Lecture Outline: - Piezoelectric Phenomena

Piezoelectric Materials
Lecture Outline
Piezoelectric Phenomena
Piezoelectric Effect Modes of Vibration Terminology
Materials and Processing

Perovskite Materials Ceramic Processing
Piezoelectric Applications
Design Principles Application Examples Sensor Technology Limited
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Piezoelectric Phenomena
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Piezoelectric Effect
Piezoelectric behaviour can be manifested in two distinct ways. direct piezoelectric effect converse piezoelectric effect

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Direct Piezoelectric Effect Direct piezoelectric effect occurs when a piezoelectric material becomes electrically charged when subjected to a mechanical stress. These devices can be used to detect strain, movement, force, pressure or vibration by developing appropriate electrical responses, as in the case of force and acoustic or ultrasonic sensors.
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Converse Piezoelectric Effect
Converse piezoelectric effect occurs when the piezoelectric material becomes strained when placed in an electric field. This property can be used to generate strain, movement, force, pressure or vibration through the application of suitable electric field.

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Terminology

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Terminology

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Piezoelectric Strain Constant d
When an electric field is applied to a piezoelectric, the material dimensions change in all three axes under stress-free conditions. The d constant also expresses the amount of charge developed relative to the stress applied along a specific axis.

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Piezoelectric Strain Constant d
The d31 constant is defined as:

d 31 = Strain Developed along 1 axis Field applied along 3 axis
Charge per electrode area = Stress applied along 1 axis

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Piezoelectric Stress Constant g
The g constant expresses the electric field developed under open circuit conditions relative to the stress applied along a specific axis. It also expresses the amount of strain induced relative to the applied electrical charge per unit area.

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Piezoelectric Stress Constant g The g31 constant is defined as:
Filed developed along 3 axis g31 = Stress applied along 1 axis Strain developed along 3 axis = Applied charge per electrode area

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Hysteresis and Strain

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Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Effect

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Modes of Vibration

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Piezoelectric Materials Piezoelectric Materials
Crystal, Ceramics and Polymers

Type Single Crystals Materials Quartz Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN-PT and PZN-PT) Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) Lead Metaniobate (LMN) Lead Titanate (LT) Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN) Polyvinylenedifluoride (PVDF) Ceramic-polymer Ceramic-glass
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Ceramics
Polymers Composites
Sensor Sensor Technology Technology Limited Limited
Longitudinal Strain vs. Field for Various Materials

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Structure of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics
A2+ (Pb, Ba) B4+ (Ti, Zr) O2BM400 Type I (Pb, Sr)(Zr, Ti)O3 BM500 Type II Pb(Zr,Ti,Nb)O3 Sensor Technology Limited
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Piezoelectric Piezoelectric Materials Materials
Soft Ceramics
Type of Piezoelectric Material Soft Ceramics Normally doped with Niobium Pentoxide or Lanthanum Oxide Low Mechanical Q, High dielectric constants and high charge sensitivity. Examples of materials are: BM500 (Navy type II) BM527 (Navy type V) BM532 (Navy type VI)
Navy type ceramics refer to DOD-DTS-1376(SHIPS). Sensor Sensor Technology Technology Limited Limited
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Typical Properties Sensors, low power projectors, actuators, accelerometers.
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Hard Ceramics
Type of Piezoelectric Material Hard Ceramics Normally doped with Nickel, Iron or Strontium. Typical characteristics are high mechanical Q, lower dielectric constant, lower loss factor, higher resistance to depoling. Examples of material are: BM400 (Navy type I) BM800 (Navy type III)
Typical Properties
High power transducers in sonar, ultrasonic cleaning, high-drive actuators, biological cell disrupters
Navy type ceramics refer to DOD-DTS-1376(SHIPS). Sensor Technology Limited Sensor Technology Limited
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Electrostrictive Ceramics
Type of Piezoelectric Material Electrostrictive Ceramics Normally produced from doped lead Mainly used in actuators and magnesium niobate., Available for very high power sonar projectors. about five years now, these materials have almost no hysteresis, very high dielectric constants, very high strain coefficients. Materials: BM600 (Modified Lead Magnesium Niobate)
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Typical Properties
Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Material Parameter Dielectric Constant Dissipation Factor % Voltage Constant (g31) 10-3 Vm/N Charge Constant (d31) 10-12 C/N Curie Temperature 0 C Mechanic Q Factor PZT (II) BM500 1750 2.0 -11.5 -165 360 80 PZT (VI) BM532 3250 2.0 -7.5 -250 210 70 PZT (I) BM400 1350 0.4 -10.5 -115 350 500 PZT (III) BM800 1000 0.2 -10.5 -80 325 1000

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Application Underwater Sonar Projectors Hydrophones Depth Sounders Linear Arrays Measurement Level, Flow Flaw Detection (NDE) Accelerometers Actuators PZT (II) BM500 PZT (VI) BM532 PZT (I) BM400 r r r r r r r PZT (III) BM800 r
r r r r r r
r r r r

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Application Medical Transducers Steilizers Industrial Cleaners Alarms Welders PZT (II) BM500 r PZT (VI) BM532 r PZT (I) BM400 r r r r PZT (III) BM800
r r r

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Piezoelect ric M aterials
Processing of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Weigh out raw material Ball mill Spray dry Calcine up to 1200oC Ball mill to desired particle size Spray dry Testing Sensor Technology Limited
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Powder evaluation Forming process: (dry or isostatic press etc.) Sinter firing Grinding or lapping Electroding Polarizing
Polarization of Ceramics
Polarization in a single crystal of piezoelectric ceramics.
Piezoelectric ceramic before polarization
Piezoelectric ceramic after polarization

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Standard Ceramic Configurations
Frequency discs
Thickness discs
Tubes Washers Plates and bars

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Piezoelectric Tube Actuator W
V L = L d31 W

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Electrode Configurations for Tube Actuators
Outer/Inner Electrodes Segmented 180 Deg Option 001
Outer Electrode Segmented 180 Deg Option 002
Outer/Inner Electrodes Segmented 90 Deg Option 003
Outer Electrode Segmented 90 Deg Option 004
Outer/Inner Full Face Electrodes Option 005
No Segmentation Option 005
One Horizontal Line Option 006
Horizontal/ Vertical Segments Option 007

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Piezoelectric Stack Actuator
L = V N d 33
= V L d33 tE V d A 33 E tE s 33
F=

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Actuator Displacement and Force Working Equations

Assumption: Same Electric Field in Ceramics
LS
AS
DS d 33 LS hB DB d31 LB LB
E AS L B FS d 33 s11 E FB d 31 s33 AB hB
LB
hB
AB

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Displacement and Force for Stack Actuator

For Field = 1000 V/mm Electric Field Constraints ! Coercive Field (~ 500V/mm) ! Flashover Limit in Air (~ 1000V/mm)
L 0.0006 L
would need 17mm stack for 10m displacement.
F 30 Area
(F in Newtons, Area in mm2 ) For 15mm OD & 5mm ID:
Note: Exceeding coercive field limit requires DC bias to avoid depoling.
F 4600 N
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Bending Mode Actuator

LB DB hB
L2 DB = 6 V d 31 B 2 hB
3 d WB hB FB = V 31 E 2 s11 LB

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Electrostrictive Actuator
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Di spla ce m e n t (m i cr ons).
10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -20 0 -10 0 0 10 0 20 0
25 x 25 mm2
Parallel to Field
20 mm 0.5 mm
Perpendicular to Field
V o l tag e (V )
A piezoelectric actuator of the same geometry and having the same displacements at 200V would require: d33 = 1250pC/N; d31 = -460pC/N Sensor Technology Limited
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Piezoelectric Composites
Piezoelectric composites consist of a ceramic material embedded in a polymer matrix with a certain connectivity known as 1-3 connectivity pattern. These elements offer several advantages over single-phase (monolithic) piezoelectric materials for such applications as hydrophones and transducers. While not a flexible element, they can be cut to very thin dimensions.

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Piezoelectric Composites
Property Dielectric Constant K33T Dissipation Factor N3 Ke Q (unloaded) Ceramic Volume Frequency Sensor Technology Limited
1-3 composite BM532 52510% 0.03 1475 5% 0.62 5 25-30% 150kHz 1.5MHz 325010% 0.03 18505% 0.58 70 100 150kHz 2MHz
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Langevin Transducers
Langevin-type transducers feature compactness, high energy efficiency and a wide range of operating temperatures. These transducers use Lead Zirconate Titanate ceramic elements in a sandwich-type construction (two to four discs), providing a rugged unit capable of high efficiency and continuous operation at elevated temperatures. Applications: Ultrasonic cleaning Ultrasonic degreasers Characteristic features: Cell disrupters Large amplitude Ultrasonic machining Low heat generation Plastics welding Stability and durability Underwater acoustics High efficiency Non-destructive evaluation High output Atomizers Ultrasonic scalpel
Langevin transducers can be built from 18kHz to 70kHz for various end-user applications. A booster horn can be used to generate greater displacement from the transducer.

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Piezoelectric Relations The electrical condition of an unstressed medium under the influence of an electric field is defined by two quantities - the field strength E and their dielectric displacement D. These two are related by the equation: D=E where is the permittivity of the medium.

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Piezoelectric Relations The mechanical condition of the same medium at zero electric field strength can be defined by two mechanical quantities - applied stress T and strain S. S = sT where s is the compliance of the medium.

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Piezoelectric Relations Piezoelectricity involves the interaction between the electrical and mechanical behaviour of the medium, and the interaction can be described by linear relationships between these two. S = sE T + dE D = dT + T E

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Principles of Application 1. Energy Conversion Mechanism An externally applied electric field causes a change in the dielectric polarization in the material which in turn causes an elastic strain. The generating action takes place when an elastic strain causes a change in the polarization that induces a charge on the electrodes.

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Principles of Application 2. Transducer Operating Environment The acoustic properties of the medium (air, water or ice) are very important in the design of transducers. Transducers must also withstand the severe effects of sea water, biological activity, hydrostatic pressure, and extreme temperature conditions.

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Principles of Application 3. Conversion Criteria

The following are the general performance criteria for the transducers. Linearity. The output of the transducer is a linear function of the input. Reversibility. The transducer must convert energy in either direction. Passivity. All the output energy from the transducer is obtained from the input energy - electrical or acoustical.

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Applications
Mechanical to Electrical Conversion
Phonograph cartridges Microphones Vibration sensors Accelerometers Photoflash actuators Gas igniters Fuses

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Applications - Piezoelectric Igniters

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Applications - Piezoelectric Igniters
NTK Ceramics, Japan, 1986.

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Hydrophones

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Applications - Diver Communication Systems
Ocean technology Systems, 1990

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Applications - Marine Mammal Listening Systems

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Applications - Consumer Products

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Applications
Electrical to Mechanical Conversion
Valves Micropumps Earphones and speakers Ultrasonic cleaners Emulsifiers Sonic transducers

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Applications - Piezoelectric Audiotone Transducers
Figure A. Layered structure with ceramic bonded to metal diaphragm. Radial mode of vibration produces a bending effect. Figure B. Alternating voltage produces convex and concave distortions in the diaphragm. Displacement of the diaphragm is in the order of microns. Sensor Technology Limited
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Applications - Liquid Atomization Devices
1. Vibration; 2. Cavitation; 3. Misting 4. Ultrasonic Humidifier.

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Liquid Atomizing Nozzle from Sono-Tek Corporation. Fine liquid sprays are used in material processing industry such as the manufacture of solar cells to provide thin uniform coatings.

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Data from Sono-Tek

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Misting (at increased power levels)
Cavitation (at lower power levels)

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Applications - Depth Sounders
NTK Technical Ceramics, 1986.

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Applications - Sonar Applications

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Applications - Low Frequency Sonar
Sonar Dome

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Applications - Low Frequency Sonar Detail of the Sonar Transducer and the components of the system.
Raytheon, 1984.

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Applications - Ultrasonic Motor
Shinsei, 1996

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Applications
ElectricalMechanicalElectrical Conversion
Surface acoustic wave devices Delay lines Filters Oscillators Transformers

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Applications - Flash Blindness Goggles
Aura

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Transducer Depth Matching SX100 Compensator Network Shield Power Amplifier Signal Processor Power Lithium Distribution Battery Board Pack
Anodized Aluminum Housing
Underwater Communications
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Battery
Cable & Reel
Control Box Transducer
Communication with Marine Mammals

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Transmitter
Receiver/Monitor
Marine Mammal Communications

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Conclusions
NTK Technical Ceramics, 1986.

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Conclusions
Reviewed Piezoelectric Phenomena

Piezoelectric Effect, Modes of Vibration, Terminology
Materials and Processing Piezoelectric Applications

Application examples using mechanical to electrical conversion, electrical to mechanical conversion, and electrical-mechanical-electrical conversion have been discussed.

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Lecture Outline: - Piezoelectric Phenomena

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Piezoelectric Materials

Materials and Processing

Sensor Technology Limited

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Converse Piezoelectric Effect

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Piezoelectric Strain Constant d

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Piezoelectric Strain Constant d

The d31 constant is defined as:

Charge per electrode area = Stress applied along 1 axis

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Piezoelectric Stress Constant g

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Piezoelectric Stress Constant g The g31 constant is defined as:

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Hysteresis and Strain

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Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Effect

Sensor Technology Limited

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Piezoelectric Materials Piezoelectric Materials

Crystal, Ceramics and Polymers

Longitudinal Strain vs. Field for Various Materials

Sensor Technology Limited

Structure of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Piezoelectric Piezoelectric Materials Materials

Typical Properties Sensors, low power projectors, actuators, accelerometers.

Piezoelectric Materials Piezoelectric Materials

Piezoelectric Materials Piezoelectric Materials

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Sensor Technology Limited

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Sensor Technology Limited

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

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Piezoelect ric M aterials

Processing of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Polarization in a single crystal of piezoelectric ceramics.

Piezoelectric ceramic before polarization

Piezoelectric ceramic after polarization

Sensor Technology Limited

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Sensor Technology Limited

Standard Ceramic Configurations

Tubes Washers Plates and bars

Sensor Technology Limited

Piezoelectric Tube Actuator W

Sensor Technology Limited

Electrode Configurations for Tube Actuators

Outer/Inner Electrodes Segmented 180 Deg Option 001

Outer Electrode Segmented 180 Deg Option 002

Outer/Inner Electrodes Segmented 90 Deg Option 003

Outer Electrode Segmented 90 Deg Option 004

Outer/Inner Full Face Electrodes Option 005

No Segmentation Option 005

One Horizontal Line Option 006

Horizontal/ Vertical Segments Option 007

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Piezoelectric Stack Actuator

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