H s

Nguyn Quc Cng 3I

Ti liu tham kho

Digital Design: Principles & Practices John F Wakerly Printice Hall

Gii thiu
H s lm vic vi 0 v 1 Thc t cuc sng li s dng h 10 Cn hiu cch biu din s thng qua h nh phn

C s
V d h m thp phn
1234 = 1 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 4 x 1 Trong dy s mi ch s ca dy s c nh trng s tng ng l ly tha ca 10 135.68 = 1 x 100 + 2 x 10 + 5 x 1 + 6 x 0.1 + 8 x 0.01 Bng vic s dng du phy cho php s dng cc trng s l ly tha m hoc dng ca 10 Tng qut: mt s D c dng d1 d0 d-1 d-2 biu din D = d1 x 101 + d1 x 100 + d-1 x 10-1 + d-2 x 10-2 10 c gi l c s vi cc ch s {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
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 Tng qut, vi mt s D c dng

dp-1dp-2...d0.d-1...d-n vi c s r (r: nguyn, ln hn 1) c gi tr

S bn tri ngoi cng c gi l s c trng s ln nht (most significant digit) S bn phi ngoi cng c gi l s c trng s nh nht (least significant digit)

H nh phn
Trong cc h thng s, thng s dng ch hai s 0 v 1 biu din h nh phn, cc s c gi l s nh phn

Du phy trong h nh phn c gi l du phy nh phn

 Cc s trong h nh phn c gi l bit

S bn tri ngoi cng trong h nh phn c gi l bit c trng s ln nht (MSB: most significant bit) S bn phi ngoi cng trong h nh phn c gi l bit c trng s nh nht (LSB: least significant bit)

H octave v hexa
H thp phn quan trng v c s dng trong cuc sng hng ngy H nh phn quan trng v s dng trong cc h thng s Tuy nhin thun tin cho vic vit vn bn, h octave v h hexa thng c s dng biu din cc s trong h nh phn:
octave s dng c s 8 hexa s dng c s 16
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nh phn

octave , hexa

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octave , hexa

nh phn

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Bin i cc h s
Vi h m c s r, ta c

R l c s p: s ch s trc du phy n: s ch s sau du phy

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i mt s qua h 10

Tng qut chng ta c:

sai
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i s nguyn t h 10

Nu chia cho r ta c:

vi s d l d0 Nu tip tc chia lin tip cho r ta s c cc s d1, d2, ...

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Cng v tr cc s nh phn

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Biu din cc s m
Du v gi tr tuyt i B 2

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Du v gi tr tuyt i
S dng bit MSB l bit du:
1 l m 0 l dng

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Khi xy dng cc b cng cn cc thao tc

kim tra du ca hai s nu cng du th cng gi tr tuyt i, sau gn tr li bit du nu hai s khc du, cn so snh hai s, ly gi tr tuyt i ln tr i gi tr tuyt i nh, bit du l bit ca s c gi tr tuyt i ln hn.

Cn cc php ifs, add, sub v compare mch phc tp

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B 2
Vi s B = bn-1...b0 trong m b 2:
MSB c trng s l -(2n-1) thay v l (2n-1) Biu din s trong khong -(2n-1) n (2n-1-1)

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Cng nh phn trong m b 2

Php tnh lun ng nu kt qu khng vt qu phm vi biu din s ca h thng

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Trn s

trn s ch xy ra khi : hai ton hng cng du v du ca kt qu li khc du vi hai ton hng
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Tr nh phn
S dng m b 2

ly o bit ca s tr v cng thm 1

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Nhn s nh phn khng du

S nh phn ch bao gm s 0 v 1 do c th s dng php dch s nhn

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 thun tin s dng tch thnh phn cng ln lt vi cc s nhn c dch Theo thi quen dch s b nhn qua tri, tuy nhin thc t thut ton nhn thng dch tch thnh phn qua phi ri cng vi s b nhn, cc bit dch qua phi l cc bit c trng s thp.
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Nhn mt s n bits vi mt s m bits, kt qu ti a cha trong (n+m) bits Cn m php tnh shift-and-add C th xy dng b nhn bng phn cng s dng:
B dch B cng B iu khin logic

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Nhn hai s nh phn c du (m b 2)

Nhc li m b 2:
Cc bit c trng s nh s nh phn khng du NGOI TR bit MSB c trng s m

Nhn hai s m b 2:
Nu s nhn c MSB = 0 th th tc shift-and-add c tin hnh nh bnh thng Nu s nhn c MSB = 1 th s b nhn cn phi c o du trc khi cng vi tch thnh phn

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Ly b 2 v bit MSB ca s nhn = 1 Ti mi bc tch thnh phn v shifted multiplicant c m rng t k bit thnh (k+1) bit ri mi cng trnh overflow, nu c carry out th b qua

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Chia hai s nh phn

S dng thut ton chia shift-and-subtract

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Chia hai s nh phn m b 2

Tham kho

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Nhn chia s thc

Tham kho

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M BCD
BCD: Binary Coded Decimal S dng t hp 4 bits m t s trong h thp phn C nhiu kiu m:
BCD 8421 (hay BCD): trng s ca 4 bit l 8, 4, 2, 1 BCD 2421: trng s ca 4 bit l 2, 4, 2, 1

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Cng hai s BCD

Nu c carry out ca bit 3 cn cng thm 0110 vo hiu chnh

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M cc k t
C th s dng t hp cc bit m ha data M cc k t thng c s dng trong cc chng trnh my tnh Thng s dng m ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 0XXXYYYY:
T hp m cc k t thng thng T hp mt s k t iu khin

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