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Ch6 Momentum Equation
Ch6 Momentum Equation
Outline
Momentum equation Applications of the momentum equation
Objectives
r F
r r d mV F = dt
( )
Momentum leaving = A 2 u 2 tu 2
F = Q (u 2 u1 )
r r r F = Q(u2 u1 )
For steady flow with one inlet and one outlet, the momentum equation is
r r r F = Q( 2u2 1u1 )
r r r F = Q( 2V2 1V1 )
F = Fx2 + Fy2
What are the forces acting on the fluid in the control volume?
r r r r FT = FR + FB + FP
1. Draw a control volume: Based on the problem, selecting the stream between two gradually varied flow sections as the control volume; 2. Decide on co-ordinate axis system: Determining the directions of co-ordinate axis, magnitudes and directions of components of all forces and velocities on each axis. 3. Plotting diagram for computation : Analyzing the forces on control volume and plotting the directions of all forces on the control volume. 4. Writing momentum equation and solving it: Substituting components of all forces and velocities on axes into momentum equation and solving it. All the pressures are relative to the relative pressure.
1. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend. 2. Force on a nozzle at the outlet of a pipe. 3. Impact of a jet on a plane surface. 4. Force due to flow round a curved vane.
Example 1
Find the horizontal thrust of the water on each meter of width of the sluice gate shown in the Fig., given y1=2.2 m, y2=0.4 m, and y3=0.5 m. Neglect friction. ( 6.4.2)
Solution
6.5.5
Solution
The flow rate Momentum equation
6.8
A reducing right-angled bend lies in a horizontal plane. Water enters from the west with a velocity of 3 m/s and a pressure of 30 kPa, and it leaves toward the north. The diameter at the entrance is 500 mm and at the exit it is 400 mm. Neglecting any friction loss, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.
Solution
Energy
Momentum
Example
Water flows through a reducing 180bend. The bend is shown in plan. Determine the magnitude of the force exerted on the bend in the x-direction. Assume energy losses to be negligible.
Solution:
Example
T=15 oC
Given: Figure Find: Horizontal force required to hold plate in position Solution:
pA=75 kPa
Q=0.4 m3/s
B
pA pA
2 2 VA pB VB + zA + = + zB + 2g 2g
r r V = Vi
2 VB = 2g
question
If the value of force calculated from momentum equation is negative, what does that mean? Does the magnitude of the unknown force has anything or nothing to do with that of the control volume? How to select control volume in the application?
If the value of force calculated from momentum equation is negative, what does that mean? Does the magnitude of the unknown force has anything or nothing to do with that of the control volume? How to select control volume in the application? directions are inverseindependencywhen there is no gravitationcalculated crosssection and solid wall
Sluice Gate
Find: Force due to pressure on face of gate Solution: Assume: v1 and v2 are uniform (so pressure is hydrostatic)
Application of the Energy, Momentum, and Continuity Equations in Combination In general, when solving fluid mechanics problems, one should use all available equations in order to derive as much information as possible about the flow. For example, consistent with the approximation of the energy equation we can also apply the momentum and continuity equations
Forces on Transitions
Example
+ z in + a
in
2 V in p + hP = out + z out + a 2g g
out
V o2u t + hT + h L 2g
h p = z out + hL
hL = h p - z out
+ z in + a
in
2 V in p + hP = out + z out + a 2g g
out
V o2u t + hT + h L 2g
What about ?
+ z out + a
out
V o2u t + hL 2g
hP = 10 m
50 L/s 4m
datum
Entrance loss
2.4 m 2m
V +a 2g g
4m
Exit loss
50 L/s
+ z in + a
in
2 V in p out + hP = + z out + a 2g g
out
V o2u t + hT + h L 2g
+ z +
2g
HGL =
+ z
What is the difference between EGL defined by Bernoulli and EGL defined here?
2g pressure head
z elevation
pump z=0
p in + z in + a V p + hP = out + z out + a 2g g
2 in
in
out
V o2u t + hT + h L 2g
datum