong trng ca chng c th biu din gn
ng theo quan h :
o
td =
v
t
. t
ngha l bng tch s tc tch tip im v thi gian .
ln dy cung c th biu din gn ng bng :
h
hq
= v
hq
.t ngha l bng tch s tc chuyn ng h quang v thi
gian.
83
Khi chiu di h quang c xc nh gn ng nh sau:
cm t v h l
hq td hq td hq
, . . 9 . 9
2 2 2 2 2
+ = + = o o
(3-1)



Khi h quang chy trn hai sng ca tip im (hnh 3-4d) chiu di h
quang c xc nh theo :
t v l
hq hq
. .
360
. 2
o
t ~ (3-2)
Trong :
o - gc gia hai sng tnh bng . Vic s dng cc sng lm h
quang chy xa im tip xc v gim kh nng chy lp li ca h quang.

ng knh h quang :
H quang chy t do ng knh c th xc nh theo cng thc thc
nghim :
Khi h quang khng dch chuyn :
d = 0,27 ng I ,cm (3-3)
Khi h quang dch chuyn vi tc v
hq :

cm
vhq
I
d
ng
,
20
12 , 1
+
= (3-4)
Trong :
I
ng
- dng in ngt ,A ( xoay chiu l gi tr hiu dng)
v
hq -
tc h quang gi tr trung bnh ca dng in ngt 0,5I
ng
,

cm/s
Thi gian chy ca h quang trong qu trnh ko di n n chiu di ti
hn:
Nu bit chiu di ti hn ca h quang l
hqth
v nu cho rng ti thi im
ny m tip im l ln nht bng m cui cng o
tdc
:

o
tdc =
v
td .
t
hq

th t (3-1):
hq
2
hq
2
t
2
hqth
t . v 9 l + o =
= hq t . v 9 t . v
2
hq
2
hq
2
t
2
+ ,cm
84

ta c : t
hq =
2
hq
2
td
hqth
v 9 v
l
+
,s
(3-5)

Trong :
v
td
- tc m tip im
t
hq
thi gian ko di h quang n chiu di ti hn bng thi gian m
tip im.
Thi gian ton b h quang chy t
ch
bao gm c thi gian ny v thi gian
ion ho cht kh t
i
:
t
i hq ch
t t + =
Phn h quang xa nht i vi tip im ng ngt :
Trn c s hnh 3-4 c th xc nh xa nht ca h quang i vi tip
im ng ngt :
h
hq
= v
hq
.t
hq
, cm

3-4/ TNH TON GN NG THIT B DP H QUANG IN
MT CHIU N 1000V
.3.4-1 : Mt s vn chung :
Nhim v tnh ton :
Theo gi tr in p ngt khng i bng in p cc i ca ngun cung
cp U
ng
=1,1U
m
, xc nh chiu di ti hn ca h quang l
hqth
mt vi gi tr
ca dng in ngt I
ng
(t gi tr nh nht n gi tr ti hn cho php 3.1.2) .Theo
cc gi tr ca chiu di h quang tnh ton xc nh cc kch thc ca m
tip im v thit b dp h quang.
Sau khi chn cc tham s v kt cu h thng tip im dp h quang ta xc
nh thi gian dp h quang mt vi gi tr dng in ngt v xy dng quan h
gia thi gian dp h quang v gi tr dng in ngt (hnh 3-1) gi tr thi gian cho
php t
th s
0,1s.
Cui cng xc nh in p cc i trn h quang (o qu in p) n cn
phi nh hn gi tr bin in p th nghim.
S liu cho trc
85
tnh ton cc thng s ca thit b dp h quang mt chiu cn bit
trc cc s liu sau:
1. in p ngt ca ngun cung cp thng bng 1,1Udm:
Ung = 1,1.Udm ,V
gi l in p cc i ca ngun cung cp.
2. Dng in nh mc I
m
ca thit b v gi tr dng ngt Ing,A
3.Tnh cht ca mch ngt (ph ti): in tr, in cm hay in dung.
Thng gp ph ti in cm nhiu hn c, n c trng bng hng s thi gian
in t:

R
L
T
dt
= , s
4. S ln ng ngt ca thit b trong mt gi.
Theo tiu chun 1234-66 quy nh l; 6, 30, 50, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 6000 ln
trong mt gi.
Trnh t tnh ton:
1. Theo gi tr in p cc i ca ngun cung cp U
ng.
Xc nh chiu di
ti hn ca h quang l
hqth
i vi mt vi gi tr ca dng in ngt (5.1.2)
2. Trong qu trnh thit k s b h thng tip im ta d xc nh gn ng
m ca tip im. Khi thit k thit b dp h quang, m tip im mi c
xc nh chnh xc.
Theo cc gi tr chiu di ti hn ca h quang tnh ton, xc nh m
cui cng ca tip im
tdc
o , h quang chy sau thi gian T
hq
<0,1s.
phn ny gn bng chiu di ti hn ca h quang.
l
hqth
s o
tdc

Nu gi tr dng in ti hn I
th
m h quang tt th tnh ton thit b dp
h quang coi nh hon thnh v c th tip tc hon thnh kt cu h thng tip
im. Ngha l h quang chy t do trong khng kh khng cn s dng cc bin
php tng cng dp h quang.
3. Nu gi tr dng in ti hn v m tnh ton
tdc
o m h quang
khng th tt m khng th tng m ln c th cn phi to iu kin cho h
quang di chuyn ra khi khong trng gia cc tip im v ko di h quang ti
chiu di ti hn.
86
Khi bin php u tin l s dng lc in ng xut gia h quang v v
cc phn t mch vng dn in bng cch b tr chng mt cch hp l
4.Nu chiu di ti hn ca h quang l
hqth
v thi gian dp h quang t
hq
ln
hn gi tr cho php (v d l
hqth
>30cm, t
hq
>0.1s), th dp h quang cn phi s
dng cc bin php tng cng dp h quang. V d bung c khe dc v t trng
ngang (3.4.5) hay phi hp cc bin php dp h quang khc (3.4-6)
Xc nh chiu di ti hn ca h quang;
Tnh ton gn ng cc tham s h thng dp h quang mt chiu da trn
iu kin dp h quang, ngha l c tuyn Von-Ampe tnh ca thit b dp h
quang U
hq
= f(I
hq
) khi l
hq
= const (hnh3-5a) cn phi nm cao hn c tnh ti. c
tnh ti dc xc nh bng dng in ngt I
ng
v in p ngt U
ng
ca ngun cp:
) 1 ( . .
ng
hq
ng
ng
ng
hq ng t hq
I
I
U
I
U
I U R I = = (3-7)

Ni mt cch khc l in p ri trn h quang (U
hq
) phi ln hn hiu s gia in
p ngun cung cp U
ng
v in p ri trn ti
t hq
R . I
U
hq
> U
ng
- I
hq
.R
t
Chiu di h quang tng ng vi gi tr tip tuyn ca c tnh ti v c
tuyn Von-Ampe (im A) c gi l chiu di ti hn, ngha l chiu di m
h quang c dp tt.



Hnh 3-5: c tnh ti v c tnh tuyn tnh Von-Ampe tnh ca h quang mt
chiu

87
Gii 2 bi ton tnh ton bung dp h quang. Bi ton th nht- bi ton
thun:
Khi bit cc tham s thit b tnh ca h quang ngha l bit c tuyn Von-
Ampe tnh ca h quang. Tm c tuyn ti.
Bng phng php v tip tuyp tuyn n gin i vi c tuyn Von-
Ampe (hnh 3-5b) ta tm c ln in p ngun cho php Ung v dng in
ngt cho php Ing. Nhng khng vt qu Ung v in p ngun U"ng th dng
in ngt phi nh hn
' '
ng
I v.v
Thc cht ca bi ton th nht l bi ton c tnh cht kim ngim li
bung dp h quang.
Bi ton th hai- bi ton ngc:
Khi bit cc tham s ca mch ngt, ngha l gi tr dng in ngt Ing v
in p Ung - c tuyn ti cn c la chn cc tham s thit b h quang sao
cho c tuyn V-A nm cao hn mt t hay tip tuyn vi c tnh ti. nu c tuyn
cao qu, lng d tr dp h quang ln thit b cng knh , tn nguyn vt liu.
Trong cc trng hp ny cng phi bit quan h gii tch hay kinh nghim
ca dng in v in p ca h thng dp h quang. Quan h ny kh phc tp ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t nn khng th biu din tht chnh xc bng biu thc ton
hc. Tuy nhin trong mt s iu kin c th biu din c tuyn V-A theo cng
thc kinh nghim gn ng (xem v d ph lc).
nh hng ca in cm n chiu h quang.
Nu ph ti trong mch ngt l in tr hay in cm b th khi tng chiu
di h quang dn n s gim rt nhanh cc dng in n gi tr tng ng vi
im A trn hnh 3-5. v vy chiu di h quang t n gi tr s ti hn h quang
hu nh b dp tt tc khc.
Nu nh trong mch c in cm ln L =0,014H th dng in gim chm
hn chiu di cui cng ca h quang ti thi im b tt s ln hn chiu di ti
hn. in cm ca mch ngt cng ln, chiu di ca h quang cng ln v qu
trnh phn ng xi ho cng mnh th c tuyn Von-Ampe phn b cng cao hn
c tnh ti. in cm cng ln chiu di h quang ti thi im b p tt cng ln
hn chiu di ti hn.
88
iu c thy r trong v d sau: mch ngt c ng c in mt chiu
v cng tc t mt cc c cun thi h quang chiu di cui cng ca h quang
hqc
L c biu din nh sau:

3 / 1
. .
ng ng hqc
I U K L = (3-9)
Vi in cm ca cun dy ng c in kch thc 150kW, 750V hay
340kW, 1500V th h s K=0,013 cm/VA.V khng c in cm ny th h s k
nh hn 2 ln. Sai s thc nghim gp phi l % 15 10 + + (hnh 3-6)




Hnh 3.6: ng cong v quan h gia chiu di cui cng ca h quang
mt chiu l
hqc
vo dng in ngt I
ng
nhn c t thc nghim in p ngt khc
nhau khi c in cm nh (L > 0) v khng c in cm ( L=0) vi gi tr trung
bnh pha trn l v d dng h quang trc khi tt.
Qu in p .
Khi ngt mch mt chiu qu in p ch yu c xc nh bng tch
gia in cm ca mch v o hm ca dng in theo thi gian .
S bin thin dng in h quang khi ngt c th c trng bng quan h
thc nghim sau:
89

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
m
hq
ng hq
t
t
I I 1 (3-10)
Trong :
t
hq
= t
k +
t
d
tng thi gian dp h quang
t
k
- thi gian ko h quang n chiu di ti hn
t
d
- thi gian dp h quang
t- thi gian dng in chy
m- s m thc nghim, ph thuc vo iu kin chy
Khi dp h quang chy t do cng nh dp h quang trong bung c khe
rng ly gn ng : m 1 .
Nh vy dng in h quang gim theo thi gian theo quan h ng thng
v in p cc i U
m
bng in p U
ng
cng vi u :

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
hq ng
ng
ng m
t U
LI
U U 1 (3-11)
Trong :
L- in cm ca mch ngt , Henri (.3.4.2)
Khi dp h quang trong bung c khe hp dng in l hm bc hai ca thi
gian v m 2. Khi in p cc i ca mch ngt c biu din theo cng thc:

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
hq ng
ng
ng m
t U
LI
U U
2
1 (3-12)
Khi dp h quang mt chiu trong dn dp gi tr qu in p u c trng
bng t s :

ng

U
n U
U
.
= A (3-13)
Trong :
U

= U
A
+U
k
in p ri gn cc in cc.
n - s tm dn dp h quang.
Cn phi la chn thi gian dp h quang t
d
nh th no qu in p
nh hn in p th ca bn cch in ca thit b: U
m
< U
th
90
Gi tr in p th bn cch in ca thit b cao hn nhiu so vi in p
nh mc ca thit b (bng).
.3.4.2. NH HNG CA CC YU T KHC LN VIC DP
H QUANG IN MT CHIU
1.in cm ca mch ngt:
Tr s in cm L v hng s thi gian in t T
t
trong mch ca thit b
in mt chiu n 1000V nh sau:
Tn thit b L , Henri T
t
, s
Cun dy r le in t dng trong t ng v thng
tin lin lc (100250)V; (1,26)W; khi lng ng
(6110)g; dng in tip im (0,22)A ; in cm
qui i v mt vng (738).10
-8
H

6300

0,0020,075
Cun dy r le s cp in t iu khin 220V;
(1020)W;khi lng ng (0,20,25)kg, dng in
tip im n 10A

20100

0,010,05
Cun dy cng tc t in t 220V; (1070)W; khi
lng ng (0,255,6) kg; dng in tip im
chnh (25600)A
100400 0,040,40
Cun dy phanh in t 440V,hnh trnh 24mm, lc
(15200)kg; khi lng ng (0,7 6,6)kg

30 - 65

0,1 0,4
Cun dy phanh in t 440V; hnh trnh
(40120)mm; lc (5,5100)kg, khi lng ng
(1,335)kg

100700

0,23,0
Mch in lc c ng c mt chiu 260kV
( ) 10 7 , 2
3
H
I
U
L
m
m
~

0,050,0015

0,020,06

L v T
t
ca cun dy phanh in t l gi tr gn ng.
C hai iu cn ch :
a ) Khi tng in p trn cun dy, s vng, in tr v in cm ca n tng
nhng hng s thi gian khng thay i.
91
b) Khi t cc cun dy song song th in tr, in cm ca ton mch
gim cn hng s thi gian hu nh khng thay i.
2. nh hng ca in cm khi tnh ton thit b dp h quang
Trong cc ti liu nghin cu ch tnh ton dp h quang vi ph ti in
tr, cn ph ti in cm cha c ti liu nghin cu thch ng.V vy cn phi
nghin cu phng php tnh ton dp h quang gn ng c nh hng ca in
cm.
Do c in cm L trong sut thi gian dp h quang in p ngt ca ngun
cung cp U
ng
c b xung thm sc in ng t cm .Nu cho rng trong sut
thi gian dp h quang t
d
dng in ngt khng thay i th sc in ng t cm
bng:

d
t
ng
d td
ng
d
ng
t
T
U
t R
U
L
t
I
L
dt
di
L ~ ~ ~
.
(3-14)
V vy c th gn ng cho rng dp h quang trong mch in cm xy ra
nh trong mch ph ti in tr nhng in p ln hn (bng in p tnh ton):

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ ~
d
t
ng tt
t
T
U U 1 (3-15)
V d thi gian dp h quang khng ln hn 0,1s trong mch ph ti in
cm ln c T
t
0,1s th U
tt
2U
ng.

3.Tn s ngt:
i vi kh c in ng ngt : Khi tng tn s ng ngt ca mch in, cn
phi gim gi tr ca dng in tip im so vi trng hp ng ngt khng
thng xuyn, v khi tng tn s ngt, tip im v cc phn dn in cng nh
khng kh trong vng dp h quang b t nng hn,
iu c thy r cc gi tr sau:
Kh nng ng ngt ca r le lm vic tn s cao gim t 0,50,7 gi tr
nhn c i vi tn s ngt nh.
Khi tng tn s n 100 ln ngt trong mt gi, dng in ng ngt ca
thit b chuyn i ch bng 0,5 gi tr dng in nhn c khi ngt khng thng
xuyn (mt vi ln ngt trong mt gi)
4) Tc m tip im
92
i vi kh c in h p n 1000V tc m tip im thng l
(0,011) m/s; vi in p cao hn th tc m l (1,84) m/s.
Tng tc m tip im to iu kin tt dp h quang mt chiu. Trong
cc thit b iu khin v phn phi nng lng (100500)V. Khi m ca tip
im (520)mm v tc ngt vo khong 100cm/s th dng in ngt c th tng
vo khong 10% so vi dng in ngt tc 1 cm/s.
5) Nhng yu t khc:
S dp tt h quang in mt chiu cn chu nh hng ln ca mt s yu
t sau: m ca khng kh xung quanh ,s gim hay tng p lc ca kh quyn,
nhit cch b tr cc tip im ng ngt trong cc mi trng khc nhau nh
du my bin p hay trong khng kh...
.3.4.3- DP H QUANG MT CHIU BNG CCH KO DI C
KH H QUANG CHY T DO.
Tnh ton thit b ny rt n gin do kt cu c bung dp h quang, do
nhim v tnh ton ch l xc nh m hon ton ca tip im, xc inh m
ca tip im c cc phng php sau:
a) S dng ng cong thc nghim:
Hnh 3-7 cho ta quan h gia dng in ngt v in p ngun cung cp. Khi s
dng cc ng cong ny cn ch n nhng im sau:
1.H quang chy t do p lc kh quyn.
2.Thi gian dp h quang khng ln hn 0,1s.
3.Khi tng in p ln (1015)ln, h quang chy n nh dng in
cho.
4.Dng cho mch dng in c mt ch ngt. Trong trng hp c mt vi
ch ngt mc ni tip m iu kin dp h quang nh nhau c th s dng ng
cong ny, khi in p ngt c chia theo s ch ngt.V d: tip im cu
ngha l c 2 ch ngt, in p ngt U
ng
phi chia cho 2
5.Dng cho mch in tr v in cm yu (hng s thi gian n 0,01s).
Nu mch in cm ln phi ly in p ln hn - U
tt
(.3.4-2)
6.Vt liu lm tip im l bc, bc-xt-caimi ng v cc vt liu kh
chy khc. Nu vt liu lm tip im l vt liu nng chy (v d vnfram) v
93
m nh c th dp c h quang dng in ln hn so vi dng in khi xc
nh theo ng cong.
7. Tc m tip im vo khong 0,1cm/s.
Nu tng tc m ln n 1m/s th dng in ngt tng ln khng qu 10%
vi in p v m cho .
8.C th dng thm h s d tr. Gi tr h s d tr ny c th la chn ty
thuc vo iu kin c th ca kh c in thit k. Thc t cc kh c dp h
quang bng s ko di c kh c h s d tr bng 1,32
b) S dng cng thc kinh nghim:
i vi thit b c dng ngt vo khong 2030A, m cn thit ca tip
im c th c ly bng chiu di ti hn ca h quang l
hqth
theo cng thc kinh
nghim sau:
ng ng hqth
I U l
2
10 . 42 , 0

= ,cm (3-16)
Quan h trn y cng th cho ta xc nh kh nng dp h quang bng
phng php tnh ton vi gi tr in p ngt U
ng
v m cho ly bng chiu
di ti hn ca h quang


1015 20 30 40 100 200 400
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.5
1
1.5
2
5
10
20
50
60
l=0,5
l=0
l=0,1MM
3
5
10
15
20
15
10
5
3
1


94
Hnh 3-7:S ph thuc dng in vo in p mt chiu khi h quang b
dp tt cc m khc nhau ca tip im l v hng s thi gian ca mch bng
00,01s.
ng nt lin ng vi cc phn dn in phn b khng hp l khi h
quang chy gia tip im.
ng nt t ng vi cc phn dn in hp l to iu kin y h quang
ra khi tip im v ko di n.
c) Mt vi s liu th nghim v m tip im v kh nng ng ct ca chng
khi dp h quang bng ko di c kh:
1. m tip im v kh nng ng ct ca rle t ng, bo v h thng
in 200V mt chiu v xoay chiu khi ti cm c hng s thi gian T
t
0,05s v h
s cng sut ca mch ln hn 0,5 vi mch c mt ch ngt:
Cng sut ng ngt
(W) / (VA)
Dng in ln nht
(A)
m (s b)
(mm)
20 / 100
60 / 300
200 / 1000
0,5
2
5
0,51,0
1,01,5
46

2.S ph thuc m tip im vo gi tr dng in ngt mt chiu 220V
khi ko di h quang chy t do theo chiu dc, ti tr (hnh 3-8)



Hnh 3-8 :S ph thuc m vo dng in ngt

V d 1:Xc nh m tip im kh c mt chiu U
ng
=220V, I
ng
= 0,8
A, ph ti in tr, mch ch mt ngt, tn s thao tc b.
95
Gii: Theo ng cong hnh 3-7 vi U= 220V,I=0,8A m tip im
phi ln hn 4mm ly h s d tr bng 1,5 th m bng :
41,5 = 6 mm
V d 2:Vi cc iu kin nh v d 1 xc nh dng in ngt gii hn I
ng
mch dng in c hai ch ngt.
Gii: mi ch ngt c in p bng 220:2= 110V theo ng cong hnh
3-7 110v v m 6mm dng in ngt l 4,7A. Nu tnh n h s d tr th :
I
ng
= 4,7/1,5 3A.
V d 3: Xc nh m tip im cn c U
ng
=220v, I
ng
=1A mt chiu,
ph ti in cm, T
t
= 0,05s.
Gii : in p trn ch ngt tip im khi ti cm theo (3-15)
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
1 , 0
05 , 0
1
2
220
1
2
hq
t
ng
t
T
U
= 165V.
Theo ng cong hnh 3-7 165V v 1A m tip im gn 3mm. Nu
ly h s d tr 1,5 th m bng: 31,5 =4,5mm.
.3.4.4/- DP H QUANG MT CHIU DO TC DNG CA LC IN
NG
Khi thit k cc kh c ng thi vi cc phng php khc ngi ta s
dng lc in ng dp h quang. Cc chi tit ca mch vng dn in (tip
im, cc gi tip im, sng dp h quang ) phi phn b sao cho lc in ng
y h quang theo mt phng nht nh .
V d: Tip im c nh ca mch c hai ch ngt un dng ch U (hinh3-
3a) s dng dn dp bng thp non (hnh 3-3b)
Nhim v v trnh t tnh ton: nu chi tit trong .3.4.1.
Ngoi vic tnh ton chiu di h quang ti hn l
hqth
mt vi gi tr dng
in ngt ra cn xc nh thi gian dp h quang (3-5) cc dng in ny v xy
dng s ph thuc ca thi gian ny vo dng in.
Chiu di ti hn ca h quang :c th xc nh n theo hai phng php
1.Bng cch tnh ton lin tip gn ng v xy dng c tuyn Vn_Ampe
(hnh 3-5) c c tuyn ti ,
96
2.Tnh ton tin hnh theo cc cng thc kinh nghim ca c tuyn Von-
Ampe ca h quang in chy t do di chuyn trong khng kh vi tc v
hq
:

hq
hq
hq hq
I
v
l U
. 092 , 0 92 +
~ , V (3-17)
Trong :
-l
hq
: chiu di thn h quang, cm
-v
hq
:vn tc chuyn ng ca h quang ,cm/s
-I
hq
:dng in h quang,A.
Tc chuyn ng ca h quang i vi tip im ngn di tc dng ca
lc in ng khi dng in n 200A xc nh theo cng thc sau:

t
hq
hq
I
v
o
. 12 , 2
~ , cm/s (3-18)
Trong :

t
- m tip im ,cm
I
hq
= 0,5.I
ng
gi tr trung bnh ca dng in h quang , A
Khi dng in ln hn 200A th tc chuyn ng ca h quang b gim v
c xc nh theo biu thc:

3
37
hq hq
I v ~ ,cm/s (3-19)
Thi gian ko di h quang n chiu di ti hn. Xc nh s b theo cng
thc (3-5)
.3.4.5. DP H QUANG TRONG BUNG C KHE DC V T
TRNG NGANG
Lnh vc s dng:
Dp h quang trong bung c khe h hp v t trng ngang c s
dng trong trng hp khi khng dp c h quang bng phng php ko di c
kh v li dng lc in ng do s tc dng ca dng in chy trong cc chi tit
mch vng dn in v h quang.
Bung c khe dc v t trng ngang c s dng trong cc cng tc t v
t s dng trong cc my ngt t ng (hnh 3-3).
97
Nhim v tnh ton nu chi tit trong .3.4.1. Chiu di ti hn ca h
quang c xc nh vi mt vi gi tr dng in ngt t nht l i vi gi tr c
trng ca dng in (.3.1.2), thi gian dp h quang khng ln hn 0,1s, cn in
p cc i trn h quang (do c qu in p) nh hn (c d tr) gi tr bin in
p th nghim .
Qua tnh ton ta xc nh c cc kch thc chnh ca bung, sau
xc nh thi gian dp theo (3-5) v in p cc i [(3-11) , (3-12)]
S kt cu ca bung dp h quang c khe dc v t trng ngang hnh
3-9.



Hnh 3-9: S kt cu ca bung dp h quang
a.Hnh chiu ng ca bung
b.Hnh chiu nm ct theo A-A
c.ng cong ca mt vi tham s ca h thng dp h quang theo chiu
di ca bung.
Bung dp c hai tm cnh 1 lm bng vt liu cch in chu nhit chu h
quang v n bao ly tip im ng ngt 2. Khong cch gia cc tm (khe) ch
t tip im l
kt
. H thng in t gm cc tm cc 3 p st ngoc cc tm 1 v
li thp 4, cun dy thi t 5. Khong cch gia cc tm cc l
c
. H thng in t
to ln t thng
o
gia cc tm cc trong vng c h quang v dp h quang.
98
Khi tip im 2 m gia chng c h quang I, do lc in ng F to bi t
trng mch vng dn in vi t trng cun thi t tc dng ln dng in h
quang, h quang II b y vo trong khe hp
k
khi n ng tr ti mt im v
chuyn sang sng dp h quang 6. V tr h quang III tng ng vi chiu di tnh
ton ti hn ca h quang trong bung dp l
th
.
rt ngn kch thc ca bung v kh c, cng nh gim khi lng v
tit kim vt liu trong mt s trng hp cho php h quang t bung ra vng III.
Khi chiu di ti hn tnh ton ca h quang l

th
s ln hn (khong rng ca cc
tm trn b
t
v di b
d
).
Cc ng cong hnh 3-9c theo xa ca h quang vi tm li thp dn t:
1.T cm B khi tip im m vi I
ng
.
2.T cm trong qu trnh h quang di chuyn, khi dng in h quang
cng nh dng in trong cun dy gim.
3.Dng in h quang v trong cun dy gim
4.Lc in t tc dng ti h quang.
F = K.I
hq
.B
5. Lc do cc cht kh to ra tc dng ln h quang.
Khi h quang vng tip im lc ny lm h quang di chuyn v ngn cn
h quang vo khe hp. Sau kh li h tr cho h quang di chuyn.
Trong s in hnh trn v trong mt s kt cu khc (hnh 3-3) thng
cun dy c li thp c t trong cng mt mt phng vi tip im ng ngt,
khi t thng i vo bn trong vng dp h quang b tn mn. khc phc
nhc im trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta t cun dy dp h quang trn
cc tm cnh ca bung (hnh 3-10).
Trong s ny hai cun dy dp h quang 3 t trn cc tm cnh ca
bung v thp dn t 4 bao quanh. Nh vy hu nh ton b t thng i qua vng
dp h quang v khng b tn mn. Khi ch cn to ra cng t trng nh
hn (2,53) ln khi t cun dy thng.
t hai cun dy cc tm cnh l rt u vit v cun dy d to nhit,t
trng hng ngc chiu t trng bn trong, do t trng ngoi ngn cn h
quang ra ngoi gii hn ca bung.

99


3
4
5
2
3
1
2
3
4
5


Hnh 3-10: S ca bung c hai cun dy dp h quang t trn cc tm
cnh ca bung.
1.Tip im tnh
2.Tip im ng
3.Cun dy dp h quang
4.Thp dn t
5.Bung dp h quang
. T thng
H. Cng t trng
Cc tm ca bung lm bng vt liu cch in chu h quang to ra khe hp
cn gi l khe dc. Khi b mt cnh ca khe dc trng vi hng chuyn ng
ca h quang khi h quang b ko di. Khe dc gm c khe hp v khe rng.
Khe hp c b rng
k
nh hn hay bng ng knh thn h quang. Khe
rng c b rng ln hn ng knh thn h quang. ng knh thn h quang li
ph thuc vo gi tr dng in ngt, vo tc chuyn ng ca h quang v iu
kin lm lnh chng.
in p h quang mt chiu c th biu din bng phng trnh:
U
hq
= U

+ E
hq
.l
hq
(V) (3-20)
U
hq
= E
hq
.l
hq
(V) (3-21)
Trong :
100
E
hq
: cng in trng dc theo thn h quang (V/cm).
l
hq
: chiu di thn h quang (cm)
U

: in p ri gn cc in cc 20 30V (vi cc in cc c vt liu

khc nhau in p ri khc nhau). n gin ho cho tnh ton v vi in p
nh mc c gi tr ng k c th b qua in p ri trn gn cc in cc, ngha l
U

= 0.
Nh vy t cc phng trnh trn ta thy in p trn h quang ph thuc
vo E
hq
v l
hq
.
Chiu di h quang cng ln kch thc ca bung v kh c cng ln.
Mun gi nguyn kch thc ca bung m tng chiu di h quang ngi ta s
dng khe dch dc (ch chi) (hnh 3-3 h,i).
Tng graien in p mt cch hp l s gim c thi gian dp h quang.
Khi gim b rng khe
k
(nhng khng nh hn 1,3mm) lm cho graien in p
tng.
Do cc iu kin khc nh nhau nn chn bung dp h quang khe h
hp. Tuy nhin dp h quang trong khe hp cn phi c khe h phn tip im
ln
kt
v to ra cng t trng ngang ln.
Sc t ng ca h thng thi t:
H thng thi t c cun dy mc ni tip vi tip im mch ngt l c
s dng nhiu hn c (hnh 3-9):
Tnh ton mch t ca h thng thi t cng tin hnh theo phng php
thng thng.
Cn ch rng khi mc cun dy ni tip th sc t ng ca n IW t l vi
gi tr dng in ngt.
Sc t ng v tit din mch t c chn sao cho khi dng in ngt
khng ln lm, mch t cha bo ho v cng t trng hu nh hon ton qua
khe h khng kh gia cc cc ca mch t, ngha l qua khong trng gia cc tip
im v h quang cn c y ra ngoi. Khi dng in ln mch t cn phi
bo ho gim cng t trng trong khong trng khng kh gia cc cc v
cng lm gim tc chuyn ng ca h quang, dp h quang mnh lit, gim qu
in p v hao mn tip im.

101
Gi tr cng t trng H:
La chn cng t trng H theo nhng iu kin sau y:
1.Cng t trng cn phi m bo a h quang ra khi khong trng
gia cc tip im. Da vo cc ng cong hnh 3-11 v 3-13 c th chn cng
t trng H hay H/I khi cun dy dp h quang mc ni tip.



Hnh 3-11: S ph thuc khe h nh nht ca tip im vo in p ngt
ca ngun cung cp mt chiu khi t trng khng i (H = const) v t s H/I =
const. ng nt lin ng vi ti thun tr v in cm yu (T
t
= 0 0.01s).
ng nt t - ph thuc ti cm (T
t
= 0.1s)

102


Hnh 3-12: S ph thuc ca dng in gii hn ln nht vo khe h tip
im khi ngt ph ti thun tr. S vng cun dy ni tip:
Khi : H = 0 W = 0
H = 1, 3I W = 5
H =2, 3I W = 10
H =5, 5I W = 15
H =7, 3I W = 20
Khi H = 0 ngha l khng c t trng.
1. Vi t s
H
I
= 1,6 5,6 thuc vo trng thi cha bo ho ca mch t v
H = I. Hnh 3-12 i vi kh c c dng in nh mc t 1 100, in p mch
ngt 320 W, ph ti thun tr v cc ng cong khng ng vi ph ti cm. Tip
im hnh ngn t nm ngang kh ng lc hc to iu kin ko di h quang t
v dng in ti hn s ln.
2. Cng cn phi ln dp h quang trong khe. Trong bng 3-1 l
cc gi tr cng t trng nh nht lm lnh h quang trong khe hp, gi tr
cng ny ph thuc vo I
ng
,
k
,
kt
v ;
I
ng
- dng in ngt (A)

k
- b rng khe (mm)
103

kt
- b rng bn trong ca bung phn cha tip im (mm)
- gc ca
kt
ra ()
3. Cng t trng khng lm cho dng in nhn c theo quan h
di y vt qu gi tr dng in m h quang dng li trong khe:

3 / 2
)
80
.( . 350
H
I
k ng
o > (A) (3-22)
Trong :
k
- b rng khe, mm
H- cng t trng, A/cm
Cng thc (3-22) ch ng khi:
1
k
4 mm
80 H 1600 A/cm
100 I
ng
2500 A
4. Chn cng t trng l ti u ngt dng in mnh nht v gim
hao mn tip im.
V d vi cng tc t (Hnh 3-13). Khi cng t trng nh hao mn tip
im tng do s bay hi ca kim loi nng chy v h quang chy lin tc. Khi
cng t trng qu ln hao mn tip im cng tng do lc in ng lm kim
loi b mt i.
Bng 5-1: Cng t trng nh nht m bo lm lnh h quang
trong khe hp (hnh 3-9).












104

Dng
in
A

kt

mm
Cng t trng nh nht (H/cm)

k
= 1 mm
k
=2 mm
k
= 4 mm
=30
o
=45
o
=75
o
=30
o
=45
o
=75
o
=30
o
=75
o
2
2 14 12 6 - - - - -
4 - 104 - 8 6 2 - -
8 - 152 - - - - 2 2
16 160 164 136 20 12 10 2 2
35
2 22 18 10 - - - - -
4 - 120 - 10 10 1,2 - -
8 - 155 - - - - 4 1.2
16 184 172 124 32 14 10 4 1.2
150

2 164 133 128 - - - - -
4 - 137 - 10 6 2 - -
8 - 164 - - - - 6 1.2
16 190 176 140 36 28 18 6 1.2
300
2 175 152 144 - - - - -
4 - - - 15 - 4 - -
8 - - - - - - 6 1.2
16 195 176 165 40 - 19 6 1.2
600
2 132 104 54 - - - - -
4 - 112 - 46 12 6 - -
8 - 148 - - - - 6 1.2
16 188 168 136 168 114 92 6 1.2

Hnh 3-13: Quan h hao mn tip im ng hnh ngn ca cng tc t vo
cng t trng dp h quang dng in ngt khc nhau (theo Brn).

S liu k thut cho trc:
Ngoi s liu nu trong 3.4.1 cn cn phi bit gi tr m cui cng ca tip
im
tc
.
Trnh t tnh ton:
105
1.La chn hnh dng bung dp h quang, chiu rng khe
k
, chiu di v
tit din s b sng dp h quang 3.2.2 v ph lc.
2.Vi iu kin cho xc nh s b gi tr dng in ti hn (3.1.2).
3.Tnh h thng in t ca thit b dp h quang l xc nh cng t
trng H hay H/I cn thit dp h quang khi mc ni tip cun dy dp h
quang. Tnh ton c tin hnh bng phng php lin tip gn ng theo in p
ca ngun ngt U
ng
v hng s thi gian in t ca mch ngt T
t
. C th s dng
s liu ca kt cu hin c, v d i vi cng tc t hnh 3-13.
a) La chn hnh dng kt cu chnh ca h thng t dp h quang, xc nh
cc tham s v kch thc ca cc chi tit (theo s tng t vi nhng h thng
hin c). Khi chn s vng cun dy, tit din v kch thc ca mch t v gi
tr khe h khng kh
c
gia cc cc t trong vng cha tip im v dp h quang.
b) Tnh ton mch t ca h thng dp h quang cn phi bit cng t
trng trong vng khe h tip im v ch dp h quang. Khi phi theo ng s
hng dn trn chn cng t trng hp l. Xc nh sc t ng theo
phng trnh: I = 0,5I
ng
(A) (dng in gim t I
ng
n 0).
Ngoi t trng c to ra bi cun dy dp h quang cn c t trng
ph ca cc chi tit mch vng dn in. iu cn phi tnh n. Xc nh cng
t trng ph ny bng cc phng php s dng tnh ton lc in ng trong
mch vng dn in.
c) Tnh v xy dng quan h H = f(I
ng
).
4. Xc nh tc chuyn ng ca h quang.
a) Trong khe rng (
k
> d
hq
) nu cc tm ca bung khng nh hng n s
di chuyn ca h quang, khi H l A/cm ta dng cng thc:

3
2 3 , 0
2
) 4 , 0 1 (
.
. 2 , 41
H
H I
v
hq
hqr
+
= ,cm/s (3-23)
Trong khe hp (
k
< d
hq
) dng cng thc:

k
hq
k hqr
I H
v
o
o
. . 10
) 6 ( + = , cm/s (3-24)
Trong :

k
, mm; H, A/cm; I
hq
0,5I
ng
, A
106
5. Xc nh ng knh h quang theo (3-3 ; 3-4) kim tra li vic s
dng cng thc tng ng vi gi tr ca khe c ng hay khng.
6. Xc nh chiu di ti hn ca h quang l
hqth
khi iu kin dp h quang
mt chiu tho mn. Ngha l c tuyn tnh Von-Ampe ca h quang nm cao
hn c tnh ti hay tip tuyn vi n. Khi cn phi ly chiu di h quang bng
mt gi tr no l
x
v xy dng c tuyn vn-ampe U
hq
= f(I
hq
) i vi chiu di
ny (3.4.1). Xy dng c tnh ny vi mt vi gi tr ca dng in ngt, t nht l
i vi mt vi gi tr c trng ca dng in ngt tnh ton lp thnh bng. c
tuyn Vn-Ampe xc nh chiu di h quang c th tnh theo cc cng thc
di y:
a) Vi khe rng
k
> d
hq
:

(
(

+ + =
3
2
3 / 2
37 , 0 312 , 0
92
hq
hq
k
hq
hq
hq hq
I
v I
I
l U
o
(V) (3-25)
b) Vi khe hp
k
< d
hq
:

(
(

+ + =

3
2
2
4
3 / 2
.
10 . 7 312 , 0
92
k
hq hq
k
hq
hq
hq hq
I v I
I
l U
o o
(V) (3-26)
Trong :

k
cm; v
hq
- cm/s; l
hq
- cm
Vi mch in cm nh c hng s thi gian:
T
t
= 0 0,01s
I
hq
= 0,5I
ng
, A
Cc cng thc ch ng vi dng in t 10 n 2360A.
7. Xc nh thi gian dp h quang vi mt vi gi tr c trng ca dng
in ngt v xy dng quan h thi gian vi dng in ngt. Thi gian ko h
quang n chiu di ti hn c th xc nh gn ng theo (3-5). Thi gian y
dp h quang ln hn thi gian ko di h quang n lc tt. S chy ca tia la
tip tc thm mt vi phn trm giy. Thi gian dp h quang dng in ti hn
cn phi nh hn 0,1s.
8. Xc nh gi tr cc i ca in p U
m
c trng cho qu in p. Gi tr
ny (c tnh d tr) cn phi nh hn in p th nghim. Nu n ln hn in p
107
th nghim th cn phi tnh li tng thi gian dp h quang ln mt t nhng
khng ln hn gi tr ti hn.
9. Xc nh cc kch thc ch yu ca bung dp h quang theo l
th
v I
th
.
Kch thc xc nh, ln ca bung cng nh ca ton b kh c l
khong cch t tip im ng ngt n phn xa nht ca h quang. Kch thc ny
c th gn ng c xc nh bng nh ca h quang h
hq
theo (3-6).
10. bung kn v tn s ngt ln cn phi tnh nhit pht nng ca
bung. bung dp khng b ph hu, nhit pht nng ca bung phi nh hn
nhit pht nng cho php.
Nhit pht nng ca bung xc nh theo biu thc:
1
0
. . 3600
.
S K
W Z
t
hq
+ =u u
Trong :

o
- nhit mi trng,
o
C
Z - s ln ng ngt trong mt gi
K
t
- h s to nhit ca thnh bung
K
t
=
-4
15.10 J/cm
2 0
C
S
1
- din tch b mt lm lnh ca bung, cm
2
W
hq
- nng lng h quang to ra

2
0 0 0
. .
2
1
. .
6
1
I L t I U W
hq hq
+ =

3.4.6. CC BIN PHP KT HP DP H QUANG V TIA LA
CA N
Tia la h quang v dp tt n:
Tia la bao quanh h quang l kh b ion ho pht sng v c nhit cao.
Sau khi ngt dng in trong mch v h quang b dp tt, tia la h quang cn tip
tc tn ti v pht sng trong sut thi gian khong phn mi, phn trm giy. S
to thnh hi kim loi ca tip im ng ngt to iu kin duy tr tia la. bn
cch in ca tia la gim do khong vi chc vn c th dn n s chc
108
thng khong trng m iu kin bnh thng vi mi nghn vn cng khng b
chc thng.
Tia la c nhit cao nn d gy ra chy c bit l cc cht kh v hi d
chy.
Trong bung c khe dc rng khi ngt dng in ln, h quang v tia la ca
n ra khi gii hn ca bung vi khong cch ln. iu dn n tng kch
thc ca ton thit b.
Bung c khe dc hp hn ch ng k kch thc h quang v tia la ca
n. Nhng khng dp c tia la ngay c vi bung c khe dch dc.
Khi dp tia la bng cch dng dn dp. Dn dp thng lm bng cc
tm thp cch in vi nhau v c gn cht vo phn trn vi bung c khe hp
(hnh 3-2i).
Cc tm kim loi c tnh chu nhit v dn nhit cao, b mt ca chng
tip xc vi h quang ln, chiu di ln nn tia la dc theo cc tm s b phn
ion ho mnh. Chiu di ca cc tm dn dp tia la h quang ph thuc vo gi tr
dng in ngt, thng vo khong (520) mm, b dy v khong cch gia cc
tm nh hn so vi dn dp h quang xoay chiu (3.5.3).
Cc bin php kt hp dp h quang mt chiu:
Thng ngi ta kt hp cc bin php dp h quang vi nhau nng cao
kh nng ngt cho thit b dp h quang.
1.Ko di c kh chiu di h quang, cun thi t, b tr cc chi tit mch
vng dn in to ra lc in ng y h quang vo khe rng (hnh 3-2h).
2.Cng ging nh cc bin php mc 1 nhng trong khe h hp (hnh 3-
2h).
3.Cng nh cc bin php trn nhng c s dng dn dp tia la (hnh 3-
2i).
3.5- TNH TON GN NG H THNG DP H QUANG IN
XOAY CHIU N 1000 V
3.5.1. Mt s vn chung.
1. S khc nhau c bn ca vic dp h quang in xoay chiu v mt chiu:
Trong h quang xoay chiu dng in qua tr s khng hai ln trong mt chu
k, khi vng katt bn cch in c phc hi. Thc nghim nhn c
109
khi h quang chy t do vi dng in (101000)A th bn in Katt l (30
70)V; Khi dp h quang bng dn dp l (50-70)V.
Ngi ta li dng hin tng ny thit k thit b dp h quang sao cho h
quang b dp tt ngay khi dng in qua tr s khng u tin. Tuy nhin thng
thy h quang khng b dp tt ngay khi dng in qua tr s khng u tin. Tuy
nhin thng thy h quang khng b dp tt ngay ti thi im .
Khi dng in h quang qua tr s khng khu vc h quang ng thi xy
ra hai qu trnh lin h mt thit vi nhau: mt qu trnh gip ta dp h quang l
qu trnh phn ion ho c tng cng; mt qu trnh to iu kin cho h quang
chy li l qu trnh phc hi in p. c trng cho qu trnh th nht l tc
tng cng cch in v c trng cho qu trnh th hai l tc phc hi in
p. H quang xoay chiu c dp tt hon ton khi tho mn iu kin: qu trnh
th nht ngha l tc tng cng cch in phi thng qu trnh th hai- l
tc phc hi in p (hnh 3-13).
Gi tr bin ca in p phc hi tip im ng ngt mt cc bng gi
tr bin ca in p ngt ca tip im v bng:
sin . .
3
. 2 . 1 , 1
sd
dm
nguonm ngatm
k
U
U U = = (3-26)

Trong :
U
m
: gi tr hiu dng ca in p nh mc
: gc lch pha gia dng in ca mch v in p ngun
k
sd
: h s s c xc nh t s ca mch ngt v ca kh c ng
ngt (ph thuc vo s lng cc ca kh c). C th nh sau:
+ Ngt mch ba pha bng kh c ba cc k
sd
= 1,5
+ Cng nh vy khi ni t trung tnh ngun v kh c k
sd
= 1,0
+ Ngt mch mt pha bng kh c hai cc k
sd
= 0,865
+ Cng nh vy bng kh c mt cc k
sd
= 1,73
Tu thuc vo tnh cht ca mch m qu trnh qu ca in p phc hi
c th l qu trnh dao ng (hnh 3-14b). qu trnh khng dao ng in p phc
hi U
ph
khng ln hn gi tr bin in p ngt ca ngun cung cp (U
ph.m
<
110
U
ng.m
). qu trnh dao ng in p phc hi thc t khng vt qu 2U
ng.m
(U
ph.m

< 2U
ng.m
)
Do vic dp h quang qu trnh dao ng nng n hn. V vy trong
thit k ngi ta tm mi bin php a h quang xy ra qu trnh dao ng v
qu trnh khng dao ng.
Tc trung bnh ca in p phc hi qu trnh dao ng bng:

bd
= 2k . .
ph
o ng
dU
f U
dt
(3-27)
Hinh 3_14: iu kin dp h quang
a) qu trnh dao ng ca in p phc hi
b) qu trnh khng dao ng ca in p phc hi.

Gi tr cc i lng trong biu thc ny c xc nh nh sau:
a)H s bin (theo kinh nghim) i vi h quang chy t do:

0
. 0003 , 0
1
f
ng
phm
b
e
U
U
K

+ = = (3-28)
b)Tn s ring ca mch c xc nh nh sau :

LC
f
t 2
1
0
= Hz (3-29)
Trong :
L - in cm mch ngt (H)
C - in dung mch ngt (F)

111
Trong cc trng hp khc nhau gi tr tn s ring s khc nhau.
i vi h thng khi ngt ng c (n 50 kW), gi tr f
0
ph thuc vo
cng sut nh mc ca ng c in P
m
(kW) v in p nh mc ca h thng
U
m
(V) ;
Hz P B A
U
f
m
m
, ) . (
380
4 / 3
0
+ = (3-30)

Vi h thng cp: A = 8000, B = 2100;
Vi h thng khng kh: A = 15000, B = 3000;
i vi cun dy in t xoay chiu (bng dy qun thng ) gi tr f
0

c th c xc nh gn dng theo cng thc kinh nghim sau :
Hz
S W
f ,
. 100 1 10 . 5 , 6
6
0
o +
= (3-31)
Trong : W- s vng cun dy, vng
l - chiu di trung bnh ng sc t, cm
S - tit din ngang mch t, cm
2
o - khe h khng kh trong mch t, cm

2. m tip im :
Gi tr m tip im khi dp h quang xoay chiu 1000V thng khng
c vai tr quan trng nh mt chiu. Bi v trong phn ln cc trng hp dp h
quang xoay chiu khng nguy him v dng in ti hn c trong cc mch ph ti
cm kh in p cao hn 500 V.
Nu chn m tip im ln s lm tng nng lng to ra t h quang v
chiu di h quang ln . Mt khc tng m tip im lm phc tp ho kt cu
ca kh c.V vy mt cch hp l nn chn m khng ln.
Thc t gi tr m t 0,3 n 1-2 mm 50Hz c th dp h quang mt
cch d dng, c bit dng in nh dp h quang ch yu l do bn phc hi
in ban u ca khong trng h quang cao .
Tuy nhin khng nn chn m tip im nh qu v trnh s ng lp li
ca tip im. Hn na, v khi ngt dng in gia cc tip im c th to ra cu
ni bng kim loi b nng chy .
112
Khi la chn m tip im c th s dng nhng s liu thc nghim
mt ch ngt ca mch dng in khi khng c cun thi t v h quang chy t do
nh sau :
1)Vi ph ti thun tr, in p n 500V, tn s 50Hz, h quang b dp tt
thi im dng in qu tr s khng u tin khi m nh n 0,5mm.
2)Vi ph ti cm, in p 220V cng chn m nh n 0,5mm .
3)Cng nh vy khi in p 380-660V, dng in nh, n dng ti hn
4)Vi ph ti cm, in p 380-660V, dng in ln hn gi tr nu
mc 3 cn m ln ng k.
V d vi cng tc t in t 500V , m khng c nh hn 8mm.
5)Theo s nghin cu ca tc gi S-Ma-Gi i vi cng tc t 380V, 50Hz,
dng in nh mc t 100 n 600A m cn thit vo khong 6-11mm.
6)Khi ngt dng in ln trong bung dp h quang, cht kh b ion ho ra
khi vng gia cc tip im rt chm, nn c th tng m trnh h quang
chy lp li in p 380V v c bit 660V.
7)C th s dng mt vi s liu v m tip im v kh nng ng ngt
ca n c nu trong 3.4.3 .
3. S liu k thut cho trc :
tnh ton cc tham s h thng dp h quang xoay chiu cn phi cho
trc s liu sau :

ng
U - in p cc i ca ngun cung cp, V (gi tr hiu dng)

0
- gc lch pha ban u ca dng in v in p
f - tn s ngun cung cp ,Hz.
f
0
- tn s ring ca mch ngt ,Hz
H s s k
sd
(xem 3-26)
Z - s ln ngt ca kh c trong mt gi.
L - in cm mch ngt ,xc nh theo cng thc:

0
2 0
cos 1 .
. .
sin .

e e

= =
ng
dm
ng
dm
I
U
I
U
L (3-32)
Trong : = e 2.t.f ;1/s

113
.3.5.2 DP H QUANG XOAY CHIU CHY T DO C 2 CH
NGT:
Lnh vc s dng :
Phng php dp h quang hai ch ngt ca mch xoay chiu thng c
s dng i vi mch ngt 220-380 V, 50-500 Hz, dp h quang ngi ta s
dng chi tit mc st (hnh 3-3c) v tm m (hnh 3-3d) cng nh gi tip im
hnh ch U (hnh 3-3a).
Yu t chnh p h quang xoay chiu chy t do l bn phc hi in
ban u U
ph
ca vng gn katt v s ch ngt n ca mch dng in.
c hai ch ngt ca mch dng in ngi ta dng tip im cu l n
gin hn c, khi n = 2 .
bn phc hi in :
bn phc hi in ca khong trng gia cc tip im khi dp h quang
xoay chiu chy t do c nhiu ch ngt c xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim
sau :
U
ph
= U
ph
0
+ k
t
. t ; V
Trong :
U
ph
0
- bn phc hi ban u thi im dng in xoay chiu qua tr s
khng xc nh t ng cong thc nghim U
ph
= f(t);

t
k - tc tng bn phc hi; V/s.
Trn hnh 3-15 biu din quan h :
U
0
ph
= f(I
ng
);
V k
t
= f(I
ng
) i vi tip im lm bng ng. i vi tip im lm bng
vt liu khc bn phc hi ban u s ln hn hay nh hn gi tr ca tip im
bng ng, ch yu n ph thuc vo tnh dn nhit ca kim loi. V d bc c gi
tr ln, st c gi tr nh .
Tc bn phc hi cn ph thuc vo tn s (hinh 3-16)
114

Hnh 3-15:s ph thuc bn phc
hi ban u v tc tng bn vo
dng in ngt (h quang chy t do,
tip dim ng).
Hnh 3-16 : Tc tng bn phc
hi (V/us) vo dng in ngt tn s
cung cp khc nhau (tip im ng).

H s
t
| tnh n nh hng ca vt liu tip im ln tng U
ph
0

Gi tr
t
| trong bng 3-2 .
Tn s
ngun
Hz
ng Bch
kim
Bc COK15 CB-50 CH40 CT3 Trng
thi tip
im
50 1,0
1,0
0,8
1,0
2,0
3,5
2,0
6,0
1,6
1,6
2,0
3,2
0,7
0,7
B chy
2500 1,0 1,3 1,1 1,5 1,4 1,2 1,5 - -

Chiu d h quang mt ch ngt l
0
hq
c tnh theo (3-1) hay (3-2) vi tc
tip im cho trc V
td
v xc nh theo (3-16) (3-18) vi tc chuyn ng
ca h quang (im A hnh 3-3) .Khi dng in n 80A chiu di h quang mt
ch ngt cn phi ly bng m cui cng ca tip im o tdc
Nu m nh hn 1cm th l cn phi ly bng 1cm, v s lm lnh h
quang xy ra gn kim loi tip im, m bo s tng bn khong trng h
quang nh khi chiu h quang bng 1cm.
Nu thay biu thc (3-17) v (3-18) vo biu thc (3-1) ta c
0 50 100 500 900 1300 1700
V
400
300
200
100
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 40 60 80 A
I ng ,A
Kt Uph
0
4
3
2
1
V/ s
Ing ,A
Uph
0
Kt
50Hz
400Hz
25000Hz
115
+i vi dng in 80-200A :


td
ng
td hq
t I
l
o
o
2 2
2 0
. 5 , 40
+ =

; cm (3-34)

+i vi dng in ln hn 200A :

2 3 / 2 2 0
12300 t I l
ng td hq
+ = o ; cm (3-35)


Trong cc cng thc ny :

td
o = v
td
.t (3-36)
L m tip im bng tch s tc tip im v thi gian m trong sut
thi gian m t c gi tr cui
c
o ; thi gian t chn s b theo gi tr dng
in ngt v cc yu t khc .Thng c th chn mt na chu k dng in hay
mt vi na chu k nhng khng c ln hn 0,1s .
in tr h quang :
Ga tr trung bnh R
0
hq
ca in tr h quang trn mt cm chiu di h quang c
th biu din theo cng thc kinh nghim :

cm
I
R
m
hq
/ ,
14200
015 , 0
2
0
O + = (3-37)
in tr ton b ca h quang 1 cc (pha) ca kh c :
hq hq
hq
l n R R
0 0
. . ~ , O (3-38)
n - s ch ngt ca mch trn 1 cc.

0
hq
l - chiu di h quang trn 1 ch ngt.
Nhim v tnh ton :
dp h quang xoay chiu chy t do khi dng in qua tr s khng u
tin cn phi xc nh s ch ngt y ca mch mi cc (ph lc) ca kh c.
S liu k thut cho trc :
116
Ngoi s liu cho trong bi 3.5.1 cn thm cc s liu sau: vt liu v
chiu rng tip im, c xc nh khi thit k h thng tip im; tc ca tip
im cho trong bi 3.4.2.
Trnh t tnh ton :
1.Xc nh m tip im (bi 3.4.3; 3.5.1)
2.Xc nh s ch ngt c tnh khng dao ng ca in p phc hi theo
cng thc kinh nghim :

ng hq hq dm ph
dm dm
dm dm
k
I R l k U
A
U k
A U k
n
. . . . 34 , 0
)
.
ln 1 ( .
0 0 0
+
+
> (3-39)
Trong :
-
0
ph
U bn phc hi ban u thi im dng in qua tr s 0, xc nh
theo hnh 3-15.
-
0
hq
R xc nh theo cng thc (3-37)
-
0
hq
l xc nh theo (3-34) v (3-35)
Cc h s cn li c gi tr nh sau :
a) H s nh mc :

0
cos 1 . 9 , 0 =
sd dm
k k (3-40)
Trong :
-
0
- gc lch pha ban u ca dng in v in p (khi tip im ng)
- k
sd
(xem bi 3.5.1)
b)
0
. .
M
L k
A
t t
|
= (3-41)
Trong :
-k
t
xc nh theo hnh 3-15
-
t
| xc nh theo bng 3-2
-L xc nh theo bng 3-32
c) M
0
- tc cc i ca in p phc hi qu trnh khng dao ng
i vi dng in t 100 - 3600A xc nh M
0
theo cng thc kinh nghim:
117

2
5
0
5 , 2
10 . 8 , 0
ng
I
M + =

H/cm. s (3-42)
3. Kim tra qu trnh khng dao ng theo biu thc :

L
n M
f
k
.
10 . .
6
0
0
t
> (3-43)
Trong f
0
xc nh theo (3-29);(3-30);(3-31)
Khi iu kin ny tho mn th s ch ngt ca h thng tip im ca kh
c bng n
k
. Nu tnh ra l phn s th phi ly trn.
4.Nu iu kin (3-43) khng tho mn th tnh ton s ch ngt theo c
tnh dao ng ca in p phc hi bng cng thc kinh nghim :

0 0
6
0
0
0 0
cos 1 . . .
10 . . . . 2
. . . 62 , 0
8 , 1

+
+
>
sd b
t t
ph
hq hq
ng
dm
dd
k k f
k f U
R l I
U
n (3-44)
Trong k
b
xc nh theo cng thc (3-28)

.3.5.3. DP H QUANG XOAY CHIU TRONG BUNG KIU
DN DP:
Lnh vc s dng :
Khi dng in nh mc ln hn 100A , 1000V vic dp h quang hai ch
ngt ca mch dng in khng m bo tin cy ngay c khi s ln ngt trong 1
gi nh. Khi ngi ta dp h quang xoay chiu trong bung c dn dp lm t
nhng l thp (hnh 3-3 e).
Bung kiu dn dp cho ta kh nng rt ngn ng k chiu di h quang v
dp n trong th tch nh do pht sng t v m thanh b hn ch. Do n c
s dng rng ri trong cng tc t lm vic ch nh (n 600 ln/1gi) v
aptomat, cu dao c tn s thao tc khng ln.
Khi ngt mch h quang xut hin gia cc tip im s b ko vo dn dp
do lc in ng v lc kh ng . Yu t chnh dp h quang xoay chiu trong
dn dp l bn phc hi U
ph
0
vng gn katt ca mi khong trng h quang
gia cc tm v s khong trng ny n.
bn phc hi :
118
S ph thuc bn phc hi U
ph
ca mi khong trng h quang trong
gin dp vo thi gian t c th biu din theo cng thc kinh nghim :
U
ph
= U
ph
0
+k
t
.t (3-45)
Trong :
-U
ph
0
theo (3-33)
-k
t
tc tng bn v/s .
Khi xc nh cc tham s ca dn dp lm bng cc tm thp ,s dng cc
quan h U
ph
0
=f(n) v k
t
= f(n) trn hnh: 3-17. Cc quan h ny phi tuyn l do tc
chuyn dch ca h quang gia cc tm dn dp ring bit l khc nhau. Khi
lc in ng y h quang chuyn ng ln pha trn b hn ch .
Gi tr U
ph
0
v k
t
c th biu din bng cc cng thc kinh nghim :


V
Uph Kt
V/s
200
100
0 1 2
3 4 5 6
7
8
9
1
2

Hnh 3-17
S ph thuc bn in ban u v tc tng bn vo s qung ngt ca
mch dng in .

+ =
=
) 72 , 0 72 (
6 , 0
0
0 0
t
t
t ph
U
n U U
o
(3-46)
6 , 0
0
= n k k
t t
(3-47)
119
Trong :

) 273 40 ( 2
10 . )] 7 , 5 ( 820 [
6 2
0
+
A +
=
T I
t I
k
ng
ng t
t
o

Trong :
- t A ,
t
o : B dy tm v khong cch gia cc tm, mm
- T: nhit ca tm dn dp xc nh theo kinh nghim
K Z I T
ng
0
, . . 018 , 0 293+ = (3-48)
- Z: tn s ng ct trong 1 gi.
S liu k thut cho trc.
Ngoi s liu cho trong .3.5.1 cn c thm nhng s liu sau:
1. Vt liu cc tm (thng c lm bng thp t carbon; cc tm c bng
khun m mt lp ng bo v chng r).
2. B dy tm, thng:
t
= (1- 5) mm.
3. Khong cch gia cc tm
t
ln hn 2 mm.

Trnh t tnh ton:
1. Xc nh s lng cc tm c tnh khng dao ng ca in p phc
hi theo cng thc kinh nghim:

2
2
. 35 , 0
)
.
ln 1 ( .
6 , 0
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ >
dm
o
ph
o
ph
q
dm dm
dm dm
tk
k U U
k
U k
k U k
n (3.49)
Cc h s c gi tr nh sau:
- k
m
theo (3.40)
-
1300
. .
3 / 2
2
o
t ng
k I L
k = (3.50)
- k
t
0
theo (3.47)
- L theo (3.32)
- U
ph
0
theo (3.45)
120
- U
hq
0
in p h quang ca mt khong trng:
U
hq
0
= (110 + 0,003 I
ng
).(0,7 + 0,04o
t
) (3.51)
in p h quang nh nht ca ton b cc khong trng:
6 , 0 n . U U
o
hq hq
= (3-52)
Thng thng, vi I
ng
= (100 2400)A, A
t
= (1 5)mm, o
t
= (2 12)mm, th nhit
ca h thng dp khong (20 200)
0
C.

2. Kim tra iu kin xy ra qu trnh khng dao ng ca cng thc:

3 / 2
.
6 , 0 415
ng
tk
o
I L
n
f

> (3-53)

y f
0
xc nh theo 3.29 v 3.31.
Nu iu kin ny c tho mn th s tm c ly bng n
tk
cng thm
mt vi tm d tr.

3. Nu iu kin 3.53 khng tho mn th s tm dn dp c tnh vi c
tnh dao ng ca in p phc hi theo cng thc kinh nghim:

2
1 dm dm
td o o o
t o 1 ph dm hq
k .k .U
n 0, 6
k 2f U 0, 35k k .U
| |
|
|
\ .
> +
+ +
(3-54)

Trong :
- H s k
1
c xc nh theo: k
1
= 2f
0
k
b

- H s k
b
c xc nh theo 3.28
- H s f
0
theo 3.29 v 3.31
- H s k
m
theo 3.40
- H s k
t
0
theo 3.47
4. Thc t thi gian dp h quang trong dn dp c th ln hn mt na chu
k do cc phn h quang i vo dn dp khng ng thi, nhng phi nh hn hai
na chu k. V vy ngi ta thng tng s lng khong trng gia cc tip im
ln mt t so vi tnh ton l hp l.
121
5. Xc nh chiu di nh nht ca cc tm: chiu di ca tm phi xc nh
sao cho sau thi gian dp h quang, h quang khng i ra khi gii hn ca bung.
Chiu di nh nht ca tm c xc nh theo (3.55)
6. Xc nh cc kch thc ch yu ca bung dp.
Cc cng thc tnh ton nu trn ch ng vi iu kin h quang i vo
dn dp mt cch d dng. Mun h quang vo dn dp d v rt ngn thi gian
y h quang lm gim s chy xm ca cc tm, th ta cn phi:
a) Cc tm phi lm bng thp to lc in ng ko h quang vo gia
cc tm.
b) Ch m ca cc tm lm hnh ch V. Cn t cc tm sao cho khi h
quang i vo dn dp b phn ra lm nhiu h quang ngn.
c) Khong cch gia cc tm
t
ly ln hn 2 mm.
d) Cc tm cui ni vi tip im ng ngt.
ngn nga h quang ri trn cc tm v gi li ngi ta lm cc l
dc v lm cng phng p lc kh trong dn dp ngi ta lm cc l hng trong
cc tm.

.3.5.4- DP H QUANG XOAY CHIU TRONG BUNG C KHE
DC,T TRNG THNG.
Lnh vc s dng:
Dp h quang xoay chiu trong bung c khe dc t trng ngang c s
dng khi dng in nh mc ln (t trm A) lm vic ch nng (ln hn 600
ln ng trong 1 gi), thng dng contactor v aptomat.
c im dp h quang xoay chiu trong bung c t trng ngang:
Dp h quang c th xy ra trong 2 trng hp ph thuc vo thi im ngt
tip im:
a) H quang b dp tt ngay khi dng in xoay chiu qua tr s khng (
nghin cu trn).
b) H quang b dp tt trong khong gia 2 ln qua khng lin tip ca dng
in; thi im xu nht l im gia ca na chu k hnh sin.
Trong trng hp 2 qu trnh dp h quang xoay chiu xy ra cng nh 1
chiu, tuy nhin cn phi ch n nhng c im sau:
122
- Tnh theo gi tr bin ca dng in v in p h quang.
- Trong h thng in t dp h quang xut hin hao tn nng lng trong
thp do dng in xoy v t tr.
- Loi tn hao ny lm tng nhit tip im v cc chi tit khc.
- Cn phi tnh lc in ng trung bnh tc dng ln h quang nh hn 1
chiu khong 2 ln, vi iu kin gi tr hiu dng dng xoay chiu bng dng 1
chiu (khng tnh n hao tn trong h thng in t).
Thi gian dp h quang:
Thi gian y dp h quang gm ba thnh phn: t

= t
b
+ t
c
+ t

- t
b
: thi gian t lc bt u ngt tip im cho n khi h quang xut hin
khong trng gia cc tip im, ngha l khi gia cc tip im t cu kim loi
nng chy v to ra khong trng gia chng, h quang i t do vo bung.
V d khi ng t khong (0,01 - 0,02)s.
- t
c
: thi gian h quang chy ph thuc tham s mch ngt v bung dp h
quang.
- t

: thi gian dp h quang, thng vo khong vi phn nghn giy.

Nhim v tnh ton :
Cn xc nh 2 tham s sau khi dp h quang xoay chiu trong bung c khe
dc t trng ngang i vi mt vi gi tr dng in ngt, t nht l i vi cc gi
tr c trng (dng in xung kch, nh mc v dng ti hn, .3.1.2)
- Thi gian dp h quang, c th nh bng 2, 3 na chu k nhng c th ln
(khng ln hn 0,1 s).
- Chiu di h quang. Theo chiu di h quang gi tr dng in ti hn
xc nh kch thc ca bung.
S liu k thut cho trc:
Ngoi nhng s liu cho trong .3.3.1 cn c thm nhng s liu sau:
- Vt liu v chiu rng tip im (c xc nh khi thit k h thng tip
im).
- Tc ngt tip im v
ng
chn s b ging nh mt chiu .3.4.2.
Trnh t tnh ton:
123
1. La chn hnh dng bung dp h quang (s ch ngt ca mch dng
in), chiu rng khe h khng kh, chiu di s b sng dp h quang.
2. Xc nh cc gi tr:
a) in cm L theo 3.32
b) Tn s ring f
0
ca mch ngt theo 3.29 v 3.31
3 .Xc nh s b gi tr dng in xung kch:
Da vo biu thc 3.34 v 3.35 c th xc nh gi tr dng in ngt khi
chiu di h quang l
hq
0
( mt ch ngt) bng khong cch gia cc tip im khi
ngt sau thi gian t
0
.
Gi tr dng in xung kch ly ln hn gi tr dng in ngt tnh ton.
4. La theo kt cu c sn, la chn hnh dng kt cu chnh ca h thng t
dp h quang v xc nh cc kch thc ca chng.
Khc vi h thng t mt chiu, mch t xoay chiu lm bng cc tm thp
k thut in gim tn hao do dng in xoy v t tr.
Tnh ton mch t ca h thng t dp h quang l xc nh cng t
trng cn thit trong khu vc n tip im l trong khu vc dp h quang. Tnh
ton ny cng tin hnh bng mt trong nhng phng php tnh ton thng thng
ca mch xoay chiu. Cn ch khi cun dy dng in ni tip tnh theo cng
t trng khng i.
Gi tr cng t trng H hay t s M/I c xc nh nh trong 3.4.5
nhng cn ch nhng c im dp h quang xoay chiu nu trn. Tnh ton
tin hnh bng phng php lin tip gn ng.
Ngoi cng t trng c to ra do cun dy dp h quang cn c
cng t trng ca cc chi tit mch vng dn in (xem mc 5 di).
5.Xc nh tc chuyn ng trung bnh ca h quang trong khe ca
bung theo cng thc kinh nghim:
) 08 , 0 ( 5
k
hq
hq hq
I
H I v
o
~ (cm/s) (3.56)
Gi tr dng in h quang I
hq
ly gn ng bng gi tr hiu dng ca dng
in ngt. H l tng cng t trng trung bnh to ra bi dng in trong cun
dy thi t v trong mch vng dn in ca kh c I
ng
.
124
6.Xc nh ng knh h quang theo 3.3 hay 3.4 kim tra vic s dng
cng thc khe hp hay khe rng ng khng?
7. Xc nh c tnh qu trnh phc hi in p:

o dm ng
ph
o
U LI L
dt
dU
f
t
e
t t sin . .
. 18000 18000
= = > (3.57)
Nu f
0
ln hn th qu trnh l qu trnh khng dao ng. Thng dp h
quang xoay chiu trong bung khe dc t trng ngang l qu trnh khng dao
ng.
8.Tnh thi gian h quang chy theo qu trnh khng dao ng ca in p
phc hi:

+ +
=
o o
o
dm dm
ph
dm dm
hq hq
dm
c
A
U K
A U
U k
v E
U
t cos sin
)]
.
ln 1 ( [
.
3
2
0
0
2

(3.58)
Trong :
t
c
tnh bng s.
U
m
tnh bng V.
E
hq
(tnh theo 3.2 hay 3.24) V/cm.
v
hq
theo 3.56 cm/s.
U
ph
0
theo hnh 3.18 V.

o sd dm
k k sin . .
3
2
= (3-59)

e

o dm t
ph
t
o
U k
dt
dU
L k
A
sin . . . 6 , 55 10 . .
6
= = (3-60)
f t e 2 =
k
t
: xc nh theo hnh 3.18
125

V
300
200
100
0
100
1000 Ing,A
o =12mm
o =8mm
o =4.5mm
1
2
3
V/s
Uph
0
Kt


Hnh 3.18: S ph thuc U
ph
0
v k
t
vo dng in ngt i vi gi tr k khc nhau.

Nu tnh ton t
0
ra mt s khng tht th iu c ngha l t
0
nh hn 1 na
chu k (t
0
< 0,01 s khi f = 50 Hz).
9. Xc nh gi tr gn ng thi gian dp h quang
t

= t
0
+ t
c
+ t
d
gn ng thng ly: t
0
= 0,01 0,02 s
10. Chiu di h quang c th tnh theo (3-1) khi
o
t
2
<< 9h
2
th: l
hq
= 3v
hq
.t
c
(3-61)

ch xa nht ca h quang xc nh s b: h
hq
= l
hq
/t (3-62)
11. Xc nh cc tham s ch yu ca bung dp h quang (tham
kho mt chiu 3.4.5).
12. bung kn v tn s ngt ln cn tnh nhit pht nng ca bung.
13. Kim nghim iu kin dp tt h quang in:
- in p bn in: t k U t f t U
t b b
. ) ( ) (
0
+ = = ; vi U
ph
(t) = U
b
(t)
- in p phc hi: ) 1 ( ) (
max .
L
R
ngun ph
hq
e U t f U

= = ; vi
2
.m ph
nguon
U
U = ,

0 .
sin . .
3
. 2 . 1 , 1

sd
m
m ph
k
U
U =
- Lp bng quan h U
b
= f(t) v U
ph.max
= f(t).
- V th v nhn xt, kt lun.

126
CHNG 4
C CU TRONG KH C IN

4.1 CC C IM CA C CU KH C IN. CC S LIU
BAN U. NHIM V V TRNH T THIT K.
I - C IM CA CC C CU KH C IN.
Khc vi c cu ca cc my in quay, cc c cu ca kh c in c
chuyn ng trong mt gii hn c hn ch bi cc c chn (cht nh v).
Khi nghin cu chuyn ng ca cc c cu kh c in, cn phi kho st
hai qu trnh khc bit nhau l qu trnh ng v qu trnh ngt ca chng.
Trong qu trnh ng ca kh c in, lc chuyn ng phi thng c cc
lc cn tr chuyn ng, trong s c c nhng lc cn c ch (v d: lc p tip
im thng ng).
Trong qu trnh ngt ca kh c in, cc lc cn (phn lc) ca qu trnh
ng lc ny tr thnh phn lc chuyn ng. V d: phn lc l xo nh, l xo tip
im thng m v trng lng phn ng. Cn cc lc ma st cc khp ng, lc
cn ca mi trng v lc qun tnh u l lc cn trong c hai qu trnh ng v
ngt.
II CC YU CU C BN I VI C CU CA KH C IN.
1. C cu phi bo m tr s cn thit ca cc thng s ng hc ca c cu
chp hnh nh : hnh trnh, gc quay v thng thng trong kh c in ng ngt
l m v ln ca tip im.
2. Lc chuyn ng ca c cu cn bo m vic ng v ngt ca c cu
chp hnh (l h thng tip im trong kh c in ng ngt) khi kh c in lm
vic ch nh mc v c ch nng nht (khi c ngn mch).
3. Tc c cu chp hnh cn phi m bo vic thc hin c chc
nng ca n. Ngha l, khi ng mch, tc chuyn ng ca tip im ng phi
ln gim nh thi gian chy ca h quang. Nhng tc ny cng khng
c qu ln trnh s va p v rung ng dn n hng h thng tip im. Khi
ngt mch, tc chuyn ng ca tip im ng cng phi ln m bo
dp h quang sau mt thi gian yu cu.
127
4. C cu cn m bo thi gian tc ng ca cc kh c in cc mc cn
thit. V d : phn ln kh c in iu khin t ng, thi gian ng (thi gian
tc ng) v thi gian ngt (thi gian nh) cn phi nh n mc c th c.
Nhng mt vi loi kh c in khc nh rle thi gian th ngc li, cc thi gian
ny khng cn nh m cn iu chnh c trong mt di rng mt cch chnh xc
v n nh. Cn kh c ng ngt, c cu phi m bo sau mt thi gian cn thit
h quang phi c dp tt.
5. Trong nhiu trng hp, c cu cn c phn t chng va p (gi l b
hon xung) tiu th ng nng ca phn ng khi phn ng chuyn ng ht
hnh trnh ca n. Cc b hon xung ny c tc dng hn ch lc va p, lc rung
ng xung kch. S va p lm tng s mi mn v lm hng cc chi tit ca kh c
in. i vi kh c in ng ngt, s rung ng do va p khng nhng lm tng
s mi mn tip im m cn dn n tip im b ng ngt lp li v b chy
xm, hn dnh do xut hin li h quang.
6. Cc khu, cc b phn ca c cu cn c cng v bn chu
c s tc ng ca c lc xung kch ln trong ch lm vic nng nht ca kh
c in.
7. C cu cn phi lm vic tin cy, chnh xc cn thit, kt cu v
cng ngh ch to n gin. Lp gip, sa cha, kim tra, vn hnh, bo dng d
dng thun tin. Gi thnh h.
III- CC S LIU BAN U.
Cc thng s c bn ca c cu thng c bit trc l: dng chuyn
ng, chuyn dch (hnh trnh) ln nht ca cc khu khi ng. Lc hay mmen
tc dng trn cc khu .
IV- TRNH T THIT K.
1. Chn dng c cu.
2. Lp s ng.
3. Tnh ton v xy dng cc c tnh ng hc.
4. Xc nh lc hoc mmen tc dng, xy dng v tng hp cc c tnh.
5. Tnh ton cc thng s v c tnh chuyn ng ca c cu di tc dng
ca cc lc.
128
6. Hiu chnh s ng v tin hnh tnh trn c s phn tch cc kt qu
nhn c.
7. Thit k c cu.
i vi cc kh c in c s n gin, khng nht thit phi thc hin
y cc bc trn, c th thc hin mt s bc cn thit no .
4.2- LP S NG.
Cng dng ca s ng l cho ta bit s b mt cch r rng v chnh
xc v s truyn v bin i chuyn ng ca cc khu ca c cu.
S ng c xy dng cho cc c cu c trng nht ca chu trnh
chuyn ng ca c cu. Vi kh c in thng c 2 v tr c trng c trng l v
tr ng v v tr ngt.
Trn s ng cn biu din tt c cc khu v cc khp ng ca c cu,
biu din r v tr tng quan v s lin h ca chng vi cc b phn ca kh c
in . Trn cng cn ch r cc s liu chnh c trng cho phn ng hc ca c
cu nh :
a) ln ca hnh trnh hoc gc quay ca c khu ch ng hoc b ng.
b) Chiu di cc tay n, t s truyn.
c) t v nh hng cc vecto lc hay mmen lc.
d) Cc s liu khc, v d:
- c cu nam chm in : khe h khng kh lm vic.
- h thng tip im ng ngt: m, ln, khong ln, khong trt
ca tip im ng.
S ng ca mt vi loi kh c In thng dng biu din hnh (4-1);
(4-2).

o
a,
Lxnh

b,
m
lx
o
=
m
+
l

lxtiepdiem
lxnha
lx
e
c,

129

lnh
ltd
llxtd
Flxtd
0
m+l
Flxnh
d,
o

lx
e
Flxtd 2Fnh+
2
Fextd
Ftd
Ftd
0
e,
o
o m+l
Ftd
Ftd
Flxtd
2
2Fnh
g,
Flxtd

Hnh 4-1: C cu in t- l xo ca r le v cng tc t.
a, b,c,- S kt cu.
d,e,g- S ng
m,l - m, ln ca tip im
F
lxt
- lc l xo tip im
F
lxnh
lc l xo nh.
F
t
- lc ht in t.
o - khe h khng kh lm vic ca nam chm in.

ltd
b
l
o
Fdt

ltd
Ftd
a
c
l
Fdt

btd
atd
ctd
ln


130
Hnh 4-2: S ng ca c cu in t- l xo ca r le cng sut nh
c l so tm phng lp cng sn rle c cc tip im.
a, thng m
b, thng ng
c, thng m v thng ng
a
t,
b
t
, c
t
- l xo tip im.
n
n,
l
n
- np ( phn ng) v li ca nam chm in
A - b dy tm m phi t tnh.
m, l - m v ln ca tip im
F
t
- lc in t
o - khe h khng kh lm vic

4.3 LC TC DNG V PHN LC TC DNG TRONG C
CU
1. Lc tc dng v phn lc tc dng( phn lc)
Ta c th phn lc v mmen thnh cc loi sau:
1. Lc hoc m men chuyn ng ca cc c cu truyn ng in t (nam
chm in, l xo, ng c in) cc lc ny t vo khu ch ng.
2. Lc cn c ch : trong kh c ng ngt loi lc ny l lc p l xo tip
im.
3. Lc cn c hi: l cc lc ma st trong cc khp ng ( bn l, nh h-
ng). Tuy nhin lc ma st c th tr thnh lc c ch v d trong khp ly hp
in t ma st, phanh hm in t.
4. Trng lc: tc dng ca trng lc c th c ch, cng c th c hi tu
thuc tng trng hp c th.
2. Qui i lc
Lc v m men qui i phi c tc dng tng ng vi lc v mmen khi
cha qui i. Tr s lc F

v mmen M

quy i c xc nh sao cho cng ca n

trn im t di chuyn kh d bng cng ca lc v m men tc dng (cha qui
i).
131
im qui i v khu qui i thng c chn ch tc dng ca lc
chuyn ng chnh. Cc lc qui i trong qu trnh nghin cu di y c k
hiu c du phy: F

Lc F
lxnh
tc ng khi ng ( hnh 4-1a) c cnh tay n l
lx
c th qui i v
im t ca cc lc in t F
t
c cnh tay n l
t
theo cng thc :

t
lx
lxnh lxnh
l
l
F F .
'
=

4.4- DNG C TUYN TNH CA LC TC DNG V LC
PHN TC DNG.
I- TRNH T XY DNG C TUYN.
Thng thng nn xy dng trn mt h trc to c hai c tuyn lc tc
dng l:
- c tuyn lc tc dng khi ng kh c in, v d lc ht in t F
t
.
- c tuyn lc phn tc dng khi ng F
c

thng gi l c tuyn phn lc

c ( hnh 4-3). Khi ngt kh c in, lc ny tr thnh lc chuyn ng.
thun tin trong kho st v tnh ton, ta dng c hai c tuyn gc
phn t th nht ca h trc to mc d cc lc ny ngc chiu nhau.


oth
H
F'c
Fdt
2F2
Fcd
K
o
m n
Fch
F

Hnh 4-3: c tuyn lc tc ca c cu in t- l xo ca kh c in c
tip im thng m.



132
II. DNG C TUYN PHN LC KHI NG KH C IN.
(c tuyn c) hnh 4-3.
Trc honh biu din ln ca hnh trnh hoc gc quay ca khu ch
ng hoc khu b ng. Mt khu no c chn l mt khu qui i .
Trc tung biu din ln ca lc hoc mmen qui i, i vi cc kh c
in c nam chm in kiu ht thng th khng cn qui i lc (hnh 41-b,c)
c tuyn phn lc tng s l tng i s ca cc c tuyn ca cc lc khc
nhau. Chng c dng theo trnh t sau:
1.Dng c tuyn trng lc qui i.
2.Dng c tuyn lc ma st qui i. c tuyn ny thng l ng thng
song song vi trc honh, i vi c cu nhiu khu th n gm hai hoc nhiu -
ng thng song song c tung khc nhau. ln ca lc ma st c xc nh
theo cc phng php trnh by trong cc gio trnh thit k chi tit my, nguyn
l my
3.Dng c tuyn l xo nh qui i.
L xo tm phng lp cng sn v l xo xon hnh tr c s dng rng ri
hn c trong tt c cc loi l xo dng lm c cu truyn ng trong kh c in.
c tuyn ca hai loai ny c trnh by hnh 4-4
ln ca lc l xo qui i v tr ngt, phi ly nh th no n sinh
ra lc p ca c cu ln cc c chn m bo trnh c hin tng va p v
rung ng ca c cu do chng b ny ra khi p vo c chn trong thi gian ngn.

0
Fd
F
Flv
X
f lv
f d
Flv
l
fA
A
FA
lA
a,

b,
X
f d
flv
Flv
Fd
0
Flv
Fd
F
llv
ld
ld

c,
ltd
Flv
Fd
llv
ld
F
Fd
Flv
0
f lv
fd
X


Hnh 4-4: c tuyn l xo
133
a.L xo tm phng lp cng sn( lp cht mt u)
b.L xo ngn hnh tr lm vic chu nn
c.L xo ngn hnh tr lm vic chu ko
x- hnh trnh ca c cu l xo, tnh t v tr ti l xo sinh lc ln nht.
f- vng ( khong ln, khong ko) ca l xo, ngc chiu vi hnh trnh.
F- lc l xo sinh ra bng lc lm bin dng l xo
l chiu di l xo
- ch s cc i lng ban u
lv- ch s trng thi lm vic ca l xo
td - ch s trng thi t do ca l xo
i vi cc loi kh c in khc nhau, tr s lc p ln cc c chn khc
nhau, v d:
- Trong rle thng tin lin lc v t ng cng sut nh, c dng nh mc
n 2 A, lm vic trong iu kin tnh ti. Trng lc ca np nam chm in cng
n ngn nga hin tng ny ca c cu (0,1- 0,3 N).
- Trong cng tc t in t, lm vic iu kin tnh ti, c dng in nh
mc I
m
xoay chiu v mt chiu t 100 n 600A, lc p nh nht ca np ln
chn bng khong 0,06N (6 G/A).
- i vi cng tc t in t, lm vic trong iu kin rung ng, va p, c
gia tc ln, cn phi ly lc p ln c chn ln hn (v d : cng tc t I
m
= 100A
ly ln hn khong 6 ln).
dc ca c tuyn lc l xo nh (tc l cng ca l xo) s b khng
nn ly ln qu khng lm tng lc chuyn ng ca c cu truyn ng ng
mt cch khng cn thit dn n lm tng kch thc, trng lng, gi thnh kh
c in.
dc ca c tuyn v ln ca lc l xo nh s c hiu chnh li khi
phi hp cc c tuyn.
4. Dng c tuyn lc l xo tip im qui i.
ln ca lc c xc nh trong qu trnh thit k qu trnh ng ngt
(chng 2). Lc p ban u c qui i ca tip im t trn ng song song
vi trc tung v i qua im tng ng vi khi cc tip im ng v tnh bt u
tip xc vi nhau trn trc honh. Lc p cui qui i c t trn ng song
134
song vi trc tung v i qua im tng ng vi vi tr cui cng ca c cu trn
trc honh.
5.Dng c tuyn phn lc (c tuyn c) tng.
6. Dng gii hn kh d ca c tuyn phn lc tng c tnh n sai lch d-
ng (dung sai) do c sai s trong ch to l xo v cc chi tit khc ca c cu. Lc
lc ny c nhn thm vi h s dung sai v lc k
1
.
H s dung sai v lc cn c tnh vi kh nng xu nht.
Trong sn xut, i vi c cu in t l xo (v d cng tc t) thng ly
k
1
= 1,3 1,7 l hp l. Khi cc chi tit c ch to vi chnh xc bnh thng
chn h s dung sai v lc k
1
c gi tr nh v ngc li vi chnh xc thp hn
chn k
1
c gi tr ln. Khi chi tit khng chnh xc cn ly k
1
n 2,4 v cao
hn. Trong rle cng sut nh, v d cc r le dng trong t ng v thng tin lin
lc, phn lc c ch ln t mt vi n hng chc gam, h s k
1
cn chn ln.
V d hnh 4-3: ng nt t l gii hn do dung sai ca c tuyn phn
lc tng.
7. Dng c tuyn lc chuyn ng khi ng kh c in (cn gi l c
tuyn lc ht) c sinh ra do c cu truyn ng nh nam chm in, ng c
in, c cu kh nn
8. Phi hp cc c tuyn lc chuyn ng v phn lc tng.
III- DNG C TUYN TNH LC TC DNG CA C CU
IN T -L XO KIU HT THNG CA KH C IN CNG SUT
KHNG LN, C TIP IM THNG M, L XO TIP IM XON
HNH TR (hnh 4-1).
Trnh t tin hnh xy dng c tuyn phn lc:
1. Trn trc honh t hnh trnh ca phn ng nam chm in, bng ln
khe h khng kh lm vic ca mch t v bng m m vi ln l ca tip im:
2. Dng c tuyn phn lc ca nam chm in (c tuyn c):
a) Trng lc phn ng: gm trng lc phn ng nam chm in v h
thng tip im. C hai trng hp xy ra:
- Kh c in lm vic v tr nm ngang (xt theo trc chnh ca n) th
khng tnh n trng lc.
135
- Kh c in lm vic v tr ng th trng lc cng chiu vi lc ht in
t.
b) Lc ma st: rt nh nn c th b qua, khng tnh n.
c) Lc ca hai l xo nh 2F
lxnh
(trn hnh ch biu th mt l xo) trng thi
m, ta coi bng trng lc phn ng.
cng ca l xo ( dc ca c tuyn l xo) coi l nh.
d) Lc l xo tip im F
lxt
trng thi ng bng lc p cui ca tip im,
c xc nh trong qu trnh thit k tip im (chng 2). Lc p u ca tip
im ( thi im tip im ng bt u tip xc vi tip im tnh) c ly bng
0,5 0,7 gi tr lc p cui (chng 2). Lc p u ca tip im c thc hin
bng nn ban u ca l xo.
3) Dng c tuyn lc ht in t F
t
khi ng kh c in theo cc gi tr
ca lc c xc nh trong qu trnh tnh ton nam chm in (chng 5).
IV-DNG C TUYN TNH LC TC DNG CA C CU IN
T -L XO KIU HT THNG CA KH C IN CNG SUT KHNG
LN C CC TIP IM THNG NG V THNG M, L XO
TIP IM KIU XON HNH TR. (hnh 4-1,c,g)
1. Trn trc honh (hnh 4-5) t hnh trnh phn ng nam chm in, bng
tr s khe h khng kh lm vic ca mch t. Do c cc tip im thng m v
thng ng nn c hai m v hai ln tng ng ca chng: m

, l

v m
m
, l
m
.
2. Dng c tuyn c:
-Trng lc v lc ma st: cng nh phn trn khng xt n.
-Lc ca hai l xo nh 2F
lxnh
trng thi m (trng thi nh) c ly ln
hn nhiu so vi trng hp trn,v lc ny lc l xo nh b lc p cui
ca l xo tip im thng ng F
c
lm yu i (hai lc ny ngc chiu nhau)




136

md
lm mm
2Fnh
Kd
Km
Fc
Fdt1
Fdt2
Fcd
F
Fch
ld
o
2Fnh
0

Hnh 4-5 : c tuyn lc tc dng ca c cu in t l xo ca kh c in c tip
im thng m v thng ng K

, K
m
: cc im gii hn.

ln ca lc 2F
Lxnh
c ly theo phng trnh:
2F
Lxnh
=F
c
+ F
ch

Trong :
F
ch
- lc p trc tip ln c chn trng thi m ca kh c in.
- Lc l xo tip im: lc p cui ca l xo tip im tc dng c khi nam
chm nh v ht. Cc lc ny c xc nh trong qu trnh thit k h thng tip
im ng ngt. Lc p u c xc nh ging nh phn trn trnh by.
3. Dng c tuyn lc ht in t F
t
khi nam chm in ng. c tuyn
c dng theo cc gi tr ca lc c xc nh trong qu trnh tnh ton nam
chm in.
Khi dng c tuyn lc ht (c biu din bng ng cong nt lin F
t1
),
trong iu kin k thut ca kh c in, cn phi thuyt minh r phi ng kh c
in in p khng c nh hn in p tc ng, tng ng vi im gii hn
K

, v khi in p nh, lc ht in t s khng thng phn lc im K

.
Nu khng thc hin nh vy th cn tnh ton vi c tuyn lc ht dc hn (c
biu din bng ng cong nt t F
t2
) .
4. Trn hnh 4-5, ng nt t biu din c tuyn c F
c
ca kh c in
ch c tip im thng, m (hnh 4-4) c cng mt tr s dng in nh mc I
m

v do c cng mt lc p tip im.T cc c tuyn ta thy:
137
Khi kh c c tip im thng ng , c tuyn c F
c
v do c tuyn
lc ht in t F
t
ca n cao hn nhiu so vi khi khng c tip im ny. Dn ti
kch thc, trng lng v gi thnh kh c in u tng ln.

V DNG C TUYN TNH LC TC DNG CA C CU
IN T - L XO CA RLE CNG SUT NH C TIP IM
THNG M, TIP IM LP TRN L XO TM PHNG CNGSN.
(hnh 4-2a)
1. Trn trc honh (hnh 4-6a) t hnh trnh ca phn ng nam chm in
bng tr s khe h khng kh lm vic o ca mch t. C cu in t -l xo c
thit k sao cho c m m v ln l cn thit ca tip im. Tng ca chng l
khe h o . Tr s khe h o c phn thnh cc thnh phn tng ng vi 4 v tr
ca phn ng.
- Hnh trnh ca phn ng t v tr 1 n v tr 2 , c ngha n thi im tip
im ng bt u tip xc vi tip im tnh m m=0 , bng:

1
2
12
.
.
.
l l
l l
m
t
n
= o mm (4-2)

K
3
2
1 Fc
Fdt
F
a
F
b
b
a
o
m' l
o,mm
F

a,
2
1
F
a
o
m l
o,mm
F
3
K
Fdt
Fc
a
F
c
c

b,


Hnh 4-6 :c tuyn tc dng lc ca c cu in t - l xo ca role cng sut nh
c l xo tip im kiu tm phng lp cng sn
138
a-c tip im thng m
b-c tip im thng ng
K- l tip im gii hn

- Hnh trnh ca phn ng t v tr 2 n v tr 3 khi thanh l xo tip im bt
u tch khi c chn, bng:

1
2
3 23
. .
. .
.
l l l
l l l
f
t bc
n t
= o mm
Vi
b
bc bc
J E
l F
f
. . 3
.
3
= mm (4-3)
Trong :
F
3
vng ca thanh l xo b cnh tay n l
bc

E mun n hi ca vt liu l xo , N/mm
2

J
b
mmen qun tnh ca tit din l xo, mm
4

F
bc
lc p ln c chn N (G).

-Hnh trnh ca phn ng t v tr 3 n v tr 4 , tng ng vi vng f
4

ca l xo b cnh tay n l
t
bng ln l ca tip im v bng :

1
2
4 34
.
.
.
l l
l l
f
t
n
= o (4-4)
Vi :

bt
b b
j
F F
l f
3 4
4

= =

t
bc
bc b
l
l
F F =
3


3
. 3
t
b
bt
l
J E
j = (4-5)
Trong :
- j
bt
: N/mm (G/mm) cng ca lxo b chiu di ca n
t
l
- F
b3
v F
b4
: lc p tip im v tr 3 (lc p u) v v tr 4 (lc p cui) .
Khi xc nh khe h khng kh tnh ton o ca nam chm in , cn tnh
n chiu cao A ca tm bng vt liu phi t tnh, dng chng hin tng dnh
ca phn ng vi li nam chm khi nh.
139
Hnh trnh ton phn ca phn ng c c chiu cao ca tm. Nh vy khe h
khng kh tnh ton bng:
A + o + o + o = o
34 23 12
, mm (4-6)
tnh lc do l xo a sinh ra , cn tnh vng ca n ti cnh tay n l
n

cc v tr khc nhau ca do lc p trn mu t F
ac1

= =
= =
2
1
4
'
4
2
1
3
'
3
2
1
2
'
2
2
1
1
'
1
;
;
l
l
j f F
l
l
j F F
l
l
j f F
l
l
F F
an a a an a a
an a a ac a
(4-7)
- Cc gi tr qui i v khe h khng kh lm vic ca lc cn tch l xo
b khi c chn v tr 3 v lc tc dng v tr 4 bng :

+ =
= =
1
1
4
'
3
'
4
2
1 ' '
3
.
.
. .
. .
l l
l l
j f M F
l l l
l l l
F F F
n
t
bt b b
n t
t bc
bc bc b
(4-8)
- c tuyn ca l xo b c dng theo cc gi tr lc c c bng cch
cng thm cc gi tr lc va tnh theo cng thc (4-8) vo c tuyn lc ca l xo a
ti cc im tng ng trn trc honh.
Trn hnh 4-6a , ng nt t biu din c tuyn ca l xo tip im b khi
khng c c chn .
3. Phng php tnh ton v dng c tuyn va trnh by ch p dng i
vi role c mt tip im thng m .Trong trng hp role c n tip im nh vy
, ln ca tt c cc lc cn tng ln n ln.
4. Dng c tuyn lc ht ca nam chm in

VI- DNG C TUYN TNH LC TC DNG CA C CU
IN T - L XO CA RLE CNG SUT NH C TIP IM
THNG NG ,TIP IM LP TRN L XO TM PHNG CNG
SN (hnh 4-2).
1. Trn trc honh (hnh 4-6a) t hnh trnh ca phn ng nam chm in
bng ln khe h khng kh lm vic o ca n .Xc nh cc v tr c bit ca
140
phn ng .Khi phn ng m (nh) , v tr 1 , l xo C cn sinh ra lc F
ct
trn cnh
tay n l
t
. Khi phn ng chuyn dch n v tr 2,lc ny gim n tr s lc p ln
c chn F
cc
. Hnh trnh ca phn ng l
12
o v vng f
ct
ca l xo C gim cnh
tay n l
t
bng :

=
=
) (
) (
2 1
2
1
2
2 12
mm
j
l
l
F F
f
mm
l l
l l
f
c
t
cc
cc ct
ct
t
n
ct
o
(4-9)
Khi phn ng tip tc chuyn ng n v tr 3 , hnh trnh ca phn ng
23
o v vng f
ct
ca l xo c gim n tr s 0 , bng :

=
=
) (
3
.
) (
. .
. .
3
2
3
1
2
3 23
mm
Ej
l F
f
mm
l l l
l l l
f
c
cc cc
ct
t cc
n t
ct
o
(4-10)
Vi j
c
l mmen qun tnh ca tit din l xo C.
Hnh trnh ca phn ng
34
o cn thit a l xo a n vng ng vi
m m ca tip im :

1
34
l l
l l
m
t
n n
= o , mm (4-11)
Hnh trnh ton phn ca phn ng , tc khe h khng kh tnh ton bng:
A + + + =
34 23 12
o o o o , mm (4-12)
2. Dng c tuyn c F
'
c
: c thc hin tng t cch dng trnh by
phn trn.

VII- DNG C TUYN TNH LC TC DNG C CU KH NN
L XO CA CNG TC T C TIP IM THNG M - L XO
TIP IM KIU XON HNH TR.

1. Trn trc honh biu din hnh trnh h ca piston (hnh 4-7b)
2. Dng c tuyn phn lc :
-Lc qui i v trc cn piston ca trng lc phn ng
'
1 t
F bng:
141

=
5
6 '
1
l
l
F F
tli t
(4-13)
-Lc ma st qui i
'
ms
F bng tng ca lc ma st ca piston v cc lc qui
i ca :lc ma st ca h thng tip im F
mt
v lc ma st trong cc khp bn l
F
k
.lc
'
ms
F c biu din bng ng thng.
Lc ma st ban u (ma st tnh) ln hn khi ng (50 60)% . Lc ma st
tnh F
tp
ca piston c vng m a. Khi p sut trn piston (24).10
5
pa v cht bi
trn c vi cc ng knh khc nhau D ca xi lanh bng :
D, mm . 45 58 90
F
tp
, kG . 20 40 50
-Lc l xo nh F
lxnh
t trong xi lanh sinh ra c cu nh ln hn lc ma sat
qui i mt cht.

l5
l6
l3
l1
l7
l
4
l
2
FT
FT
FT
F'K F'T
FT
F9
F6
0
y
a,
h
h
0
h
FCT5
FCT3
F 5 0
0 F 3
FC0
F'kn
Fnh
F'TP
F'T
Fnh
0 F b
F
0
h
h
F'T
F'TP
F'kn
FC0
FB
b, c,


Hnh 4-7 : c cu kh nn- l xo ca cng tc t c tip im thng m
a- s kt cu
b- c tuyn lc tc dng khi ng tip im.
c- c tuyn lc tc dng khi m tip im.
142
-Lc l xo tip im
'
lxt
F sinh ra lc p tip im F
t
quy i, bng:

5
4
t
'
lxt
l
l
F F =
Vi
2
1
l
l
F F
lxt td
= (4-14)
3. Dng c tuyn lc chuyn ng (lc kh nn) khi ng tip im.
- c tuyn tnh F
t3
v F
t5
khi p sut khng kh trn piston 3 v 5.10
5
pa l
ng thng. Tr s ca lc bng din tch piston nhn vi p sut khng kh trn
piston.
- c tuyn ng F
3
v F
5
c th c xy dng bng tnh ton phc tp
hoc bng phng php thc nghim .
c tuyn phn lc m t trn hnh c cng thm phn qun tnh ca
phn ng.
Khi kt thc chuyn ng , c tuyn ng tin n c tuyn tnh.
4. c tuyn lc chuyn ng khi m tip im c trnh by trn hnh 4-
7c.
-c tuyn lc chuyn ng khi ngt F
c
ch khc vi c tuyn phn lc khi
ng mt lng bng lc ma st F
ms
v lc F
a
cn thit y khng kh ra khi xi
lanh.

4.5-PHI HP C TUYN CHUYN NG (LC HT IN
T) V C TUYN PHN LC.
Thng thng, cc c tuyn c dng ln u tin khng m bo kh c
in lm vic bnh thng (c ngha chng khng ph hp vi cc yu cu c
trnh by di y). Do cn phi tin hnh hiu chnh mt hoc c khi c hai c
tuyn, tc l phi hp cc c tuyn vi nhau.
C th lm thay i cc c tuyn bng cc phng php sau:
a- Tng hoc gim tr s lc hoc mmen chuyn ng .
b- S dng c cu truyn ng c dng c tuyn khc i (v d: dng kiu
nam chm in khc chng 5).
c- Thay i cng ca l xo.
Vic phi hp cc c tuyn l ch thc hin c cc yu cu c bn sau:
143
1. Lc hoc mmen chuyn ng cn ln hn lc hoc mmen cn. V d
trong c cu truyn ng in t (hnh 4-8):
- Vi c tuyn F
t1
kh s in khng ng c do im a1 thp hn
im a khi phn ng trng thi m, c ngha ti , lc ht din t ca nam chm
in khng thng c lc cn ca l xo nh.


Fdt
o(mm)
Fc
Fdt2
Fnh
Fnh1
b
b1
c1
c
F(N)
a
a1
Fdt1

Hnh 4-8 : Phi hp cc c tuyn chuyn ng v phn lc ca c cu in t -l
xo ca kh c in c tip im thng m.

- Vi c tuyn F
t2
ti thi im tip im ng bt u tip xc vi tip
im tnh, phn ng khng ng tip tc c, v lc ht in t lc ny nh hn
lc cn (im b
1
thp hn im b) v cc tip im c th b hn dnh vi nhau do
lc p tip im khng tr s cn thit. Nu phn ng ca c cu c ng nng
ln, biu din bng phn din tch gch sc nm gia cc c tuyn lc chuyn
ng v phn lc, th kh c in s c ng hon ton sau mt thi gian tr no
.
Tuy nhin, cn ch rng c tuyn ng ca lc chuyn dng thng thp
hn c tuyn tnh, c ngha thc t din tch l nh .
2. Tr s nh ht ca lc hay mmen chuyn dng trn hnh 4-8 v tr khi
ng ca c cu (im a) v v tr tip im ng bt u tip xc vi tip im tnh
(im b) cn trng vi tr s lc cn ti cc im . Nu kh c in ng vo in
144
p nh hn nh mc (0,6- 0,9.U
m
) c tuyn lc chuyn ng s c dng ng
F
t2
v phn ng s khng ng c.
Nu ti im b, lc chuyn ng c h s d tr ln qu mc, th ti thi
im ng cui cng ca phn ng s c lc va p ln.
3. Tr s ln nht ca lc hoc mmen chuyn ng cn phi c sao cho
hiu s gia lc chuyn ng v lc cn (hoc mmen) khng ln qu, ch cn
t c tc chuyn ng cn thit ca khu b ng, kh nng trnh h
quang pht sinh v s rung ng, va p h thng tip im.
V d : trn hnh 4-8, phn din tch gch sc, biu th cho th nng, khng
ln qu mc in p 1,1U
m
.
C th gim hin tng va p bng cch, v d, hnh 4-8 to ra c tuyn
lc l xo tip im gn vi c tuyn lc ht ca nam chm in F
t
bng cch tng
cng ca l xo.
4. Khi lc chuyn ng gim, trong qu trnh ngt kh c in, v d hnh 4-
8, cn phi c c tuyn nh phn ng F
nh
thp hn im c ca c tuyn phn lc
(c tuyn c) lc ny tr thnh c tuyn lc chuyn ng (trong qu trnh ng l
c tuyn lc cn).
Nu c tuyn nh c dng ng F
nh1
,n s ct c tuyn l xo im c
1

th tip im khng m ra c do lc p tip im (lc ny tr thnh lc p tip
im) nh v c th chng b hn dnh.

4.6 TNH TON L XO.
I-CHN KIU V VT LIU L XO.
1/- Cng dng v cc kiu l xo ca kh c in.
Tr mt s t khng ng k, cn li ni chung mi kh c in c mt hoc
mt vi l xo. Phn ln cc l xo ny xc nh cc thng s c bn ca kh c in,
v vy vic tnh ton chng c mt ngha ln v cn thit .
Trong nhiu kiu l xo ,kiu xon hnh tr v kiu tm (kiu l) dp ngui l
c s dng rng ri hn c trong ch to kh c in(hnh 4-9).



145

i, h,
g,
e,
b,
f, d, c,
a,
k,

Hnh 4-9 : Cc kiu l xo xon hnh tr v l xo tm dng trong kh c in .
a, b l xo xon lm vic chu nn
c ,d, e l xo xon lm vic chu ko
f l xo xon lm vic chu xon
g,h, i , k l xo tm

2/- Chn kiu v vt liu l xo
Kiu l xo ph thuc vo s ng v kt cu c kh ca kh c in v
ph thuc nhiu vo vic chn vt liu l xo. Cc tnh cht ca vt liu lm l xo
ghi trong bng 4-1. Khi chn vt liu c th c nhiu phng php khc nhau ty
thuc vo gi tr lc tc dng v vng ca l xo, v d: khi lc tng i ln v
lc ca l xo tm khng ln ,c th dng vt liu l thp (c m un n hi E =
200.10
3
N/mm
2
). Ngc li, nu cn c lc khng ln v vng tng i ln th,
s dng vt liu c tr s m un n hi nh hn, v d nh ng pht pho c E =
(90 113) 10
3
N/mm
2

Ngi ta cn a vo cng dng ca kh c in chn vt liu l xo c
ng sut cho php cao hay thp. i vi kh c in iu khin v p t mt lm
vic vi tn s ng ngt ln, c tnh chng n mn, tui th hng vi triu ln
ng ngt th s dng ng sut mi cho php cho trong bng 4-1, nhng khi lm
vic ch c bit nng th phi ly ng sut mi thp hn.


146
II- TNH TON L XO TM PHNG, TIT DIN CH NHT
LM VIC CHU UN.
L xo tm phng dp ngui thng c s dng khi lc khng ln
(khong vi gam n vi chc gam) v khi vng nh (trong khong vi phn n
vi milimt). Loi ny c s dng rng ri lm thanh dn gn tip im trong cc
loi r le .
L xo thanh dn phng c ch to bng hp kim ca kim loi mu (ng
thanh, noisinl vv). Vi cng mt lc l xo loi ny c vng ln gp 2 ln so
vi l xo bng thp c cng kch thc. Tuy vy vng cho php ca l xo thp
ln hn khong 1,5 ln (do thp c t s gia ng sut cho php vi m un n hi
ln hn). L xo bng hp kim mu c in tr sut nh hn, c bn chng n
mn tt hn v d dp hn so vi l xo thp.
1/- c tnh
S ph thuc ca lc vo vng ca l xo phng lp cng sn (lp cht mt u)
c biu din hnh 4-4a.
Do c vt cn hay mu nh v, l xo c vng ban u f

v lc ban u F

tc
dng ln vt cn. Do c cu truyn ng tc ng l xo c vng lm vic f
lv
v
sinh lc F
lv
c gi tr bng v ngc chiu vi lc ca c cu truyn ng.
2/- Tnh ton
Trn c s l thuyt v vng (un) n hi ca mt dm c chiu di l,
lp cng sn ti trng t u t do v tp trung bng lc F. i vi l xo phng
lp cng sn, tit din ngang hnh ch nht, c th s dng c cc cng thc sau :

w
l F
u
.
= o (4-15)

3
2
3
. l
DJf
l
bh
F
u
= =
o
o
(4-16)

EJ
Fl
f
3
3
= (4-17)
Trong :

u
- ng sut un tit din nguy him (N/mm
2
)
l,b,h chiu di, chiu rng ,b dy ca l xo (mm)
147
F lc t ti tay n l (N)
E n hi ca vt liu l xo (N/mm)
W, J mmen chng un v mmen qun tnh ca tit din ngang l xo
i vi trc trung tnh ca tit din

6
.
2
h b
W = (mm
3
) (4-18)

12
.
3
h b
J = (mm
4
) (4-19)
3/- L xo lp cng sn khng c vng ban u
a- Xc nh khch thc
Cc s liu ban u tnh ton thng l :
- Lc F cn thit do l xo to ra
- Chiu di tay n l ca l xo theo bng 4-1, xc nh m un n hi E v
ng sut un (mi) cho php
u
.
Chiu dy h v chiu rng b ca l xo c xc nh theo cng thc :

Ef
l
h
u
o
2
.
3
2
= , mm


u
h
Fl
b
o
2
6
= , mm (4-20)
Kt qu nhn c cn hiu chnh khi tnh n loi vt liu v phng n
kt cu.
b) Xc nh cc thng s ca l xo:
Theo gi tr ca lc cn thit F v kch thc tnh c trn, s xc nh
c vng ( un) ti ch lc tc dng. Chia lm 3 trng hp (hnh 4-4a).
1. Lc F t u mt l xo, cnh tay n l, vng f ca l xo u mt:

E h
l
E h b
l F
J E
l F
f
U
. . 3
. . 2
. .
. . 4
. . 3
.
2
3
3 3
o
= = = (4-21)
2. Lc F t u mt l xo, cnh tay n l, vng ti im A: f
A

) (
. . 3
.
2
E
l
l
J E
l F
f
A A
A
= (4-22)
3. Lc F
A
t im A, vng f u mt l xo, tay n l:
148
)
3
(
. . 2
.
2
A A
l
l
J E
l F
f = (4-23)
cng ca l xo l lc do l xo gy ra vng 1mm s bng:

3
3
3
. 4
. . . . 3
l
h b E
l
J E
f
F
j = = = (4-24)
c) Tnh ton kim tra:
Da theo cc kch thc ca l xo bit xc nh ln ng sut un thc
t, o
u
:

2
.
. . 6 .
h b
l F
W
l F
U
= = o (4-25)
Tnh ton sao cho:
o
u
s [o
u
]
V d :
Hy xc nh chiu dy v vng cho php ln nht ca l xo tm phng
lp cng sn. Bit :
- Chiu di l xo t ch lp cht: l = 60 mm.
- Chiu rng l xo: b = 4 mm.
- Vt liu l xo: ng pht pho cng, c ng sut un cho php o
u
= 186
N/mm
2
(19 kG/mm
2
) v c modul n hi E = 111.000 N/mm
2

( 11.300 kG/mm
2
)
- Lc t u mt l xo F = 0,25 N (25,5G).
Gii:
Theo cng thc ( 4-20 ) chiu dy l xo bng:
h =
o
u
b
Fl 6
=
186 . 4
60 . 25 , 0 . 6
= 0,35 ~ 0,4 mm
vng ca l xo xc nh theo ( 4-21 ):
f =
.E
h
3
. b
l
3
. F 4
=
.111000 4 , 0
3
. 4
60
3
. 25 , 0 . 4
= 7,6 mm
ng sut un thc t xc nh theo ( 4-25 ):
o
u
=
.h
2
b
l . F 6
=
.0,4
2
4
60 . 25 , 0 . 6
= 140 < 186 N/mm
2

149
4/- L xo lp cng sn c vng ban u ( hnh 4-4c ):
L xo loi ny ch chu lc tc dng mt phn. trng thi t do, l xo c
dng cong. Khi lp rp, di tc dng ca vt cn (c chn) l xo c un thng.
Nu trng thi t do, l xo thng th di tc dng ca c chn, n s b un cong
mt cht. vng ban u f
d
, lc p ban u ln c chn do l xo to ra l F
d
.
Di tc dng ca lc lm vic F
lv
> F
2
, l xo tip tc b vng mt lng
tng ng vi hnh trnh lm vic ca c cu truyn ng x
lv
vi cnh tay n l.
Lc ny vng lm vic ton phn ca l xo s bng f
lv
= f
d
+ x
lv
.
Tnh ton l xo tm phng, lp cng sn c vng ban u cng s dng
nhng cng thc trn cho trng hp khng c vng ban u, ch cn ch ly
tr s vng tng ng tr s lc tc dng.
5/- L xo phng, tit din ch nht, hai c chn, cc u mt khng lp
cht, ti trng khong gia:
Trong trng hp ny, gi tr lc tc dng v vng c xc nh theo
cc cng thc sau y:
F =
l . 3
u
.
h
2
. b . 2
o
(4-26)
f =
E .
h
3
. b . 4
l
3
. F
=
E . h . 6
u
.
l
2
o
(4-27)
III - TNH TON L XO XON HNH TR
L xo xon hnh tr qun bng dy hoc thanh c s dng khi cn c
khong ln (tng t nh vng, un l xo tm phng) ln. i vi loi l
xo ny, tu theo kch thc ca chng m lc gy ra t vi gam n hng tn. V
vy chng c s dng rng ri trong kh c in.
1/- c tnh:
S ph thuc ca lc vo khong ln ca l xo chu nn c biu din
hnh 4-4b v l xo chu ko hnh 4-4c.
2/- Tnh ton:
150
Trn c s l thuyt bin dng ca l xo xon c qun bng dy hoc
thanh tit din trn, chu ti ko hoc nn hng trc, l xo c tnh v xon ca
dy hoc thanh. V khi l xo b nn hoc b ko dc trc th cc tit din ngang ca
dy hoc thanh qun l xo chu xon. Khi s dng cc cng thc sau:
o
x
=
d
3
. 2
D . F . 16
t
=
d
2
.
C . F . 8
t
(4-28)
f =
d
4
. G
.W
D
3
. F . 8
=
d
. G
.W
C
3
. F . 8
(4-29)
F =
.W
D
3
. 8
d
4
. G . f
=
.W
C
3
. 8
d
. G . f
=
D
. 8
x
d
3
.
o
t
=
C
. 8
x
d
2
.
o
t
(4-30)
Trong :
o
x
- ng sut xon cho php ( gii hn mi ) (N/mm
2
)
F - lc ko hoc nn hng trc ( N )
f - khong ln ca l xo ( mm )
d - ng knh dy hoc thanh qun l xo ( mm )
D - ng knh trung bnh ca l xo ( mm )
C - ch s ca l xo
C = -
d
D

C = 16 8 khi d < 0,4 mm
C = 10 4 khi d > 2 mm
W - s vng lm vic ca l xo
- l xo chu ko W bng s vng ton phn ca l xo.
- l xo chu nn, do c cc vng chng nghing hai u l xo, s vng
ton phn bng W + 1,5.
G - modul chng trt (modul n hi khi xon) ( N/mm
2
).
3/- Xc nh cc thng s ca l xo:
Cc s liu ban u tnh ton l xo thng l:
- Lc cn thit F do l xo to ra.
- Khong ln ( vi l xo chu nn ), khong ko ( vi l xo chu ko ) f.
151
- Ngoi ra cn chn vt liu theo bng 4-1 xc nh modul chng trt
G v ng sut xon cho php.
Trc ht cn chn ch s l xo C, n c trng cho cong ca cc l xo,
xc nh ng sut tp trung trong vt liu l xo. Khng nn chn C < 4, v ng sut
tp trung lc ny qu gii hn cho php. Khi ng knh dy qun l xo d nh, ly
ch s C ln v ngc li.
ng knh d ca dy hoc thanh qun v s vng l xo c xc nh theo:

d =
| |
o
t
x
C . F . 8
= 1,6.
| |
o
x
C . F
(4-31)
W =
F
D
3
. 8
f .
d
4
. G
=
F
C
3
. 8
f .
d
. G
(4-32)
bc l xo chu ko t
K
v chu nn t
n
:
t
K
= d
t
n
= d +
W
f
(4-33)
Chiu di t do ca l xo chu ko (khng k vng mc) l
K
v l xo chu nn l
n

l
K
= W. t
K
= W.d

l
n
= W. t
n
+ 1,5.d (4-34)
Theo lc lm vic cn thit F
lv
v lc ko hoc nn ban u F
d
, theo cc kch
thc v s vng tnh trn, s xc nh c khong ln (hoc khong ko)

tng ng vi lc tc dng theo cng thc ( 4-29 )
cng ca l xo j _ l lc do l xo gy ra khi b ko hoc nn mt khong
1mm:
j =
f
F
=
.W
D
3
. 8
d
4
G
=
.W
C
3
. 8
d
G
(4-35)
n hi ca l xo f
"
l khong ln (khong ko) ca 1 vng trn mt n
v lc:
f
"

=
W . F
f
=
d
4
. G
D
3
. 8
=
d
. G
C
3
. 8
(4-36)
152

4/- Tnh ton kim tra:
Vi cc kch thc v s vng tnh xc nh tr s ng sut xon o
x
khi
c lc tc dng theo cng thc ( 4-28 ) v so snh vi tr s ng sut xon cho php
tho mn:
o
x
s [ o
x
]
V d:
Hy xc nh kch thc, s vng v cc thng s ca l xo xon hnh tr,
lm vic chu nn, c qun bng dy trn, l xo sinh lc bng 300N (30,3 kG)
trong khong ln 100mm. Vt liu l xo : thp l xo cacbon bn bnh thng c
ng sut xon cho php [o
x
] = 362 N/mm
2
, modul chng trt G = 78.500 N/mm
2
.
Gii:
Chn ch s l xo C = 8.
Theo cng thc ( 4-31) ng knh dy qun l xo bng

d = 1,6.
| |
o
x
C . F
= 1,6.
362
8 . 300
= 4,1 ~ 4 mm.

ng knh trung bnh ca l xo:
D = C.d = 8.4 32 mm
S vng xc nh theo ( 4-32)
W =
F
D
3
. 8
f .
d
4
. G
=
300 .
32
3
. 8
100 .
4
4
. 78500
= 25 vng

Chiu di t do ca l xo c vng m chng nghing hai u:
l
n
= W. t
n
+ 1,5.d
= W.(d +
W
f
) + 1,5.d = 25.(4 +
25
100
) + 1,5.4 = 206 mm
Khong ln thc t ca l xo ng vi lc cho:
153
f =
3
4
8. .F.W
D
G.
d
=
3
4
8. .300.25
32
78500.
4
= 98 mm
ng sut xon thc t ng vi lc cho:
o
x
=
3
16.F.D
2.
d
t
=
3
16.300.32
2.
.4
t
= 380 N/mm
2


o
x
~ [ o
x
]

CHNG 5
NAM CHM IN
5.1 - KHI NIM CHUNG.
Nam chm in (NC) ngy cng c s dng rng ri. Khng mt lnh
vc k thut no khng s dng nam chm in : trong truyn ng in, t ng
iu chnh, thng tin lin lc v c trong y hc, khoa hc nguyn t, v tr ...
Vi cc lnh vc k thut khc nhau i hi c nhng nam chm in khc
nhau v hnh dng, kt cu v ng dng. C nhng nam chm in rt b kch thc
khong vi milimet v c nhng nam chm in rt ln kch thc n vi mt.
Khi lng nam chm in t vi gam ( rle, t trch ...) n hng nghn kilogam
( cn cu, cc b phn ly). Lc in t ca nam chm in th t vi phn gam n
hng chc tn. Hnh trnh ca phn ng t vi m n vi chc met. Cng sut tiu
th t c vi mW n hng chc kW.
Nam chm in c s dng c bit ch yu trong c cu in t l c
quan sinh lc (truyn ng) thc hin cc chuyn dch tnh tin ca cc c quan
chp hnh, thc hin vic chuyn ng quay trong cc gc quay gii hn hoc
sinh lc hm trong cc cng- tc-t, khi ng t, rle, aptmt, khp ly hp,
phanh hm ...
Cc qu trnh vt l xy ra trong nam chm in rt phc tp, thng c
m t bng phng trnh vi phn, phi tuyn. V vy cho n nay vic tnh ton nam
chm in thng c theo nhng cng thc n gin gn ng ri kim nghim
li theo cng thc l thuyt, i n chn bi ton ti u.
154
Trong gio trnh ny ch cp n trnh t thit k v tnh ton chung cho
loi nam chm in mt chiu v xoay chiu thng dng nht, khng xt n nhng
vn c trng cho cc loi nam chm in khc nhau. Vic thit k cc nam
chm in s c nghin cu t cc bc tnh ton c bn v tham kho thm
cc ti liu, chuyn ring cho tng loi.
5.2 - CC THNG S C BN V NHIM V THIT K.
A - CC THNG S VN HNH.
1. Dng kt cu.
2. in p nh mc, tn s ngun, ch ngun (in p, dng in , cng
sut khng i ).
3. Ch lm vic (di hn, ngn hn, ngn hn lp li).
4. Cng sut tiu th.
5. Lc ht v khe h khng kh ban u hoc quan h gia lc ht v khe h
khng kh (c tnh lc ht ).
F
dt
= f (o)
6. Nhit pht nng cho php (cp cch in).
7. Cc thng s v ht v nh ca phn ng (thi gian, in p, dng in).
8. bn c (s ln ng ngt cho php).
9. Khi lng.
10. Cc kch thc lp ghp.
11. Gi thnh.
B - CC THNG S V CNG CA NAM CHM IN.
1. Cng l thuyt bng tch ca dng in I
ht
v t thng mc vng
ht
khi
phn ng b ht:
A
lt
= I
h
.
h
= I
h
.W.|
h
..., Nm
2. Cng ton phn A
tph
, Nm c c trng bng din tch gii hn bi
ng c tnh lc ht v trc honh c xc nh t khe h khng kh ban u o
d

n khe h cui o
c
(hnh tnh ca phn ng) (H5.3a).
155
3. Cng hu ch qui c c xc nh bng tch gia lc in t ban u
F
d
v hnh tnh ca phn ng t khe h khng kh ban u o
d
n khe h cui o
c

(H5.3a).
A
hq
= F
d
.(o
d
- o
c
), Nm
4. Cng hu ch qui c cc i bng tch gia lc in t ti u F
t
v
hnh trnh ti u ca phn ng t khe h u ti u o
t
n khe h cui o
c
(H5.3a).
A
hqmax
= F
dt
.(o
dt
- o
c
), Nm

C - NHIM V THIT K.
Cn gii 2 bi ton : bi ton thun v bi ton ngc.
1. Bi ton thun: theo iu kin tc ng cho ca c cu chp hnh, ch
yu l quan h gia lc v hnh trnh, chn dng kt cu ca nam chm in. Phi
xc nh kch thc mch t v cun dy sao cho sinh ra r thng to ra lc
in t cn thit v ca s mch t phi t cun dy, cun dy phi sinh ra sc
t ng cn thit to nn t thng trn. Cun dy phi m bo vi ch lm
vic cho khng pht nng qu nhit cho php ca cp cch in. Ngoi ra
nam chm in phi tho mn tt c cc yu cu khc v vn hnh cng nh cc
thng s khc cho. Nh vy bi ton thun l bi ton xc nh cc kch thc v
chn kt cu nam chm in theo cc thng s cho trc. Bi ton c nghim a tr,
cn phi xut pht t nhng quan im nht nh chn cc thng s cho vic tnh
ton thit k (s b) xc nh cc kch thc hiu chnh li (nu cn thit) ri tin
hnh tnh ton, kim nghim.
2. Bi ton ngc: xc nh cc thng s ti u v cc c tnh ca nam
chm in tnh ton (ch yu l c tnh lc ht) nhit cun dy khng c
vt qu gi tr cho php ca cp cch in. Nh vy bi ton ngc l bi ton
kim nghim nam chm in cho vi mt t thng chn v cun dy
thit k.

D - TRNH T THIT K.
1. Xc nh cc s liu ban u.
2. Tnh ton s b :
156
- Chn dng kt cu.
- Chn vt liu cho mch t.
- Chn cc i lng t cm, h s t r, t tn.
- Chn cp cch in v m hiu dy qun.
- Xc nh cc kch thc v thng s c bn ca nam chm in.
- V phc tho nam chm in.
3. Tnh ton kim nghim:
- Lp s thay th ca mch t.
- Tnh t dn khe h khng kh.
- Tnh h s t r, t tn.
- Xc nh t thng, t cm.
- Tnh ton cc thng s cun dy.
- Tnh sc t ng trng thi ht.
- Tnh ton nhit ca nam chm in.
- Hiu chnh li kch thc nam chm in (nu cn thit).
- Tnh v dng c tnh lc ht.
- Tnh vng ngn mch (vi nam chm in xoay chiu).
- Xc nh thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh.
- Lp cc s liu k thut tng hp ca nam chm in thit k: cc thng
s v ch tiu k thut.

5.3 - CC S LIU BAN U.
thit k mt nam chm in cn phi c nhng s liu sau :
1. S liu v c cu lm vic ca nam chm in vi cc ch dn v iu
kin vn hnh (kiu bo v, kn, h, chng m,...) chu rung, chu va p.
2. Lc v hnh trnh ca c cu : thng l quan h gia lc v hnh trnh
hay mmen v cc gc quay, l c tnh phn lc hay gi l c tnh c.
3. Ch lm vic (di hn, ngn hn, ngn hn lp li).
4. in p, dng in nh mc, tn s ngun, ch ngun (p, dng, cng
sut n nh).
5. Mi trung xung quanh vi nhit cho php.
157
6. Cc ch tiu c bn v thit k ti u ca nam chm in (khi lng, cc
kch thc, gi thnh, cng sut tiu th b nht, lc momen, thi gian duy tr ln
nht). Mt kt cu t nhiu ch tiu ti u rt kh thc hin c, v vy cn xem
phn no l ch yu nht, cc phn khc ch cn t tng i.
7. Cc yu cu ph khc i vi cc thng s ca nam chm in (h s nh,
cc thng s v tc ng v nh, thi gian, in p, dng in, cng sut tiu th...).
8. Cc yu cu v cng ngh ch to: loi sn xut (n chic, hng lot,
hng lot ln) thit b vt t, tnh lp ln ca cc chi tit.
9. T s liu ban u phi cho trc phn vi dao ng cho php ca cc i
lng, v d : lc, hnh trnh, in p, cc thng s ph khc..
10. T cc s liu c trng cho iu kin lm vic, iu kin sn xut ni
trn, chn vt liu v cc thng s, h s v cc i lng khc, v d nh mt t
cm, h s r, tn, h s tn nhit, mt dng in...
5.4 - CHN DNG KT CU.
A - CC LOI NAM CHM IN V CC C TNH CA
CHNG.
Cc nam chm in hin nay c nhiu dng khc nhau v mch t, cun
dy, ngun in cung cp. Ngi ta phn loi theo cc c im quan trng sau:
1/. Ngun in, in 1 chiu (H5-1) v in xoay chiu (H5-2). Phn ln
cc cun dy u ni song song vi ngun in. Nhng mt vi loi nam chm
in, v d : rle dng in cc i cun dy mc ni tip.

158
a)
c)
l)
D
b)
n)
o) p)
q)
i)
k)
m)
d)
e) g) h)
d)
s)
r)

Hnh 5-1: Nam chm in mt chiu


a b c
d
d
e
g
h
i

Hnh 5-2 :Nam chm in xoay chiu
159
Nhng c im ca NC mt chiu v xoay chiu c trnh by bng 5-1.
Bng 5-1.
Cc c im ca NC mt chiu v xoay chiu thng gp ( cc iu kin
nh nhau)
T.T Cc c im v kt
cu v thng s
in mt chiu in xoay chiu
1.





2.






3.

4.



5.


6.


7.
-Mch t : vt liu


+Dng tit din li
(cng ngh).
+Cun dy in p
-ng knh dy
qun

+S vng
+Lc sinh ra


-Hnh trnh phn ng

-c tnh lc ht



-Sc t ng ca
cun dy in p

-T thng: gi tr tnh
ton

-S thay i khi gim
-Thp t cacbon, ch to
dng khi (trn hay
ch nht ).
-Trn (gia cng bng ct
gt).

-Nh (in tr tc dng).


-Nhiu.
-Ln.


- B.

-Dng hypecbol (dc).



-Khng i, khng ph
thuc vo hnh trnh
phn ng.
-Ph thuc vo lc
cho.

-Theo ng hypecbol
-Thp silic k thut in
dng l ( gim tn hao
do t tr v dng xoy ).
-Ch nht (gia cng
bng dp, p, tn).

-Ln (in tr tc dng
v phn khng thnh
phn tc dng nh ).
-t.
-Nh (bng 1/2 so vi 1
chiu khi c cng t
thng).
-Ln.

-Dng hypecbol (nm
ngang) t thng t thay
i theo hnh trnh ca
phn ng.
-Gim khi khe h khng
kh gim.

-Tr s bin bng tr
s ca in 1 chiu.

-Tng khng ng k v
160


8.


9.


10.





11.

12.


13.
khe h khng kh lm
vic
-Dng in trong
cun dy in p khi
np m
-Cng sut tiu th


-Thi gian tc ng





- chu mn ca
mch t
- tin cy ca cun
dy

-Khi lng v kch
thc (cng 1 lc)
tng (v tng t dn khe
h).
-Bng dng in khi np
ht.

-B.


-Ln (cun dy nhiu
vng nn hng s thi
gian in t ln).



-Ln (v cc chi tit
th khi).
-Ln.


-B.

dng in v t thng r
gim.
- Ln hn vi ln khi
np ht (v t tn b).

-Ln (tn hao dng
xoy, t tr, vng ngn
mch do rung).
-B (thng khong 1
chu k ca dng in
hnh sin, S cm ng
khi phn ng chuyn
ng b hn in p
ngun).
- B (v cc chi tit ghp
t cc l thp mng).
-B (chy khi b ngn
mch gia cc vng dy
v khi mch t b kt)
-Ln.


Mt trong cc iu kin NC c kch thc v khi lng b nht l s
dng kh nng sinh cng qui c cc i A
hqmax
(hnh 5-3a) bng tch ca lc ban
u F
dt
v hnh trnh biu din bng din tch gch cho.


161

F
Fd
F2
IW=4000A
IW=2000A
F-
IW=6000A
IW=10000A
F~
IW=12000A


a)

b) c)

Hnh 5-3 : So snh NC mt chiu v xoay chiu loi ht chp, cun dy
in p theo cng hu ch qui c.
a) c tnh lc in t v cng hu ch.
b) S kt cu ca nam chm in xoay chiu
c) S kt cu ca nam chm in mt chiu

So snh 2 v d v c tnh lc ht v ng cong cng hu ch qui c ca
NC mt chiu F-, A- v NC xoay chiu F-, A. Vi nhng iu kin ging nhau,
NC mt chiu c A
hqmax-
hnh trnh b, cn NC xoay chiu c A
hqmax-
hnh
trnh ln. V vy nn thit k NC mt chiu hnh trnh b so vi NC xoay chiu.
Nu cho trc hnh trnh ca tip im ( m, kn ) kh c in mt chiu
nn chn l
td
>l
dt
( H 5-3c) cn kh c in xoay chiu nn chn l
td

>l
dt
( H 5-3b).
2/- c tnh chuyn ng trong khng gian ca phn ng :
162
a) Phn ng chuyn ng quay v ht chp ( 5-1a-h-r; H 5-2a,b,c).
b) Phn ngchuyn ng thng ( H 5-1, i - 0, s; H 5 -2,d, -i) chn dng
chuyn ng ca phn ng da theo s chuyn ng ca c cu. Vi c cu c
hnh trnh ln nn chn loi chuyn ng thng.
3/- c tnh lc ht in t :
Nhng c tnh ca nhng nam chm in thng dng.

b
c
d


Hnh 5 -4 : Nhng dng c tnh lc ht c trng ca cc NC thng dng

a) Dng hypecbol ( H 5-4 ng cong a; H 5-5a): cc NC m t thng r
khng sinh ra lc ( H5-1,a-c, -h, m-q, t; H5-2, a,b, ).
b) Dng yn nga ( H 5-4,b ; H5-5) : cc NC m t thng r c sinh
thm lc t ph, l nhng trng hp phn ng ngp trong cun dy, t thng r
khng i qua khe h khng kh lm vic nhng i qua phn ng ( H 5-1,i-l; H5-2,d,
e-h).
c) Dng ni (H5-4 ng cong c, H 5-5, ) : Nhng NC c phn ng
chuyn ng trong cun dy, mch t h v loi c phn ng chuyn ng vung
gc vi phng ca t thng ( H 5-1,0)
d) Dng lc t thay i theo hnh trnh (H5-4 ng cong d).
nhng nam chm in c mch t kn hoc h nhng c phn ng chuyn
ng trong lng cun dy (H 5-1 s) v nam chm in xoay chiu 3 pha 3 cun
dy phn tnh v phn ng dng ch (H5-2,i) c dng c tnh tng t (H5-5,e).
Loi nam chm in ny c c im khng b rung.

163
4/- Thay i dng c tnh lc ht:
A) Nam chm in c phn ng ngoi cun dy (H5-1,a-h,n; H5-2a,b). Tng dc
dng c tnh hypecbol nam chm in mt chiu bng cch dng mch t hnh
(H5-1, e). Nam chm in c ng knh ln v chiu cao b (H 5-1h, m) cho
lc ln khi hnh trnh b, loi ny hay dng trong cc phanh hm v cn cu in t
(H5-1, t).
B) Nam chm in c phn ng chuyn ng trong lng ng dy ( H5-1, i ,k) thay
i c tnh bng cch thay i chiu cao h ca phn li tnh (H5-5). Nu c tnh
hnh nn th lc in t ln hn
o
2
sin
1
ln ( l gc nh nn ) so vi loi cc t
phng. (H5-5, c). Nhng nam chm in c phn ng chuyn ng trong lng ng
dy (H5-2c,d,h) cho lc tng i ln so vi nam chm in c phn ng ngoi (
H5-5,d).
C) Nam chm in c phn ng chuyn ng vung gc vi phng ca t trng
(H 5-1p) vi nam chm in mt chiu c phn ng quay n gc 100
0
hoc ln
hn na, thay i c tnh lc ht bng cch thay i hnh dng ca cc t phn
ng v gng. c tnh lc ht nh hng rt ln bi hnh dng phn ng, v tr
tng i gia cc t v gc quay , gia trc phn ng v php tuyn ca mt cc
(H5-5h).

164

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o a) o b) o c)
o
d)
o
d)
o
e)
g)
2
o
o
i)
o=90
o=6
o=0
o=2
o=4
o=90

o=0

o


Hnh 5-5: c tnh lc ht ca cc nam chm in khc nhau.
- khe h lm vic.
F
dt
, M
dt
- lc v mmen in t.
(I.W) - sc t ng.
h
cd
- chiu cao cun dy.
h - chiu cao phn li tnh.
U - in p cun dy.
a) Nam chm in np thng, ht chp.
b) Li chuyn ng thng, cc t khe h lm vic phng.
c) Li phng v li hnh nn ( F
ph
v F
n
).
d) Nam chm in xoay chiu c phn ng chuyn ng trong lng cun dy
(F
tr
) v phn ng ngoi cun dy (F
ng
).
) Khng c li gia.
165
e) Ba pha, ba cun dy.
g) C phn ng vi dng khc nhau, quay n 100
0
, dng phn ng v gc
quay hnh g, c tnh hnh i.
5/- Theo thi gian chuyn ng ca phn ng chia lm 3 loi:
a) Nam chm in tc ng nhanh. Thi gian tc ng khong t 1 n 10
miligiy.
b) Nam chm in tc ng bnh thng. Thi gian tc ng khong t 10
miligiy n hng trm miligiy.
c) Nam chm in tc ng chm

B - CHN DNG KT CU TI U.
Trn c s hng lot tnh ton v thc nghim v cc dng nam chm in
khc nhau, ngi ta a ra phng php chn dng kt cu ti u, theo ch tiu hnh
hc. Ta c h s kt cu K
kc
c tnh bng cng thc :
Vi nam chm in mt chiu :

o
dt
kc
F
K = , N
1/2
/m (5-1)
Vi nam chm in xoay chiu :

o
dt
kc
F
K
. 2
= , N
1/2
/m (5-2)
V nam chm in c th tnh gn ng :
F
dt
D
2
v o l
Do :
K
kc

l
D

F
dt
- lc in t ca nam chm in, N.
o - khe h lm vic ca nam chm in, m.
, l - tit din v chiu di li mch t.
D - ng knh li ca nam chm in hnh tr hoc ng knh cun dy.
Vy h s kt cu K
kc
c trng cho t s gia ng knh ca li hoc ca
cun dy v chiu di ca li hoc chiu cao ca cun dy.
166
mi dng kt cu ca nam chm in trong mt phm vi nht nh ca h
s kt cu K
kc
s t ti u v khi lng.
Bng 5-2 cho cc gi tr ca K
kc
vi nhng dng nam chm in khc nhau.
y l nhng gi tr dng cho nam chm in mt chiu ch lm vic di hn c
kh nng sinh cng khong 11,5 kGm, chnh nhit l 70
0
C. Nhng s liu ny
cng dng tham kho cho cc loi nam chm in khc.

Bng 5-2:Cc gi tr ca h s kt cu vi nhng nam chm in khc nhau
Dng kt cu
ca nam chm in
K
kc
V d
s ca hnh
v
N
1/2
/mm kG
1/2
/cm
- Phn ng hnh tr chuyn
ng thng:
a) Li v cun dy
b) Mch t khng khp kn
(khng c li) phn ng hnh
nn ct.
c) Phn ng hnh nn gc 60
0
.
d) Phn ng hnh nn gc 90
0
.
e) Phn ng phng
- Nam chm xoay chiu ht
thng dng T v c phn
ng ngp trong cun dy.
- Li hnh tr, phn ng hnh
a.
- Loi hai cun dy, hai li,
phn ng phng nm ngoi
cun dy.
- Loi mt cun dy, mt li
phn ng nm ngoi.


< 63


63 - 316
380 - 1600
1260 - 5100
5100 - 30000


316 - 25000

30000 - 140000


900 - 90000

630 - 63000


< 0,2


0,2 - 1,0
1,2 - 5,0
4 - 16
16 - 93


1 - 80

93 - 450


2,7 - 270

1,9 - 190


-


5 - 1, s
5 - 1, k
5 - 1, k
5 - 1, u,l


5 - 2,e ,h

5 - 1 ,m


5 - 1, n

5 - 1,a, b, d

167
H s kt cu cho php xc nh dng kt cu trong bc tnh ton s b u
tin. N khng phn nh c nh hng ca cc yu t quan trng nh nhit
cun dy, iu kin to nhit, ch lm vic. V vy khi chn dng kt cu phi
lu n nhng yu cu v thit k, ch to, vn hnh.
Tiu chun ti u cho trc c th khng phi theo khi lng m theo cc
yu cu khc (cng sut tiu th, thi gian tc ng) tuy th vn nn chn dng kt
cu theo h s kt cu. C th hiu chnh cc kch thc ca nam chm in vi
khi lng b nht t c cc thng s ti u khc.
5.4 - CHN VT LIU T.
Mch t ca nam chm in mt chiu, xoay chiu c ch to t thp
mm t cacbon ( bng 5 -1).
c tnh c bn ca vt liu t l quan h gia t cm B v cng t
trng H. c tnh ny c cho trong cc s tay di dng cc ng cong t ho
(H5-6) hoc cc bng s (Bng 5-4). c tnh quan trng khc ca vt liu t l
quan h gia t thm tng i v t cm B (H5-7) cc s liu cho ng
cong v bng l gi tr trung bnh ca mi loi vt liu. Tr s thc dao ng quanh
tr s trung bnh, n ph thuc vo ch gia cng nhit, cng ngh ch to (v gia
cng lm thay i tnh cht ca vt liu).


168

Hnh 5-6 : cc ng cong t ha ca vt liu t
1.thp ccbon m hiu c
2. thp kt cu cht lng cao m hiu 10 c
3. thp kt cu cht lng tt m hiu 20 c
4. l thp k thut in m hiu 41.
5. thp l k thut in cn lnh m hiu 330.
6. gang rn
7. gang hp kim m hiu 00 c
8. gang m hiu 00 khng
9. pecmali niken cao m hiu 79HM
10. pecmali niken thp m hiu 50H
11. pecmali niken thp m hiu 50HXC
12. pecmendiu
1/ Nam chm in mt chiu
Cc chi tit ca mch t c gia cng t thp trn, thp khi hoc thp tm
Vi cc nam chm in kch thc b nh rle, cng tc t thng dng
mch t bng vt liu thp k thut in t cc bon A v (cn gi l Apm co).
V h s lc t phn khng thp nn loi vt liu ny c t thm cao .
Vi nam chm in kch thc trung bnh v khng c yu cu v gim lc
t phn khng v t thm cao, mch t nn gia cng t thp kt cu cht lng cao
t cacbon thp 0,5; 0,8; 10.
Vi cc nam chm in kch thc ln mch t nn ch to t gang (k
thut in). gim kch thc v khi lng vi mch t cc chi tit cng c th
c t thp t cacbon.

169


Hnh 5-7: cc ng cong ca t thm tng i ca vt liu t mm. s
ca ng cong tng ng vi hnh 5-6

2/- Nam chm in xoay chiu
Hu ht cc mch t c ch to t thp silic. loi ny v lc t phn
khng b nn tn hao do t tr khng ng k, mt khc do mch t c ghp vi
l thp mng t 0,1 1 mm tn hao do dng in xoy b. Thnh phn ha hc v
tnh cht ca cc loi thp ny bng 5-4.

5.6 CHN T CM, H S T R V H S T TN
A- T CM KHE H KHNG KH LM VIC KHI PHN NG
H
170
T thng u
o
khe h khng kh ln c th coi l gm thnh phn chnh u
c

v thnh phn ph u
p
.
u
o
= u
c
+ u
p

t cm tng ng s l:

o
o
o
S
B
u
= ;
1
1
1
S
B
u
= ;
1
1
1
m
m
m
S
B
u
= (5-3)
S
o
- tit din tnh ton ca khe h khng kh khi t trng khng u c
qui i v t trng u.
S
m1
, S
1
tit din ca li cc t v tit din ca li
T s:
t
o
o
=
u
u
1
v
t
m
o
o
=
u
u
1
(5-4)
o
t
gi l h s t tn. Khi khe h b 0, o
t
1; cn khi khe h ln,
t
n 1,8.

+ Khe h l ln khi t s gia ng knh li d
1
hoc m li d
m1
hoc cnh ca li
q
1
(tit din vung) v khe h nm trong khong:
5 ; ; 2
1 1 1
s s
o o o
q d d
m

+ Khe h l b khi t s trn ln hn 5 hoc b hn 0,2. Lc c th coi u
o
~ u
1

v u
m1
~ u
o
cho nn B
1
= B
o
v B
m1
B
o

1/- Nam chm in mt chiu
T cm B

hoc B
m1
hoc B
1
khi phn ng cha b ht nn chn sao cho
trng thi b ht gi tr cc i ca t cm ti ni t thng ln nht mch t
max

nm on un ca ng cong t ha. Trong phn tnh ton kim nghim t
thng v t cm s c xc nh.
Trong giai on tnh ton s b t cm khe h khng kh lm vic B

hoc B
1
, B
m1
khi phn ng cha b ht vo cc kch thc ca cc t c th s b
chn theo hnh dng kt cu ca nam chm in, h s kt cu K
kc
trn cc th
hnh 5-8 n H 5-11.

171
0
1 0.8
0.6
2 3 4 8 10 20 30 40 80 100
kG/cm
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Bo [T]


Hnh 5-8: quan h gia B
o
v K
kc
khi phn ng cha b ht ca cc nam
chm in kch thc trung bnh c phn ng nm ngoi cun dy. Cng qui c
cc i 0,6 KG
0,5
cm ch lm vic di hn. chnh nhit 70
0
C


0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
20 15 10 2 1
0.8 0.6
ik/hk


Hnh 5-9: Quan h gia cc thng s v h s kt cu k
kc
ca nam chm
in c li hnh tr, phn ng nm trong cun dy, cc t hnh chp vi gc nh l
90
0
, cng qui c cc i l 11,5 KG
0,5
cm, ch lm vic di hn. chnh nhit
70
0
C. Vt liu t st non.
172
T cm khe h khng kh lm vic khi phn ng h ca phn ln cc nam
chm in ng lc c th ly t (0,6 0,1)T cc nam chm in c nhy cao
nh r le in t (0,3 0,6)T.


1 2 4 10 20 60 100 200 400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
B
Kc
1.4

Hnh 5-10: quan h gia cc thng s v k
kc
ca nam chm in li hnh tr,
phn ng nm trong ng dy, cc t phng. Cng qui c cc i 11,5 KG
0,5
cm.
Ch lm vic di hn. chnh nhit 70
0
C. Vt liu t st non.


0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
20 40
60
80 100
200 400 6001000 2000
Ik/Hk
Kkc

Hnh 5-11 : quan h gia cc thng s v k
kc
ca nam chm in li hnh
tr, phn ng phng dng a. Cng qui c cc i 11,5 KG
0,5
cm. Ch lm vic
di hn. chnh nhit 70
0
C. Vt liu t st non.
T cm ln nht ca li B
max
khi phn ng h ca phn ln cc nam chm
in ng lc c th ly t (0,8 1,2)T, cc nam chm in c nhy cao t
(0,4 0,7)T.
173
Vi cc nam chm in lm vic ch ngn hn v cc nam chm in
c nhit pht nng cho php ca cun dy ln nn chn t cm ln. Nu t cm
ca khe h khng kh ln tit din v khi lng ca mch t gim, ng thi tng
t cm cc phn on ca mch t v tng sc t ng cn thit dn n tng khi
lng cun dy.
2/- Nam chm in xoay chiu
Tnh ton nam chm in xoay chiu theo gi tr bin ca t cm B
omax

hoc B
lmax
(t cm trong li), h s kt cu tnh vi K
kc
.
B T CM LN NHT LI
1/- Nam chm in mt chiu
xc nh tit din li cn chn t cm cc i li khi np ht. T thng
ln nht u
max
tng ng vi t cm nm gn ni gn li vi mch t. Nu t
thng khe h ni cng ln th ni t thng cc i cng gn y (H 5-13a)
s dng ti u vt liu t, B
max
khi phn ng ht nn chn gn vng un
ca ng cong t ha. V d vi thp k thut in t cacbon vi m hiu , A,
AA v thp kt cu m hiu 0,5; 0,8 k- 10, 15; B
max
t 1,4 1,6 T . Vi cc
nam chm in cn nhy cao B
max
nn chn nm di on un ca ng cong
t ha, v d vi rle cho t ng ha v thng tin lin lc, bng cc vt liu trn
nn chn B
max
b hn (1,1 1,2)T.
2/- Nam chm in xoay chiu
Khi xc nh tit din li nn ly B
max
gn vng un ca ng cong t ha.
Vi thp k thut in m hiu 11, 12, 31, 41, 44 nn ly t (1 1,2)T.
C- H S T TN
H s t tn ca t thng

l
t
u
u
=
o
o
c th xc nh c khi bit cc kch thc hnh hc ca cc chi tit to nn khe h
khng kh lm vic qua vic tnh t dn.
174
Trong bc tnh s b
t
c th chn trn c s dng kt cu ca nam chm
in v t s gia ng knh li (hoc m li) hay cnh ca tit din li hnh ch
nht vi khe h khng kh lm vic. Chn h s t tn trong khong 1 1,8.
D- H S T R
H s t r ca mch t l t s gia t thng cc i u
max
hoc t thng
trung bnh u
tb
vi t thng khe h khng kh lm vic ca mch t. H s ny
c xc nh nu bit t dn ca khe h khng kh v t dn ca ca s mch t
(ng i ca t thng r).
Khi tnh ton nam chm in mt chiu (cun dy in p v cun dy dng
in) v nam chm in xoay chiu vi cun dng in phi dng gi tr cc i
ca t thng u
max
nn h s t r
u
u
=
o
o
max
r

Vi cc mch t dng gi tr t
thng trung bnh u
tb
v t thng mc vng = const (nam chm in xoay chiu
vi cun dy in p) h s t r
u
u
=
o
o
max
r

trng hp ny nh hn trong trng
hp tnh vi u
max
.
bc tnh ton s b
r
c th chn gn ng khi phn ng b ht
r
1 v t
thng r lc ny b. Khi phn ng h
r
ph thuc vo dng kt cu ca nam chm
in ch yu ph thuc vo t dn ca t thng r. T dn r tng khi chiu di ca
li tng v gim khi chiu rng ca s mch t tng,
r
tng khi ng knh ca li
tng. trng thi phn ng h, h s t r
r
ph thuc rt ln vo khe h khng
kh lm vic,
r
1,1 1,4 hoc ln hn na.

5.7 XC NH CC KCH THC V THNG S CH
YU CA NAM CHM IN
A PHNG PHP TNH TON
Xc nh cc kch thc v thng s ch yu ca nam chm in c th
dng cc phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia cc thng s cho v cc kch
thc ch yu ca n. S phc tp ca bi ton l phi tm c kt cu ti u.
175
thy r mi quan h gia cc kch thc v cc thng s ch yu vi cc
qu trnh vt l xy ra nam chm in, vic xc nh cc kch thc ch yu ca
nam chm thng c tnh ton bng cc phng trnh m t cc qu trnh trong
nam chm in.
1. Phng trnh lc in t tc ng ln phn ng ca nam chm in.
2. Phng trnh quan h gia sc t ng v cc kch thc ca cun dy,
mt dng in vi ch lm vic cho.
3. Phng trnh v mch t.
4. nam chm in mt chiu cun dy in p t phng trnh lin h
gia sc t ng ca cun dy v in p ngun, tit din dy t xc nh s
vng v cc thng s khc ca cun dy. nam chm in xoay chiu cun dy
in p t phng trnh lin h gia t thng, in p, tn s ngun in v s vng
cun dy t xc nh tit din dy qun.
Khi tnh ton s b khng cn thit phi t kt qu chnh xc cao vic
tnh ton phc tp. Cc kch thc tm c cn phi hiu chnh ph hp vi
vt t qui chun v t c cc thng s ti u theo u bi cho.
B XC NH TIT DIN LI THP
1/- Xc nh tit din li S
1
hoc m li S
m1
nm khe h khng kh lm
vic
Vi hnh trnh cho nam chm in phi thng phn lc ca c cu.
Quan h gia phn lc v hnh trnh gi l c tnh phn lc hay c tnh c.
tnh nam chm in t c tnh c chn lc ti hn F
cth
v khe h lm
vic tng ng o
th
(im X H4-3) ta phi k n h s dung sai v lc k
dsl
.
vi loi kh c in c tip im thng m khe h ti hn
th
ng vi
khe h khi phn ng ca nam chm in h (cha b ht)
F
cth
= F
cnh
(im H H4-3).
cc kh c in c tip im thng ng khe h ti hn
th
tng ng vi
thi im bt u m ca tip im (im K
m
H4-5).
cc kh c in xoay chiu ba pha khe h ti hn
th
tng ng vi thi
im bt u tip xc ca h tip im. Lc in t tnh ton khi nam chm in tc
ng F
t
(phn ng bt u chuyn ng) bng phn lc ti hn tnh ton:
176
F
tq
= F
cnh
(qui i v khe h lm vic)
nam chm in c mt khe h lm vic lc in t tnh ton F
tq
= F
t

c xc nh bi t thng cn thit khe h lm vic u
o
v
t
o
o
u
= u
1
. Nu nam
chm c hai khe h nh nhau v tit din hai li nh nhau th lc in t tnh ton
c chia lm hai phn bng nhau. trng hp c ba khe h lm vic lc in t
tnh ton c chia lm ba phn, t l vi din tch ca cc cc t. V d nam
chm in hnh hay hnh E lc in t tnh ton c chia lm ba phn: 0,5.F
tq

l ca cc t gia, cn 2.0,25.F
tq
l ca hai cc t nhnh (v t thng i qua cc
gia phn u trn hai cc nhnh).
Da vo t thng u
lth
hoc u
lnh
i qua li c cun dy v da vo t cm
chn khe h khng kh lm vic ti im ti hn B
lth
hoc u
lth
tnh din tch cn
thit ca li S
l
hoc m li S
ml
theo cng thc tnh lc ht in t ca Macxoen.
+ Vi nam chm in mt chiu:
F
1tt

2
2
1 1 1
1
0 0
2 2
B S
S
|

= = = 39,8.10
4
S B
1
2
1

, N (5-5)
F
1tt
= 4,06.10
4
S B
1
2
1

, KG

B 10
. 8 , 39
F
S
2
1
4
tt 1 d
1
=
, m
2
(5-6)
+ Vi nam chm in xoay chiu mt pha :
F
1tt
=

|
=
0
1
2
lm
1
0
2
lm
4
S B
S
4
19,9.10
4
S B
1
2
ml

, N
F
1tt
= 2,03.10
4
S B
1
2
lm

, KG (5-7)

B 10
. 9 , 19
F
S
2
lm
4
tt 1 d
1
=
, m
2
(5-8)
Trong cc cng thc trn:
u
l
, u
lm
- Wb;
B
l
, B
lm
- T;
S
l
- m
2
;

0
= 4.10
-7
H/m
177
F
d1tt
chn c k n h s dung sai v lc vi trng hp c m li trong
cc cng thc trn thay ch s l bng ml. Nu nam chm in ht xoay th lc
thay bng mmen.
Cng thc Macxoen cho kt qu chnh xc khi t trng u, ngha l trong
vng S
l
hay S
ml
t cm khng i, v d nh khi phn ng b ht. Nhng cng thc
ny cng dng cho trng hp tnh ton s b khi phn ng h vi sai s cho php.
2/- Xc nh ng knh li ca nam chm in mt chiu
Nu khng c m li, t tit din li S
1
ng knh li c tnh bng:

t
1
1
. 4 S
d =
(5-9)
Khi c m li, tit din li nn xc nh theo gi tr t cm ln nht ca li.
B
lmax
lc phn ng b ht. Trong tnh ton s b B
lmaxnh
ly b hn so vi trng
hp phn ng ht.
Tit din li khi c m li c xc nh theo cng thc :
nh l
ml nh
nh l
nh
nh l
nh l
l
B
S B
B B
S
nh ml nh ml
max max max
max
. . . o o
=
u
=
u
= (5-10)
Trong cc nam chm in thng dng t s gia ng knh m li v li
5 , 1 1 , 1 =
l
ml
d
d
(c th n 2)
gi tr b dng cho nam chm in nh. Nu tng ng knh m li th t thng r
ch s tng.
3/- Xc nh tit din li ch nht ca nam chm in xoay chiu
Cnh a ca tit din li hnh ch nht

b
S
a
l
= m (5-11)
vi cc mch t p t thp l quan h ti u ca cc mch ca tit din li ch nht
l 1 =
b
a
. tng bn do tc ng ca mmen l xo gy ra cnh t s
b
a
i
khi ly t 1,5 2. Mt khc nam chm in c t vng ngn mch chiu rng a
178
cn tng ln nn 9 , 0 8 , 0 =
b
a
. Nh vy t s
b
a
chn ty theo kt cu c th ca
nam chm in.
Khi li mch t p t thp l phi k n h s p cht ca li thp K
c
do b
dy lp cch in, bi bn v khe h do cng ngh lp ghp, v vy cnh thc b ca
tit din li bng:

a K
S
b
C
l
.
= , m (5-12)
vi cc l thp dy 0,35 v 0,5 mm th K
c
= 0,9 v 0,95.
C XC NH CC KCH THC CA CUN DY
1/- Xc nh sc t ng ca cun dy nam chm in mt chiu
Kch thc cun dy hon ton ph thuc vo sc t ng tc ng (IW)
t

ca nam chm in do cun dy sinh ra, n to ra cc t p khe h khng kh lm
vic.
H

. , cc khe h khng kh lm vic (khe h ph) H
ph
.
ph
, v trong
cc phn thp ca mch t H
Fe
.l
Fe
. V vy c th vit phng trnh cn bng t p
ca mch t khe h lm vic ti hn khi phn ng h :
(IW)
td
= H

. + H
ph
.
ph
+ H
Fe
.l
Fe
(5-13)
Sc t ng ca mt khe h lm vic c th tnh c theo cc i lng t
cm
nh
B
o
v khe h
nh
t cng thc:
(IW)
nh
= H
nh
.
nh
=

o
o
0
nh nh
.
B
, A (5-14)
Sc t ng cc khe h khng kh khng lm vic v cc phn on ca
mch t ph thuc vo kch thc, hnh dng v t cm ca mch t. C th tnh
ton gn ng sc t ng khe h ph khi phn ng nh bng 5 15% (IW)
t
,
cn li thp bng 10 20% (IW)
t
EH
ph
.
ph
+ EH
Fe
.l
Fe
= (0,5 0,35)(IW)
t
, A (5-15)
Rt ra:

0
.
) 6 , 1 2 , 1 ( ) ).( 6 , 1 2 , 1 ( ) (

o
o
o
nh nh
nh td
B
IW IW = = , A (5-16)
Trong :
179
B
nh
= B
lnh
,T

nh
, m

0
= 4.10
-7
, H/m
Nu mch t c tit din tng i ln ngha l t cm tng i b th sc
t ng li thp b. Nu tit din khe h ph ln v chiu di ca n b th sc
t ng khe h ph cng b. V vy tng khi lng thp ca nam chm in th
gim c khi lng ng cun dy.
2/- Xc nh sc t ng ca cun dy nam chm in xoay chiu, cun
dy in p
Khc vi tnh ton sc t ng ca cun dy nam chm in mt chiu, sc
t ng ca cun dy nam chm in xoay chiu c thm sc t ng tn hao t tr
v dng xoy trong li thp, tn hao trong vng ngn mch. Cc tn hao ny lm
tng dng in trong cun dy nn sc t ng ca cun dy cng tng. Ngi ta
x dng tr s tng khe h lm vic tng ng trng thi ht ca phn ng gm
cc khe h gi nh
ht
, khe h cng ngh
cn
v khe h chng dnh
cd
c trng
cho t p ri trn li thp, tn hao t tr, dng in xoy v trong vng ngn mch

h
= 2
cn
+
cd
+
ht

Trong tnh ton thit k nam chm in xoay chiu bc gn ng u tin
c th xem t thng mc vng v t thng trung bnh t thay i khi khe h khng
kh thay i, do c th vit:
e
U
W
tbm m
. 2
. ~ u = + , Wb (5-17)
V vy sc t ng hao tn (IW)
ht
c th xem nh khng i khi khe h thay
i v c xc nh theo t thng trung bnh; (IW)
ht
c th th hin qua khe h gi
nh
ht
, c
ht
lm tng sc t ng cun dy.
Khi khe h lm vic thay i th khe h chng dnh
cd
khng thay i. Khe h
chng dnh thng khong t
cd
= 0,1 0,5 mm. trng thi ht ca phn ng
khe h cng ngh trong khong
cn
= 0,03 0,1 mm. Khe h tng ng phn
ln nam chm in khong t:
E
h
= 0,2 0,7 mm.
180
Khe h ny xc nh sc t ng ca cun dy khi phn ng ht (IW)
h
.
Sc t ng ca cun dy cn thit cho nam chm in tc ng (IW)
t
c th chia
lm hai thnh phn: phn thay i khe h khng kh lm vic khi phn ng h (nh)
(IW)
nh
v khi phn ng khng i (ht) (IW)
h
.
(IW)
td
= (IW)
nh
+ (IW)
h
, A (5-18)
+ Sc t ng ca cun dy khi phn ng nh:

0
. ln
0
.
.
.
.
.
. ) (
o
o
o
o
o
o
t
nh m h
t
nh m nh
nh nhm nh
B
R IW
E
=
E u
= E u = ,A (5-19)
Trong :
B
lnhm
= B
th
,T - t cm ca li khi phn ng h.
o
t
- h s t tn ca khe h khng kh khi phn ng h.
a) Gng t hnh U, ht chp, np phng (H5-2b) "khe h chng dnh" o
cd
lin
vi khe h khng kh lm vic o
ph
.
E o
nh
= o
cd
+ o
ph

b) Mch t hnh U ht chp c hai khe h u lm vic (H5-2c) v trng
thi ht chp phn ng gn lin vi gng t th:
E o
nh
= o
1nh
+ o
2nh

c) Mch t hnh U phn ng chuyn ng thng th :
E o
nh
= 2o
nh

d) Mch t hnh E hoc dng ht ng dy (H5-2, i) mch t c ba khe h
lm vic, t thng qua cc t gia, phn lm hai mch, mi mch c hai khe h lm
vic ni tip nhau. Nu kch thc ca hai mch t nh nhau v tng ca chng
bng din tch cc t gia S
1
+ S
3
= S
2
th:
E o
nh
= 2o
nh

+ Sc t ng ca cun dy khi phn ng ht (IW)
h
c tnh bng :
( )
0
. .
.

o o
h r lmh
h
B
W I
E
= , A (5-20)
Trong :
B
lmh
= B
th
- t cm li khi phn ng khi ht.
o
r
- h s t r.
Eo
h
- ke h tng ng khi phn ng ht.
181
Ta cn kim tra bi s dng in K
i
:
15 4
) (
) (
= = =
h
nh
h
td
i
I
I
IW
IW
K (5-21)
3/- Xc nh cc kch thc ca cun dy :
a) Tit din cun dy S
cd
v din tch ca s mch t cn thit t cun
dy c th xc nh theo quan h gia sc t ng, cc kch thc cun dy v mt
dng in ch lm vic cho. Ch nhit nng n nht ca cun dy l
khi in p ngun t gi tr ln nht.
U
max
= K
umax
.U
dm

dng in t ga tr ln nht I
max
.

ld qt ld qt ld
Cu
cd cd cd
K j K
IW
K j K
W I
K
W S
h l S
. .
) (
. .
. .
.
max max
= = = = (5-22)
Trong :
h
cd
,l
cd
, mm - b dy v chiu cao cun dy.
W - s vng cun dy.
K
ld
- h s lp y cun dy ph thuc vo kt cu cun dy, loi dy qun,
s b c th chn t 0,3 0,6.
j, A/mm
2
- mt dng in trong cun dy ch lm vic di hn,
thng j = 2 4 A/mm
2
n ph thuc vo iu kin to nhit.
S
Cu
, mm
2
- tit din dy qun.
K
qt
- h s qu ti dng, ch lm vic ngn hn v ngn hn lp li
K
qt
> 1, ch lm vic di hn K
qt
= 1.
+ Cun dy in mt chiu : din tch S
cd
c xc nh theo :

ld qt U
td U
cd
K j K K
IW K
S
. . .
) .(
min
max
= (5-23)
+ Cun dy in xoay chiu : din tch cun dy c xc nh cho trng thi phn
ng b ht v khi phn ng h dng in chy trong cun dy ln hn nhiu ln so
vi khi phn ng b ht v vi thi gian rt ngn. V vy sc t ng (IW)
td
c
tnh trng thi ht ca phn ng.

I ld qt U
td U
cd
K K j K K
IW K
S
. . . .
) .(
min
max
= (5-24)
182
b) T tit din cun dy xc nh chiu cao v b dy cun dy: trn c s
thc nghim c th chn s b t s
cd
cd
h
l
. Vi nam chm in mt chiu, phn ng
nm ngoi cun dy, ht chp loi b: 6 7, loi ln: 4 5.
Phn ng nm ngoi cun dy chuyn ng thng: loi b: 7 8, loi ln: 5 6.
Phn ng nm trong ng dy hnh trnh b: 3 5, hnh trnh ln: 6 8. C th
chn t s
cd
cd
h
l
theo h s kt cu trn H5-9 n H5-11. Vi nam chm in xoay
chiu: Hnh trnh b v lc ln: 2 2,5; Hnh trnh ln v lc b: 3 4
T s
cd
cd
h
l
ca nam chm in xoay chiu ly b hn nam chm in mt
chiu. Cun dy nam chm in xoay chiu chn thp gim khi lng mch t
v gim tn hao do dng xoy v t tr. Nhng cun dy ln v chiu di trung
bnh ca vng dy tng lm tng tn hao ng.
Tng tr s
cd
cd
h
l
dn n gim khi lng ng, tng b mt to nhit ca
cun dy ng thi cng tng t thng r, gim t thng hu ch khe h lm vic
dn n tng sc t ng ca cun dy, lm tng thi gian tc ng ca nam chm
in.
D - XC NH CC KCH THC CA MCH T V CC KCH
THC C BN CA CUN DY. V NAM CHM IN.
T bc tnh ton s b cn phi xc nh chnh xc v hiu chnh cc kch
thc ph hp vi qui chun v cng ngh ch to.
1/- Trnh t xc nh cc kch thc v v nam chm in mt chiu.
V d cho loi thng gp nht l nam chm in c phn ng nm ngoi
cun dy ( H5-12a).
a) Xc nh chnh xc ng knh li d
l
v ng knh m lid
ml
(nu c).
b) Chn chiu cao m li A
ml
. Chiu cao m li ny ph thuc vo bn c
v kh nng c nh m trn li, nu chn A
ml
ln qu s lm tng t tn.
Phn t thng u = B.o.( t.r
ml
2
- t.r
l
2
) i qua phn mt trong ca m li t l
vi t.d
l
. A
ml.
t cm y khng ln so vi li phi chn A
ml
:
183
] ) ( 1 [
4
2
ml
l l
ml
d
d d
> A (5-25)
Thng chn 3 , 0 1 , 0 =
A
l
ml
d
, tr s nh cho cc nam chm in b. Nu khng
c m li, phn li tha ngoi cun dy c th ly khong t (0,2 0,5)d
l
.
c) Xc nh chnh xc chiu cao cun dy l
cd
. B dy tm cch in A
l
ph
thuc kt cu ca cun dy, cun dy c khung hay qun trn ng, trn li. Thng
chn A
l
= 1 2 mm.
d) Xc nh chiu cao ca li : chiu cao li l
1
bng chiu cao cun dy l
cd

v m li A
ml
hoc bng chiu cao cun dy v phn tha ca li ngoi cun dy
vi phn khe h lp rp gia cun dy v li.
) Xc nh ng knh trong D
cdt
, ng knh ngoi D
cdn
v chiu cao h
cd

ca cun dy. ng knh trong ca cun dy ly gn bng ng knh li d
1
c k
n b dy lp cch in pha trong D
cdtr
= d
1
+2.A
2
. T trn xc nh chiu cao
ca cun dy l
cd
v chiu rng ca cun dy h
cd
. ng knh ngoi ca cun dy :
D
cdn
= D
cdtr
+ 2h
cd

Cc kch thc A
3
, A
4
v lp cch in pha trong A
2
chn theo kt cu kch
thc ca cun dy.
Thng chn A
2
= 0,5 1 mm. Lp cch in pha ngoi A
3
= 0,5 1
mm. Khong cch gia cun dy n thn ca mch t A
4
= 2 5 mm.
184
A
A2
A3
l
c
d
A1
dml
hcd
Dcdt
dl
A4
Aml
bt
Dtb
Dcdn
ACdn
C
A4
hcd
dl
A1
lcd
be
Ccdt
Ccdn
a)
b)

H5-12 : V nam chm in
a) Nam chm in mt chiu c phn ng nm ngoi cun dy.
b) Nam chm in xoay chiu phn ng phng, chuyn ng thng.

e) Xc nh cc kch thc ca thn mch t. Tit din thn mch t S
th

khng c nh hn tit din li S
1
c th tng S
th
tng bn ca kt cu,
chiu rng thn mch t b
th
nn chn gm bng ng knh ngoi ca cun dy b
th

~ D
cdn
. Chiu dy ca thn a
th
chn sao cho t dn ca khe h khng kh ph gia
thn v np l ti u nht.
g) Xc nh cc kch thc ca phn ng ( np mch t ). Nn chn tit din
phn ng bng tit din li S
n
= S
l
. Nu mun phn ng nh bt nn ly S
n
= ( 0,7
185
0,8)S
l
. B rng ca phn ng b
n
chn trong phm vi d
ml
< b
n
< b
cd
. Chiu di ca
phn ng phng nn da vo kt cu c th. Nu phn ng khng cn ko di thn
th nn ly n qu m li mt cht v nn tng chiu rng ca phn ng tng t
dn khi phn ng h, lm tng lc ht.
h) V nam chm in. Da theo cc kch thc xc nh v s b nam
chm in. V cc hnh chiu, mt ct theo t l.
i) Xc nh chiu di trung bnh ng i ca t thng trong cc phn on
mch t. Xc nh chiu di trung bnh ca cun dy l
tbcd
.
k) Chn khe h khng kh lm vic. Cc chi tit c gia cng t bng
b mt cp 5 7 th khe h tng ng o
h
= 0,05mm. Nu cc chi tit c lp m
phi t tnh (km) vi b dy khong 15m th khe h tng ng o
h
= 0,05 +
2.0,015 = 0,08mm. Nu b mt t bng cp 8 - 9 vi cc chi tit bng thp t
cacbon khng (m hiu A) o
h
= (5,510).10
-3
mm khi B = 0,5T, o = (17
19).10
-3
mm khi B = 1,1T v o
h
= (2230).10
-3
mm khi B > 1,1T.
l/- Chn khe h khng kh lm vic.
cc nam chm in b khi lng n vi chc gam nh cc rle cho t
ng v thng tin lin lc, khe h chng dnh ca phn ng chnh l khe h o
h
nu
trn, khi c lp m. cc nam chm in ln khe h khng kh lm vic c gn
mt tm m phi t tnh dy t (0,10,4)mm, trng hp ny o
h
= (0,150,4)
mm. cc nam chm in chng mi mn gia m v li t tm m hnh trn
phi t tnh dy (0,20,5)mm. Tm m chng dnh c tnh vo khe h khng kh
lm vic. Khe h gia phn ng v thn mch t thay i theo khe h lm vic t tr
s phn ng b ht o
h
n phn ng h o
nh
. Tnh ton khe h ny theo tr s ca
ng i trung bnh ca t thng.
2/- Trnh t xc nh cc kch thc v v nam chm in xoay chiu (H5-
12b).
Tng t nh nam chm in mt chiu ch khc nhau nhng im :
a) Tnh chnh xc chiu rng a
1
, ch n kch thc tm thp l dp
mch t.
186
b) Tit din dy mch t hnh U ly bng tit din li. mch t hnh , E
tit din y S
d
= 0,5S
l
. tng bn mn ca mch t c th tng S
d
=
(0,60,7)S
1
.
c) Chiu rng phn ng ly bng chiu rng ca li b
n
= b
1
.
d) Khe h khng kh lm vic, khi b mt cc t c mi nhn t bng
cp 8-9 khng t vng ngn mch khe h cng ngh o
cn
= 0,030,05 mm vi t
cm B < 0,8T, o
cn
= (0,050,1)mm vi B = (0,81,3)T. Khe h chng dnh ca
cc mch t ghp bi cc l thp khong t o
cd
= (0,10,5)mm, o
cd
nm nhng
v tr khc nhau ph thuc vo kt cu ca mch t. nhng mch t hnh U ht
chp, o
cd
khe h khng kh khng lm vic, mch t hnh np phng, khi ht
phn ng v thn dnh cht vi nhau khe h chng dnh nm phn gia ca thn.
mch t hnh khe h chng dnh nm cc t gia do phi thp hn hai cc
t nhnh. Nu s dng vt liu ca mch t bng thp cn lnh 310, 320 lc t
phn khng thp c th khng cn khe h chng dnh. Trong bc tnh s b nam
chm in xoay chiu, tr s tng khe h lm vic tng ng trng thi ht ca
phn ng bng :
o
h
= 2. o
cn
+ o
cd
+ o
ht
= (0,2 0,7)mm.
Thng thng phi thit k nam chm in vi th tch b nht dn n
gim khi lng v ga thnh h. Ch yu ph thuc vo khi lng vt liu tc
dng l ng ca cun dy v thp ca mch t. Ngi ta dng nhng phng
php khc nhau tc dng, kh nng sinh cng v lc ht in t.
Vi nam chm in mt chiu phn ng mm ngoi, ht chp, cun dy
in p, c lc in t ln nht cun dy nn qun trc tip trn li hoc ng
kim loi tng qu trnh tn nhit ca cun dy (h s tn nhit mt trong gp
hai ln mt ngoi), c th chn t s
cd
l
D
d
trong khong 65 , 0 6 , 0 =
cd
l
D
d
.
187
Lc ln nht v cng sut tiu th b nht khi t s 62 , 0 =
cd
l
D
d
. Cng ln
nht khi 7 , 0 57 , 0 =
cd
l
D
d
v 3 5 , 1 =
cd
cd
D
h
. Th tch b nht ca cun dy t c khi
D
cdn
= 2.D
cdtr
.
Vi nam chm in xoay chiu lc in t ln nht khi 62 , 0 =
cdn
l
A
a
v
1 =
cd
cd
A
c
(nu 1 >
cd
cd
A
c
, 62 , 0 >
cdn
l
A
a
nn chn 2 , 1 8 , 0 =
cd
cd
A
h
v 9 , 1 3 , 1 =
l
cd
a
h
.

lcd
L23 L12
dm
m
5
o
od
3
Ud Uo1
Rut
R'o23
R'o12
012
023
3 2 1
Rod
Ro
0cd=012+023

a)

o
A
d o
A
1
2 3 4
Uo U'A
R'o23 R'o12
R'o34
Ro 023 012
034
RA
RA
1
2 3
0cd=012+023+034

b)
188

Hnh 5-13: Nam chm in mt chiu. S thay th v th phn b ca t
thng, t p dc theo trc ca li ( R' l gi tr qui i ca R - nhng t tr c k
hiu l ca cc khe h khng kh, phn khng kh k hiu - ca st t).

5.8 LP S THAY TH CA MCH T. XC NH T DN,
T TR, H S R V TN CA MCH T.
A. S THAY TH CA MCH T
Da vo s tng t gia cc i lng in v i lng t , lp s thay
th cho mch t .T thng u tng ng vi dng in , sc t ng tng ng vi
sc in ng , cn t tr phn on ca mch t tng ng vi in tr ca mch
in .Trong tnh ton, thng dng i lng t dn
u

u
= G ,H, nghch o vi i
lng t tr
u
=
u

R ,H,
Trong :
u- t thng ,Wb
u- sc t ng , A
- ch s k hiu t
hnh 5-13 m t s thay th ca mch t nam chm in mt chiu ,
cn hnh 5-14 ca nam chm in xoay chiu.
B. T DN CA KHE H KHNG KH

R
G
1
=
T dn ca khe h khng kh l thng s quan trng ca mch t , c xc nh
nu bit cc kch thc ca mch t v ln ca khe h khng kh . i lng u
tin cn thit cho vic tnh t dn khe h khng kh l t thm ca chn khng .

6 7
0
10 . 256 , 1 10 . 4

= t = H/m
T dn c th c tnh ton theo mt trong cc phng php sau :
1. Dng cng thc gii tch trn c s bin i cc s liu thc nghim bng
ton hc. Cc cng thc tnh ton cho cc khe h khng kh thng gp c trnh
by bng 5-4 (t im1 n im 6) v bng 5-5.
189
2.Phng php phn chia t trng phng php ROTERS T trng
ca khe h khng kh c chia ra cc trng n gin v t dn ca n bng tng
cc t dn ca cc trng n gin .Trong bng 5-4 (t im 7n dim 11) cho
cc cng thc tnh t dn ca cc dng hnh hc c bn . T dn ny l tch ca
t thm vi t s gia tit din v chiu di trung bnh (hay t s gia th tch v
bnh phng chiu di trung bnh ) ca t thng.
Rt
Rn
Rn
Rt
R'o12
0td Ro0
1
2
1 2
o
o0
o
b
d
Ro
R'o12
a)


Rt
Rt
023 012
Ro
Ro
1 2 3
o
o
m o1
o3
tb
1
2 3
b)

190
Hnh 5-14:Nam chm in xoay chiu S thay th v th phn b t
thng , t p dc theo trc ca li (R l gi tr quy i ca R - nhng t tr c k
hiu l ca khe h khng kh, phn khng k hiu ca cc phn on st t ).
T dn tng ca khe h khng kh bng tng s hc cc t dn thnh phn
song song.
u im chnh ca phng php na l tnh trc quan .
Nhc im ca n l tn nhiu cng sc v thiu chnh xc khi s dng t
s gia cc kch thc ca mch t v khe h trong phm vi dao ng ln . Sai s
ca phng php ny c th ti 20-30%. Cng c th gim sai s ny bng cch a
thm vo h s hiu chnh .
3. Tnh t dn theo cc ng cong thc nghim (phng php ca BUL).
Da vo cc ng cong thc nghim v sut t dn r v tn (hnh 5-15, h5-16),
dng cc cng thc cho bng 5-6 tnh t dn. Phng phap ny tin li cho khe
h khng kh phc tp,v sai s ca phng php l khng ln lm.
4. Tnh t dn bng phng php hnh v . Phng php ny c s dng
khi khe h khng kh c dng phc tp v khi cn chnh xc cao. Phng php
ny ch nn s dng khi cc phng php khc bt lc.

Bng 5-4 : Cc cng thc tnh t dn ca khe h khng kh.
Dng khe h Cng thc


d
a
b
o
o

1.Cc mt song song (khng k ti t
dn tn xung quanh)

o

b a
G
.
.
0 1
= (cc t hnh ch nht)

o
t

. 4
.
.
2
0 1
d
G = (cc t hnh trn)
191


dx
b
R1
R2


2. Cc mt khng song song ,to vi
nhau mt gc (khng k ti t dn
xung quanh)
2
1
2
2 . . . ln
1
R
R
b dx b R
G o o
x R


= =
}








h
r1
r2


l:chiu di mt tr
3.Cc mt tr c trc song song
) 1 ln( / . 2 .
2
0 3
+ = c c l G t
Trong :
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2
h r r
c
r r

= ;
l
G
g
3
3
= ,
1 2
, 8 r r l l t = )
3 0
.
ln
l
G
h
x
t
=



2r
h
a

l:chiu di mt tr
4.Mt tr v mt song song
r
r h h
K l
G
2 2
0
4
ln
. . 2 .
+
=
t

Nu 1 4
a
h
= ; K=0,2 0,85
Nu 4
a
h
) suy ra
4 0
2
.
ln(2 4 1)
G
c c
t
=
+
;
2
h
c
r
= ;
4 4
. G g l =
192

r2 r1
h


l:chiu di hnh tr

5.Cc hnh tr song song , hnh ny m
hnh kia
5 0
2
2
.
ln( 1)
l
G
c c
t
=
+
trong :

2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2
r r h
c
r r
+
= ;
5
5
G
g
l
= ;
nu h=0
5
'
0
2
1
2
.
ln
l
G
r
r
t
= ;
nu h=0 v
1
''
2 2 1 5 0
2 ( )
2
;
l r
r r r G
o
t
o
o
+
)) = =
o
,

l:chiu di hnh tr
6.Hnh tr v cc mt ng tm nh
r o (( ;

6 0
ln
l
G
r
r

o
=
+



o

7.Mt na tr c:
l G . 26 , 0 .
0 7
=

o

8.Mt phn t tr c:
l G . 52 , 0 .
0 8
=
193


o

9.Mt na tr rng:


Z
l
G
o

+
=
1
. 64 , 0
.
0 9
;
vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o



o
o

10.Mt phn t tr rng:
Z
l
G
o

+
=
5 , 0
. 64 , 0
.
0 10

vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o


o

11.Mt phn t qu cu
o . 077 , 0 .
0 11
= G

o/2

12.Mt phn tm qu cu c
o . 308 , 0 .
0 12
= G


o
z

13.Mt phn t v cu:
Z G . 25 , 0 .
0 13
=
vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o


z o/2

14.Mt phn tm v cu:
Z G . 125 , 0 .
0 14
=
vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o


194
Bng5-5: T dn v o hm ca t dn ca cc khe h lm vic bng phng
php bin i ton hc trn c s cc s liu thc nghim

TNH

T DN

O HM

o a
z z

1.Cc cc t phng hnh tr
2
0
0.58
4
d
G d
o
t

| |
= +
|
\ .



2
0 2
4
dG d
d
o
t

o o
=

o d

2.Cc t hnh tr v phn
ng phng:

2
0
1.16
d
G d
o
t

o
| |
= +
|
\ .



2
0 2
4
dG d
d
o
t

o o
=

o a
z z
3.Cc cc t hnh vung:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+
+
+
+
=
Z
Z a
a
a
a
a
G
4 , 0 17 , 0
.
) 05 , 1 ln(
14 , 0
58 , 0
2
0
o
o
o

o





2
0 2
1.08 dG a
d
o

o o
=
o c
d
R0
A


4.Cc t hnh tr v phn
ng phng:
) d 69 , 0
63 , 0
c
. 69 , 0
d
x
4
d
( G
1
2
0
+
+
+
+ =
o
t
o
t

o

Trong :
) 1 ( 2 x
2
1 1 1 1
=


2
2
0
2
4
( 0.63)
d
dG
d
d
c
c
o
t
o

t
o
o
(
+
(
(
=
(
(
+
(



195
o
A

=
1 ( d
R 2
0
1


R0
b
a
o
A

5.Cc t hnh ch nht v
phn ng:
(
(

+
+
=
) b a ( 58 , 0
x
ab
G
2
0
o
o

Trong :
) 1 ( a
R 2
1
1
ln
2
x
0
2
2
2 2
2
o
A

+
=

+
=




2
2
0
x .
ab
.
d
dG
o

o
=



o
d 2o

6. Cc t hnh tr ,c mt
cc hnh nn :
(
(
(
(

=
d
d
G
) 75 , 0
sin
157 , 0
(
sin . 4
2
2
2
0
o
o o
t

o



o o
t

o
o
2 2
2
0
sin 4
d
.
d
dG
=

7.Cc t hnh tr trong ng
hnh tr.
(

+
+
= A
e
l ) e d (
. G
0 e
t

nu 0 <l < h ,
A=const




e
) e d (
d
dG
0
+
=
t

o
o

196
d
l
e
c
h

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
=
1
4
) ( 2 2 ( 4
1
2
) ( 2 ( 4
) ( 3 , 3
d
e
e c e e d
c
e
e c e d
e d
A


Bng 5-6 : T dn tng khe h khng kh ,tnh bng phng php phn chia t
trng thnh cc hnh n gin ,theo bng 11-1t im 7n im 14


Hnh


Cng thc

d
o z
16
15
1


1.
1 15 16
G G G G = + +

d . 815 , 0 l . 26 , 0 . G
0 0 15
= =
Z
1
l . 64 , 0
G
0 16
o

+
=
Z
1
d 2
G
0
o

+
=
vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o

197


a
9
7
11
13
o z
1
b

2.
1 7 9 11 13
4 4 G G G G G G = + + + +
vi G
7
v G
9
: l = 2a+2b.

vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o

z o
10
8
12
14
1
b a

3.
1 8 10 12 14
4 4 G G G G G G = + + + +
Vi
8
G v
10
G : l=2a+2b
vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o

1
b
o z
9
7
8
10
13
11
a

4.
1 7 9 11 13 8 10
4 4 G G G G G G G G = + + + + + +
Vi
7
G v
9
G : l = 2a+2b
Vi
8
G v
10
G : l = b
vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o

a
a
l
r
9
7
1
c

5.T dn r
lr
G
g ,
c
blr
G
G 2 G 2 G G
r
0 1
9 2 1 r
= =
+ + =

198


b
lr
9


6.T dn r (xem im 5)

r
r
r
l
G 2
g ; G 2 =
l
r
l chiu di ca phn r

o
c
h
o
p
h

7.T dn khe h khng kh lm vic (b
qua t dn tn)
ch ph
0 0
ab ab
G
o o

o
+
= =

r2
r1
r0
o
7
9

8.
o
t

2
1
0 1
.r
G =
Nu c l hng :
o
t

) (
2
0
2
1
0 1
r r
G

=
Z
1
r 4
G ; r . 63 , 1 G
1 0
9 1 0 7
o

+
= =
2
) r r ( 2
Z
1 2
o
t

=
9 7 1
G G G G + + =
o

199

r2
r1
r0
7
9

9.
) cos . sin
2
cos
(
cos .
.
2
1
2
1 1
0 17

o
o
t

r
r r
G

=

Nu c l hng (bn knh r
0
) th
9 7 17
1 2
1 0
9 1 0 7
2
2
0
2
1
0 17
2
) ( 2
1
4
; . 63 , 1
;
cos .
) (
G G G G
r r
Z
Z
r
G r G
r r
G
+ + =

=
+
= =

=
o
o
t
o

o
t

h
ph
o
ph
r
1
1
9
7
8
10
r

10.
)
2
r (
h 2
G
ph
1
ph
ph 0
5
o
o
t
+ =
1 0 8
r . . . 04 , 1 G t =
Z
5 , 0
r 4
G
ph
1 0
10
o

+
=
vi Z = (1 2)10
-1
.o
9 7 10 8 5 1
G G G G 2 G G G + + + + + =
o









200
Bng 5-7: T dn tng ca khe h khng kh , xc nh theo cc ng cong thc
nghim v sut t dn r v tn .


o
z
d
g1
g2

Hnh tr - phng
)] (
. 4
[
2 1
2
0 1
g g d
d
G + + = t
o
t



2o
d
0.5g1
0.5g2


Hnh tr- tr
1
2 1
2
0 1
2
1
)] 2 / 2 / (
. 4
[
G
g g d
d
G
=
= + +
+ =
t
o
t

a
b
g1
g2
0.5g1
0.5g2

Hnh ch nht - mt phng
)] (
) 2 / 2 / (
) 2 / 2 / ( 2
[
2 1
2 1
2 1
0
b b
b b
a a
g g b
g g b
g g a
ab
G
+
+ + +
+ +
+ =
o

o


201



o'
o
o''
z
R'
R
R''

Tr - phng to vi nhau gc
:
)] ( .
.
.
[
"
2
"
1
'
2
'
1
2
0
g g g g r
R
r
G
+ + + +
+ =
t

t

o

) (
); (
; . "
); (
); ( ; ' .
"
"
2
"
"
1
"
'
2
'
'
1
'
o
o
o
o
o
o
d
f g
d
f g
R
d
f g
d
f g R
=
=
=
=
= =




0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
2 4 6 8 10
12 14
hay
d
gpt( )
d
o
gpt ( )
a
o
b
o
hay
a
o
b
o
d
o
hay
,

a)





202

o
o
hay
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
4 8 12 16
20 24 28 32
36
x
o
y
o
hay
o o
zb za
b a
b a x y
za
zb

b)

Hnh 5-15
a)Quan h gia sut t dn tn v t s kch thc cc t.
b) th v quan h gia cc ta ca cc t thng tn


o
o0
d
z
d/b=2 3
6 10 15
4
z/o
g
z
1.2
0.8
0.4
0 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2

a)

203

10
15
6 4
3
2.5
a/o hay b/o=
z/o
z
z
a
b
o
0
20
g
z
1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
18 20 22
1
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8

b)
Hnh 5-16:Quan h gia sut t dn tn v t s
o
Z
khi
o o o
b
;
a
;
d
, thay i
a)Trng hp cc t hnh tr
b)Trng hp cc t hnh ch nht


C)T DN CA T THNG R
T thng r
r
| l phn t thng khng i qua khe h khng kh lm vic m
ch i t li ti gng (vi mch t c mt cun dy ) hoc gia hai li (vi mch t
c 2 cun dy trn hai li ). Khi khe h lm vic tng , t thng r cng tng ,
nhng chiu di ca phn on mch t c t thng r li gim .V vy cho vic
tnh c thun li ,ngi ta dng khi nim sut t dn r t dn r trn mt n
v chiu di: ) / ( m H
l
G
g
r
r
r
=
Trong trng hp ny, t trng r c coi nh phn b u trn li.
Cc cng thc tnh g
r
c trnh by bng 5-4 (im 3,4,5) v bng 5-6 (im
R,6). T dn r trong trng hp sc t ng phn b tp trung (hnh 5-17a).
T p trn mi n v chiu di l
r
gia hai tr ca mch t l hng s (nu
b qua t p ri trn li st). V vy trong trng hp ny G
r
= g
r
.l
r


204

lo lo
0 0
0 0
l
l
l
l
U

| |
U
tb
=0.5U

|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o



Hnh 5-17:S phn b ca t p , t thng theo chiu di ca mch t .
a)Nam chm in vi sc t ng tp trung
b)Nam chm in vi sc t ng phn b ri

T dn r vi trng hp sc t ng phn b ri u trn li (H5-17b).
Nu mch t khng bo ha th t p r
r
U u

= l mt ng thng, cn s thay
i ca t thng theo ng parabol. Trong trng hp ny, vic tnh ton ur da
vo gi tr trung bnh ca
r
u (ng chm chm H5-17b), ngha l :

rqd r
r r
r r r r r
r
r
G
l g
l g G .
2
.
. . . .
2
1
.
2
u u u
u
= = = = u
Trong :

cd
r
cd r
l
l
. u u =

cd
u - sc t ng cun dy , A

cd
l - chiu cao ca cun dy , m
G
rq
=
2
1
g
r
.l
r
, H - t dn r quy i
205
Trong trng hp mch t bo ho u
cd
v u
r
thay i theo ng cong, v
khi t dn d quy i G
rq
c th xc nh theo phng php v. Cng tn ti cc
phng php khc tnh ton mch t m khng cn tnh t dn d quy i.
D- T DN TNG CA HAI HAY NHIU KHE H.
Khc vi mch tr, mch dn khi c cc dn song song th dn tng s l
tng s hc ca cc dn thnh phn, cn khi cc dn ni tip , s ging nh cc tr
song song.
Vi 3 loi mch t thng gp (b qua t tr ca st t), t dn tng s l:
a/ mch t ht chp, phn ng nm ngoi cun dy ( H5-13a).

qd r
u
u
G
G G
G G
G
12
1
.
+
+
=

o
o



) 27 5 (
.
3 1
3 1
13
23
3

+ =

G G
G G
G
G G G
u
qd r d

b/ mch t ht ng dy( H5_13b).

qd r
K
K
G
G G
G G
G
12
12
.
+
+
=

u A
u A



qd r
qd r
G G
G G
G
23
23
24
.
+
=

o
o


) 28 5 (
.
24 12
24 12
14

G G
G G
G
c/ mch t hnh E, phn ng phng( 5_14a). Vi mt na ( mch t hnh U),
ta c:
) 29 5 (
.
12
12
+
+
=

qd r
B A
B A
G
G G
G G
G
Trong :

n ph B
o
o
A
G G G
G G
G G
G + =
+
= ;
.
. 5 , 0
o
o


206

12 12
.
3
1
r qd t
G G =
E V TR T THNG LN NHT.
V tr t thng ln nht |
max
chia mch t ra lm hai phn, trong mi
phn u c khe h khng kh. Cn xc nh sc t ng v chiu di li ca mi
phn . Thng gp cc trng hp sau :
- Mch t c mt khe h (H5-13a) Chiu di tnh ton ca li. Chiu di tnh ton
ca li bng ton b chiu d i ca li hoc ca cun dy l
cd
, cn v tr t thng ln
nht l ch tip xc gia li v gng.


- Mch t c phn ng nm ngoi cun dy( H5_13b ).

) ( 2
2
.
12
l u d
l d
cd
gl G G
gl G
l l
+ +
+
= (5-29)
V t thng d phn on 2_3 thng khng ln, nn trong nhiu trng
hp, nht l khi phn ng h, ta c th xem |
3
=|
d
=|
2
=|
max
. vi sai s khng vt
qu 4 5 %, thm ch c khi l
23
=0,3l
1
.
Mch t ht ng dy( H5_13c).

(
(
(
(
(

+ +
+
=


1
13
1
1
13
1
13
13 23
1
2
.
1
G
gl
G
G
G
gl
G
G
l
l
l l
cd
o
o
(5-20)
Khi tnh ton mch t theo t thng trung bnh hoc theo t thng mc vng
ca nam chm in xoay chiu, vic xc nh v tr ca t thng cc i |
max
l
khng cn thit.
5.9 -O HM CA T DN KHE H KHNG KH.
o hm t dn khe h cn thit cho vic tnh ton lc ht in t v cc i
lng khc ca nam chm in. Vic xc nh o hm ca khe h khng kh c th
tin hnh theo hai phng php: phng php gii tch v phng php v (o
hm bng th ).
1/ - Phng php gii tch:
207
Khi bit biu thc gii tch ca t dn khe h khng kh (nh bng5_6), ta
ch vic o hm biu thc theo khe h khng kh.
2/ - Phng php th:
u tin dng ng cong
o
G = f( o) theo cc tr s t dn tnh c
cho cc tr s o khc nhau (H5_18). T mt im o
i
trn trc honh tm im G
i

tng ng trn ng cong G(o ). T G
i
v tip tuyn vi ng cong t dn, to
vi trc honh mt gc, gc ny c trng cho o hm cp mt ca t dn ti im
.
,
1
|
o o
o o o
o
tg
M
M
tg
M
M G
d
dG
G G i
= =

= H/m (5-31)
Trong : M
G,
Mo - t l xch ca cc trc G v o.
Bng cch ny tm cc im khc ca o v sau dng quan h
o
o
d
dG
=f(o )

0 o
0 o
dGo
do
, Go
Go
dGo
do
oi oi

|
Gi
Go
a)
b)

Hnh 5_18: Xc nh o hm cp mt ca t dn khe h khng kh.

5.10 - T TR CC PH N ON CA MCH T.
T tr ca mch t gm t tr ca khe h khng kh v t tr ca cc phn
on st t.
T tr ca khe h khng kh:

o
o o
= =
G
1
R Z
208
Vy t tr ca khe h khng kh l t tr tc dng (thun tr) . Cc phng
php tnh t tr (t dn) khe h khng kh c trnh by cc phn trn.
T tr st t: khc nhau v bn cht ca nam chm in mt chiu v nam
chm in xoay chiu.
1. nam chm in mt chiu: t tr ch gm thnh phn tc dng, v c
biu din theo cng thc sau:
=

R
R
S
l
H
-1

Trong :
B
H
r
R
= = =

.
1 1
0
( 5-30 )
y :

R,
m/H _ sut t tr tc dng ca vt liu t, c th xc nh theo
ng cong t ho ca vt liu , hoc theo cc ng cong H5_15 ,H 5_20.
l,m _ S, m
2
_ chiu di v tit din.
H[A] , B[T]_ cng t trng v t cm trong mch t.
2. nam chm in xoay chiu: t tr gm hai hnh phn : thnh phn tc
dng v thnh phn phn khng Z :

je
X R
e Z
S
l
j
S
l
jX R Z

= + = + =
(5-31)

u

R
X
tg
X R Z X R
X
=
+ = + =
2 2 2 2
;
(5-32)
Thnh phn phn khng ca t tr X

c trng cho tn hao t tr, dng

xoy v tn hao trong vng ngn mch.V c tn hao nn t thng cc phn on
khc nhau ca mch t b lch pha nhau.
Sut t tr phn khng c tnh theo:

m
Fe
X
B f
P
2
. .
.
t

= (5-33)
Trong :
- khi lng ring ca thp
P
Fe
- Sut tn hao ca thp do t tr v dng xoy gy ra
209
f - tn s thay i ca t thng
B
m
- t cm cc i trong li thp.
Sut t tr tc dng c tnh theo biu thc:
,
2 2
X Z
R
=
Trong

Z
xc nh theo ng cong t ho ca vt liu vi tn s tng ng :
Hay
m
m
Z
B f
P
B
H
2
Z
. .
2
t

=
=
(5-34)
Trong : P

- sut t ho

0
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
x10
4
cm/H
B
T
5
x1
3
5
2
3
4
x10
1
x1
x1
4
x100
3
2
x10
x100
x10
x100
x10
1
1
R



Hnh 5_19: Cc ng cong
R
=f(B) cho cc loi vt liu t khc nhau ( t cm
do t thng mt chiu to ra)
1.vi vt liu 11 , 12 , 21
2.vi vt liu 41 , 42 , 43
210
3.Thp cacbon c
4.Gang
5.Thp kt cu CT10,
T cc hnh v trn nhn thy rng: vi mi loi vt liu, sut t tr gn nh
khng i khi t cm bin i trong mt phm vi tng i rng.
T tr ca vng ngn mch (mn chn) c th vit:

mm mm mm
jX R Z

+ =
Trong thnh phn tr tc dng R
mm
khng ng k so vi thnh phn
phn khng X
m
, v vy c th coi:
R
mm
=0 ; Z
mm
=jX
mm

vi s vng ngn mch l W=1, c th tnh:

nm nm nm
mm
r
f
r r
W
X
t e e

2
2
= = = (5-35)
Trong : r
nm
- in tr ca vng ngn mch.

PR
PR;PX
PR;PI
PR
PR
Px
PR
PR
b
Bu Bm
Thp 3A
Thp 345
Thp cm 10
Thp 312
Thp 341
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 T 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
x10
4
cm/H

Hnh 5-20: Cc quan h R
(B)
v X
(B)
. ( tr s tung ca cc ng cong nh du
bng ch b phi nhn vi 10 ).
211
5.11 _ H S T D V T TN
1/ - H s t tn:
c tnh theo t s gia t thng i qua khe h khng kh v phn t
thng lm vic:
Hay:
1
1
1
1
G
G G
t t
l
t
+
=
u
u + u
=
u
u
=
o
o

1
1
1
1
1 m
t m
m
t m
m
t
G
G G +
=
u
u + u
=
u
u
=
o
o (5-36)
Trong :
o - khe h khng kh
l - phn cc t (li)
m
l
m li ; t - tn
H s t tn ph thuc vo ln ca khe h khng kh v cc kch thc
ca mch t.
2/ - H s t r:
H s t d o
r
l t s gia t thng tng i qua tit din v tr l
x
v t
thng khe h khng kh ni tip n

o
o
o
u
u + u
=
u
u
= o
r X
rx

Khi xc nh h s t r o
r
, n gin ho, ta coi t tr st t khng ph
thuc vo t thng qua n v cun dy c ri u trn li.
Nu mch t c mt hay nhiu khe h khng kh, v chng nm v mt pha
ca cun dy th ch c mt h s t r. Khi mch t c cc khe h nm v 2 pha
ca cun dy th n c chia thnh hai phn ring bit, mi phn u c t thng
r v h s t r tng ng.
Vi mch t mt chiu (cun dy dng in v cun dy in p) v mch
t xoay chiu ca dng in (IW=const), khi tnh ton h s r ngi ta dng h s
ln nht ca t thng u
max
, cn vi mch t xoay chiu cun dy in p khi tnh
ton dng tr s t thng mc vng hay tr s trung bnh ca t thng + = Wu
tb.

Nu c mch t dng ht chp, h s t r s l :
212

o o
o
o
o
G
G
r r
r
+ =
u
u + u
=
u
u
= 1
0

Vi mch t mt chiu : gl G
r
.
2
1
=
Vi mch t xoay chiu : gl G
r
.
3
1
=
5.12_TNH TON KINH NGHIM NAM CHM IN MT
CHIU
A-CC S LIU BAN U. TRNH T TNH TON.
Bc tnh ton kim nghim c tin hnh sau khi hon thnh giai on
tnh ton s b (tnh ton thit k). V vy c s tnh ton kim nghim l hnh v
s b ca nam chm in vi cc kch thc c xc nh trong bc tnh ton
thit k. Trnh t tnh ton nam chm in mt chiu gm cc bc nh sau :
1. Lp s thay th ca mch t.
2. Tnh t dn cc khe h khng kh, t dn r, t dn tng v o hm ca
t dn khe h lm vic.
3. Tnh h s t r.
4. Tnh t tr cc phn on st t ca mch t. Khu ny ch cn cho tng
phng php tnh.
5. Xc nh t thng cn thit khe h lm vic (tr ti hn) theo cng thc
cn bng nng lng.
6. Tnh ton mch t - xc nh t thng cc phn on ca mch t v
cc sc t ng cn thit nam chm in tc ng.
7. Tnh v dng c tnh lc ht in t.
8. Tnh cc thng s ca cun dy.
9. Tnh ton nhit ca cun dy.
10. Hiu chnh cc kch thc ca nam chm in (nu cn thit). Lu
rng nu thay i kch thc th phi tnh ton kim nghim li.
11. Tnh ton thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh ca nam chm in .
12. Tnh ton h s nh.
13. Lp cc ch tiu, thng s v kinh t - k thut ca nam chm in
thit k.
213
B-CC PHNG PHP TNH TON MCH T
Nhim v chnh ca vic tnh ton mch t l xc nh sc t ng cn thit
do cun dy sinh ra to nn t thng cn thit cc khe h khng kh lm vic.
y l phn tnh ton kh phc tp, tn nhiu cng sc, v l bi ton phi
tuyn nn ch c th gii bng cc phng php gn ng.
C nhiu phng php tnh ton mch t, xong trong phm vi ca gio trnh,
ch cp n ba phng php thng gp :
- Tnh ton mch t theo cc phn on ca chng. Kt hp vi h s t r
v ng cong t ho.
- Tnh ton mch t theo cc phn on v sc t ng phn b trn chng
kt hp vi ng cong t ho.
- Tnh ton mch t theo phng php gii tch, kt hp vi cc ng cong
v sut t tr.
Cng nh phn tnh ton s b, y s liu ban u l lc tc ng ca
nam chm in F
ht
, bng lc phn lc (lc c) tnh ton ti hn F
cth
qui i v khe
h khng kh lm vic v cc kch thc ca mch t xc nh phn tnh ton
s b. Da vo lc F
ht
hoc mt phn ca n (nu s khe h lm vic ln hn 1) v
cc tr s ca t dn tnh ton ca cc khe h lm vic, xc nh chnh xc tr s
ca t thng |
o
khe h tnh ton ti hn o
th
v phn sc t ng cn thit sinh
ra t thng u
o
.
V vy cn dng cc cng thc gn ng v lc ht in t tnh ton |
o
.

Vi nam chm in m khi khe h lm vic thay i, t dn r G
r
cng thay i v
t thng r
r
u sinh ra lc ph th lc in t c tnh theo cng thc sau :
|
.
|

\
|
+
u
= |
.
|

\
|
+ =
o o o o
u
o
o
o
o
o
d
dG
d
dG
G d
dG
d
dG
F
r r
h
2
2
2
.
2
1
. .
2
1
(5-37)
Vi nam chm in c phn ng nm ngoi cun dy th t thng r khng
sinh ra lc ph, lc in t c tnh bng:

o o
u
o
o
o
o
o
d
dG
G d
dG
F
h
.
2
1
. .
2
1
2
2
2
u
= = (5-38)

214
Vi nam chm in ht ng dy - phn ng chuyn ng trong lng cun
dy, th lc in t c tnh nh sau:

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
u
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
cd
r
cd
r h
l
Z
g
d
dG
G l
Z
g
d
dG
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
.
2
1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
u (5-39)
Trong :
u
o
- Wb, G
o
- H,
o
d
dG
v g
r
-
m
H

u - A, Z m, phn chiu di li ng nm trong cun dy,
l
cd
m, chiu di cun dy.
1/ Tnh ton mch t theo cc phn on kt hp vi h s t r v
ng cong t ho.
tnh ton cn c hnh v mch t vi cc phn on tng ng, s
thay th v tr s chnh xc ca t thng |
oth
khe h khng kh lm vic ti hn
o
th
.
Da vo tr s t thng |
oth
, v h s t tn v r, xc nh t thng cc
phn on ca mch t. Sau khi bit t thng cc phn on, cn tnh sc t ng
tng ng vi cc phn on nh sau:
- Vi cc khe h khng kh:

i
i
i
G
o
o
o
u
= u
- Vi cc phn on st t:
u
i =
H
i
.l
i

Trong : H
i
l cng t trng phn on i, c xc nh da vo
ng cong t ho B(H), cn t cm B
i
c xc nh theo :

i
i
i
S
B
u
=

i
u - T thng phn on i
S
i
- tit din mch t phn on i
Sc t ng tng ca ton b mch t bng tng sc t ng ca cc phn
on v chnh l sc t ng cn thit ca cun dy :
215
u + u = u
i i cd

tin vic theo di, c th lp bng cho cch tnh ton ny.
Phng php tnh ton ny cho kt qu tng i chnh xc khi t cm trong
cc phn on mch t nm di on un ca ng cong t ho. Nu t cm nm
trn on un th nn dng phng php th hai hoc th ba.
2/ - Tnh ton mch t theo cc phn on, da vo sc t ng phn
b trn chng v ng cong t ho (phng php tch phn).
u im chnh ca phng php ny l cho bit kt qu tng i chnh xc
khi mch t c dng phc tp v im lm vic nm trn im un ca ng cong
t ho.
Cng ging nh phng php th nht, vi phng php ny cn bit trc
mch t vi nhng phn on tng ng, s thay th v tr s chnh xc ca t
thng khe h khng kh lm vic |
oth
. V d vi mch t H5_13a.
Xut pht t |
o1
( tng ng vi o
th
),tnh sc t ng cn thit ca cun dy
u
th
. Kh khn gp phi cc bc tip theo l cha bit c s phn b ca sc t
ng trn cc phn on, v vy phi s dng phng php gn ng lin tip.
xc nh cc gi tr gn ng u tin ca cc i lng trn, trc tin
phi lp c th phn b ca sc t ng theo chiu di ca li mch t. Mun
vy phi xut pht t v tr t p ln nht v b nht theo phng php xc nh v
tr t thng ln nht.
Vic xc nh s b sc t ng cun dy c tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
a) Xc nh sc t ng khe h khng kh lm vic theo cc cng thc
bit.
b) Xc nh sc t ng ca cun dy
u
cd
= (1,2-1,6)u
oth

c) Cc thnh phn ca sc t ng cun dy c xc nh theo biu thc:
u
cd
= u
12
+ u
23

Trong : u
12
= u
cd
.l
12
/l
cd
; u
23
= u
cd
.l
23
/l
cd


in cc i lng ny vo trong bng 5-7 ri da vo tip tc tnh ton.
216
Bng 5-7 xem trang sau
T p gia im 1 v 1:

gu
u u gu u
G
l H
G
U U U U
1
1
1
' 11
o
o
o
o
u
+ +
u
= + + =
Trong :
H
u
c xc nh theo ng cong t ho:

u
u
S
B
o
|
= ; A
G
th
,
1
1
o
o
o
u =
u

Tip theo phi tnh cc i lng sau :

23 ' 3 ' 2 ' 3 ' 2 23 23 ' 22 ' 33
12 ' 2 ' 1 ' 2 ' 1 12 12 ' 11 ' 22
23 23 12 1 12
23 23 23 12 ' 11 12
. .
0 . .
;
. ; .
u
u


o

+ + =
~ + + =
u + u = u u + u = u
= u = u
l H l H U U
l H l H U U
l g U l g U
r d r
r r r r

hoc :

23 ' 33
. u

~ +
u
=
d d
cd
cd
l H
G
U
Bng 5_7: Tnh ton sc t ng ca cun dy theo phng php tch phn.
Phn on u | l S B H H
1 u
r
U

A Wb m m
2
T A/m A Wb A
Khe h lm vic _ |
o1
o
th
_ _ _ |
o1
:G
1
_ U
11
Phn ng _ |
o1
l

S

B

H

H

.l

_ U
11

Khe h phn
ng_ gng
_ |
o1
o
g
_ _ _ |
o1
:G
g
_ U
11

Li phn on
1_2
u
12
|
12
l
12
S
1
B
12
H
12
H
12
.l
12 u
r12
U
22
=0
Gng phn on
1_2
_ |
12
l
12 S
o
B
12
H
12
H
12
.l
12 u
r12

Li phn on
2_3
u
23
|
23
l
23
S
1
B
23
H
23
H
23
.l
23 u
r23
U
33
Gng phn on _ |
23
l
23 S
o
B
23
H
23
H
23
.l
23
u
r23

217
2_3
Khe h li_y _ |
1
o
l
_ _ _ |
l
:G
l

y _ |
d
l

S

B

H

H

U
33

Tng u
cd
_ _ _ _ _
i i
l H
_ _

Vic kim nghim mc chnh xc ca cc sc t ng trn cc phn on
mch t da vo cc ng thc :

~ ~ =
cd i i
l H U U u u

; ; 0
23 ' 33 ' 22

Nu hiu ca hai v cc ng thc trn sai lch trn 10% th phi ly li tr
s u
12
, u
23
v trnh t tnh ton li lp li t u.
Phng php ny cho ta bit c s phn b ca t thng trong mch t
tng i chnh xc. Nu s phn on cng tng (nht l s phn on mch t)
th kt qu cng chnh xc.
3/- Tnh ton mch t theo phng php gii tch kt hp vi cc ng
cong v sut t tr
u im chnh ca phng php ny l cho kt qu tng i chnh xc, k
c trng hp t cm trong li thp kh ln n T 85 , 1 7 , 1 .
c th tnh ton c cn phi c hnh v mch t v tr s chnh xc
ca t thng |
o
khe h khng kh lm vic. Nhim v chnh ca bc tnh ton
kim nghim mch t l xc nh sc t ng ca cun dy (mch t H5-13) :

) ( .
3
1
.
1
+ +
=
u d r
gl
tb cd
R R G
R

u u (5-40)
Cc thng s ca biu thc trn s c kho st trong v d H5-21.
218

r1
r2
r3
o'
o''
l
1
2
pe=f(|tb)
|e=|o
|tb
|e'
|e''
|e'''
|e
|tb'
|tb |tb'' |tb'''


Hnh 5-21 : V tnh ton mch t theo phng php gii tch kt hp vi cc ng
cong sut t tr.

Cc t tr c tnh ton nh sau :
-Ca khe h khng kh v phn ng (u) :

u
u
Ru u u u
S
l
R R R R R . ; " '
o o
= + + =

- Ca y () :

0
. R
d
=
= + =

d
d
d
Rd d d
R
S
l
R R
o
o


- Ca gng (g) v li (l) :

l
l
Rl l
g
g
Rg g
S
l
R
S
l
R . ; .

= =
- T tr tng ca gng v li (gl) nu k c t dn r :

2 1
) ( ) . . (

+ + + + =
u d u gl r l g gl
R R R R G R R R
Trong :
1
= 1 +
6
1
G
r
( R

+ R
1
)

2
=
2
1
G
r
(R

+ R
1
)
G
r
= g
r
.l
r
( t dn r khng quy i).
219

Tr s R

c th xc nh c khi bit t thng

v
G

. Cn t tr ca
cc phn gng, y, li ph thuc vo t cm B trong chng, nn mun xc nh
c cc t tr ny, trc ht phi bit c gi tr ca
tb
v

.
xc nh c
tb
ca li v gng t ly 3 gi tr
tb
,
tb

tb

. ng vi
mi gi tr , tnh cc t cm tng ng B
1
=
1
tb
S
u
li v B
g
gng. Theo cc
ng cong v sut t tr
R
, xc nh R
1
v R
g
theo 3 gi tr ca t cm.
Mun xc nh R

cn bit

theo
tb
nu b qua t tr st t ca y :

E
E
+
+
u = u
u
u r
tb
R Gr
R G

.
3
1
1
.
2
1
1
.
T 3 gi tr
tb
,
tb

tb

theo cng thc :

) .( .
3
1
. .
2
1
.
1
1
E
+ +
+
u = u
u d r
d r
tb e
R R G
R G

T 3 gi tr ca
e
tnh v dng ng cong
e
=f(
tb
).
Theo

=
1
trn th tm gi tr ca
tb
v t tm R,
R
, R

cng cc i
lng khc. Sau thay th chng vo (5-40), nh vy im u tin ca qu trnh
tnh ton xc nh, tng t nh vy i vi cc im khc.
C TNH V DNG CC C TNH LC HT IN T:
c tnh lc ht in t ca cc nam chm in t biu din cc quan h
gia lc ht in t v hnh trnh phn ng ca n (khe h khng kh lm vic)
F
h
= f() khi in p (hoc dng in) ca cun dy l hng U=const (I=const) .
c tnh ny c tnh ton v dng theo cc phng php sau:
1/ Tnh v dng lc ht in theo cc c tnh lc:
c tnh lc biu din quan h gia lc in t v cc sc t ng ca cun
dy khi khe h khng kh l hng F
h
= f(
cd
) khi =const. Phng php ny c
trnh by hnh H5-22.

220

unh utd udm
u
om
oth otx
o0
o
F o0
otx
oth
om
F
Fdm
Ftd
Ftl
Fnh


Hnh 5-22 : Dng h c tnh lc (a) v dng c tnh lc ht (b)
S c tnh lc cn thit nn chn theo s cc im c trng ca cc c
tnh c (phn lc) v khng c t hn 3, 4 ng c tnh, trong bt buc phi
c 2 ng c tnh ng vi cc gi tr u v cui ca khe h lm vic
max
v

min
. T cc lc c (phn lc), tnh t thng cn thit
i
khe h lm vic, sau
tm sc t ng
i
cn thit to nn lc ht F
hi
. Bng cch ny, tm cc im
khc nhau v

dng h c tnh lc.
Cc im t 1 ti 4 ca tung c tnh phn lc (H5-22b) chiu sang
th bn tri (H5-22a) cho ct cc ng c tnh lc tng ng ti cc im 1

v 4

.
Sc t ng ln nht cn cho im ti hn l im 2

, chnh l sc t ng tc
ng ca cun dy
t
. Qua im 2, k ng thng song song vi trc tung. Chiu
cc giao im ny vi cc ng c tnh lc qua th pha phi, ct tung ca
cc khe h tng ng ti cc im 5,6,7. Qua cc im trn v im 2, dng ng
cong chnh l c tnh lc ht ca nam chm in vi lc ti hn ti im 2 khi
khe h v tr ti hn
th
.
Khi phn ng nh, t im 4 k ng thng song song vi trc honh, n
khi ct ng c tnh lc
th
ti im 4. T 4, k ng thng song song vi trc
tung, ct trc honh ti im
nh
v ct cc ng c tnh lc ti cc im tng
ng. T cc im ny, chiu sang th bn phi, s c cc giao im v qua cc
giao im , v ng c tnh lc nh F
nh
. Bng cch tng t c th dng c
tnh lc ht vi sc t ng ca cun dy ch nh mc v cc ch khc.
221
2/ Tnh v dng c tnh lc ht theo quan h gia t thng khe h
lm vic v sc t ng ca cun dy:
Phng php ny c trnh by H5-23.
S ng cong cn thit khi = const nn chn theo s im dc trng ca
c tnh phn lc, nhng khng t hn 3, 4 ng, trong t nht phi c 2 ng
ng vi
max
v
min
.
dng h c tnh ) (u
o
f = u , cn cho trc nhng gi tr bt k ca
o
u ,
v t tnh sc t ng tng ng.
Trn hnh 5-23, theo cc to
1 o
u v u c im tnh ton u tin: im
1 trn ng cong cho t thng ng vi
th
= const. Sc t ng ng vi cun dy
trng thi tc ng cho nam chm in l
t
. Qua im
1
, k ng thng song
song vi trc tung, ct h ng cong ti cc im. Tung ca cc im trn
chnh l t thng khe h lm vic vi nhng tr s tng ng. Thay cc tr s t
thng ny vo cc cng thc tnh lc ht in t (bng phng php cn bng nng
lng, hoc cng thc Macxoel) s thu c lc in t tng ng.

F
F
0nh 0td
0dm 0
o
otx
o0
oth
om o0 otx
oth
om
Fdm
Ftd
Ffl
Fnh
1
2
3
4
1'
2'
3'
4'
a)
b)


Hnh 5-23 :
222
a) H c tnh ca t thng khe h lm vic v sc t ng ca
cun dy.
b) Cc dng c tnh lc ht.
D- THI GIAN TC NG V THI GIAN NH :
1/ Khi nim chung:
Qung thi gian t khi bt u a tn hiu vo cun dy nam chm in
n thi im phn ng thi chuyn ng c chia lm 2 thnh phn : thi gian
khi ng t
k
-n thi gian phn ng bt u chuyn ng v thi gian chuyn
ng t
c
-n thi im phn ng phn ng ngng chuyn ng . ng vi qu trnh
nh - thi gian nh t
nh
.
t
t
= t
k
+ t
c
; t
nh =
t
k
+ t
c
; (5-41)
Da vo thi gian t
t
v t
nh
c th chia nam chm in ra cc loi :
- Loi tc ng bnh thng : ( 0,030,158 ) -vi loi ny, trong qu trnh
thit k khng cn dng nhng bin php c bit thay i thi gian tc ng.
- Loi tc ng nhanh (n 0,05s).
- Loi tc ng chm ( ln hn 0,15s).
Vi 2 loi di cn phi c nhng bin php c bit trong thit k.
Trong qu trnh ng, ngt, dng in thay i, t thng thay i nn dng
inn xoy xut hin trong cc phn ca mch t lm tng thi gian tc ng v
thi gian nh ca nam chm in. Vi nhng nam chm in loi tc ng bnh
thng, dng in xoy c th coi khng nh hng n qu trnh tc ng, cn khi
nh nu cn tnh ton chnh xc s phi tnh c nh hng ca dng in xoy.
2/ Thi gian tc ng:
t
t
= t
k
+ t
c

a) Thi gian khi ng : t
k
ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc bo ho ca
mch t.
-Trng hp mch t khng bo ho. Lc ny t thng t l thun vi
dng in trong cun dy I, v vy thi gian khi ng c th tnh bng :
223

kd od
od
nh k
I I
I
T t

= ln .
'
, s (5-42)
Trong cng thc ny:
T
nh
: hng s thi gian in t ca nam chm in khi phn ng cha b ht.
Vi cun dy c W(vng), in tr R() v c tng t dn ca tt c khe h
l G
nh
( H ) th :
T
nh
=
R
L
nh
= W
2
.
R
G
nh o E
, s (5-43)
I

= U/ R , A dng in xc lp trong cun dy ca nam chm in.
I
k
=
t
/W , A dng in khi ng

, bng t s gia sc t ng ca cun
dy v s vng dy ca n.




d|
|y
|
|
0
1
Iye
1
IyeIe i
ikd itd io1 0
o0
o1
o2
oh
A
2
A
1

h
0

a) b)
Hnh 5-24 : Xc nh thi gian khi ng (a) v thi gian chuyn ng (b) khi tc
ng ca nam chm in.
-Trng hp mch t bo ho. Thi gian khi ng t
k
t khi t thng tng
t 0 n thi im phn ng bt u chuyn ng
k
c tnh bng:
t
k
= u

}
u
O
d
R i u
W
kd
.
.
= .
R
W
2
u

}
u
O
d
w i I
kd
od
.
.
1
(5-54)
Tch phn (5-44) t l vi din tch, gii hn bi cc trc to v tung
ca t trng
k
v ng cong (H5-24). V vy t
k
nu k c nh hng ca tnh
phi tuyn ca ng cong t ho, c tnh bng :
224
iW i k
m m S
R
W
t
/
2
'
. . .
u
=

(5-55)
Trong : S : din tch gii hn
m

, m
i/iw
: t l xch ca cc trc.
Quan h gia thi gian khi ng v tc ng t
k
v cc thng s c bn ca
nam chm in c trnh by H5-25.


























Umin
R
Rm
om
R
Rm
Umin om
225
Hnh 5-25 : Quan h gia thi gian khi ng (a)v chuyn ng (b) khi tc ng
v cc thng s c bn ca nam chm in .
U : in p cun dy ;
R: in tr cun dy ;
: khe h khng kh lm vic ;
F
c
: lc c hc (phn lc);
N : khi lng phn ng v cc phn ng khc.
b)Thi gian chuyn ng khi khi ng t
c
:
Vic xc nh thi gian chuyn ng tng i phc tp v tnh phi tuyn
ca qu trnh. Trong phm vi ch cp n 2 phng php tng i n gin :
phng php th - gii tch n gin v phng php th - gii tch gn ng
lin tc.
* Phng php th - gii tch n gin nu s dng phng php ny sai
s c th ln n 30-50%, v khng nh gi c nh hng ca cc qu trnh
ng hc. Theo phng php ny t
chuyn ng
(t
c
) c tnh bng cng thc :


o
o o
o o
m m S
M
F F
M
t
F
h nh
c h
h nh
c
. .
2
). (
) ( 2
'
=

= (5-46)
y :
M: khi lng phn ng ca nam chm in
M = G/g, KG.s
2
/m
(
nh
-
h
) , m : hiu khe h lm vic khi phn ng nh v khi ht.
(F
h
- F
c
), N : hiu ca lc ht in t v lc c (phn lc). V (F
h
-F
c
)
thay i khi thay i, nn trong cng thc trn c s dng gi tr trung bnh :

h nh
c h
F F
o o

= S.m
F
.m
o
Trong : S: din tch gia c tnh lc ht v c tnh phn lc.
m
F
, m

: t l xch ca cc trc to .
*Phng php th- gii tch gn ng lin tc. y l phng php
thng dng nht dng cho nam chm in mt chiu c mch t bo ho. Vi
phng php ny, trc tin phi c h c tnh biu din quan h gia t thng
226
mc vng qua cun dy v dng in trong n = f(i) vi = const . Nu s ng
cong ny cng nhiu th kt qu cng chnh xc, cc phng trnh tnh ton phn
on cui gn:


t
R i U
tb
A
A+
+ = . (5-47)
F
h
.x = (Mv
2
/2) + F
c
.x
Trong cng thc ny :
i
tb
= 0,5.(i
n+1
- i
n
) , A dng in trung bnh trong cun dy ca phn
on cui.
x =
n+1

n
, m gia s cc hnh trnh phn ng .
t , s gia s ca thi gian chuyn ng .
, w gia s ca t thng mc vng .
F
h
, F
c
, N - lc ht in t ca phn lc.
M , kg - khi lng qui i ca phn ng .
v , m/s - tc chuyn ng ca phn ng.
Theo tr s ca lc c ti thi im phn ng bt u chuyn ng (H5-24)
v t cc cng thc tnh lc in t (5-37) ,(5-38), hoc (5-39) xc nh dng in
khi ng ca cun dy i
k
, m ti thi im , lc in t bng lc phn lc : F
h
= F
c
. Trn ng cong t ng ng vi khe h khi ng
nh
, (H5-24) , c im a
c honh bng i
k
. T a k ng thng ab, ct ng cong cnh sao cho tung
ca ab bng s gia ca t thng mc vng . Phn din tch gch cho chnh
l cng ca phn ng hnh trnh x : F
h1
. x
1
.
Khi bit cng ca lc in t v lc c, m lc in t cn thng lc c
(phn lc), th t phng trnh th 2 ca cng thc (5-46), c th tm c tc
phn ng cui hnh trnh ca phn on :

0 1 1 1 1 1
2
). . . ( v
M
x F x F v
c h
A A = , m/s (5-48)
Trong :
F
h1
, F
c1
: tr s trung bnh phn on kho st
v
0
: vn tc ban u ca phn ng .
227
Nu coi trong phn on nh, tc thay i tuyn tnh th c th xc nh
c tc trung bnh v
tb1
v thi gian chuyn ng t
1
phn on u tin :

1
1
1
1 1 1 0
1
;
2 2
0
2
tb
tb
v
x
t
v v v v
v
A
= A =
+
=
+
= ; (5-49)
Mun th chnh xc ca kt qu trn, thay chng vo phng trnh th
nht ca cng thc (5-46). Theo th v, xc nh i lng
1
, i
1
= i - i
k

v i
tb
= 1/2 . (i
k
+ i
1
) v thay vo phng trnh . Nu phng trnh khng tho
mn, th phi k li ab theo gc khc cho dn khi tho mn th thi.
Bng phng php tng t, xt v tnh ton cc phn on khc. Tc
chuyn ng v v dng in trong cun dy cui phn on trc chnh bng u
phn on sau. Ton b thi gian chuyn ng ca phn ng chnh bng tng thi
gian ca cc phn on :
t
c
= t
1
+ t
2
+ + t
n
mch tuyn tnh t
c
c th xc nh bng phng php gii tch n gin.
Nhng v h cc ng cong l tuyn tnh, nn cng tin li cho phng
php ny.
3/ Thi gian nh :
L qung thi gian t khi a tn hiu ngt vo cun dy nam chm in
cho n khi phn ng ngng chuyn ng :
t
nh
= t
k
+ t
c
a)Thi gian khi ng khi nh t
k
:
Nu khng tnh nh hng ca t trng xoy v t d ca mch t, b qua
thi gian chy ca h quang do dng in trong cun dy khi ngt, th thi gian
khi ng khi nh coi nh bng 0 : t
k
= 0. Nhng thc t, khng th b qua c
nhng nh hng trn, do t
k =
0, t
k
c xc nh bng thi gian suy gim
ca t thng n tr s I
nh
, m ti thi im phn ng bt u chuyn ng :


" "
'
"
ln
.
ln
kd
od
hq
h
kd
dm
hq
h
k
I
I
R R
L
R I
U
R R
L
t
+
=
+
= (5-50)
Trong cng thc ny :
228
R , in tr ca cun dy trng thi nng.
R
hq
= f(t) ~R
hqtb
= const , - in tr trung bnh ca h quang.
I

= U
m
/ R , A dng in xc lp trong cun dy.
I
k
, A dng in khi ng, hng ng vi thi im phn ng bt
u chuyn ng.

2
Fe
.
R
1
W
R
L
h
o
+
= , H in cm ca cun dy trng thi ht ca
phn ng.
b) Thi gian chuyn ng ca phn ng khi nh t
c
:


t
c
c tnh ton tng t nh thi gian chuyn ng khi ht t
c
lu
rng khi nh, lc phn lc F
c
ln hn lc in t F
c
> F
h
, v vy trong cng thc
tnh ton, s thay F
h
- F
c
bng F
c
- F
h
.

E- H S NH :
H s nh K
nh
l t s gia tr s dng in hoc in p ca cun dy khi
phn ng ca nam chm in nh v khi tc ng (ht) :

td
nh
nhI
I
I
K = ;
td
nh
nhU
U
U
K = , (5-51)
xc nh chnh xc h s nh, cn phi dng cc ng cong t ho v
kh t ca mch t, sau xc nh tr s ca t thng khe h lm vic khi nh

nh
v khi tc ng
t
. H s nh theo dng in c tnh bng t s gia sc
t ng ca cun dy khi nh v khi tc ng :
K
nhI
=
nh
/
t

Cng c th xc nh K
nh
qua c tnh lc ca nam chm in :

h
nh
nh
F
F
K =
C th thay i K
nh
bng cch thay i khe h chng dnh ca mch t hoc
thay i F
c
.


229
5.13: TNH TON KINH NGHIM NAM CHM IN XOAY
CHIU
Khc vi nam chm in 1 chiu, khi tnh ton nam chm in xoay chiu
cn phi tnh ton nh hng ca s bin thin tun hon ca cc thng s nh: in
p, dng in, t thng theo thi gian, tn hao nng lng do t tr v do dng
in xoy gy ra trong li thp mch t v trong vng ngn mch (chng rung). V
c tn hao nng lng nn t thng cc phn on mch t b lch pha nhau.
V nhng c im trn, khi tnh ton kim nghim nam chm in xoay
chiu nn s dng phng php s phc tnh. Cn lu rng phng php s
phc ch s dng trc tip khi t thng v sc t ng c dng hnh sin, ngha l
mch t lm vic phn tuyn tnh ca ng cong t ha.
Trong qu trnh tnh ton, cc i lng t thng v t cm c tnh theo
tr s bin
m
v F
m
. ng ho, ch s m s khng vit na.
Cc s liu ban u cn thit cho tnh ton, kim nghim phi da vo cc s
liu thu c t bc tnh ton thit k (s b), c th l hnh v nam chm in
cng cc kch thc ca n.
A - TRNH T TNH TON
Vic tnh ton nam chm in xoay chiu cun dy in p ( += const) v
cun dy dng in ( u = IW = const) c nhng im khc nhau. Trong phn ny,
ch xt ti loi c cun dy in p. Trnh t tnh ton ca n gm cc bc sau:
1. Lp s thay th ca mch t v xc nh cc phn on tnh ton cn
thit.
2. Tnh t dn ca khe h khng kh, sut t dn r, o hm bc nht ca t
dn khe h lm vic v t dn tng ca tt c cc khe h ca mch t.
3. Tnh h s t r trng thi nh ca phn ng, khng k n nh hng
ca t tr vng ngn mch.
4. Xc nh t thng, t cm, cng ging nh phn tnh ton s b, s liu
ban u y l lc tc ng
cqd hth
F F = bng lc c qui i (k n c h s d
tr
dt
K ), chnh bng lc in t ca nam chm in khi khe h lm vic v tr ti
hn (thng ng vi thi im bt u tip xc ca tip im thng m - ln
ca tip im). Theo v tr s ca lc ny (hay mt phn ca n nu s khe h l hai
230
hoc ba). Xc nh tr s chnh xc ca t thng khe h lm vic ti hn qua cng
thc:
)
3
1
(
) .( 2
.
2
2
o o
o
o
o
d
dGr
d
dG
G
K F
th
htb
+
E
u
= (4-50)
Trong :
Wb
th
u
o
, H G
o
,
6
0
10 . 256 , 1

= H /m,
Ch : m o : K = 0,25 nu F
hth
- N; K = 0,0255 nu F
hth
- kG.
cm o : K = 25 nu F
hth
- N; K = 2,55 nu F
hth
- kG
Tha s
3
1
nh gi nh hng ca t dn r
r
G qui i theo t thng trung
bnh u
th
. Da vo tr s u
oth
v o
rth
, xc nh:

th rth th o
o u = u . , t thng u
th
ny do tr s thp nht ca in p ngun sinh
ra:
dm min U min
U . K U = . Da vo u
th
tnh s vng ca cun dy W im R.
5. Tnh s vng ca cun dy. Cch tnh cun dy dng in v cun dy
in p c nhng im khc nhau (s kho st mc sau).
6. Xc nh t thng khe h lm vic c vng ngn mch ( trng thi ht
ca phn ng):
) (
. .
. . 2
min
Wb
W
U K
rh
dm U
th
e o
o
= u (5-51)
Trong : 9 , 0 6 , 0
min
=
U
K - h s nh gi kh nng suy gim ca in p ngun.
) 05 , 1 03 , 1 (
h
r
= o (b hn 1 , 1 ) - h s r khi ht ca mch t.
f 2t = e ,
1
s

7. Tnh ton vng ngn mch.
8. Tnh c h s t r trng thi ht ca phn ng
rh
o k c n nh hng
ca t tr vng ngn mch.
9. Tnh sc t ng
h
u trng thi ht ca phn ng, v y cng l c s
tnh ton nhit.
10. Tnh ton cc thng s in theo cc thng s t ca cun dy.
11. Tnh ton nhit ca nam chm in, trong c cun dy.
12. Hiu chnh li cc kch thc ca nam chm in theo kt qu tnh ton
nhit (nu cn thit).
231
13. Tnh v dng c tnh lc ht.
14. Xc nh thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh.
15. Lp cc s liu k thut tng hp ca nam chm in thit k - cc
thng s v cc ch tiu v kinh t k thut.
B TNH TON VNG NGN MCH
chng rung cho phn ng ca nam chm in xoay chiu do lc p
mnh gy nn,c th s dng cc bin php sau: dng phn ng th khi (vi cc
nam chm in b), dng nam chm in hai pha hoc ba pha, cn nam chm in
mt pha th dng vng ngn mch (H5-26). Cc cun dy in p ( += const) v
cun dy dng in (IW = const) th khc nhau v mt nh lng nhng ging
nhau v nh tnh. y ch xt vic tnh ton vng ngn mch ca nam chm in
c cun dy in p.

a) b)
c) d)
e)
f)
g)
h)


Hnh 5-26:Vng ngn mch v cch c nh chng
a, B cong tm gn trn mch t
232
b, p vo rnh nghing
c, p vo rnh tr trn pha di
d, p mt phn vo rnh hm
e, b gc tm cui cng
f, cht v b mt phn tm vo rnh
g, hn cc u dy dn
h, p khung ura vo rnh c thnh nghing

phn ng ca nam chm in khi b rung, tr s lc in t b nht
phi lun lun ln hn phn lc (tng cc lc c) tc ng ln phn ng trng
thi ht, ngc chiu vi lc in t. iu ny do vng ngn mch to nn.N chia
din tch cc t S
1
ra hai phn: phn trong S
t
v phn ngoi S
n
vng ngn mch, sao
cho t c cc i lng cn thit B
t
, B
n
v tn hao nng lng trong vng ngn
mch P
nm
l b nht.
nam chm in c 2 khe h lm vic, vng ngn mch nn t tr
khng c cun dy, cn loi c 3 tr nn t vng ngn mch 2 tr bn.
Nu trong 1 Nam chm in c cc din tch cc t khc nhau th vng ngn
mch phi c tnh ton ring cho tng cc.
mch t hnh E, nu khng t vng ngn mch tr gia, th lc b nht
tr gia gn bng zero, v n khng tham gia ng k vo vic tng gi tr b nht
ca lc tng. V vy lc b nht tr gia s b qua, coi n nh d tr.
tnh ton vng ngn mch, cn bit trc cc s liu sau:
- Lc c tng (phn lc) quy i, chng li lc in t F
cq
, c chn theo
c tnh phn lc, k c h s d tr lc.
- Lc in t phn b cc khe h lm vic, t l vi din tch cc t S
1
.
- Phn din tch ca cc t s t vng nm.
Tn ti nhiu phng php tnh ton vng ngn mch. Mt trong cc
phng php l tnh theo t s gia lc in t b nht v lc in t trung bnh
khi khng c vng ngn mch. Cch tnh ton nh sau:
1.Tr s trung bnh ca lc in t khe h lm vic khi khng c vng
ngn mch, trng thi ht ca phn ng uc tnh bng cng thc:
233
tn
th
tn o
tb
tbh
S S
F
2
4
10 . 9 , 19
4
o o

u
=
u
= , N
(5-52)

tn
th
tbh
S
F
2
4
. 10 . 03 , 2
o
u
= , kG
Trong :
u
oth
- Wb, t thng trung bnh khe h lm c khi phn ng ht.
S
tn
= S
1
- S
nm
, m
2
- din tch tng ca phn phn cc t trong v
ngoi vng ngn mch S
t
+ S
n
, bng din tch cc t tr i phn din tch rnh t
vng ngn mch.
Cc kch thc ca rnh phi s b chn trc, v chnh xc ho n khi
xc nh xong kch thc vng ngn mch.
2. T s f
1
ca lc in t b nht v tr trung bnh ca lc in t khi khng
c vng ngn mch:

1 4
2
.
min
1
+
= = =
o
tbh
cqdh dt
tbh
F
F K
F
F
f (5-53)
y K
dt
= 1,1- 1,2 h s d tr ca thnh phn lc p mch. Nu tr
gia ca mch t hnh E khng t vng ngn mch,c th ly K
dt
= 1.
3. T s gia din tch cc ngoi v trong vng ngn mch:
67 , 0 5 , 0
4
2
1
1
~

= =
f
f
S
S
t
n
o
4. in tr vng ngn mch:

2
1 2
1
1
4
) 2 3 (
4
. f
f
f S
r
h
tn o
nm

+
=
o
e
, O (5-54)
5. Gc lch pha gia t thng u
n
v u
t
khi s vng ngn mch W
nm
=1 l:

nm
t
r
G
tg
e
= ,
h
t
t
S
G
o
. = (5-55)
6.Cc t thng u
n
v u
t
c tnh theo:

o
cos . 2 1
2
C C
h
t
+ +
u
= u ; (5-56)


o
o
cos . cos
; .
t
n
h n
S
S
C C = = u = u
234
7. T cm khe h vng ngoi vng ngn mch:

n
n
n
S
B
u
= . N u
n
B > 1,6 T, cn tnh li h s C.
8.Cc lc :

t
t
tbt
S
F
2
4
. 10 . 9 , 19
u
= ,(N)

n
n
n tb
S
F
2
4
. 10 . 9 , 19
u
= , (N)
2 cos . . 2
2 2
max tbn tbt
tbn tbt F F F F F + + =


tbt tbn tb tb
F F F F F F + = = ;
max min

Theo nhim v tnh ton th lc in t b nht phi ln hn lc c trng
thi ht ca phn ng:

ch
F F >
min

Nu iu kin khng tho mn, cn phi tng t thng
h o
u (dn n gim
bt s vng cun dy W, sau tnh ton li vng ngn mch t u), hoc thay
i h s | v tnh li t u.
9.T s gia lc trung bnh
tb
F v lc b nht
min
F :
5 , 1
min
~ =
F
F
p
tb

10.Tn hao nng lng trong vng ngn mch :
vi
dm u
U K U .
max max
= c tnh bng:
nm
u
t u
nm
nm
nm
r K
K
r I P
2 .
) . . (
.
min
2
2
max 2
u
= =
e
(5-57)
trong cng thc trn phi a
min u
K vo v t thng tnh theo
min u
K
11. Cc kch thc vng ngn mch, chn chng theo cc c s sau:da vo
tr s
nm
r tnh ton phi k c n nh hng ca nhit , v khi lm vic nhit
vng ngn mch khong (200 250)
0
C. Cc h s to nhit ca cc phn ca
vng ngn mch nm trong li thp
TFe
K v trong khng kh
TKK
K c th ly nh
sau:
) . 0068 , 0 1 .( 10 . 9 , 2
3
u + =

TFe
K . W/(
2
cm C
0
)
235
). 0017 , 0 1 .( 10 . 0 , 3
3
u + =

TKK
K W/(
2
cm C
0
)
Trong u , C
0
nhit mi trng.

C-TNH TON CC THNG S IN CA CUN DY THEO
CC THNG S T:
lp quan h gia cc thng s v t v in ca cun dy trng thi
ht ca phn ng, c th dng cc quan h gia t thng trung bnh
tbh
u , sc t
ng cun dy
cdh
u v t tr tng ng ca mch t

Z :

= u

u
Z
cdh
tbh

Cc i lng trn c tnh cho trng thi ht ca phn ng v vi

dm u
U K U U .
min min
= =
in p t trn cun dy:

+ = u + = + =

u e
e
Z
W
j r I W j r I E r I U
cdh
tbh
. . . . .


. .
2
.
.
2
. .
) ( Z I
Z
W
j r I
Z
I W
j r I U = + = + =

e e


Trong :
Tng tr
.
Z ca cun dy:


+
+ = + =

e e
jX R
w
j r
Z
w
j r Z
2 2
.

+
+
+
+ = + =

e e
2 2
2
2 2
2
.
X R
R
w j
X R
X
w r jX R Z
t


= u
R
X
tg u

sin .

= Z X ; u

cos .

= Z R
V vy :

+ + =

u e u e
Z
w
j
Z
w
r Z
cos sin .
2 2
.

Cho nn: in tr tc dng ca cun dy: u
e

sin .
2

+ = + =
Z
w
r R r R
n
, O
236
r - in tr ca dy qun,
q
l w
r
tb
.
= , O

tb
l - chiu di trung bnh ca mt vng dy, m
q - tit din dy qun, mm
2
- in tr sut dy qun, Omm
2
/m

n
R - in tr c trng cho tn hao nng lng do t tr v dng xoy, vng
ngn mch.
I - dng in trong cun dy:
2 2
.
.
.
;
X R
U
I
Z
U
I
+
= = , A
Dng in ny c nhng tr s khc nhau v n ph thuc vo tr s in
p:
dm U dm U dm
U K U U K U U . , . ,
max
max
min
min
= = v ph thuc vo ) (o f Z =
Cng sut tiu th ca cun dy:
P = U.I (VA) ; ) sin . (
2
2 2
u
e

+ = =
Z
W
r I R I P
a
, W
Khi tnh ton nhit, cng sut tc dng
a
P phi tnh cho trng hp in p
ngun ln nht :
dm
max
U
U . K U = v

Z vi trng hp phn ng b ht.
Cng sut tc dng
a
P cng c th tnh theo biu thc :

nm X t a
P P P r I P + + + =
2
, W
Trong :
t
P - cng sut tn hao do t tr.

x
P - cng sut tn hao do dng xoy.

nm
P - cng sut tn hao vng ng n mch.
Thng thng vi
dm
U , mch t thng gn b bo ho, nn khi in p
tng 10%, cng sut tiu th tng 2030%, cn khi in p gim, v d n
0,8
dm
U , cng sut tiu th
a
P gim gn 2 ln.
Tn hao vng ngn mch thng chim ti xp x 50% ca
a
P ,v th vng
ngn mch lm nng mch t.
- Gc lch pha gia dng in v in p :

R
X
tg = ;
P
P
a
= cos
237
D.TNH V DNG C TNH LC HT
Tng t nh phn nam chm in mt chiu, ch lu rng lc y l
lc trung bnh.
E. DNG TH VC T
trng thi ht v trng thi khi phn ng h, th vc t khc nhau nhiu
v c trnh by h.5-27

o

I

I R~
I
I r
E
U
0
Z
X

o
o

H.5-27 - th vc t
a- khi phn ng h
b- khi phn ng ht
Vi phn ng cha b ht, t tr ca st t v ca vng ngn mch rt b so
vi t tr ca khe h khng kh, nn b qua, cn khi phn ng ht th khng th b
qua chng c.
F. XC NH THI GIAN TC NG V THI GIAN NH CA
NAM CHM IN XOAY CHIU:
Nhn chung, vic xc nh thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh ca nam chm
in xoay chiu c bn ging nh nam chm in mt chiu. Nhng do s phc
tp ca qu trnh nn cc phng php tnh ton cho k s cha c cp n
nhiu.V lc v dng in thay i tun hon theo thi gian, v vy thi gian khi
ng v chuyn ng ph thuc vo thi im ng v ngt mch.
Thi gian khi ng ca nam chm in xoay chiu khi tc ng thng ly
t 1/4 n 1 chu k in p ngun thi gian khi ng khi nh cng ging nh
nam chm in mt chiu, ph thuc vo dng xoy trong mch t, thi gian chy
ca h quang mch cun dy .
238
5-14- TNH TON CUN DY NAM CHM IN :
A- TRNH T TNH TON CC S LIU BAN U :
Cun dy nam chm in phi sinh ra sc t ng thit v nhit pht
nng ca n phi thp hn nhit cho php ca cp cch in.
a,Trnh t tnh ton : thng gm cc im sau:
1- Xc nh cc s liu ban u.
2- Vi cun dy in p mt chiu, xc nh in tch chim ch ca dy
qun, tit kim dy qun, vng cun dy. Vi cun dy in p xoay chiu, xc
nh s vng , tit dn dy qun v cc kch thc ca n, cun dy mc ni tip,
xc nh s vng v tit in qun.
3- Xc nh in tr ca cun dy:
4- Xc nh dng in v cng sut tiu th ca cun dy .
5- Xc nh t cm ca cun dy ( trng thi np ht v np m )
6- Xc nh chiu di v khi lng dy qun .
7- Tnh ton nhit ca cun dy.
Vi nam chm in mi thit k, cc vng dy phi lp y khng gian ca
cun dy, sao cho kch thc ca cun dy b nht, song nhit pht nng ca n
phi b hn nhit cho php.
Vi cun dy ca nam chm in qun li nu sc t ng cn thit b hn
kh nng cho php ca kt cu sn c, nn qun cun dy va , khng cn phi
y c khng gian ca n.
Khi tnh ton cun dy, phi lu n cc c im khc nh: tnh ton
theo in tr cho trc, theo ng knh dy c sn
Thng thng cc nam chm in ch c mt cun dy nhng gim kch
thc v khi lng ca nam chm in mt chiu, nn phn ra hai na cun dy.
Trong qu trnh ng cun dy c mc sao cho tng lc ht phn ng, cn
trng thi ht cun dy li c mc sao cho dng in chy trong b.
Vi nam chm in xoay chiu, hin tng tng cng lc trong qa trnh
ng l t nhin, bi dng in khi khe h ln gp nhiu ln khi khe h b.
b- Cc s ban u: c xc nh t hai ngun : theo nhim v thit k v
theo cc s liu ca cc phn tnh ton thit k v tnh ton kim nghim .
- Theo nhim v thit k nam chm in:
239
Loi in p hay dng in, tn s ngun, phm vi dao ng ca ngun, ch
lm vic (di hn , ngn hn ) mi trng lm vic , cc yu cu v cng ngh
, v vn hnh
- Theo tnh ton thit v tnh ton kim nghim : chn kch thc cun dy
v cc chi tit ca n , chn cp cch in ca cun dy
B_VT LIU CA CUN DY :
Kt cu ca cun dy v cc s liu v vt liu cch in v vt liu kt cu
c cho trong cc s tay tra cu. Cc loi vt liu ca cun dy c th chia thnh
4 nhm:
- Dy qun: c nhiu loi khc nhau v kch thc th loi, tit din, cp
cch in. Vic chn m hiu v kch thc dy qun khng nhng ch da vo yu
cu k thut m cn da vo c tnh kinh t na.
Trong tt c cc loi dy, loi bc men (emay) c nhiu u im hn : b y
cch in b nn gim c kch thc ca cun dy. Loi dy bc si th loi bc
bng t la mng hn, nhng t.
-Vt liu cc in dng ru l, tm v dng bng dng cch in gia cun
dy vi khung, gia cc lp ca cun dy. Cc vt liu ch yu y l bng vi,
la, giy cch in.
-Sn, cc hp cht cch in v men dng tm, bc b mt ca cun dy.
-Cc vt liu kt cu khung v cc vt liu ph khc: cc tng cch in ,
gtinac, testolit, thic, nha thng
Trong cc bng (5-8), (5-9) v (5-10) trnh by cc loi vt liu ny .
C- CC THNG S TNH TON CA CUN DY:
1- H s lp y: ca cun dy c tnh bng t s gia in tch thc ca
dy qun v din tch m cun dy chim ch.
Phn bit hai loi h s lp y : ca bi dy K
ldbd
v ca cun dy K
lcd:
cd cd cd
cu
ldcd
bd bd bd
cu
ldbd
h l
W q
S
S
K
h l
W q
S
S
K
.
.
;
.
.
= = = = (5-58)

Trong : S
cu
- din tch ca dy qun
q - tit din dy qun
W- s vng cun dy
240

cd cd
h , l chiu di v chiu cao cun dy
Kt cu ca bi dy v khung dy rt a dng .V vy tr s ca h s lp
y cun dy K
ldcd
dao ng trong mt phm vi tng i rng.
H s lp y bi dy K
ldbd
ph thuc vo 3 nhn t chnh, nn c th coi n
gm ba h s hp thnh:
K
lb
= K
h
. K
k
. K
i

Trong :
K
h
- h s hnh dng ca tit din dy qun. Vi dy trn:
4 / t =
h
K , cn vi dy hnh ch nht: K
h
= 1.
K
k
= 0,8 1 - h s khng bng phng ca cun dy. Vi dy dn
trn, ng knh b d < 0,3mm, nu qun khng xp lp th K
k
= 0,8 0,9;
Vi d > 0,3mm, K
k
= 0,9 0,95, cn nu qun theo lp tht y K
k
= 1. Vi
dy tit din ch nht: K
k
= 1.
K
i
- h s tnh n b dy cch in.

0,4 0,8
1,2
1,6 2,0
0,4
0,2
0,6
0,8
1
2
3
A
d
mm
Kld

Hnh 5-28 : H s lp y ca bi dy .


a-Bi dy khng c tm lt gia cc lp .
b-Bi dy c tm lt gia cc lp dy qun.
c-H s lp y cho cho cc m hiu dy khc nhau .
241
1- dy men ( ... , , BT BA B t t t )
2- dy men c bc lp si t .
3- dy 2 lp bc giy v la thy tinh .

Gii hn trn: Khng c cc lp lt, cn gii hn di: c cc lp lt.
Vi dy qun tit din trn, qun theo lp, h s lp y c tnh bng:

2
2
. 4
. . .
i
k i k h lb
d
d
K K K K K
t
= = (khng c lt gia cc lp)

) ( . 4
.
2
A +
=
i i
k lb
d d
d
K K
t
(c lt gia cc lp vi b dy A)
Vi dy hnh bn c :

2 2
2
) . 5 , 0 ( ) ( . 4
.
i i i
k lb
d d d
d
K K
A +
=
t

d
i
ng knh dy c k n cch in.
Trn hnh h.5.28 cho cc ng cong thc nghim K
lb
ph thuc vo
ng knh dy trn d (khng c cch in). Tr s ca K
lb
dao ng trong mt
phm vi rng (vng gch cho) v n ph thuc vo K
k
v K
I
- cng ngh dy
qun v b dy cch in.
2.CC THNG S KHC CA CUN DY :
l tit din dy qun, s vng cun dy, in tr cun dy
Khi tnh ton cun dy phi lu rng in p ngun dao ng t U
max

n U
min
. V vy vi tnh ton nhit, phi ly: U = U
max
= K
Umax
.U
m

Cn vi tnh ton sc t ng cn thit cho nam chm in tc ng, phi
tnh theo tr s U = U
min
= K
Umin
.U
m
.
Khi lm vic cun dy b pht nng nn in tr ca n tng. Vi cun
dy in p mt chiu, khi in tr tng, dng in gim nn sc t ng cng
gim.
ch lm vic di hn, h s qu ti dng K
qt
= 1, cn ch d lm
vic ngn hn v ngn hn lp li, h s qu ti dng K
qt
> 1.

242
Cun dy in p mt chiu:
Vic tnh ton ny da vo cc phng trnh quan h gia sc t ng v
cc thng s ca cun dy.
tb
dm U
qt
dm U
qt qt
l
q U K
K
R
W U K
K W I K
.
. .
.
. .
. . .
max max
max max
u u

u = = =

dm
U
U
dm
K
K
K u u u . .
min
max
max max
= =
T hai cng thc trn suy ra :

min max
max
.
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
U K
l
U K
l
U K K
l
q
qt
tb td
dm qt
tb dm
dm U qt
tb u u u
u u u
= = =
ng knh dy qun khng k cch in :

t
q
d
. 4
= , m
Da theo bng 5.8, chn ng knh dy qui chun d v c cch in d
i
. Nu tit
din dy qun ln, nn chn dng dy ch nht. S vng cun dy:

q
h l
K W
cd cd
ldcd
.
. ' =
in tr cun dy :

q
W l
R
tb
.
.
u u
=
Dng in v cng sut ca cun dy :

u
R
U K
I
dm U
.
max
max
= ; P
max
= I
2
max
. R
u
Mt dng in trong cun dy: kim nghim, nn xc nh mt dng in
q
I
j
dm
= , A/m
2
. Vi ch lm vic di hn thng: j = 2 4 A/mm
2
, cn vi cc
ch lm vic khc, mt dng s nhn thm vi h s qu ti K
qt
. Khu kim
nghim cui cng c tin hnh trong bc tnh ton nhit ca cun dy.

Cun dy in p xoay chiu:
S vng W ca cun dy in p, in xoay chiu c xc nh t phng
trnh quan h gia in p ngun, t thng u
tbh
hay

u
tbt
, tn s ngun v s vng.
243
Nu b qua thnh phn in p ri in tr ca cun dy khi phn ng b ht, c th
vit :
tbh
tbh
dm
W f
W
E U u =
u
= ~ . . . 44 , 4
2
. . e

V lc in t tc ng ca nam chm in v tr khe h ti hn o
th
l do gi tr
in p ngun b nht U
min
sinh ra, nn s vng ca cun ny c tnh theo :

tbh
Ir dm U
tbh
Ir dm U
f
K U K
W
K U K
W
u
=
u
=
. . 44 , 4
. .
. .
. . . 2
min min
e

H s K
Ir
= 0,6-0,9 nh gi thnh phn tc dng ca ca p ri trn in tr cun
dy. Vi khe h ln, K
Ir
ly gi tr b v ngc li. Khi phn ng b ht K
Ir
~ 1 .
Tit din dy qun c tnh theo :

W
h l
K q
cd cd
ldcd
.
. =
ng knh dy v in tr tc dng ca cun dy tnh tng t nh phn
cun dy in p, in mt chiu, cn tng tr, dng in tng v cng sut tiu th
ca cun dy c tnh nh trong 5-13.
3. CUN DY DNG IN (NI TIP) IN MT CHIU V
XOAY CHIU :
Gi tr ca dng in trong cun dy y thng cho trc phn cc s
liu ban u. Sc t ng cn thit xc nh trong phn tnh ton mch t. V vy
vic tnh ton cun dy trong trng hp ny ch phi tnh s vng v tit din dy
qun .
W =
I
u
; q =
j K
I
qt
= K
ldcd
.
W
.h l
c cd

4. IN CM CUN DY :
nam chm in mt chiu , in cm c biu din qua t tr mch t
(gm t tr ca cc phn on st t v ca khe h khng kh).
L =
E
R
W
2
=
o E E
+ R
Fe
R
W
2

244
Nu li thp khng bo ha c th b qua t tr ca li thp :
L =
o E
R
w
2
= W
2
. G
Eo
Vi nam chm in xoay chiu, v c thnh phn t khng c trng cho tn
hao ca t tr v dng xoy nn :
L =
E
Z
W
2
cos =
E
R
W
2
.cos
2

Trong :
R
E
= Z
E
. cos
Chiu di v khi lng dy qun ca cun dy :
L = l
tb
.W
M = .q.L
Trong : - Kg/m
3
- khi lng ring ca vt liu dy qun .















245
CHNG 6
TNH TON NHIT
.6-1/ NHIM V V PHNG PHP TNH TON TN HAO
TRONG CC PHN T DN IN V TN HAO TRONG LI THP .
I/- NHIM V TNH TON NHIT :
Kt cu, kch thc v tin cy khi vn hnh ca kh c in ph thuc
nhiu vo vic gii quyt pht nng ca chng. V vy trong qu trnh thit k kh
c in vic tnh ton nhit l rt cn thit .
Khi tnh ton nhit ta thng gp hai loi bi ton sau :
1-Bi ton 1: Bit ph ti ca kh c in (thng biu th bng ln
dng in), iu kin pht nng cho php ca cc chi tit v ton b kh c in,
phi xc nh kch thc ca cc chi tit v ton b thit b sao cho kch thc v
trng lng ca ton thit b cng nh cng tt. Bi ton ny gp khi ta thit k sn
phm mi .
2-Bi ton 2: Bit kch thc ca cc chi tit v ton b thit b, iu kin
pht nng ca cc chi tit v ton b thit b, phi xc nh kh nng ti ca thit b
(biu th bng ln ca dng in). Cn c gng cho thit b mang ti cng ln
cng tt. Bi ton ny thng gp khi kim nghim sn phm c sn.
II/-PHNG PHP TNH TON
Trn thc t c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n qu trnh pht nng v ta
nhit ca thit b in, bi vy vic tnh ton nhit cho thit b in mt cch y
l rt kh khn.
Thng thng chng ta tnh ton gn ng theo cc phng php sau :
1-Khng xt s tng h gia cc phn t ca thit b v gi thit rng tt c
nhit sinh ra trong mi phn t c truyn ra mi trng xung quanh ( ch xc
lp) hoc t nng cc phn t (khi qu trnh pht nng ngn hn khng n nh). T
nhng kt qu gn ng ny ta c th iu chnh trong tnh ton kim nghim .
246
2-Hiu chnh kt cu v tnh li chnh xc nhm gim qu trnh pht sinh
nhit, tng qu trnh ta nhit. Sau th nghim trn m hnh hoc mu th nghim
ca thit b v nh gi kt qu .
tnh ton nhit ca ton b kh c in ta tin hnh tnh ton nhit cho tng
chi tit v cm chi tit cn c vo iu kin ta nhit v iu kin lm vic ca kh c
in .
Cc cm cn tnh ton nhit gm :
- Cc chi tit, cm chi tit ca mch vng dn in nh: thanh dn, u ni,
tip im, u ni mm.
- Nam chm in: cun dy, mch t ca nam chm in xoay chiu.
- Cc loi in tr : m my, hm, iu chnh, ni t ph
- Cc chi tit khng dn in t trong t trng v in trng xoay chiu b
pht nng do c dng xoy v tn hao trong in mi .

III/-NHIT PHT NNG CA CC PHN T CA KH C
IN :
1/. Nhit pht nng cho php cc ch lm vic trong bng 6-1 s gii
thiu gii hn nhit pht nng cho php v tng nhit so vi mi trng xung
quanh l +40
o
C ca cc chi tit kh c in iu khin v phn phi c in p nh
mc n 1000V. Cc gi tr bng tng ng vi cc ch lm vic di hn, ngn
hn lp li, ngn hn.
Bng 6-1: Nhit pht nng cho php


247
Tn chi tit

tng
nhit
o
C
Nhit
o
C
1- Tip im ng ngt mch chnh :
a - bng ng (trong KC phn phi)
bng ng (trong KC iu khin)
b - M bc
c - c tm m bng bc v hn hp kim loi gm ca bc
vi oxit catmi hoc ng
d- C tm m bng kim loi khc
e- Tip im trt lnc tm m bng bc

55
65
ch thch
ch thch 3
ch thch 4

ch thch 5
80

95
105
1 v 2
- - -
- - -

- - -
120

2- Khi tip im c tm m bng bc

80

120

3- Cc mi tip xc cng bn trong KC bng vt , bulong,
inh tn (Rive) v cc mi ni cng khc (khng k hn )
a- bng ng, hp kim ng, nhm, hp kim nhm, khng c
lp m bo v b mt mi ni .
b- bng ng, hp kim ng, nhm, hp kim nhm, thp t
cacbon, c lp m b mt mi ni bo v khi b n mn
bng kim loi xu tng ng m bo n nh in tr tip
xc tt hn ng .
c- bng ng, hp kim ng, thp t cacbon, c lp m b mt
mi ni bng bc bo v khi b n mn .


ch thch 2


55



65



95


- - -


95



105



135

4- Cc mi ni tip xc bng phng php hn m bo bn
mi ni .
60 100
248



















65 105
249

5- Dy ni mm bng ng tm mng, si ng dt hoc xon ,
c lp b mt bo v n mn.
6- Cc u cc eer ni vi dy dn bn ngoi bng ng,
nhm v hp kim ca chng .
a- Khng c lp m bo v b mt
b- C lp m bo v b mt bng Catmi, thp Niken, hp kim.


55
ch thch 6
65
ch thch 6


95
- - -
105
7- Cun dy nhiu lp c cch in bng vt liu chu nhit
cp ( o nhit bng phng php in tr ).
a- KC phn phi cch in cp : A - - - -
E- - - -
D - - - -
F- - - - -
H - - - -
b- KC iu khin cch in cp : A- - - - -
E - - - -
D- - - - -
F - - - -
H- - - - -



65
80
90
115
140
85
100
0135
160




105
120
130
155
180
125
140
150
175
200
8- Cc chi tit bng kim loi lm vic nh l xo ch thch 7
9- Tay nm , v lng
a- Bng kim loi
b- bng vt liu cch in

15
25

55
65
10- v v cc phn khc c th s tay vo c . 45 85
11- Du my bin p v cc chi tit ngm trong my bin p .
a- KC phn phi du lp trn
- Chi tit kim loi
- Cun dy nhiu vng

40
50
60

80
90
100
250

Ch thch :
1- Khi lm vic di hn , tng nhit khng qu 55
o
C v nhit pht nng
khng qu 95
o
C .
2- Khi lm vic ngn hn lp li tng nhit v nhit pht nng khng
c ln, mc d khi th nghim khng xut hin h quang trn tip im.
3- Nhit b hn ch do bn nhit ca cc phn u ni, nu lp bc
khng b h quang lm h hng v khng c lm sch khi th nghim v bn
mn c .
Trng hp ngc li ta coi nh tip im ny khng c lp m bc .
4- Nhit b hn ch do bn nhit ca cc phn ni nhng khng vt
qu 200
o
C .
5- Nhit c qui nh tng ng vi tnh cht ca vt liu .
6- Nhit ny khng p dng vi kh c in tc dng nhit (v d: r le
nhit, in tr, bin tr, cu ch, aptomat c b phn nhit ca cc u cc cho php
khng ln hn 70
o
C v nhit pht nng khng qu 110
o
C .
7- Nhit b hn ch do tnh cht c ca vt liu. Tnh cht c ca vt liu b
xu i khi nhit tng cao, v d vi ng, nhit cho php ln nht l 75
o
C,
tng nhit l 35
o
C .
2/. Nhit pht nng cho php khi c dng ngn mch :
b- KC iu khin
- Du lp trn
- Chi tit kim loi
- Cun dy nhiu vng

60
55
60

100
105
100
251
- Nhit pht nng cho php ca cc chi tit bng kim loi c qui nh l
nhit ti bn c ca n vn m bo khng b gim so vi bn c 20
o
C.
V d cc phn dn in ca kh c in khng c cch in v khng tip xc vi
cch in c nhit cho php vi ng v thp n 300
o
C v nhm n 200
o
C. i
vi cc chi tit dn in hoc khng dn in c cch in hay tip xc vi vt liu
cch in cng nh nhng chi tit bng vt liu cch in, nhit pht nng cho
php ph thuc vo mc bn nng ca vt liu cch in thng thng vi cch
in cp A l 200
o
C .
Cc tip im ng ngt khng c hn dnh v nng chy .
IV/-TNH TON TN HAO TRONG CC PHN DN IN :
1/. Cc biu thc tnh ton :
Cng sut tc dng P v nng lng tn hao trong vt dn c xc nh theo
cc biu thc :
P = I
2
.R (W) (6-1)
W = I
2
Rt (Jun) (6-2)
y : I - tnh bng Ampe [A]
t - tnh bng giy [s]
R - tnh bng m [O]
R = k
bm
.K
g
.
u
.
S
l
(6-3)
Trong :
k
bm
- h s hiu ng b mt, bng t s gia in tr xoay chiu v in
tr mt chiu .
K
g
- H s hiu ng gn khi c cc phn t dn in t gn nhau .
252
l- chiu di vt dn (m)
S- tit din ngang vt dn (
2
mm )

u
- in tr sut ca vt dn u
o
C ( m / mm
2
O )

u
=
o
(1+ou) =
20
[1+o(u-20)]
=
mt
[1+o(u- u
mt
)] (6-4)
Vi
o
,
20,

mt
- l in tr sut ca vt dn 0
o
C, 20
o
C, v nhit mi trng
xung quanh.
Bng 6-2 : in tr sut ca ng v nhm 20
o
C
Vt liu vt dn in tr sut
20
(Omm
2
/m)
1. ng in phn tinh khit nht 0,01681
2. ng mc M1 :
- mm
- na mm
- Khng , cng

0,01741
0,01754
0,01840
3. Nhm in phn tinh khit nht
c
0,02635
4. Nhm mc A1 :
- mm
- na mm
- khng , cng

0,0278 - 0,0280
0,0268 - 0,0295
0,0318
2./-H s hiu ng b mt v hiu ng gn ca vt dn bng vt liu
phi t tnh :
Hiu ng b mt (qui c do hin tng t cm ), hiu ng gn (qui c do
hin tng h cm) sinh ra do s phn b khng u ca mt dng in trong
tit din vt dn khi c dng xoay chiu chy qua .
a - H s hiu ng b mt :
253
Hnh 6-1 v 6-2 l th biu th quan h gia h s hiu ng b mt vo
chun s ng dng ca cc vt liu dn c s dng nhiu trong kh c in,
chun s ng dng c tnh theo cng thc :

4
100m 1cm
f f
R 10 R
=

Trong :
f -Tn s ngun cung cp .
R
100m
- in tr 1 chiu ca vt dn di 100m .
R
1cm
- in tr 1 chiu ca vt dn di 1cm .
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Kbm
d
b
b
d
=0,5
0
,
4
0
,
3
0
,
2
5
0
,
2
0
,
1
5
0
,
1
2
0
,
1
0
,
0
8
0
,
0
7
0
,
0
6
0
,
0
5
0
,
0
4
0
,0
3
0
,0
2
0
,0
1
R100m
f

Hnh 6-1 : S ph thuc ca h s hiu ng b mt vo chun s ng dng
ca vt dn trn hoc c (b/d=0,5) v trn rng (b/d = 0,40,01) bng vt liu phi
t tnh .
254
800 600
0 1 3 4 5 2 6 7 8 9 10 11
I -
II -
4.,.105
f.b.h
Kbm
b
h
h
:
b

=

1
:
1
2
:
1
4
:
1
6
:
1
8
:
1
1
2
:
1
2
0
:
1
f
R100m
200 0
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,2
400

Hnh 6-2 :S ph thuc ca h s hiu ng b mt vo chun s ng dng
ca vt dn dng th thnh t tnh .
i vi tit din trn :

. 800
. .
20 4 . 100 .
. .
100
2 2
100
d f d d f
s
f
R
f
m
= = = = (6-5)
i vi vt dn hnh ng:
d
b f d
d
d b d f
s
f
R
f
m
.
. .
10 . 100 .
. . . .
100
100

t

= = = (6-6)
i vi vt dn c tit din ch nht :

7
3
100
10 .
. . . . 8
100 .
. .
. 10 . 58 , 1

f h b h b f
R
f
m
= =

(6-7)
255
Trong cc cng thc trn cc kch thc tnh cng m v tnh bng m. Khi tng
tn s ngun v tng kch thc vt dn th h s hiu ng b mt tng v ngc li
tn s thp vt dn c kch thc nh ta c th khng xt hiu ng b mt.
b - H s hiu ng gn :
Trong thc t a s cc kh c in h p c cc vt dn t song song vi
nhau v c mt khong cch nht nh cho nn h s hiu ng gn c gi tr gn
bng 1.
3 - H s hiu ng b mt ca vt dn bng vt liu t:
cc vt dn bng vt liu t, t thng trong vt dn thay i khng nhng
do s bin thin dng in m cn ph thuc vo t thm ca vt liu, vic tnh
ton h s hiu ng b mt l phc tp nn ti liu ny khng xt n.
V/- XC NH V GIM TN HAO TRONG CC CHI TIT, CC
CM KHNG DN IN CA KH C IN.
Do t thng khp mch qua cc cm khng dn in ca kh c in nh
thn, v ... nn cc b phn ny cng sinh ra tn hao do dng xoy v t tr, trong
thc t k thut s pht nng ny c xc nh bng phng php thc nghim.
gim tn hao ny ta c th dng nhng bin php sau: s dng vt liu
phi t tnh, thay i dng tit din v b mt chi tit, to khe h khng kh trn
ng i ca t thng, t mn phi t tnh, s dng vng ngn mch.
VI/- TNH TON TN HAO TRONG MCH T DO DNG XOY
V T TR.
1 - Cng thc tnh ton :
tnh ton tn hao trong mch t thc t thng tnh theo sut tn hao,
l cng sut tn hao tnh trn 1kG thp v c xc nh bng thc nghim, tn hao
cng sut do dng xoy v t tr c tnh :
256
P
xt
= k
d
. p
xt
.M , W ( 6-8)
Trong :
M - khi lng thp mch t, kg.
p
xt
- sut tn hao cng sut, W/kg.
k
d
= 2 3 - h s thc nghim xt n s tng tn hao trong mch t
ghp khi so vi tn hao trong tm thp.
2 - Xc nh sut tn hao bng bng v th:
Sut tn hao do dng xoy v hin tng tr ca thp KT ng vi gi tr t
cm B = 1 Tesla v tn s f = 50 Hz c cho trong bng 6-3.
nhng gi tr t cm v tn s khc c th tnh qui i theo cng thc :
p
B/50
= p
1/50
. (
1
m
B
)
2
, W/kg (6-9)
p
1/f
= p
1/50
. (
50
f
)
1/3
, W/kg (6-10)
y:
p
1/50
-sut tn hao cng sut do dng in xoy v t tr B
m
=1T v f = 50 Hz.
p
B/50
- sut tn hao cng sut do dng in xoy v t tr B khc v f = 50Hz.
p
1/f
- sut tn hao cng sut do dng in xoy v t tr B
m
=1T v tn s f.
thun tin ta c th s dng th s ph thuc ca sut tn hao cng
sut do dng in xoy v hin tng tr ca t cm, trnh by trn hnh 6-3. Khi
tn s ln hn 50 Hz tn hao cng sut s tng nhiu, trn hnh 6-4 l th biu th
s ph thuc ca tn hao do dng xoy v t tr vo tn s ca thp KT c thnh
phn gn ging thp E330 dy 0,33 mm.
3 - Xc nh tn hao cng sut do dng xoy v t tr, s tng quan
gia tn hao do dng xoy v tn hao do t tr.
257
Tu theo loi thp KT m tn hao do t tr v dng xoy nhiu hay t,
tng quan gia hai lng tn hao ny tu thuc vo loi thp KT v tn s ca
ngun in.
- tn s 50Hz tn hao do hin tng tr khng ph thuc ln ca t
cm v chim mt t l nht nh trong ton b tn hao do dng xoy v hin tng
tr tu theo loi thp :
Vi loi E11 - E12 chim (70 76)%
E43 - E43A chim (50 60)%
E320 - E330 chim (25 35)%
- Khi tn s tng ln, tn hao do hin tng tr tng t l vi tn s cn tn
hao do dng xoy tng t l bnh phng vi tn s. V d mt tr s B nht nh,
tn s thay i t 50 Hz n 400Hz th tn hao do hin tng tr tng 8 ln v tn
hao do dng xoy tng 64 ln. Tr s sut tn hao cng sut do hin tng tr v
dng xoy thp KT cn nng c xc nh theo cng thc :
p
xt
= p
x
+ p
t
= o
t
.(
100
f
.B
m
)
o
+ o
x
.(
100
f
.B
m
)
2
, W/kG (6-11)
Trong o
t
, o
x

l h s thc nghim cho trong bng.
o = 1,6 khi B
m
= (0,1 1)T
o = 2 khi B
m
= (1 1,9)T
258
0
0.5 1
1.5 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
w/kg
Pxt
Bm
T
11
13
21
22
31
32
41
42
0
,
5
M
M
41
43
0
,
3
5
M
M
310
320
330
0
,
3
5
M
M

Hnh 6-3: S ph thuc ca sut tn hao cng sut do dng xoy v hin
tng tr vo t cm ( bin ) ca thp KT tn s 50Hz.
w/kg
200
150
100
50
0
2000 4000 6000 8000
Pxt
f
Hz
B
m
=
0
,
2
T
B
m
=
1
,
5
T
1
,
0
0
,
8
0
,
6
0
,
4

Hnh 6-4: S ph thuc ca sut tn hao do dng xoy v hin tng tr vo
tn s ngun ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca t cm (bin ) t
0,2 1,5 T ca thp KT gn vi loi E320 dy 0,35mm.
259
6 -2. Tnh ton nhit v cc h s to nhit ch lm vic di hn
( n nh nhit)
Cc qu trnh nhit xy ra trong kh c in ni chung l cc qu trnh phc
tp do s tc dng ng thi ba dng trao i nhit. i lu, bc x v dn nhit,
khi tnh ton nhit ta c th xt tc dng ring l ca tng dng trao i nhit, sau
cng tt c nhng thng s ring r li. Nh vy trong nhiu trng hp c th
c th ch phi tnh n tc dng ca hai hay mt dng trao i nhit, dng cn li
nh hng khng ng k n qu trnh nhit ca kh c in.
Bi ton xt ring r tng dng trao i nhit khng cp trong gio trnh
ny.
I/- CNG THC NEWTON.
qu trnh pht nng xc lp c th tnh ton nhit theo cng thc Newton,
trong a vo mt h s to nht K
t
c trng cho c ba dng trao i nhit.
ngha vt l ca cng thc ny l ch cng sut P tiu tn trong chi tit ch
xc lp c to ra t b mt ca chi tit S
bm
, cng thc c dng :
P = K
t
.S
bm
.(u
od
- u
mt
) = K
t
.S
bm
.t (W) (6-12)
y :
S
bm
- din tch b mt to nhit, m
2
.
u
od
- nhit n nh ca b mt,
0
C.
u
mt
- nhit mi trng xung quanh,
0
C.
t - tng nhit ,
0
C.
K
t
- h s to nhit, W/m
20
C.
H s to nhit l mt hm s phc tp, ph thuc nhiu yu t cho nn
ch c th xc nh chnh xc bng thc nghim i vi tng kt cu chi tit c th
v iu kin to nhit xc nh. Bng 6-5 cho cc gi tr h s to nhit K
t
chung
cho c ba dng trao i nhit. Tr s K
t
trong bng dng khi tnh ton s b, cn khi
tnh ton chnh xc cn phi hiu chnh c xt n cc yu t sau :
260
1 - Khi nhit tng, K
t
cng tng theo quan h :
K
tu
= K
t20
. ( 1 + 0,0043.u)
K
t20
- h s to nhit ca chi tit 20
0
C.
2 - Khi c s chuyn ng khng kh h s K
t
tng theo quan h :
K
tv
= K
t
. ( 1 + 0,4.v)
v- tc chuyn ng ca khng kh m/s.
(cng thc c nu cho b mt nh bng thng ng).
3- Chi tit ngm trong du my bin p h s to nhit tng ln vi ln.
V d:
- Cc li thp bng thp tm php li khi ngm trong du my bin p s c
h s to nhit K
t
= (70

90) W/m
2
.
0
C
- Cc cun dy c cch in bn ngoi bng si bng ngm trong du my
bin p c K
t
= (25 36) W/m
2
.
0
C
- Cc in tr bng dy in tr qun trn ng s s c K
t
= (50 150)
W/m
2
.
0
C khi ngm trong du my bin p.
Bng 6-5 : H s to nhit K
t
iu kin khng kh chuyn ng t nhin.
Tn chi tit pht nng, c im b mt chi tit, iu kin lm
ngui
K
t
(W/m
2
.
0
C)
*Thanh ng trn t nm ngang ng knh 10 - 60 mm.
*Thanh ng dt
- Nm ngang, t trn gi
-Nm ngang, t theo chiu thng ng
*Thanh hnh hp rng t nm ngang
-Bng ng ( lm ngui b mt ngoi )
-Bng ng ( lm ngui tt c b mt )
13 - 9

6 - 9
5 - 8

10 - 12,5
6 - 8
261
-Bng nhm ( lm ngui tt c b mt )
-Bng nhm ( lm ngui b mt ngoi )
*S cch in nm ngang
*Mch t bng thp tm ghp li
*Cun dy nhiu vng
-Rle t chnh xc ng knh 3 - 14 mm
-Kh c in iu khin v phn phi nng lng
*Cun dy dp h quang
*Cc in tr
-ng c sn
-Dy dt qun trn khung
-Hp kim in tr hnh tr, qun vo gi t nm ngang (K
t

ca b mt in tr )
5,5 - 8
9 - 12
18
10 - 12,5

6 - 8
9 - 14
12 - 20
20 - 25
22 - 25
23
42 - 43
-Bng gang t thng ng ( K
t
ca b mt in tr )
*V v cc chi tit c b mt c ph sn b mt
10 - 15
10 14
4- H s to nhit K
t
, ph thuc vo p sut khng kh, khi p sut khng
kh tng th h s to nhit tng v ngc li p sut gim th K
t
gim.
Khi mun c h s to nhit chnh xc hn so vi cch xc nh trn th phi
tin hnh xc nh h s to nhit ring l vi tng dng trao i nhit, sau tnh
n s tc dng chung ca c ba dng to nhit, c th tham kho cch tnh ton ny
trong cc ti liu khc.
.6-3/- TNH TON PHT NNG CC QU TRNH KHNG N
NH NHIT.
I/- HNG S THI GIAN PHT NNG.
Hng s thi gian pht nng c nh ngha l thi gian t khi bt u cho
ngun nhit vo vt pht nng n khi vt pht nng t nhit n nh, nu nhit
262
khng to ra mi trng chung quanh. i vi vt pht nng ng nht hng s
thi gian pht nng bng:

t
K S
M C
T
.
.
= (6-13)
Trong :
C - nhit dung ring ca vt pht nng, J/kg.
0
C
M - khi lng ca vt pht nng, kg
K
t
- h s to nhit chung, W/m
2
.
0
C
S - din tch b mt to nhit, m
2

xc nh chnh xc hng s thi gian pht nng ca mt b phn kh c
in gm nhiu chi tit bng vt liu khc nhau, v d nh nam chm in gm c
cc loi vt liu nh ng, thp, cch in l rt phc tp cho nn trong thc t tnh
ton ta c th tnh bng cng thc n gin sau :

S K
M C M C
T
t
t t d d
.
. . . | +
= (6-14)
Trong : C
d
, C
t
- nhit dung ring ca ng v thp.
M
d
, M
t
- khi kng ng v thp.
| - h s xt n s truyn nhit t ng n thp.
ln | ph thuc vo thi gian pht nng v gi tr
S
GM
t
=
- Khi t < T/3 - nu nhit truyn t cun dy sang li thp tt (cun dy
khng c khung dy) th |
t
= 0,55.
Nu nhit truyn t cun dy sang li thp km th |
k
= 0,45.
- Khi t < T/3 v = 1,25 th |
t
= 0,55 ; |
k
= 0,45.
> 5 th |
t
= 0,272 ; |
k
= 0,225.
- Khi t < T/3 v 1,2 < < 5 th
|
t
= 0,55. ( 0,5 + 0,5.
75 , 3
5 ,
)
|
k
= 0,45. ( 0,5 + 0,5 .
75 , 3
5 ,
)
263
II/- TNH TON NHIT CH LM VIC NGN HN.
Ch lm vic ngn hn l ch m thit b lm vic thi gian ngn ri
ngh, c th c trng bng chu k lm vic c thi gian lm vic t
lv
< 4.T v thi
gian ngh khi dng ph ti gi khng i.
Trong tnh ton ta thng tnh thi gian lm vic ngn hn tnh ton bng 3
ln thi gian lm vic ngn hn ca chu k lm vic ni ln kh nng thit b
in phi khi ng lu hn bnh thng.
Cc thng s cn xc nh khi tnh ton nhit l: tng nhit, cng sut,
dng in, h s qu ti dng in, h s qu ti cng sut v thi gian lm vic lin
tc cho php.
tng nhit cho php ch lm vic ngn hn trong kh c in ly
nh ch lm vic di hn nh trong bng 6-1 nu.
Kh nng qu ti cng sut (hay dng in) ca cc b phn cng nh ton
b kh c in ch ngn hn s ln hn ch di hn.
Kh nng qu ti c c trng bng h s qu ti K
p
hoc K
I
:

dh
nh
P
P
P
K = ;
dh
nh
I
I
I
K = (6-15)
Trn hnh H6-5 biu th s ph thuc ca
I
K
1
vo t s gia thi gian lm
vic ngn hn v hng s thi gian pht nng
T
t
nh
.







264


T
t
0,32 0,24 0,16 0,08
0
Inh
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
0,40
0
2
5
10



Hnh 6-5: S ph thuc ca nng
lc qu ti ca cc thng s thi
gian ch lm vic ngn hn
lp li.
Mt dng in cho php ch ngn hn trong dy qun ng cho
trong bng 6-6 v trong thanh dn trong bng 6-7.
Bng 6-6 : Tr s mt dng in cho php trong dy qun ng trong thi
gian lm vic 1 giy.
Nhit v mt dng cho php
Cp cch in
Y A E
Nhit cho php
n nh
u = u 90 105 120
Mt dng in cho php ) mm / A ( J
2
nh

100 108 117

Bng 6-7: Mt dng bn nhit i vi vt dn bng cc vt liu khc nhau
(dng thanh, dng tr)
Vt liu
Mt dng cho php J
kt
(A/mm
2
)
3 s 4 s 10 s
ng 94 82 51
ng thau 44 38 24
Nhm 48 42 27
265
C th tnh i gi tr dng in v thi gian ny bng gi tr dng in v
thi gian khc theo quan h sau:

2
2
2 1
2
1
. . t I t I = hay
2 2 1 1
t I t I = (6-15)
Trong thc t thng gp trng hp ch lm vic rt ngn hn tc l
t
nh
<< T v vic tnh ton ch ny s n gin hn nh v d di y:
V d 6-1: Hy xc nh kh nng qu ti v cc thng s tng ng ca thanh
dn vo ca 1 kh c in kim nghim kh nng lm vic ca kh c in ch
khi ng ngn hn. Thanh dn bng ng cun na M1 c kch thc
320mm. Chu k lm vic tnh ton 30s. tng nhit cho php 50
o
C, nhit mi
trng xung quanh l 40
o
C.
Tnh ton s b
Thanh dn bng ng M1 ch lm vic di hn s c dng ph ti I
dh
= 275A
in tr ca 1cm thanh dn nhit 50 + 40 = 90
o
C l:
R
90
= R
20
[1 + ( -20)]

) ( 10 0293 , 0
] 70 . 0043 , 0 1 [
2 3 , 0
1
10 01754 , 0
)] 20 ( 1 [
4
4
20
O =
+

=
+ =

u o
s
l

Trong
20

= 0,01754 Ocm, ly trong bng 6-2.
Tn hao cng sut cho php ch lm vic di hn:
P
dh
= I
2
dh
R

= 275
2
0,0293 10
-4
= 0,222 (W/cm)
Hng s thi gian pht nng theo cng thc (6-13)
) ( 466
6 , 4 10 6 , 5
34 , 5 385 , 0
4
giy
S K
M C
T
t
=


=

=


Trong :
C = 0,385 J/g
o
C : nhit dung ring ca ng.
266
S = 2(0,3+2)=4,6cm
2
: din tch b mt lm ngui ca thanh di 1cm
M = Sl = 8,9 0,3 2,1 = 5,34 g
Khi lng ca thanh dn :

4 dh
t
10 6 , 9
50 6 , 4
222 . 0
S
P
K

=

=
t
= W/cm
o
C
tng nhit ch ngn hn:

(
(

=

T
t
od
nh
e 1 t t

( )
064 , 0
936 , 0 1 1
466
30
=
=
(
(

=

od
od od
e
t
t t

y
od
l tng nhit n nh khi cng sut ch lm vic ngn hn,
cng sut ny c th ln hn cng sut ch di hn.
C
o
od
0
770
064 , 0
50
064 , 0
= = =
t
t
i vi ch rt ngn hn:
C
t
T
nh
nh od
0
776
30
466
50 = = =t t
Cng sut cho php ch ngn hn:
42 , 3
064 , 0
222 , 0
1
= =

T
t
dh
nh
nh
e
P
P W/cm
Cng sut ch rt ngn hn:
44 , 3
30
50 . 34 , 5 . 385 , 0 . .
= = =
nh
nh
nh
t
M C
P
t
W/cm
Dng in cho php ch ngn hn
267
1080
064 , 0
275
1
= =

T
t
dh
nh
nh
e
I
I A
Dng in ch rt ngn hn
1085
30
466
275 = = =
nh
dh nh
t
T
I I A
H s qu ti cng sut ch ngn hn:
4 , 15
222 , 0
42 , 3
= = =
dh
nh
kp
P
P
K
H s qu ti cng sut ch rt ngn hn:
6 , 15
222 , 0
44 , 3
= = = =
nh dh
nh
p
t
T
P
P
K
H s qu ti dng in ch ngn hn:
92 , 3 4 , 15 = = = =
p
dh
nh
I
K
I
I
K
H s qu ti dng in ch rt ngn hn:
95 , 3 6 , 15 = = = =
p
dh
nh
I
K
I
I
K
Tnh ton kim nghim
Theo hnh 6-5, i vi t = 0 khi 064 , 0
466
30
= =
T
t
nh
th 255 , 0 =
nh
dh
I
I
t
suy ra 92 , 3
255 , 0
1
= =
I
K .
Thi gian lm vic lin tc cho php ch lm vic ngn hn
5 , 31
50 770
770
ln . 466 ln . =

=
o od
od
nh
T t
t t
t
(giy)
Thi gian lm vic lin tc cho php ch lm vic rt ngn hn
30
776
50
. 466 . = = =
od
o
nh
T t
t
t
(giy)
268
Vic tnh ton thi gian nhm kim tra qu trnh tnh ton trn l ng.
Mt dng in ch lm vic di hn
458
2 3 , 0
275
=

= =
S
I
J
dh
dh
A/cm
2
= 4,58 A/mm
2

Mt dng in ch ngn hn (t
nh
= 30 giy)
1800
2 3 , 0
1080
=

= =
S
I
J
nh
nh
A/cm
2
= 18 A/mm
2

Khi thi gian lm vic bng 1 giy, mt dng in xc nh theo cng thc (6-
16):

2
30 1
2 2 1 1
/ 97 30 1800 mm A t j j
t I t I
nh s s
= = =
=

Theo bng 6-7 i vi thanh dn ng, mt dng in cho php trong 1s
l
2
/ 182 3 94 mm A = cho nn mt dng in j
1s
= 97 A/mm
2
l c th chp nhn
c.
III. TNH TON CH NGN HN LP LI V CC CH
GIN ON KHC
1. Tnh ton nhit ch ngn hn lp li
Ch ngn hn lp li c c chng bi h s lm vic:

ng lv
lv
t t
t
B
+
= t
Hay 100 100 % =
+
=
ck
lv
ng lv
lv
t
t
t t
t
B t (6-17)
Trong :
t
lv
- khong thi gian lm vic
t
ng
- khong thi gian ngh
t
ck
= t
lv
+ t
ng
thi gian 1chu k lm vic, thng l 15, 25, 40, 60%,
tng nhit cho php ch ngn hn lp li ly bng ch di hn.
269
Nu kh c in lm vic ch ngn hn lp li c thi gian t
ck
v t
lv
nh
hn hoc bng thi gian T th vic tnh ton c tin hnh theo cc cng thc n
gin.
V d 6-2:
Hy xc nh kh nng ti v cc thng s tng ng ca thanh dn vo ca
1 kh c in lm vic ch ngn hn lp li n nh c tB% = 40
Trong iu kin nh v d 6-1 nu.
Tnh ton s b:
Cc gi tr, cc i lng c gii trong v d 5-1, cn phi xc inh
thm cc thng s sau:
Thi gian 1 chu k lm vic:
sec 75
4 , 0
30
%
= = =
B
t
t
lv
ck
t

S chu k lm vic trong 1 gi:
064 , 0
466
30
; 16 , 0
466
75
; 48
75
3600
= = = = =
T
t
T
t
lv ck

Nh vy t
ck
<< T
tng nhit: C
B B
o dh dh
dh
125
4 , 0
50
% %
' '
1
= = = =
t
t
t
t
t
Cng sut: 555 , 0
4 , 0
222 , 0
%
1
= = =
B
P
P
dh
nh
t
(W/cm)
Dng in: A
B
I
I
dh
nh
430
64 , 0
275
4 , 0
275
%
1
= = = =
t

H s qu ti cng sut: 5 , 2
4 , 0
1
%
1
= = =
B
K
p
t

H s qu ti dng in: 58 , 1 5 , 2 = = =
p i
K K

270
Tnh ton kim nghim:
Ta xc nh thi gian lm vic cho php ca 1 chu k lm vic theo ng
cong hnh 5-5:
Ta c 64 , 0
430
275
I
I
1 nh
d
= = v % B t = 40
Ta c 065 , 0
T
t
lv
= do t
lv
= 4,86 0,065 = 30 sec
Thi gian ny ph hp vi s liu cho, nn kt qu tnh ton c th chp
nhn c.
2. Tnh ton nhit cc ch gin on khc
C th p dng vic tnh ton ch lm vic ngn hn lp li trn i vi
cc ch lm vic gin on lin tc n nh nu cui chu k lm vic chng
c n nh cng 1 nhit .
ch ngn hn lp li v cc ch thay i c chu k lp li khng xc
nh. Ph ti tnh ton c xc nh nh cc ch di hn theo ch trung
bnh ca cng sut tng ng:

}
=
t
td
Pdt
t
P
0
1
(6-18)
Nu tn hao cng sut do in tr, th vic tnh ton c th theo dng in
trung bnh:

}
=
t
TB
dt I
t
I
0
2
1


IV. TNH TON KHI C DNG NGN MCH. BN NHIT CA
KH C IN
bn nhit ca kh c in l tnh cht chu c s tc dng nhit ca
dng ngn mch trong thi gian ngn mch, n c c trng bi dng bn nhit:
271
l dng in m thanh dn cha b bin dng. Mt dng in cho php i
vi vt dn bng cc vt liu khc nhau cho trong bng 6-7.
c im qu trnh pht nng khi c ngn mch l: dng in v mt
dng in tr s rt ln, thi gian dng in chy qua nh, s thay i dng in
theo thi gian rt phc tp v s thay i nhit tng i ln ca b phn dn
in sau thi gian ngn mch.
in tr sut v nhit dung ring ca vt dn s thay i ln theo nhit .
( )
)
`

+ =
+ =
) 1 (
1
0
0
|u
ou
u
u
C C
(6-19)
Trong :
0
v C
0
l in tr sut v nhit dung ring 0
0
C.
v l h s nhit in tr v nhit dung.
T vic gii phng trnh cn bng nhit ta c:
u
ou
|u

u
u
d
C
dt J dt
S
I
nm nm nm
t
nm
t
nm
} } }
+
+
= =
0
1
1 .
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
(6-20)
Sau khi tch phn ta c:

d bn d nm nm nm bn
bn
nm
nm
A A A A t J t
S
I
t
S
I
= = = = .
2
2
2
2
2
,

A
2
s/mm
4
(6-21)
y:

I
nm
= I
bn
(A) ; J
nm
= J
bn
(A/mm
2
). Dng in v mt dng in khi ngn
mch v khi dng bn nhit,
S l tit din vt dn (mm
2
),
t
nm
=

t
bn
thi gian ngn mch (s),
u
d
, u
nm
- nhit vt dn ban u v sau khi ngn mch (
0
C) ,
trng lng ring vt dn (g/dm
3
),
A
d
, A
nm
= A
bn
gi tr ca biu thc (8-20) gii hn di v trn l
d
u ,
nm
u
S ph thuc ca u = f(A
u
) c cho trn hnh 8-6 . Nh ng cong ny ta s tnh
ton bn nhit ca kh c in .
272


5
0
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4
C
6.10
1 2
3
4

Hnh 6-6: ng cong pht nng
ca vt dn khi c dng ngn mch
1- ng thau
2-Nhm
3- Bc
4- ng

T
d
u v
nm
u bit trc theo ng cong xc nh A
d
, A
nm
sau c
th xc nh mt trong ba thng s I
nm
, S, t
nm
khi bit hai thng s hay ngc li
xc nh u
nm
t I
nm
, S,

t
nm
cho trc.
V d 6-3:
Hy xc nh gii hn cho php ca dng in v mt dng bn nhit 4
sec cho thanh dn v d 6-1 .
Gii : Theo iu kin u = 50 + 40 = 90
0
C
Nhit cho php i vi ng u
bn
= 300
0
C
Theo hnh 5-6 ta c A
d
= 1,4.10
4
A
2
s/mm
4
v A
bn
= 3,75.10
4
A
4
s/mm
4

Theo biu thc 6- 21 ta c:

A
t
A A
S I
bn
d bn
bn
4600
4
10 . 4 . 1 10 . 05 , 3
. 60 .
4 4
=

=


2
4
/ 76
4
10 . 35 , 2
mm A
t
A A
J
bn
d bn
bn
= =

=
Nh vy mt dng in tnh c nh hn tr s cho php .


273
6-4 / TNH TON NHIT CUN DY
I/ Nhim v trnh t tnh ton v cc s liu lm vic ban u :
1- Nhim v tnh ton
Khi c cc thng s ca cun dy thit k ra ta cn phi kim nghim li
xc nh c nhit b mt cun dy, nhit cc lp bn trong dy qun,
bn trong cun dy. Trn c s c th hiu chnh kt cu cho thch hp nhm
bo m nhit pht nng ca dy qun khng c vt qu nhit cho php
ca n .
C th hiu chnh kt cu theo hng sau :
-S dng vt liu cch in c cp chu nng cao hn cho dy qun v cun
dy .
- Dng cc bin php tng cng s to nhit ca cun dy: gim nhit tr
gia cun dy v li thp trong trng hp cun dy nng hn li thp, tm sn
cun dy, lm mt nhn to, tng tnh dn nhit ca lp bn ngoi cun dy,s dng
sn ph bn ngoi c en cao tng cng bc x, tng kch thc cun dy
dn n tng kch thc mch t .
2-Trnh t tnh ton :
a - Xc nh cc s liu ban u
b - Tnh ton nhit b mt cun dy
c Tnh ton nhit trung bnh v nhit ln nht ca cc lp dy qun
bn trong cun dy .
d - Hiu chnh chnh xc cc thng s ca cun dy theo nhit tnh ton.
3- Cc s liu ban u :
a- Kt cu nam chm in v cc kch thc ca n
b- Cng sut cung cp cho cun dy, cc thnh phn ca cng sut i vi
nam chm in xoay chiu
c- Nhit mi trng xung quanh v nhit pht nng cho php ca
cun dy.
274
d- Cc h s to nhit, nhit dung ring
II / Tnh ton nhit b mt ca cun dy :
tnh ton nhit b mt ca cun dy ch di hn ta c th dng
cng thc New ton(6-12 )
P = K
t
. S
bm
.
Cc thng s trong cng thc c xc nh nh sau :
a) Cng sut cung cp cho cun dy P
Cn phi xc nh cng sut in p cung cp ln nht .
i vi cun dy ca nam chm in 1 chiu tn hao ch do in tr thun
ca dy qun sinh ra bng :
P = I
2
R (W)
i vi cun dy ca nam chm in xoay chiu, tn hao s l :
P = P
dq
+ P
t
+ P
x
+ P
vn

y P
dq
tn hao trong dy qun
P
dq
= I
2
R
P
t
- T n hao do hin tng t tr
P
x
- Tn hao do dng xoy
P
nv
- Tn hao trong vng ngn mch
Cc gi tr P
t
, P
x
, P
nv
c tnh ton phn trc, khi tnh ton nhit ca
mch t cn phi tng thm tn hao to ra phn vng ngn mch t trn mch t.
2.B mt to nhit
B mt to nhit ca cun dy bao gm b mt ngoi cun dy S
n
v b mt
trong cun dy S
t
v b mt ca hai mt u cun dy .
- i vi cun dy mt chiu phn ln b mt mt u ca cun dy mt
chiu nh hn so vi chiu di cun dy v mt u c vng m bng vt liu cch
in dy nn s to nhit qua mt u thng nh v c th b qua. Trng hp
275
ng knh ca vng m mt u ln hn so vi chiu di cun dy ta phi tnh
c b mt mt u cun dy .
- Khi to nhit ch c b mt bn ngoi S
n
v b mt bn trong S
t
b mt
tnh ton ca cun dy c th tnh
S = S
n
+ k.S
t

Trong k l h s c trng hiu qu to nhit ca b mt trong vi b mt
ngoi cun dy v k c ly theo thc nghim:
+Cun dy c khung to nhit km k = 0
+Cun dy khng khung bc bng cch in k = 0,9
+Cun dy c khung (giy, cc tng tm bakelit) th k = 1
+Cun dy qun trn ng kim loi k = 1,7
+Cun dy qun trn li thp k = 2,4
S to nhit ca cun dy vo li thp c th xc nh chnh xc hn bng
cch a vo h s to nhit tng K
t
tnh n s truyn nhit qua lp cch in
v khng kh trung gian v b mt to nhit ca mch t .

t
m tm
i
i
ttd
S
S K
K
.
1
S
1
t
+
=

o
(W/m
2
.
0
C)
y :

i
o v
i
l chiu dy v h s dn nhit ca lp cch in v khng kh
trung gian gia dy qun v li thp .
S
t
b mt to nhit bn trong cun dy
K
tm
H s to nhit t b mt mch t vo mi trng xung quanh .
S
m
b mt lm mt ca mch t .
i vi cun dy nam chm in xoay chiu trong trng hp tn hao trong
thp khng ng k v nhit mch t thp. B mt to nhit c th ly nh i
vi mt chiu.
276
Trong trng hp tn hao trong li thp ln, nhit mch t cao gn nh
nhit bn trong cun dy th ta coi nh cun dy khng truyn nhit vo trong
mch t v S = S
n
. i vi cc cun dy c bao bc bi cc chi tit khc, vic
tnh ton nhit cho cun dy phi tin hnh tnh qu trnh truyn nhit t cun dy
n b mt to nhit bn ngoi .
3- H s to nhit K
t

Khi dng cng thc Newton h s to nhit c ly nh bng 6-5 .
Khi cn xc nh chnh xc K
t
ta phi tin hnh tnh ton ring l tng dng
trao i nhit .
III/- TNH TON NHIT TRUNG BNH V NHIT LN
NHT CA CC LP DY QUN BN TRONG
S phn b nhit bn trong cun dy rt phc tp v ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t khc nhau. Trong khi tnh ton, n gin ta gi thit nh sau :
1-Nhit trn ton b b mt to nhit l nh nhau .
2-Ngun nhit bn trong phn b ng u theo th tch .
3-Trng nhit cc tit din c bn knh khc nhau l nh nhau (nh
cun dy hnh ch nht). Thc nghim chng minh rng ch sai s 2-3
4- Kt cu phc tp ca dy qun gm dy dn kim loi, cch in, cc loi
sn tm, cc lp khng kh trung gian c coi nh vt th ng nht c h s dn
nhit tng ng khng ph thuc vo nhit theo th tch cun dy.
5- Khi khng c to nhit mt u cun dy c th coi iu kin pht
nng ca cun dy nh pht nng ca cun dy c chiu di v cng .
1-Nhit trung bnh ca cun dy
ng cong biu th s thay i nhit bn trong dy qun gn vi
ng parabol bc hai v gi tr trung bnh ca nhit
tb
u v tng nhit trung
bnh thng bng 2/3 gi tr cc i
max
u .
277
Thc t, mun xc nh nhit trung bnh ca cun dy thng dng
phng php nhit tr nhit trung bnh ca dy qun c quy nh trong tiu
chun .
2-Tnh ton nhit ln nht ca dy qun
Tu theo cu to ca mi mt cun dy m v tr im nng nht ca cun
dy thay i .
a) Cc cun dy c s to nhit mi pha u nh nhau th cc vng dy
gia thit din ngang ca cun dy l nng nht.
b) Cc cun dy c b mt to nhit l b mt trong v b mt ngoi. Cn
hai mt u khng to nhit th lp dy gia tit din ngang cun dy l nng
nht.
c) Cc cun dy ch c b mt to nhit l b mt ngoi, cn cc b mt khc
to nhit rt kh khn th lp dy b mt trong l nng nht, loi ny thng l
cun dy ca nam chm in xoay chiu .
Nu b mt to nhit gm tt c cc b mt ngoi, trong v mt u nhng
h s to nhit ca cc b mt khc nhau th v tr im nng nht cng thay i
Vi cc gi thit trn nhit tng nhit ln nht ca cc lp dy qun bn
trong c th xc nh t cng thc sau :
i vi cun dy hnh tr :

max
t -
n
t = ( )
max
2
4
r r
p
n
td

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
n td
r
r
max
2
max
ln
2
Pr

i vi cun dy hnh ch nht:

max
t -
n
t =
2
dqt max dq
td
td
2
A A
h
4
p
|
|
.
|

\
|

Trong :
P l tn hao trong mt n v th tch dy qun

u
P

=
dq
V
P
u
(W/m
3
)
278
r
n
v r
max
l bn knh b mt ngoi dy qun v bn knh ch pht
nng ln nht.
h
dq
- chiu cao dy qun (m)
.

A
dqt
v A
dqn
- kch thc bn trong dy qun v kch thc lp dy
qun nng nht.

td
- h s dn nhit tng ca cun dy c tnh nh phn sau:

3-Tnh ton h s dn nhit tng ng ca dy qun
Dy qun cun dy bao gm nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau nh kim loi,
cch in ca dy dn, cch in ca cc lp dy dn, sn tm v khng kh gia
cc vng dy c coi nh l vt th ng nht c h s dn nhit tng ng l:

td
=
cd
k
y K = h s tnh n s ph thuc ca ng dng nhit vo c im
xp t dy dn (qun thng K
qt
hay qun xen k K
x
), ng knh dy dn, chiu
dy cch in gia cc lp, c th tm K trong hnh 6-7.

0,20 0,28 0,38 0,50 0,640,72
0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
0
2
4
6
8
10
K
du dM
Kw
Kp
dM
du

279
Hnh 6-7: S ph thuc ca h s K
th
v K
x
vo t s
cd
d
d
v h s lp y dy
qun
Khi qun thng v qun xen k.
Gi thit rng nhit tit din phn kim loi dy dn l nh nhau v ton
b b gim nhit (to ra chnh nhit) xy ra lp cch in, h s dn nhit
ca lp cch in s c biu th bng:

A
A
+ +
A + +
=

o
o

o b
cd
b
b
2 2
2 2

Trong :
A o , b , - chiu dy cch in ca dy dn, ca sn tm hoc khng kh, ca
cch in gia cc lp.

A o
, ,
b
- H s dn nhit tng ng vi cc lp A o , b , - tra bng (3-8).
i vi dy dn trn chiu dy ca sn tm hoc khng kh c xc nh nh
sau:
Dy qun thng:

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
cd
cd
cd
cd
th
d
d
d
d
d
d d
b arcsin 1 2
2
2
2
2

Dy qun xen k :

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
cd
cd
cd
cd
x
d
d
d
d
d
d d
b arcsin 2 4 2
2
2
2
2





280
Bng 6-8: H s dn nhit ca cch in dy dn cch in gia cc vng dy, gia
cc lp dy .
H s Khng tm sn cch
in
C tm sn cch
in
Vt liu cch in
o
0,0 0,06 - 0,07
0,08 - 0,09
0,10 - 0,15
0,2 - 0,25
0,11 - 0,12
0,13 - 0,15
0,15 - 0,2
0,25 - 0,3
0, A 6 [
1 - [
B - [ , BTA - [ , TB - [
A [
B
0,02- 0,03 0,15 - 0,3 Lp khng kh mng
A
0,07 - 0,13 0,11 - 0,18 Cch in giy


6-5/- TNH TON NHIT CA MCH T XOAY CHIU V VNG
NGN MCH
i vi mch t mt chiu do khng c tn hao, do dng in xoy v t
tr nn li thp khng nng, tng nhit ca li thp ch yu l do s truyn nhit
t cun dy vo li thp.
i vi mch t nam chm in xoay chiu ta c th tnh ton pht nng
cng vi cun dy nh phn pht nng cun dy trnh by, hoc tnh ring r
pht nng ca mch t do cc tn hao trong mch t gy nn .
tng nhit ca vng ngn mch c th c xc nh bng cng thc
Newton

' ' ' ' ' '
vn tv vn tv
vn
lv
S K S K
P
+
= t

0
C
Trong :
281
P
vn
-

tn hao cng sut trong vng ngn mch nhit u
vn
=
mt vn
u + t
thng t n (200 250)
0
C .

' '
tv
' '
vn
'
tv
'
vn
K , S , K , S : B mt v h s to nhit ca cc phn vng ngn
mch tip xc vi li thp mch t v phn c tip xc vi khng kh (m
2
;
W/m
20
C).
i vi cc phng php lp rp vng ngn mch, thng thng nhit
pht nng ca n trong di t (50 - 250)
0
C , khi nhit mi trng xung quanh l
(15 40)
0
C c th ly ;
) . 0068 , 0 1 ( 29
'
nm tv
K u + = (W/m
20
C)
) . 0017 , 0 1 ( 30
' '
nv tvn
K u + = (W/m
20
C)

6-6/-TNH TON NHIT CA TON B KH C IN
I/-Nhim v v cc dng tnh ton ngun nhit
1)Nhim v :
Sau khi tnh ton v thit k tt c cc chi tit ca kh c in ta phi kim
nghim nhit bao gm cc nhim v sau :
a)- Xc nh nhit trn b mt cc chi tit kim loi, xc nh nhit ln
nht v nhit trung bnh bn trong cc cm c cha vt liu cch in .
b) - Xc nh nhit mi trng lm mt bn trong v i vi cc kh c
in c v bao ngoi.
c)- Xc nh nhit bn ngoi ca thnh v hp
2)Ngun nhit:
Nhit c sinh ra cc ngun nhit sau:
-Vt dn in (thanh dn )
-Cc tip im ng ct dng in hoc khng ng ngt (cc mi ni tip
xc tho c v khng tho c ).
282
-Cun dy nam chm in.
-Mch t xoay chiu, trong c vng ngn mch.
-H quang in khi vn hnh kh c in.
-Cc chi tit khng dn in t trong t trng.
-Ma st cc khp ng ca cc chi tit v trong cc b phn hon xung.
-Cc ngun nhit khc.
II/-XC NH NHIT B MT V NGOI
Tu theo kt cu ca v ngoi m ton b lng nhit c th to ra v
hoc ch to ra v mt phn, cn mt phn nh khng kh a ra khi v qua cc
l thng gi .
Vic tnh ton nhit b mt ngoi ca v ch di hn n nh c th
thc hin theo cng thc Newton (6-12)
P = K
t
.S
bm
. (W)
Trong :
P- gm tt c cc tn hao trong kh c in .
K
t
- h s to nhit c th ly bng H6-5 khi cn chnh xc ta cn xc
nh ring r h s to nhit ca i lu v bc x.
S
bm
- b mt lm mt, gn ng c th phn lm 3 phn:
Pha di S
d
, phn gia S
g
, v phn pha trn S
t
tnh n cc iu kin to
nhit khc nhau cc phn ca v.
Cng thc Newton lc ny c dng:
P = K
td
.S
d
.
d
+ K
tg
.S
g
.
g
+ K
tt
.S
t
.
t
(W)
tng nhit trong cc phn v khng c vt qu tr s quy nh .

III/-TNH TON NHIT TRUNG BNH V NHIT CC
I CA KH C IN T TRONG V KN
283
Cc nam chm in ht li thp phn ng vo trong cun dy c thn v
thp bng gang, l nhng kh c in t trong v kn.
Ton b nhit sinh ra c to ra t b mt thn ch yu bng i lu
v bc x ch mt phn nh nhit c to ra bng dn nhit t b mt thn qua
nhng chi tit lp t c nh n, ta c th b qua phn ny.
Nhit b mt thn u
th
v tng nhit c xc nh theo cng thc Newton.
Nhit b mt ngoi ca dy qun c xc nh theo cng thc:

dqth th n
R P. + =u u

(
0
C)
y:
u
n
- nhit ca b mt ngoi dy qun.
u
th
- nhit b mt ngoi thn.
P - cng sut to ra t dy qun qua thn.
R
dqth
- nhit tr ca lp trung gian gia b mt cun dy v b mt thn.
md md v v v md
v md
v v
v
md md
md
v v
v
md md
md
v md
v md
dqth
S S
S
S
R R
R R
R
o
o
o
o

o
o
o

o
+
=
+
=
+
=
5 , 0
5 , 0
5 , 0
. 5 , 0
5 , 0
5 , 0

Trong :
S
v
, S
md
- Din tch b mt v v mt u cun dy, (m
2
).

md v
, - H s dn nhit ca phn v v mt u c xc nh
(W/m
o
C).

kkv
khv
cdv
cdv
kkv cdv
v

o
o o

+
+
= v
kkmd
khmd
cdmd
cdmd
khmd cdmd
md

o
o o

+
+
=

khv cdv
, o o ,
khmd chmd
, o o : chiu dy lp cch in v lp khng kh
trung gian gia v v cun dy .
Nhit cc i u
max
v nhit trung bnh bn trong cun dy c
xc nh nh phn tnh nhit cun dy gii thiu.

IV/-TNH TON NHIT TRUNG BNH CA VNG PHT
NNG TRONG V KHNG C THNG GI CA KH C IN
284
Tnh ton nhit ca tng chi tit, cm chi tit t trong v l phc tp,
mt cch gn ng ta c th tnh nhit trung bnh ca mt vng pht nng trong
c t mt ngun nhit v gi thit rng cc vng ny v b mt ca n c nhit
trung bnh u
vtb
= u
bm
nhit ny c tnh ton xut pht t nhit b mt
ngoi ca v v nhit tr gia vng vi v.
Sau t nhit trung bnh ca vng, ta tnh nhit ca tng chi tit v
cm chi tit da theo s nhit thay th tng ng .
V/-TNH TON NHIT CA KH C IN T TRONG V HP
C THNG GI T NHIN
Ton b cng sut P sinh ra nhit c to ra mi trng bn ngoi bng hai
ng: Mt phn P
v
c to ra t b mt v hp ch yu bng bc x v i lu,
phn khc

P
kk
c to bng dng khng kh i qua cc l thng gi. Phn cng
sut P
v
to nhit qua v c tnh ton nh phn II.
to cng sut P
kk
cn bo m lu lng kh V(m
3
/s) th tch khng kh
V ny c th xc nh t biu thc:
) ( .
mt vtb k kk
V C P u u = (W) (6-34)
Trong :
u
k
- nhit dung ring ca khng kh p sut khng i (J/m
3
.
o
C),
u
mt
- nhit ca mi trng khng kh xung quanh v hp (
o
C),
u
vtb
- nhit trung bnh ca khng kh trong v, lu lng kh V c xc
nh.
V = v.S
1
(m
3
/s) (6-35)
Trong :
S
1
- din tch l thng gi m
2

v - Tc chuyn ng ca khng kh, tnh theo cng thc sau .

tb
v mt
tb
v mt
gh gh
v

) ( 2
.
.
) ( 2
=

= , m/s (6-36)

285
Trong :
h - Khong cch gia cc trc l thng gi (m).
g = 9.81 m/s
2
gia tc trng trng .

mt
,
v
- khi lng ring ca khng kh mi trng v khng kh trong
v hp. (KG/m
3
)
- h s tr lc kh ng ca l thng gi .
/ 1 = - h s tiu hao khng kh ly theo bng 5-9

tb
= 0.5(
mt +

v
) , kG/m
3
T cng thc (6-35) ta c th xc nh c din tch cn thit ca l thng gi.

Bng 6-5 : H s tiu hao khng kh v tr lc kh ng cc l thng gi.
Gc nghing
tm che ()
b : l = 1 : 1 b : l = 1 : 2 b : l = 1 :

15 16 0,25 20,6 0,22 30,8 0,18
30 5,65 0,42 6,9 0,36 9,15 0,33
45 3,68 0,52 4,0 0,50 5,15 0,44
60 3,07 0,57 3,18 0,56 5,53 0,53
90 2,59 0,62 2,59 0,62 2,59 0,62
b - chiu rng ca l.
l - chiu di ca l.
286
VI/-TNH TON NHIT CA KH C IN T TRONG HP
DU V THNG DU.
Vic tnh ton nhit ca kh c in t trong thng du my bin p lm
vic di hn c tin hnh tng t nh tnh ton vi kh c in ng trong v
hp kh khng c l thng gi ch lm vic ngn hn c th cho rng ton b
nhit lng ta ra c cc chi tit, cc cm v ch yu l du hp th. V vy bi
ton c bn ca tnh ton nhit l xc nh khi lng du cn thit. i vi bin
tr m my ng c c yu cu bin tr chu c 3 ln khi ng lin tip c
khong ngh bng 2 ln thi gian khi ng, khi lng du cn thit c th xc
nh theo cng thc:

C
Z t P
M

k m
. . . 2
) 1 .( 1000 . . . .
t
| o
= , KG (6-37)
Trong :
P
m
- Cng sut nh mc ca ng c (kW).
o - T s gia mmen khi ng trung bnh v m un nh mc ca ng c.
t
k
- thi gian khi ng (s).
Z - s ln khi ng lin tip (thng Z=3).
6 , 0 5 , 0 = H s tnh n quan h gia nhit cc i v nhit trung
bnh ca cc lp du.

t - Nhit cc i cho php ca du.

C = 1,8 J/g
o
C nhit ring ca du.
3 , 0 1 , 0 = | H s tnh n phn nng lng c cc chi tit khc hp th.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------