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Em xin cam đoan nội dung của đồ án này không phải là bản sao chép của bất cứ đồ án hoặc công trình đã có từ trước
Em xin cam đoan nội dung của đồ án này không phải là bản sao chép của bất cứ đồ án hoặc công trình đã có từ trước
vin
thc
hin
Mc lc
CHNG 1..............................................................................................................1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG......................................1
1.1. Gii thiu chng...........................................................................................1
1.2. Gii thiu v thng tin quang.........................................................................2
1.2.1. S pht trin ca thng tin quang............................................................2
1.2.2. Nhng u im ca h thng thng tin quang.........................................3
1.2.3. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang .............5
1.3. Si quang .......................................................................................................7
1.3.1. Si dn quang..........................................................................................7
1.3.2. S truyn nh sng trong si quang.........................................................8
1.3.3. Cc thng s ca si quang....................................................................10
1.3.3.1. Suy hao ca si quang.....................................................................10
1.3.3.1.1. nh ngha ..............................................................................10
1.3.3.1.2. c tuyn suy hao ..................................................................11
1.3.3.1.3. Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang ..........................12
1.3.3.2. Tn sc nh sng.............................................................................13
1.3.4. nh hng ca tn sc n dung lung truyn dn trn si quang........14
1.4. Kt lun chng ..........................................................................................14
CHNG 2............................................................................................................15
GII THIU MNG WDM.................................................................................15
2.1. Gii thiu chng.........................................................................................15
2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng WDM ...................................................17
2.3. u im ca h thng WDM........................................................................18
2.4. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng lai.......19
2.5. Chuyn mch quang.....................................................................................19
2.6. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM...................................................21
2.6.1. Thit b u cui OLT............................................................................21
2.6.2. B ghp knh xen/rt quang OADM.....................................................22
2.6.3. B khuch i quang..............................................................................27
2.6.4. Gii thiu v b kt ni cho quang OXC.............................................29
2.6.4.1. Chc nng OXC..............................................................................30
2.6.4.2. Phn loi OXC ...............................................................................33
2.7. S chuyn i bc sng .............................................................................35
2.8. Kt lun chng............................................................................................37
CHNG 3............................................................................................................38
NH TUYN V GN BC SNG..............................................................38
3.1. Gii thiu chng.........................................................................................38
3.2. Gii thiu v nh tuyn v gn bc sng (Routing and Wavelength
Assignment - RWA)............................................................................................38
3.3. nh tuyn bc sng...................................................................................40
3.4. nh tuyn (Routing)....................................................................................42
3.4.1. Gii thiu...............................................................................................42
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A
APD
Avalanche Photodiode
AS
Autonomous System
H thng c lp
ATM
Kiu truyn bt ng b
BGP
bin
CDM
DVA
WDM mt cao
EDFA
tp
Erbium
EIGRP Enhanced IGRP
IGRP
ISDN
L
LD
Diod Laser
LED
LP
Lightpath
LSA
OLT
OXC
B kt ni cho quang
PIN
RIP
RWA
nh tuyn v gn bc sng
B khuch i quang bn dn
SOA
T
TDM
gian
W
WDM
sng
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG.
1.1. Gii thiu chng
Lng thng tin trao i trong cc h thng thng tin ngy nay tng ln rt
nhanh. Bn cnh gia tng v s lng, dng lu lng truyn thng trn mng cng
thay i. Dng d liu ch yu l lu lng Internet. S ngi s dng truy cp
Internet ngy cng tng v thi gian mi ln truy cp thung ko di gp nhiu ln
cuc ni chuyn in thoi. Chng ta ang hng ti mt x hi m vic truy cp
thng tin c th c p ng mi lc, mi ni chng ta cn. Mng internet v
ATM ngy nay khng dung lng p ng cho nhu cu bng thng trong
tng lai.
lp) l c th. V th, dung lng mang thng tin ca h thng thng tin quang ln
hn nhiu so vi h thng cp ng tt nht. Do suy hao ln bng thng rng, h
thng cp ng trc gii hn khong cch truyn vi ch mt vi km bng thng
trn 100Mhz.
Si quang kch thc nh v nh: si quang c bn knh rt nh,
thng bn knh ny khng ln hn bn knh si tc con ngi. V th, thm
ch khi si quang c ph thm nhng lp bo v th chng vn nh v nh
hn nhiu so vi cp ng.
S cch li v in: si quang c ch to t thu tinh hoc i lc l
cht do, l nhng cht cch in, v th khng ging vi dy dn kim loi,
n khng cho thy nhng trc trc c bn. Hn na, c tnh ny lm cho vic
truyn thng tin ca si quang tr nn ph hp mt cch l tng cho s thng
tin trong nhng mi trng mo him v in.
Khng b nh hng bi nhiu v xuyn m: si quang c ch
to t cc cht in mi phi dn nn chng khng b nh hng bi nhiu in
t, cc xung in t, nhiu tn s v tuyn. V th hot ng ca h thng
thng tin quang khng b nh hng khi truyn qua mi trng nhiu in.
iu c ngha l n c th lp t cung ng vi cp in lc v c th s
dng trong mi trng phn ng ht nhn.
Bo mt thng tin: nh sng t si quang b bc x mt cch khng
ng k nn chng c tnh bo mt tn hiu cao. c tnh ny thu ht i vi
qun i, ngn hng v cc ng dng truyn d liu.
Suy hao thp: s pht trin ca si quang qua nhiu nm t c
kt qu trong vic ch to ra si quang c suy hao rt thp. Si quang c
ch to vi suy hao 0.2dB/km v c tnh ny tr thnh li th chnh ca
thng tin quang. iu ny thun li cho vic t b khuch i cho mi khong
cch trn ng truyn m khng cn chuyn sang tn hiu in bc trung
gian, do gim c c gi thnh v c phc tp ca h thng.
Tnh linh hot: mc d cc lp bo v l cn thit, si quang c
ch to vi sc cng cao, bn knh rt nh. Vi li th v kch thc v trng
lng, si quang ni chung l tt hn trong vic lu tr, chuyn ch, x l v
lp t d hn h thng cp ng.
Thit b
pht
quang
B
lp
Si
quang
Si
Thit
b thu
quang
Gii
m
Thu
quang
Cc thnh phn ca tuyn truyn dn quang bao gm: phn pht quang, cp si
quang v phn thu quang.
-Phn pht quang: c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc mch iu
khin lin kt vi nhau. Phn t pht x nh sng c th l: Diod Laser (LD), Diod
pht quang (LED: Light Emitting Diode). LED dng ph hp cho h thng thng
tin quang c tc bit khng qu 200Mbps s dng si a mode. LED pht x t
pht, nh sng khng nh hng nn s dng LED tt trong h thng thng tin
quang th n phi c cng sut bc x cao, thi gian p ng nhanh. LD khc phc
nhc im ca LED, thng s dng LD cho truyn dn tc cao. LD c nhiu
u im hn so vi LED: ph pht x ca LD rt hp (khong t 1 n 4nm nn
gim c tn sc cht liu), gc pht quang hp (5- 10 0), hiu sut ghp nh sng
vo si cao.
- Cp si quang: gm cc si dn quang v cc lp v bc xung quanh bo
v khi tc ng c hi t mi trng bn ngoi. C th chn cc loi si sau: si
quang a mode chit sut nhy bc, si quang a mode chit sut gim dn, si
quang n mode.
- Phn thu quang: do b tch sng quang v cc mch khuch i, ti to
tn hiu hp thnh. Trong h thng thng tin quang, ngi ta quan tm nht
i vi cc b tch sng quang l cc diod quang PIN v diod quang kiu thc
APD c ch to t cc bn dn c bn Si, Ge, InP.
Ngoi cc thnh phn ch yu ny, tuyn thng tin quang cn c cc b ni
quang, cc mi hn, cc b chia quang v cc trm lp. Tt c to nn mt
tuyn thng tin hon chnh.
1.3. Si quang
1.3.1. Si dn quang
Si quang l nhng dy nh v do truyn cc nh sng nhn thy c v cc
tia hng ngoi. Chng c li gia v c phn bao bc xung quanh li. nh
sng c th phn x mt cch hon ton trong li th chit xut ca li phi ln hn
chit sut o mt cht.
c
v
1r = 1
Ta c:
n2
1 n 2
, lc ny gc 1 c gi l gc ti hn c gi tr c = sin
, vi
n1
n1
n1 > n 2 .
Vi nhng gi tr 1 > c , s khng c tia khc x v tt c nng lng t tia
ti c phn x ht. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng phn x ton
phn.
Hnh 1.6: S phn x v khc x cc tia sng ti mt phn cch hai mi trng.
iu kin xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn:
Cc tia sng phi i t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit
sut nh hn.
Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn.
nh sng truyn trong si quang do hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra gia b
mt phn li v v.
z
10
10
Trong :
P(0): C cng sut u si.
P(z): cng sut c ly z tnh t u si.
: h s suy hao.
10
P1
P2
Trong :
P1: Cng sut a vo si.
P2: Cng sut cui si.
A( dB )
L( km)
Trong :
A: Suy hao ca si.
L: Chiu di ca si.
11
12
lng nh sng truyn theo hng c, phn cn li truyn theo hng khc
thm ch cn truyn ngc li ngun quang. tiu hao do tn x Rayleigh t
l nghch vi lu tha bc bn ca bc sng.
Tn x do mt phn cch gia li v lp bc khng hon ho: khi tia sng
truyn n nhng ch khng hon ho gia li v lp bc tia sng b tn x.
Lc 1 tia ti c nhiu tia phn x vi nhiu gc phn x khc nhau.
Suy hao do b un cong: bao gm suy hao do vi un cong v do un
cong.
.
Hnh 1.9: Dng xung vo v ra do tn sc
Tn sc mode: trong si a mode, do xung nh sng vo mc d ch c
mt bc sng nhng lan truyn vi vi mode khc nhau vi tc truyn
khc nhau, n lm khong trng thi gian gia cc xung cnh nhau tr nn
13
Tn sc cht liu: nh sng s dng trong thng tin quang khng phi l nh
sng hon ton n sc. Chit sut ca thu tinh thay i theo bc sng nn vn
tc truyn ca nh sng c bc sng khc nhau cng khc nhau. Chnh v th, nh
sng c phn b tc lan truyn khc nhau ca cc thnh phn bc sng nh
sng khc nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l tn sc cht liu.
Tn sc dn sng: s phn b nng lng nh sng trong si quang ph
thuc vo bc sng. S phn b ny gy nn tn sc ng dn sng.
Qua chng ny, chng ta tm hiu tng quan v h thng thng tin quang
vi nhng u nhc im ca n. H thng thng tin quang da vo nhng u im
vt tri ca mnh ang pht trin mnh m p ng nhu cu thng tin bng rng
hin nay.
14
CHNG 2
GII THIU MNG WDM.
2.1. Gii thiu chng
K thut mng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength
Division Mutiplexing) c coi l cuc cch mng v bng thng trong mng
xng sng Internet v hn th na. Nhu cu bng thng ang gia tng mt cch
nhanh chng vi nhiu ng dng mi phong ph, chng hn nh thng mi in
t, video theo yu cu, cc cng vic i hi hot ng ng b trn ton cu.
Mng quang WDM a ra ha hn ht sc ngha cho nhu cu bc thit trn.
Khi si quang c s dng truyn thng tin th thch thc c t ra i
vi chng ta trong giai on mi trc nhu cu thng tin ngy cng tng mnh m
ca con ngi. Khi m ngy cng c nhiu ngi bt u s dng cc mng d liu
v c mi ln s dng cng chim mt bng thng ng k trong cc ng
dng thng tin ca h chng hn nh c lt thng tin trn cc trang web, cc ng
dng s dng Java, hi ngh truyn hnh, T cho thy nhu cu thng tin bng
rng t ra ht sc bc thit, v nhu cu ny cn vt xa hn na trong tng lai.
Hnh 2.1 cho thy s gia tng bng thng ca cc mng khc nhau qua cc nm. S
pht trin mnh m ny ch yu l do s trin khai cc h thng thng tin quang.
Hnh 2.1: S gia tng bng thng ca cc mng khc nhau qua
cc nm
16
17
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh n
Ngun
Ngun
Ngun
Thu
Thit b
WDM
mt si
quang
quang
1 , 2 ,..., n
Thit b
WDM
Thu
Thu
Knh 1
1
Knh 2
2
Knh n
n
(a)
Knh vo
Ngun
Thit b
WDM
Knh ra
Thu
Mt si
quang
1
2
Thit b
WDM
Thu
Knh ra
1
Ngun
Knh vo
2
(b)
Hnh 2.5: H thng WDM theo mt hng (a) v hai hng
(b)
18
H thng WDM thun tin khi cho php truyn dn ng thi tn hiu khng
ng nht.
C kh nng truyn dn tn hiu hai chiu.
2.4. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng lai
Vi h thng WDM, si quang cung cp cho chng ta tc truyn mong mun
nhng bng thng mng li b gii hn bi tc x l cc nt, do tc x l
cc nt c thc hin bng in t, m tc in t li thp hn rt nhiu so vi
tc thng tin truyn trong si quang (khong vi Gbps). Nh vy, tn hiu quang
trn si khi n nt s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in thc hin x l in t (s
chuyn i quang- in O/E), sau c chuyn li thnh tn quang truyn i.
iu ny lm gim tc mng, gii php t ra l xy dng mng m trong
tn hiu c x l hon ton trong min quang, gi l mng ton quang.
Trong mng ton quang, d liu i t ngun n ch hon ton di dng
quang m khng cn bt c s chuyn i quang- in no trn ng i, vic iu
khin x l chuyn mch cng c thc hin di dng quang. Tuy nhin, mng
ton quang hin ti vn cha c tin hnh thnh cng bi nhng tn ti ca n.
Cc thit b logic hon ton trong min quang kh thc hin hn nhiu so vi cc
thit b logic in t. Bi v, khc vi cc electron th cc photon khng tng tc
nh hng ln nhau, thng th cc thit b logic phc tp u c to ra bng
cch s dng cng ngh in t. Bn cnh , cc trm lp bng quang cng rt kh
thc hin hn nhiu so vi cc trm lp in t mc d cc trm lp trong mng
ton quang c t nhng khong cch nh k rt xa nhau.
2.5. Chuyn mch quang
Hu ht cc thit b mng ngy nay u da trn tn hiu in, iu c ngha
tn hiu quang cn chuyn i sang tn hiu in c khuch i, ti to hoc
chuyn mch v sau c chuyn i tr li tn hiu quang. iu ny ni n s
chuyn i optical-to-electronic-to-optical (O-E-O) v l cng vic ct li ht sc
c ngha trong vic truyn tn hiu. S lng ln tn hiu i qua mng quang cn
c chuyn mch qua cc im khc nhau, c gi l cc node. Thng tin n
19
20
21
22
im ni im cung cp nhu cu lu lng ny. Vi gii php trong hnh (a), hai
h thng im ni im c trin khai, mt gia A v B, mt gia B v C. Mi
lin kt im ni im s dng mt OLT cui lin kt. Node B c hai OLT, mi
OLT kt thc bn bc sng, v th cn yu cu bn b tip sng. Tuy nhin ch c
mt trong bn bc sng l dnh cho node B, cc b tip sng cn li dng cung
cp lu lng gia A v C. V th su trong tm b tip sng node B c dng
iu khin lu lng. y l vic rt tn km.
Vi gii php trong hnh (b), thay v s dng cc h thng WDM im ni im,
ta trin khai mt mng nh tuyn bc sng. Mng s dng mt OLT node A v
C, mt OADM node B. OADM rt mt trong bn bc sng, sau kt thc
cc transponder. Ba bc sng cn li i xuyn qua trong min quang m khng
cn kt thc trong cc transponder. iu ny thy c hiu qu l ch s dng hai
transponder thay v s dng n tm transponder nh gii php (a), do gim
c chi ph ng k.
23
24
25
26
vic tch v ghp cho tt c nhng knh i vo. iu ny cng dn n suy hao cao
hn. Tuy nhin khi mt s lng ln s knh c rt v linh hot trong vic thm
vo hoc ly ra bt c knh no th cu trc ny cng cho ta hiu qu kinh t.
Hnh 2.8(b) l s ci tin ca hnh 2.8(a) nhm gim chi ph thit k trn, vic
ghp v tch knh c thc hin qua hai giai on. Giai on th nht tch ring
cc bc sng thnh nhng di (bands), giai on th hai tch nhng di thnh cc
bc sng ring l. V d nh h thng 16 knh, c th thc hin s dng bn di,
mi di gm bn knh. Nu ch c bn knh c rt mt v tr, th 12 knh c
th gi nguyn trong cc di, thay v phi tch xung thnh tng knh ring l. iu
ny cho thy ta tit kim c chi ph cho b MUX v DEMUX. Ngoi ra, vic
s dng cc di cho php tn hiu c i qua vi suy hao quang thp hn. Khi
mng c s knh ln th cu trc hnh 2.8(b) ghp knh nhiu giai on tr nn cn
thit.
Trong cu trc hnh 2.8(c), mt knh ring l c tch v ghp t mt tp cc
knh i vo. Ta gi thit b ny l b xen rt n knh (SC - OADM). tch v
ghp nhiu knh th cc SC - OADM c ni lin tip nhau. Kin trc ny b sung
cho kin trc ca hnh 2.8(a). Vic tch v ghp knh nh hung n cc knh ang
tn ti, nn nhm gim ti thiu nh hng ny th ln k hoch tp bc sng no
cn c ly ra tng v tr. Tuy nhin nu s knh cn c tch ra l ln th kin
trc ny khng cn ph hp na, do chng ta phi s dng nhiu thit b ring l
ni li vi nhau. iu cho thy n khng hiu qu v kinh t. Ngoi ra suy hao
cng gia tng theo.
2.6.3. B khuch i quang
Nhm b li s suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn si quang cng nh ti cc
thit b (nh cc b ghp knh) th cc b khuch i c t gia cc kt ni si
quang nhng khong cch nh k. Trc khi cc b khuch i quang ra i th
la chn duy nht l ti to li tn hiu, ngha l nhn tn hiu v sau pht li n.
Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cc b lp ti sinh. Mt b lp chuyn tn hiu
27
quang thnh tn hiu in, khi phc sau chuyn li thnh tn hiu quang
truyn tip. iu ny hn ch tnh trong sut v tng chi ph bo tr ca h thng.
K thut khuch i quang chim u th hn nhiu cc b lp. B khuch i
quang khng ph thuc vo tc bit v cc nh dng tn hiu. Mt h thng s
dng khuch i quang c th d nng cp hn nhiu, v d n mt tc bit cao
hn m khng cn phi thay th b khuch i. Hn na cc b khuch i quang
c bng thng ln nn c th c dng khuch i ng thi nhiu tn hiu
WDM. Nu khng vi mi bc sng ta phi s dng mt b lp.
Loi khuch i quang in hnh l b khuch i quang si EDFA (Erbium
Doped Fiber Amplifier - khuch i quang si c pha tp Erbium).
B EDFA thc cht l si quang c pha tp c chc nng khuch i c tn
hiu nh sng, chng c th thay i cc c tnh vt l ca si theo nhit , p sut
v chng c tnh cht bc x nh sng. c im ca si ny l chng c kh nng
t khuch i hoc ti to tn hiu khi c kch thch ph hp.
u vo
EDF
WDM
u ra
B cch li
B cch li
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
v tr m mun i n node khc. OXC thc hin chc nng ny, n lm vic
k bn cc phn t mng SONET/ SDH, b nh tuyn IP v cc chuyn mch
ATM, cc thit b u cui WDM v b ghp knh xen/ rt. Mt cch in hnh,
mt s cng OXC c kt ni n cc thit b WDM, cc cng khc c ni n
cc thit b kt cui. V th OXC cung cp dung lng hiu qu hn nhiu.
2.7. S chuyn i bc sng
Chuyn i bc sng l kh nng chuyn tn hiu t bc sng ny( 1 ) trn
mt ng vo sang bc sng khc ti ng ra ( 2 ). B chuyn i rt c ch trong
vic gim xc sut tc nghn mng. Nu cc b chuyn i c tch hp vo trong
b kt ni cho quang trong mng WDM, cc kt ni c th c thit lp gia
ngun v ch ngay c khi trn tt c cc tuyn ca ng i khng c sn cng mt
bc sng. Cc b chuyn i bc sng gip loi tr s bt buc tnh lin tc v
bc sng.
B chuyn i bc sng y gip cho vic gim xc sut tc nghn tt hn
nhng thc t b chuyn i ny rt kh thc hin bi cc l do v chi ph v gii
hn k thut. Trong mt mng c rt t node mng c trang b b chuyn i bc
sng, do cn phi c s la chn cc node t cc b chuyn i bc sng
cc v tr thch hp sao cho ti u mng, thng t cc b chuyn i bc sng
nhng node m lu lng mng xy ra cc i.
tr--
Node A
Node B
Node C
35
36
37
CHNG 3
NH TUYN V GN BC SNG.
3.1. Gii thiu chng
Trong mng quang nh tuyn bc sng, ngi s dng lin lc vi nhau qua cc
knh thng tin quang c gi l cc lightpath. Lightpath l mt ng i ca tn
hiu nh sng t ngun n ch di dng quang thng qua cc kt ni trung gian.
Mt lightpath c th ko di qua nhiu tuyn truyn dn cung cp mt kt ni
chuyn mch mch gia hai node m c th cha mt lung lu lng ln gia
chng.
Khi cc lightpath thc hin vic mang thng tin t mt node ngun n mt node
ch no th n cn c nh tuyn v gn bc sng. nh tuyn v gn bc
sng cho lightpath l vn ht sc quan trng v xy ra thng xuyn trong mng.
Chng ny s ni r v vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng cho cc lightpath, cc
thut ton thc hin nh tuyn v cc phng php gn bc sng trong mng
WDM.
3.2. Gii thiu v nh tuyn v gn bc sng (Routing and Wavelength
Assignment - RWA).
Khi mt lightpath c chn v xc nh, mi lightpath cn c nh tuyn v
gn bc sng cho n. T t ra bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng.
nh tuyn l vn tm ng gia hai node bt k trong mng tho mn mt
mc ch no , thut ng gi l ti u hm mc tiu (cost function). Vn ny
rt quen thuc v rt quan trng trong mng. Thng thng nh tuyn trong IP s
dng thut ton tm ng Dijkstra, vi hm mc tiu l cc metric quen thuc nh
bng thng, tr, chi ph tuyn,
Trong mng quang, tm ng c hiu theo hai kha cnh, l tm ng vt
l mang c mu lu lng yu cu (Routing) v a ra bc sng ph hp mang
lu lng trn mi link dc path (Wavelength Assignment) trong s cc bc sng
cho php (bi mi path gm mt s fiber, m trn mi fiber ny, bn c th c W
sub-chanels, cng l W bc sng v W la chn cho yu cu kt ni hin ti). Vn
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39
40
41
42
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3.4.3. L thuyt th
Trong ton hc v tin hc, th l i tng nghin cu c bn ca l thuyt
th. Mt cch khng chnh thc, th l mt tp cc i tng gi l nh ni vi
nhau bi cc cnh. Thng thng th thng c v di dng tp cc im
(nh, nt) ni vi nhau bi cc on thng (cnh). Tu theo ng dng m mt s
cnh c th c hng.
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3.4.3.1. th v hng.
th v hng hoc th G l mt cp c th t (order pair) G=(V,E), trong
:
V l tp cc nh hoc nt.
E l tp cc cp khng th t cha cc nh phn bit, c gi l cnh. Hai
nh thuc mt cnh c gi l cc nh u cui ca cnh .
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Hnh 3.6: V d
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47
48
49
50
51
52
i =0
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54
thng tin v ton b trng thi ca mng khi thc hin gn bc sng. Php gn ny
phn phi lu lng mt cch tu , do vy s tn dng bc sng c cn bng v
tranh chp bc sng thp nn xc sut tc nghn cng thp hn.
Kiu gn First - Fit: php gn ny s tm v gn nhng bc sng theo mt
trnh t c nh. Tt c cc bc sng c nh s t thp n cao v cc bc sng
c chn gn cng theo ch s t thp n cao, tc l bc sng u tin c
chn l bc sng c ch s nh nht trong s bc sng ri v gn cho yu cu.
Cng tng t nh phng php gn Random, php gn ny khng cn bt k thng
tin no v thng tin trng thi mng. Hn ch ca phng php ny l cc bc sng
c ch s nh hn c dng nhiu, trong khi nhng bc sng c ch s ln hu nh
khng c s dng. Hn na s gia tng s bc sng trong si cng khng mang
li hiu qu no bi v nhng bc sng c ch s cao rt t khi c dng. Do s
tranh chp i vi nhng bc sng c ch s nh tng ln, lm xc sut tc nghn
cng tng ln. Php gn ny cho chi ph thp hn so vi php gn Random bi v n
khng cn phi kim tra tt c cc bc sng trong mi tuyn, v th n c a
chung hn.
Php gn Least - used: Php gn ny chn nhng bc sng m nhng bc
sng ny t c s dng nht trong mng. Mc ch ca php gn ny l cn bng ti
trn tt c nhng bc sng. Php gn ny i hi thng tin trng thi v mng tm
ra bc sng t c s dng nht. Tuy nhin phng php ny phi tn km cho chi
ph lu tr v tnh ton.
Php gn Most - used: n l php gn ch l ngc vi php gn Least-used,
n tm chn nhng bc sng c s dng nhiu nht trong mng. Php gn ny
phi i hi nhng thng tin v trng thi mng tm ra bc sng c s dng
nhiu nht. N cng tn nhng chi ph tng t nh trong php gn Least- used, tuy
nhin n thc hin tt hn so vi php gn Least- used.
Vi cc php gn bc sng k trn, phng php Random v First - Fit l thc t
hn v d thc hin. Khng ging nh hai phng php Least- used v Most- used
i hi phi c cc thng tin v mng. N n gin ch da vo trng thi nt lc
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thnh hai loi: c phi hp trc khi truyn dn v khng yu cu phi hp trc khi
truyn dn.
Cc loi phi hp dng mt knh iu khin n dng chung gia cc node v s
truyn d liu tht s xy ra thng qua mt s cc knh d liu. Cc node ri cn
gim st knh iu khin. Trc khi pht hoc thu gi d liu, mt gi chnh b pht
hay bt thu ca n n knh d liu thch hp. Ngc li trong h thng loi th hai,
khng c s tn ti ca knh iu khin v cc node pht hoc thu t cc knh c
nh trc.
3.7.2. Mng Multi- hop
Mng multi- hop khc phc c nhc im ny bng cch trnh s dng b thu
pht iu chnh bc sng. Mi node c trang b mt s cc b thu pht quang
c chnh c nh. Mi b pht trong mng c chnh n mt bc sng khc
nhau. Kt ni trc tip single- hop gia hai node ch c th xy ra khi nu nt n c
mt trong nhng b thu ca n c chnh n mt trong nhng bc sng ca node
gi. S kt ni gia mt cp node bt k trong mng t c bng cch nh tuyn
thng qua cc node trung gian. knh thng tin quang c chuyn thnh dng
in, a ch n ca gi c gii m, sau gi c chuyn mch in v c
pht li trn bc sng n node ch hoc n cc node trung gian khc m
qu trnh ny c lp li. V vy, mt gi s tri qua nhiu bc sng thng qua mt
s node trung gian trc khi n c node ch.
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nng tng th ca mng (hiu nng = xc sut tc nghn + phc tp ca gii thut).
Gii thut c trnh by nh sau:
Gi s mi LP c ti a H hop (link). Trn mi link (fiber) s dng W bc sng
(sub-channel). Tp cc ng i c th gia hai node bt k l R*.
Trng thi ca mi bc sng trn link (fiber) c m ho bng hai bit b0b1. Khi
c yu cu LP, node ngun s gi bn tin cp nht trng thi dc theo cc path tim
nng tp hp thng tin trng thi ng truyn (bn tin c th nhng trong giao
thc bo hiu no )
Hai bit trng thi nh sau:
b0b1= 00: bc sng ang bn.
b0b1= 01: c th dng lin tc khng cn chuyn i bc sng.
b0b1= 10: mun dng phi chuyn i bc sng
b0b1= 11: c th dng c hai cch
Ti mi node trung gian thuc LP, 2*W bt trng thi bc sng c ghi (tagged)
vo sau bn tin ny, v gi n ch. Nu thi im node khng th thit lp
knh (do ht bc sng chng hn), n loi b (discard) gi tin bo hiu v gi bn
tin thng bo (notification) ti ngun hoc ch x l.
Ti ch, thng tin trong mi bn tin cp nht trng thi c a ra dng ma trn:
Ton b hnh nh v trng thi ti nguyn ng truyn t node 0 n node H-1
c phn nh trn ma trn ny. Gii thut nh du bc sng thc hin da trn
cc ma trn (thnh cng) t R* path tim nng ca mi cp node.
K hiu CS ca bc sng lamda(m) l bc lin tc ca bc sng, tc l c th
dng n lin tc trong dy lin tip cc node no dc theo path. Gii thut nh sau:
1. Tm tp tt c cc t hp CS ca mi bc sng, trn mi path, k hiu CSij
2. Tm tp cc t hp CS* thuc {CSij} (i =1: W; j =1:R*) ph kn LP vi s phn t
ti thiu (tc l t on CS nht, iu ny tng ng t phi dng b chuyn i
bc sng nht)
3. p dng hm mc tiu (trong gii thut l tng chi ph) cho mi t hp CS tm
thy trong bc 2 chn ra t hp c tng chi ph ti thiu.
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CHNG 4
THC HIN M PHNG
4.1. Gii thiu chng
nh tuyn l cng vic ht sc quan trng trong mng quang WDM, n
thc hin tm ng cho lightpath mang lu lng thng tin t ngun n ch
vi mc ch ti u mng. Trong chng ny, da trn phn mm Visual C++,
em m phng phn nh tuyn cho cc lightpath vi hm mc tiu chng ta c
th tu chn nh chi ph, tr, lng lu lng qua cc tuyn t ngun
n ch. Thut ton s dng thc hin nh tuyn l thut ton Dijkstra.
Cc trng s trn cc tuyn khng ch l di ng i ca tuyn m tu
theo mt tiu ch no ca mng nh chi ph tuyn, tr, bng thng, lu
lng thng tin... Nu ly theo tiu ch l chi ph thp nht th trng s trn cc
tuyn (cnh) l ch ph ca tuyn .
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Bt u
Xc nh node ngun v ch
nh V1 v V2
Thit lp V1 l T-node
Xc nh node tm thi ni vi
V1 m c trng s nh nht v
thit lp thnh T-node
NO
T-node c
phi l V2
khng?
YES
Kt thc
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1 function Dijkstra(G, w, s)
2 for each vertex v in V[G]
3
d[v] := infinity
// Gn cc gi tr ban u
4
previous[v] := undefined
5 d[s] := 0
// Khong cch t s n s bng 0
6 S := empty set
// Thit lp S l tp hp rng
7 Q := V[G]
// Tp Q cha tt c cc node ca th
8 while Q is not an empty set
9
u := Extract_Min(Q)
10
S := S union {u}
11
for each edge (u,v) outgoing from u
12
if d[u] + w(u,v) < d[v]
13
d[v] := d[u] + w(u,v)
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previous[v] := u
4.4. Kt qu m phng
Thut ton Dijkstra tm ng i ngn nht t node ngun n node ch
c thc hin nh sau:
1.Click vo biu tng THEM NODE ly node ra nh sau:
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3.Click vo biu tng DUONG NGAN NHAT thc hin tm ng ngn nht
gia hai cp node bt k.
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Sau khi thc hin nh tuyn cho lightpath, phi thc hin gn bc sng
cho n. Nu ton b node mng khng s dng b chuyn i bc sng th ton b
cc tuyn trn ng i t ngun n ch ch c gn mt bc sng duy nht.
Tuy nhin, ti nguyn s bc sng trn mi node mng c hn, iu ny lm xc
sut tc nghn rt cao khi mt node mng khng cung cp bc sng rng buc
t trc. V th, cc mng hin nay lun tm cch thc hin nh tuyn v gn bc
sng sao cho t c ti u mng l gim xc sut tc nghn.
Ngy nay, ngi ta ang hng ti mng ton quang m mi cng vic x l u
thc hin hon ton trong min quang. Mng ton quang ha hn s em li tc
cao, gi thnh mng s c gim xung mt cch ng k.
n c hon thnh trong thi gian hn ch, t nn mng cho vic nghin
cu v pht trin sau ny, v th khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Hi vng
trong thi gian ti vi kinh nghim thc tin, em s c gng hon thin hn ti
ca mnh.
PH LC
void CAlgorithmsView::OnAddNode()
{
m_Dijkstra.StartAddNodes();
}
void CAlgorithmsView::OnAddEdge()
{
m_Dijkstra.StartAddEdges();
}
void CAlgorithmsView::OnShortestPath()
{
CShorthestPath dlg;
if(dlg.DoModal()==IDOK)
//
{
m_Dijkstra.ShortestPath(dlg.m_node1, dlg.m_node2);
}
}
class CGraph
{
public:
long GetNrNodes();
CGraph();
virtual ~CGraph();
VTYPE_NODE m_nodes; // dy cc node
VTYPE_EDGE m_edges; // dy cc cnh
VTYPE_NODE_P d; // array of longs that contain
// the shortest path at every step
VTYPE_NODE_P pi; // array of longs that contain
// the predecessor of each node for the shortest path
};
// // // // // // // // // // // // // //
class CNode
{
public:
CNode Copy();
double m_cost; // gia tri trong so
long m_NodeNr; // so node
POINT m_p; // diem do hoa cho node
CNode();
virtual ~CNode();
};
// // // // // // // // // // //
class CEdge
{
public:
bool m_red; // ve duong di ngan nhat
// (neu mot canh la mot phan cua duong di ngan nhat thi no duoc ve mau
do)
double m_cost; // trong so cua canh (lay gia tri ngau nhien tu 0-9)
long m_secondNode;
long m_firstNode;
POINT m_secondPct;
POINT m_firstPct;
CEdge();
virtual ~CEdge();
};
// ve canh bat dau tu node dau den node cuoi
// Draw
HDC dc = ::GetDC(m_hWnd);
HPEN pen=CreatePen(PS_SOLID,0,RGB(0,0,0));
HPEN penred=CreatePen(PS_SOLID,2,RGB(255,0,0));
HBRUSH brush=CreateSolidBrush(RGB(0,0,0));
HPEN oldpen;
HPEN oldbrush;
oldpen=(HPEN)SelectObject(dc,pen);
RECT rc;
::GetClientRect(m_hWndCD, &rc);
Rectangle(dc, rc.left, rc.top, rc.right, rc.bottom);
long nr = 0;
VTYPE_NODE::iterator kl;
for(kl=g.m_nodes.begin(); kl<g.m_nodes.end(); kl++)
{
char s[5];
ltoa((*kl).m_NodeNr, s, 10);;
Ellipse(dc, (*kl).m_p.x-10, (*kl).m_p.y-10, (*kl).m_p.x+10,
(*kl).m_p.y+10);
if(nr<9)
TextOut(dc, (*kl).m_p.x-5, (*kl).m_p.y-8, s, 1);
else
oldbrush=(HPEN)SelectObject(dc,brush);
VTYPE_EDGE::iterator kll;
for(kll=g.m_edges.begin(); kll<g.m_edges.end(); kll++)
{
HPEN temp;
if((*kll).m_red)
temp=(HPEN)SelectObject(dc,penred);
MoveToEx(dc, (*kll).m_firstPct.x, (*kll).m_firstPct.y, NULL);
LineTo(dc, (*kll).m_secondPct.x, (*kll).m_secondPct.y);
Ellipse(dc, (*kll).m_secondPct.x-5, (*kll).m_secondPct.y-5,
(*kll).m_secondPct.x+5, (*kll).m_secondPct.y+5);
POINT po;
po.x = ((*kll).m_firstPct.x+(*kll).m_secondPct.x)/2;
po.y = ((*kll).m_firstPct.y+(*kll).m_secondPct.y)/2;
char s[5];
ltoa((*kll).m_cost, s, 10);
TextOut(dc, po.x, po.y, s, 1);
if((*kll).m_red)
SelectObject(dc,temp);
}
::SelectObject(dc, OldFont);
SelectObject(dc,oldpen);
SelectObject(dc,oldbrush);
DeleteObject(pen);
DeleteObject(brush);
::ReleaseDC(m_hWnd, dc);
}
}
void CDijkstra::ReleaseGraph()
{
g.d.clear();
g.pi.clear();
VTYPE_EDGE::iterator kll;
for(kll=g.m_edges.begin(); kll<g.m_edges.end(); kll++)
{
(*kll).m_red = false;
}
Refresh();
}