28 TCN 166 : 2001 Thut ng K thut lnh, Thng gi, Si m v iu ho khng kh

(Cp nht: 26/12/2005)

Thut ng K thut lnh, Thng gi, Si m v iu ho khng kh Terminology of refrigeration, ventilation, heating and air conditioning 1 Phm vi p dng Tiu chun ny quy nh thng nht tn gi v nh ngha cc thut ng chuyn ngnh v k thut lnh, thng gi, si m v iu ho khng kh s dng trong Ngnh Thu sn. 2 Quy nh cch s dng 2.1 Cc thut ng v k thut lnh, thng gi, si m v iu ho khng kh c sp xp theo vn ting Vit, c nh ngha, gii thch v c chua ngha ting Anh. 2.2 Bng ch ci ting Vit c b sung cc ch f, j, z c xp theo th t nh sau: a, , , b, c, d, , e, (f), g, h, i, (j), k, l, m, n, o, , , p, q ,r, s, t, u, , v, x, y, (z). 2.3 Trt t cc thanh nh sau: khng du, huyn, hi, ng, nng v c nh du trn cc m chnh ca m tit. V d: qu, ho, ton, tun, thu, thu, ... 2.4 T trong ngoc gy [ ] c th thay t ng trc n. V d: B iu khin [ khng ch] c ngha l B iu khin hoc B khng ch. 2.5 T trong ngoc n ( ) in ng c th dng hoc b. V d: Bnh (xe quay) hi nhit c ngha l Bnh xe hi nhit hoc Bnh xe quay hi nhit. 2.6 T trong ngoc n ( ) in nghing dng gii thch. V d: Bnh sinh hi (k thut lnh) c ngha l nh ngha ch s dng cho k thut lnh. 2.7 Dng i thay y cui m tit m tr cc m tit uy, sau qu hoc y ng mt mnh v tn ring. V d : t l, t s (khng phi t l, t s), ... 2.8 Cc tn vay mn ting nc ngoi c th gi nguyn hoc lc b mt vi m tit theo quy nh ca T in Bch khoa Vit Nam. V d: Nt reset (Nt t li), Thermostat (Rle nhit ), ...

2.9 Cc ch vit tt quy nh nh sau: x. l xem, xt. l xem thm, vd. l v d, ... A Ahu b x l khng kh cn gi l bung iu khng (air handling unit). m dung x. dung m m th biu din cc tnh cht nhit ng ca khng kh m, trong thng thng s dng dng trc to nhit kh v m dung ( cha hi), bn trong l cc h ng cong ca m tng i, entanpy ring, th tch ring khng i, nhit t, nhit ng sng, p sut hi ... (psychrometric chart). m k dng c o m tng i ca khng kh (hygrometer). m k Assmann [ht gi] m k kh t trong c b tr qut ht gi qua bu nhit k kh v t (Assmann psychrometer or aspirated hygrometer). m k kh t dng c o m tng i ca khng kh c nhit k (bu) kh v nhit k (bu) t. m tng i tra t nhit kh v hiu nhit kh nhit t (psychrometer). m k quay m k, khi o m phi quay trong khng kh to gi i qua bu kh t (sling psychrometer). m k tc m k s dng dn di ca cc si tc ph thuc vo m ch bo m tng i (hair hygrometer). m k dng c o v ghi li m tng i, xt. nhit m k (hygrograph). o hi o ngoi ca bnh hai v dng gia nhit gin tip bng hi (steam jacket). p chn khng k p k c th o c p sut cao hn v thp hn p sut kh quyn (compound gauge, mano - vacumeter). p k dng c ch th hiu p sut (lc trn din tch) gia p sut kh quyn v p sut a vo p k (pressure gauge). p k bourdon p k trong chi tit cm bin l mt ng dt kn mt u v cun theo trc song song vi trc chnh ca ng. Mt s x dch c hc s xy ra gia hai u ng khi c chnh lch p sut gia bn ngoi v bn trong ng (bourdon gauge).

p k ch U dng c o p sut theo nguyn tc thay i ca mc cht lng trong mt ng hnh ch U. Nhnh ch U c th ng, nghing hoc cong, cht lng c th l nc, thu ngn ... (manometer). p k ct lng p k trong p sut c biu th qua chiu cao ca ct lng trong ng (altitude gauge). p k p cp p k lp trong mt v duy nht, mi p k c mt ng vo ring, thang chia c th chung hoc ring (duplex gauge). p k hiu p p k dng o hiu p sut gia hai im o (differential pressure gauge). p sut lc tc dng vung gc ln mt n v din tch. Trong nhit ng k thut c hiu l lc tc dng ca cc phn t theo phng php tuyn ln mt n v din tch thnh bnh cha (lng hoc kh), k hiu p, n v Pa = N/m 2. Cn phn bit cc loi p sut kh quyn p b o bng baromet hoc kh p k, p sut d p o bng p k, p sut chn khng pck o bng chn khng k hoc p chn khng k v p sut tuyt i pa. p sut tuyt i thng c tnh ton t pb, p v pck. Khi pa ln hn pb th pa = pb + p, khi pa nh hn pb th pa = pb - pck. Trong cc bng biu v tnh ton ch s dng p sut tuyt i p a (pressure). p sut p k p sut o bng p k (manometric pressure). p sut m thanh thnh phn dao ng ca p sut ti mt im trong trng m thanh (sound pressure). p sut cn bng 1) p sut ng u tr li trong h thng lnh (dng ng mao) khi my nn ngh lm vic. 2) p sut trong mt h thng hoc mt bnh cn bng vi p sut bn ngoi (equalizing pressure, equilibrium pressure). p sut cc i cho php 1) p sut ti a cho php vn hnh vi ton b h thng hoc p sut t trn van an ton hoc rle p sut cao bo v h thng. 2) p sut ln nht m ni hi c php lm vic trong mt khong thi gian do ngi ch to quy nh (maximum allowable pressure). p sut y p sut o u y (u x) ca mt my nn, bm hoc qut (discharge pressure). p sut ng p sut tng ng vi tc chuyn ng ca dng cht lng hoc kh ti im o (velocity pressure, dynamic pressure). p sut hi p sut tc ng bi hi tinh khit hoc hi trong mt hn hp kh ca mt mi cht (vapour pressure).

p sut (hi) bo ho p sut cn bng nhit cho khi pha hi v pha lng ca mt cht lng nguyn cht hoc pha hi v pha rn ca mt cht rn nguyn cht t trng thi cn bng (saturated vapour pressure). p sut ht p sut o ti ca ht ca mt my nn, bm hoc qut (suction pressure). p sut lm vic (nh mC) p sut ca h thng khi vn hnh bnh thng (operating or working pressure). p sut qut ng p sut ng tng ng vi tc trung bnh ca ra ca qut da trn din tch tng ca ra khng khu tr din tch cho mt, chp hng dng hoc cc vt khc (velocity fan pressure). p sut qut tnh hiu gia p sut qut tng v p sut qut ng (static fan pressure). p sut qut tng hiu i s gia p sut tng trung bnh ca ra ca qut v p sut tng trung bnh ca vo ca qut (total fan pressure). p sut th p sut p dng th bn, chu p hoc kn cho mi my hoc thit b, cao hn p sut lm vic ti a (test pressure). p sut th bn x. th bn p sut th kn x. th kn p sut tnh 1) p sut gy ra do mt lu th ng im. 2) trong dng chy, l p sut tng tr i p sut ng (static pressure). p sut tng tng i s ca p sut tnh v p sut ng ti im bt k ca dng chy (total pressure). p sut ti hn p sut m ti v trn mc cc tnh cht ca pha lng v pha hi tr thnh ng nht (critical pressure). p sut vi sai chnh gia hai p sut o ti hai im hoc hai mc trong mt lu th (differential pressure). B bn th bn hoc gi dng lp t cc t hp thit b cn th (test bench). bn thit k bn v trnh by cc chi tit vi cc thng s, kch thc, tnh cht v khi lng ... cn thit cho s m t ton b h thng (design).

bn knh thi gi tm vi ca lung gi t mt ming thi (gn trn trn) (radius of diffusion). bnh (xe quay) hi nhit b trao i nhit thu hi nhit gia gi thi v gi ti kiu bnh xe quay (thermal wheel). bao tia bin gii hn gia tia phun v khng kh xung quanh (jet envelope). bo qun lnh qu trnh bo qun thc phm mau hng bng cch gi nhit trn im ng bng, trong cc bung hoc kho lnh ... (chill storage). bo qun lnh ng qu trnh bo qun thc phm d i thiu bng cch gi thc phm di im ng bng thng t -18 n -30 0C trong bung hoc kho lnh ng (cold storage). bo ho on nhit qu trnh lm no hi ca mt cht lng vo mt cht kh m khng c s trao i nhit vi bn ngoi (adiabatic saturation). baromet kh c o p sut kh quyn, cn gi l kh p k (barometer). by hi 1) dng c ni vi ng hi x nc ngng mt cch t ng. 2) mt kh c gn vo thit b gia nhit bng hi x nc ngng, cn gi l b x ngng hoc van cc (steam trap). b mt gia nhit b mt trong b sinh nhit s cp hoc mt thit b si m qua nhit c trao i vi cht ti nhit (heating surface). b phun kt cu dng thng, b dng lm mt nc nh bay hi bng cch phun nc trong khng gian pha trn b nc (spray pond). b chng rung b gm nhiu gi ta n hi c lp gia my mc v cu trc c tc dng lm gim s lan truyn rung ng (anti-vibration mounting). bch chi tit c g vai nh ln trn u ng hoc ng gi ni cc on ng v ph kin li vi nhau bng bulng (flange ( duct or pipe)). bin c iu chnh thng s ca mt qu trnh v thng s l i tng iu chnh trc tip ca h thng iu chnh (controlled condition [variable]). biu Ringelmann mt lot cc biu c k dy n tha cp t en n trng, nh cc biu ny c th nh gi en (mc nhim tro, bi, b hng ...) ca khi (Ringelmann chart). biu ti th biu din s thay i ca ti theo thi gian (load pattern). biu tin nghi [nhit m] x. tin nghi

bnh p lc 1) bnh kn c cha cht lng hoc kh p sut khc vi p sut kh quyn. 2) bnh kn dng tin hnh cc qu trnh nhit ng hoc ho hc, xt. xitc, chai p lc (pressure vessel). bnh bay hi x. thit b bay hi bnh cha bnh dng cha kh nn hoc mi cht lnh b tr gia my nn v h thng phn phi (receiver). bnh cha cao p bnh lp t pha cao p sau thit b ngng t ca h thng lnh dng cha mi cht lnh lng (refrigerant liquid receiver). bnh ct p bnh c mc cht lng c duy tr khng i nh mt ng cp vd. theo kiu chy trn (head tank). bnh dn n 1) bnh kn b tr c nh thng xuyn pha p thp ca h thng lnh cha hi mi cht (trong my lnh ghp tng) trnh p sut qu cao khi my lnh ngng hot ng. 2) bnh cha iu tit s dn n nhit ca nc trong mt h thng nc nng hoc nc lnh c p sut (expansion vessel hoc expansion tank). bnh dn n kiu mng bnh dn n c mng mng n hi cho lng dn n trong vng tun hon kn khng tip xc vi khng kh mi trng bn ngoi (membrane expansion vessel). bnh dn n v phn phi bnh dn n ng thi lm nhim v ca bnh phn phi nc cp (feed and expansion tank). bnh kh bnh cha kh ni vi pha y ca mt bm nc pittng gim xung ng pha y (air vessel). bnh kh nn x. bnh p lc bnh lm mt trung gian bnh trao i nhit lm mt hi qu nhit (bng nc hoc khng kh) gia hai cp nn (intercooler). bnh ngng t x. thit b ngng t bnh sinh hi (k thut lnh) mt bnh trong h thng lnh hp th trong hi mi cht lnh c y ra khi dung dch khi b t nng (generator (refrigeration)). bnh tch du mt bnh lp trn ng y ca my nn tch du bi trn khi dng hi hoc kh p sut cao i ra t my nn (oil separator).

bnh tch lng mt bnh lp t pha p thp gia thit b bay hi v u ht my nn ca h thng lnh dng tch cht lng cha bay hi ht khi dng hi i vo my nn trnh gy va p thu lc cho my nn, cn gi l bnh tch mi cht lnh lng (refrigerant liquid separator). bnh tch hi bnh tch nhit di dng hi nc s dng khi cn thit (steam accumulator). bnh tch lng bnh lp t trn ng ht gia thit b bay hi v my nn ca h thng lnh freon cha mi cht lnh lng v du trong qu trnh ph bng tit lu t t c lng v du v my nn trnh gy va p thu lc (refrigerant accumulator). bnh tch nc nng bnh tch nhit dng nc nng dng khi cn thit (hot water accumulator). bnh trung gian trong my lnh hai hoc nhiu cp: bnh trao i nhit trong mi cht lnh lng trc khi vo van tit lu v hi nn ra t my nn h p c lm mt mt phn hoc ton phn n nhit trung gian bng cch bay hi mt phn mi cht lnh lng p sut trung gian (intercooler). bnh tr gin tip bnh tr c b trao i nhit trong ni lin vi mt ni hi, nhit t ni hi c cp gin tip qua b trao i nhit (indirect cylinder). bnh tr trc tip bnh tr trong nc c tr v tun hon nhn nhit trc tip ca ni hi (direct cylinder). b bay hi (mi cht lnh) x. thit b bay hi b b 1) mt h thng iu chnh trong i lng ra c thay i tu theo mt hoc nhiu tn hiu vo. 2) c cu cn bng cc ng ng hoc chi tit c kh do dn n nhit (compensator). b cch ly kh c c kh c kh nng ng m mt mch in di cc iu kin khng ti hoc dng thp c th tip cn an ton mch in (isolator). b ch bo mc lng kh c o v ch bo chiu cao b mt cht lng trong mt bnh cha tnh t y bnh hoc t mt im mc tu , xt. mc lng k, dung k, ng thu (liquid level indicator). b chuyn cc b iu khin c thit k khi ng mt thay i tc nh chuyn cc tc bt k thay i tc m khng cn phi ngt dng in cp (change pole controller).

b iu chnh kh c iu chnh dng duy tr, khng ch mt thng s nh nhit , p sut, lu lng, mc lng dao ng trong mt phm vi cho php quanh v tr hoc gi tr t trc, xt. iu chnh (regulator controller) b iu chnh p sut dng c iu chnh p sut theo gi tr t trc (pressure regulator). B iu chnh lu lng b iu chnh m i tng iu chnh l lu lng cht lng hoc kh (flow rate controller). b iu chnh lu lng gi b iu chnh duy tr mt lu lng th tch khng kh lu ng cho trc qua h thng ng gi theo ph ti nhit ca h thng (volume controller, air flow rate controller). b iu chnh nng sut trong mt my nn: mt dng c dng iu chnh nng sut ca my nn, v d my nn pittng c th s dng cc c cu thay i th tch cht, u xilanh di ng, c cu nng van ht hoc x hi v ng ht (capacity reducer). b iu chnh PI hoc PD b iu chnh t l km tc ng tch phn hoc vi phn (two term controller, proportional integral controller, propor-tional differential controller). b iu chnh PID b iu chnh c ba tc ng t l, tch phn, vi phn (three term controller, proportional, integral differential controller). b iu chnh t tc ng b iu chnh nhn nng lng vn hnh t qu trnh m n iu chnh khng cn n ngun nng lng ph (self-acting controller, self-powered controller, self-operated controller). b iu khin [khng ch] 1) thit b duy tr hoc n nh cc thng s yu cu ca qu trnh trong gii hn cho nh nhit , p sut, m, mc lng, dng chy ... 2) thit b thay i cc thng s theo chng trnh nh sn, xt. b iu khin theo chng trnh (controller). b iu khin ch 1) kh c c tn hiu ra dng thay i gi tr t ca mt b iu khin ph thuc khc; 2) kh c trung tm c tc ng hiu chnh theo mc sai s iu hnh mt hoc nhiu t ph thuc khc; 3) b iu khin