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3 Distortion Energy Theory Derivation
3 Distortion Energy Theory Derivation
, 2
, 3
.
Strain energy at a location of the element
The strain energy at a particular location of the element can be segregated into three
categories, namely:
(a) Total strain energy per unit volume of the stressed element, arising from the principal
stresses 1
, 2
, 3
.
(b) Strain energy per unit volume arising from the change of volume caused by a
hydrostatic stress, which is uniform in all three directions
(c) Strain energy per unit volume arising from distortion of the element, and which can be
considered as being the difference between (a) and (b).
ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
Uni-Axial stress
This is the case of a single principal stress 1
.
Principal strains are then given by the expressions
E E E
1
3
1
2
1
1
, ,
Where,
, 2
1
( )
2 1
1
E
,
2
( )
1 2
1
E
, and
3
( )
2 1
1
+
E
Tri-Axial stress situation
This is the case of three principal stresses
1
,
2
,
3
1
( ) [ ]
3 2 1
1
+
E
(1)
2
( ) [ ]
3 1 2
1
+
E
(2)
3
( ) [ ]
2 1 3
1
+
E
(3)
ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME AT STRESS LOCATION
Total strain energy U
The total strain energy is the strain energy caused by the three principal stresses
1
,
2
, 3
.
It is given by
U
1 1
2
1
+
2 2
2
1
+
3 3
2
1
(4)
Substituting the three strains 3 2 1
, , and
in equations (1),(2) and (3) into equation (4)
yields:
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + +
E
(5)
Strain Energy due to Change of Volume (Hydrostatic stress) only
The stress that causes change of volume only (hydrostatic stress) may be considered as the
average of the three principal stresses av
av
3
3 2 1
+ +
(6)
Substituting for the hydrostatic stress av
v
U ( ) [ ]
2 2
3 2 3
2
1
av av
E
(7)
1
Mechanical Engineering Design; Shigley, Joseph, pg 124, McGraw Hill, Seventh Edition, 2004
Nyangasi Page 2 of 6 30 January 2005
University of Nairobi Engineering Design II
v
U
[ ]
2 1
2
3
2
E
av =
[ ]
2
2
2 1 3
av
E
(8)
Substituting the value of av
v
U
[ ]
2
3 2 1
3 2
2 1 3
,
_
+ +
E
=
[ ]
( )
2
3 2 1
2 * 9
2 1 3
+ +
v
U
[ ]
( )
2
3 2 1
6
2 1
+ +
E
=
[ ]
( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
6
2 1
+ + + + +
v
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
6
2 1
+ + + + +
E
(9)
This
v
U
is the strain energy per unit volume caused by the uniform (hydrostatic) stress,
which is part of the three principal stresses 1
, 2
, 3
.
Distortion Energy at the location of principal stresses 1
, 2
, 3
The distortion energy can then be obtained as the difference between the total strain energy at
the location of principal stresses, and the strain energy due to the hydrostatic portion of the
stresses at the same location. The distortion energy is then derived from the expression:
d
U U -
v
U
Where,
d
U
Distortion energy in the element at the location of principal stresses 1
, 2
, 3
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + +
E
(5)
v
U ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
6
2 1
+ + + + +
E
(9)
Therefore,
d
U
= ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + +
E
-
( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
6
2 1
+ + + + +
E
d
U
= ( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
6 3
6
1
+ + + +
E
-
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 * 2 * 2 2
6
1
+ + + + + + + + +
E
Nyangasi Page 3 of 6 30 January 2005
University of Nairobi Engineering Design II
d
U
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 * 2 * 2 2
6 3
6
1
E
d
U
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ + + + +
+ + + +
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
* 2 2
2 2
6
1
E
d
U
= ( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 2 2 2 2
6
1
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + + +
E
d
U
=
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
6
2 2 1
+ + + +
+
E
d
U
=
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
1
+ + + +
+
E
(10)
But
( ) ( )
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
+ +
Therefore
d
U
=
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
3 * 2
1
+ +
+
E
(11)
d
U
=
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
6
1
+ +
+
E
(12)
THE CASE OF SIMPLE TENSION TEST WHEN YIELDING OCCURS
Nyangasi Page 4 of 6 30 January 2005
University of Nairobi Engineering Design II
For the simple tension test specimen, the three principal stresses when yielding occurs are:
1
= y
S
, 2
=0, 3
=0
Substituting for the principal stresses in equation (12) yields
d
U
=
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
6
1
+ +
+
y y
S S
E
d
U
=
( )
[ ]
2
2
6
1
y
S
E
+
(13)
THE CASE OF THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESS WHEN YIELDING OCCURS
The distortion energy theory of failure states:
When Yielding occurs in any material, the distortion strain energy per unit volume at the
point of failure equals or exceeds the distortion strain energy per unit volume when
yielding occurs in the tension test specimen.
This can be restated that when yielding occurs in any situation:
d
U
=
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
6
1
+ +
+
E
(12)
EQUALS
d
U
=
( )
[ ]
2
2
6
1
y
S
E
+
(13)
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
+ + =
2
2
y
S
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ +
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
= y
S
(14)
EQUIVALENT (Von-Mises) STRESS
The expression on the left hand side of equation (14) is therefore considered as the
equivalent stress
e
=
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ +
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
(15)
The equivalent stress e
=
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+ +
2
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
=
. .s f
S
y
(16)
APPLICATION OF THE DESIGN EQUATION
The principal stresses 1
, 2
, 3