1

ClassRegNumber
CandidateName.......................................................................
ChemistryH29746
TutorTutee
RevisionExercise1:AtomicStructure,Stoichiometry
1

Thefigurebelowshowsthemassspectrumoftheelementstrontiumusedtocalculatethe
relativeatomicmassofstrontium.

(a)

Explainwhatismeantbythetermrelativeatomicmass.
Therelativeatomicmassofanatomreferstotheratioofthemassoftheatomtothe
massof1/12oftheatomofthecarbon12isotope.
.................................................................................................................................................

(b)

Usingtheinformationinthefigureabove,calculatetherelativeatomicmassofthesample
ofstrontium.
Themassspectrumshowsstrontiumconsistsoffourisotopes,84Sr(peakheight=
0.68),86Sr(peakheight=12.0),87Sr(peakheight=8.47)and88Sr(peakheight=100)
Thesumoftheheights=0.68+12.0+8.47+100.0=121.15,sowecannowcalculate
theweightedaveragemass.
ThereforeAr ={(0.68x84)+(12x86)+(8.47x87)+(100x88)}/121.15= 87.7

2
(c)

Explainwhytherelativeatomicmassofstrontiumin(b)isnotawholenumber.
Naturallyoccurringstrontiumexistsas4isotopesindifferentpercentage
proportion.Therelativeatomicmassisobtainedbytakingtheweightedaverage
massoftheisotopes.Hence,therelativeatomicmassofstrontium,87.7,isnota
wholenumber.
.................................................................................................................................................

ThediagramshowsthesaltminesatBexinSwitzerland.

Thesaltisdissolvedbyhotwaterfromundergroundspringsandthenpumpeduptoa
reservoirwhereitisstoredasasolutioncalledbrine.
(a)

Brine is an impure solution of sodium chloride. The main impurity in brine is sodium
sulphate.
The solubilities of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate were measured at various
temperatures.Thevaluesareshownbelow.

Temperature/ C
0
20
40
60
80
100

Solubilityofsodium
chlorideing/100g
water
35.7
36.0
36.5
37.2
38.1
39.2

Solubilityofsodium
sulphateing/100g
water
3.9
20.4
48.2
45.2
43.3
42.3

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(i)

Usinginformationfromthetable,describehowthesodiumsulphateimpuritycouldbe
separatedfromthebrine.
Coolthebrineto0oC.Solubilityofsodiumsulphatedecreasesto3.9g/100gofwater.
Thus,sodium sulphate impurity appearsascrystalswhich can be filteredfrom the
brine.
.................................................................................................................................................
Anotherwaytoremovesodiumsulphateisbyreactingthebrinewithaqueousbarium
chloride.
BaCl 2 (aq)+Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s)+2NaCl(aq)

(ii)

Constructanionicequationfortheabovereaction.
Ba2+ +SO42 BaSO4
.................................................................................................................................................

(iii)

Giveoneadvantageofthismethodcomparedtoyouranswerin(a)(i).
Thismethodremovessodiumsulphateimpuritycompletelybyprecipitation.The
methodin(a)(i)leavesbehind3.9gofsodiumsulphateforevery100gofbrine.
.................................................................................................................................................

(b)

Therocksurroundingthelayersofsaltisanhydrate.
Anhydriteisamixtureofcalciumsulphate,CaSO4 andcalciumcarbonate,CaCO3.
Todeterminethepercentageofcalciumsulphateinanhydrite,astudentaddedexcess
hydrochloricacidtoafixedmassofanhydrite.Hethencollectedandmeasuredthevolume
ofcarbondioxideformed.

(i)

Describehowthestudentcouldusethismeasurementtocalculatethepercentageof
calciumsulphateinanhydrite.
*Drawdiagramstoaidinexplanationofprocedure
1. Measurethemassofanhydriteusinganelectronicbalancebeforethe
experiment(m1 g)
2. Measurethetotalvolumeofcarbondioxideproducedattheendofthe
reactionbetweenhydrochloricacidandanhydrite(xcm3)
3. Calculatethenumberofmolesofcarbondioxide[(x/1000)/24]=ymoles
4. Usingthefollowingequation,
2HCl+CaCO3 CaCl2 +H2O+CO2
5. ComparemoleratiobetweenCaCO3 andCO2.
ie1molCaCO3 1molCO2
ymolCaCO3 ymolCO2
6. FindthemassofCaCO3 =yx(40+12+16x3)=(100y)g
7. CalculatethepercentageofCaSO4 =[(m1 100y)/m1 ]x100%=_____%
.................................................................................................................................................

4
(ii)

Inthesameexperiment,anotherstudentdidnotmeasurethevolumeofcarbondioxide.
Describehowhecouldstillcontinuetheexperimenttodeterminethepercentageofcalcium
sulphateinanhydrite.Stateclearlywhatquantitieshewouldmeasureandhowhewould
usehisresultstocalculatethepercentageofcalciumsulphate.
1. Measurethemassofanhydritebeforetheexperiment(m1 g)
2. Afterthereactionhascompleted,filterthemixturetoobtaincalciumsulphate
astheresidue
3. Filter,washanddrythecalciumsulphatetoobtainapure,drysampleof
calciumsulphate
4. Measurethemassofcalciumsulphate(m2 g)
5. Calculatethepercentagebymassofcalciumsulphateinanhydrite
ie(m1 /m2)x100%=__________%
.................................................................................................................................................

Incoffeemachinesandmetalkettles,scaleisformedaroundtheheatingelementsafter
sometime.Scaleischemicallyknownascalciumcarbonate.

(a)

Weakacidssuchassulphamicacid,NH2SO3H,canbeusedtodissolvethescale.

(i)

Whatismeantbyaweakacid?
AweakacidconsistsofmoleculeswhichdissociatepartiallytoformH+ionswhen
dissolvedinwater.
.................................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Suggestwhystrongacidssuchassulphuricacidarenotusedtoremovethescale.
Sulphuricacidwillcorrode/reactwiththemetalusedtomakethekettleoncethe
scalehasbeenremoved.
.................................................................................................................................................

(b)

Sulphamicacidreactswiththescaletoformasolublesalt,calciumsulphamateofformula
Ca(NH2SO3)2.

(i)

Writeachemicalequationforthereactionbetweensulphamicacidandscale.
2NH2SO3H+CaCO3 Ca(NH2SO3)2 +H2O+CO2
.................................................................................................................................................

(ii)

If2.50gofsulphamicacidisusedtoremove1.00gofscale,whatwillbethemassof
calciumsulphamateproduced?
Noofmolesofsulphamicacid=2.50/97=0.0258mol
Noofmolesofscale=1.00/100=0.01mol
Fromtheequation,
2molNH2SO3H 1molCaCO3
0.02molNH2SO3H(<0.0258mol) 0.01molCaCO3
CaCO3 isthelimitingreagent

5
Fromtheequation,
1molCaCO3 1molCa(NH2SO3)2
0.01molCaCO3 0.01molCa(NH2SO3)2
MassofCa(NH2SO3)2 produced=0.01x232=2.32g
(iii)

Usingyouranswerto(ii),calculate
(a)

Thenumberofmolesofoxygenatoms

1molCa(NH2SO3)2 6molOatoms
0.01molCa(NH2SO3)2 0.06molOatoms
(b)

Thenumberofnitrogenatomspresentincalciumsulphamateproduced

1molCa(NH2SO3)2 2molNatoms
0.01molCa(NH2SO3)2 0.02molNatoms
NoofNatoms=0.02x6x1023 =1.2x1023
(iv)

Usingyouranswerto(ii),calculatethepercentageyieldofcalciumsulphamateifitwas
foundthatonly1.07gofthesolidproductisobtained.
%yield=(1.07/2.32)x100%=46.1%

Silvernitrateissufficientlypuretobeusedasaprimarystandardforvolumetricanalysis
usingprecipitationreactions.SolutionSismadebydissolving8.32gofsilvernitratein
waterandmadeuptoavolumeof500cm3 inavolumetricflask.Thissolutionwasusedto
determinetheconcentrationofchlorideioninasampleofseawater.5.0cm3 ofthesea
waterrequired27.5cm3 ofthesilvernitratesolutionStoreachtheendpoint.

(a)

CalculatetheconcentrationofsilvernitrateinsolutionSinmol/dm3.

8.32gofAgNO3 =8.32
108+14+3(16)
=8.32mol
170
ConcentrationofAgNO3 insolutionS=8.32x1000
170
500
=0.0979mol/dm3
(b)

Theequationbelowshowsthereactionthatoccursduringtitration.
Ag+ (aq)+Cl- (aq) AgCl(s)
Calculatetheconcentrationofchlorideionintheseawaterinmol/dm3.
MaVa =1
MbVb 1
0.0979x27.5x10-3 =1

6
Mb x5.0x10-3
Concentrationofchlorideion=0.0979x27.5
5.0
=0.538mol/dm3
(c)

Ifallthesaltinseawaterispresentassodiumchloride,calculatetheconcentrationofsalt
ing/100cm3.
0.538molofNaCl=0.538x(23+35.5)
=31.5g
MassofNaClin100cm3 ofsolution=100x31.5
1000
=3.15g
\Concentrationofsalt=3.15g/100cm3

(d)

Silverchloridewasproducedduringthetitration.Ontheaxesgivenbelow,sketchagraph
toshowhowthemassofsilverchloridechangesduringthetitrationprocess.Labelonthe
graphclearlytheendpointoftitration.
massof
silver
chloride(g)

27.4

(e)

volumeofsilvernitrate
3
solution(cm )

Inanotherexperiment,itwasfoundthat10cm3 of0.05mol/dm3 solutionofthechlorideof

metalX,needed10cm3 of0.1mol/dm3 silvernitratesolutionforcompletereaction.
Whatistheformulaofthechloride?
LetformulaofionicchlorideofmetalXbeXCln
NoofmolesofXCln =(10/1000)x0.05=5x104 mol
NoofmolesofAgNO3 =(10/1000)x0.1=1x103 mol
Giventhat:
5x104 molXCln 1x103 molAgNO3
1molXCln 2molAgNO3
\XCln +2AgNO3 2AgCl+X(NO3)2
n=2

Formula=XCl2
4

Silicontetrachloride,SiCl 4,reactswithwatertogivesilicondioxide,SiO2,andhydrochloric
acid,HCl.Itwillreactwithatmosphericmoistureunlesskeptinasealedtube.1.00gofa
poorlykeptsampleofSiCl4 wasaddedcautiouslytowater. Whenreactionwascomplete
thesolutionwasmadeupto250cm3withpurewater.25.0cm3 portionsofthisrequiredon
average21.6cm3 of0.100moldm3 sodiumhydroxidesolutionforneutralisation.

(a)

Writedowntheequationforthereactionbetweensilicontetrachlorideandwater.
SiCl4 +2H2O SiO2 +4HCl
.................................................................................................................................................

(b)

WhatpercentageofthesampleanalysedwasSiCl4?
NoofmolesofNaOH=(21.6/1000)x0.100=2.16x103 mol
HCl+NaOH NaCl+H2O
Fromtheeqn,
1molHCl 1molNaOH
2.16x103 molHCl 2.16x103 molNaOH
25.0cm3 2.16x103 molHCl
250cm3 0.0216molHCl
Fromtheeqn,
4molHCl 1molSiCl4
0.0216molHCl 5.4x103 molSiCl4
MassofSiCl4 =5.4x103 x(28+35.5x4)=0.918g
%ofSiCl4 insample=(0.918/1.00)x100%=91.8%

AsolutionofaweakacidH2Xwasmadebydissolving2.25gofsolidH2Xinwatertogive
500cm3 ofsolution. Ontitration,25.0cm3 ofthissolutionwascompletelyneutralisedby
25.0cm3ofsodiumhydroxidesolutioncontaining0.100moldm3.

(a)

WriteanequationforthereactionbetweenH2Xandsodiumhydroxide.
H2X+2NaOH Na2X+2H2O
.................................................................................................................................................

(b)

CalculatetherelativemolecularmassofH2X.
NoofmolesofNaOH=(25.0/1000)x0.100=2.5x103 mol
Fromtheeqn,
1molH2X 2molNaOH

8
1.25x103 molH2X 2.5x103 molNaOH
25.0cm3 1.25x103 molH2X
250cm3 0.025molH2X
Sincenoofmoles=mass/Mr
Mr =mass/noofmoles=2.25/0.025=90
MrofH2X=90
(c)

Ahydratedformoftheacidalsoexists,H2X.yH2O. Asolutioncontaining6.30gdm3 ofthe

hydratedacidhasthesame(molar)concentrationasthesolutionoftheanhydrousacid,
H2X,originallyused. Usingthisinformationandyouranswerfrom(b),calculatethevalue
ofy.
ConcentrationoforiginalH2X=0.025x2=0.05mol/dm3
\ 0.05mol/dm3 H2X=6.30g/dm3 H2X.yH2O
6.30/(90+18y)=0.05
4.5+0.9y=6.30
y=2

Phentyfloroformcontains57.54%C,3.45%H,and39.01%F.
Deducetheempiricalformulaofphentyfloroform.

9
7

Agivensampleofsodiumamide(NaNH2 )waswarmedwithexcessaqammonium
chloridetoformammoniaandsodiumchloride.Theammoniaevolvedwasabsorbedin50.0
cm3of0.200moldm3sulphuricacid.25.0cm3oftheresultingsolutionrequired14.00
cm3of0.150moldm3potassiumhydroxideforneutralisation.
Calculatethemassofsodiumamideused.

30.00cm3 ofdilutehydrochloricacidofunknownconcentrationismixedwith70.00cm3 of
0.500moldm3 sodiumcarbonate.25.0cm3 oftheresultingsolutionrequired21.50cm3 of
0.200moldm3 sulphuricacidforneutralisation.
Determinetheconcentrationofthedilutehydrochloricacid.

10
9

Agivensampleofsodiumoxide(Na2O)wasdissolvedin120cm3 of0.80moldm3
sulphuricacidsolution.Theresultingsolutionwasmadeupto250cm3 and25.0cm3 ofit
required19.20cm3 of0.60moldm3potassiumhydroxidesolutioninatitration.Calculate
themassofsodiumoxideformed.

10

0.500gofimpureammoniumchloridewaswarmedwithanexcessofsodiumhydroxide
solution.Theammonialiberatedwasabsorbedin25.0cm3 of0.20moldm3 sulphuricacid.
Theexcesssulphuricacidrequired25.50cm3 of0.20moldm3 sodiumhydroxidesolution
forneutralisation.
Calculatethepercentagepurityofammoniumchlorideinthesample.

11
11

1.600gofametallicoxideMOwasdissolvedin100cm3 of1.0moldm3 hydrochloricacid.

Theresultingsolutionwasmadeupto500cm3 withdistilledwater.25.0cm3 ofthesolution
required21.05cm3 of0.102moldm3 aqueoussodiumhydroxideforneutralisation.
CalculatethemolarmassoftheoxideandtherelativeatomicmassofM.

12

A250cm3 ofsolutioncontains0.900gofHnX(Mr =120).25.0cm3 ofthissolutionexactly

neutralises22.50cm3 of0.100moldm3 sodiumhydroxidesolution.
Calculatethenumberofmolesofsodiumhydroxidethatwillreactwith1moleoftheacid.
DeterminethevalueofninHnX.

13

A1.367gsampleofanorganiccompoundwascombustedinastreamofairtoyield
3.002gofCO2 and1.640gofH2O.
Iftheoriginalcompoundcontainsonlycarbon,hydrogenandoxygen,whatisitsempirical
formula?
NoofmolesofCO2 =3.002/(12+16x2)=0.068227mol NoofmolesofC=0.8187g
NoofmolesofH2O=1.640/(2+16)=0.09111
NoofmolesofH=0.09111x2=0.18222mol=0.18222g
MassofO=1.3670.81870.18222=0.366077g=0.0228mol
\ RatioofC:H:O=0.068227molC:0.18222molH:0.0228molO
=3molC:8molH:1molO
Empiricalformula=C3H8O

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14

Acertaincompoundwasknowntohaveaformulawhichcouldberepresentedas
[PdCxHy Nz](ClO4)2.Analysisshowedthatthecompoundcontained30.15%carbonand
5.06%hydrogen.Whenconvertedtothecorrespondingthiocyanate,[PdCxHyNz](SCN)2,
theanalysiswas40.46%carbonand5.94%hydrogen.
Calculatethevaluesofx,yandz.
LettheformulaweightofthefirstcompoundberepresentedbyFandthatofthe
secondcompoundisthereforeequaltoFminustwicetheformulawightofClO4
plustwicetheformulaweightofSCN:
F2(99.5)+2(58.0)=F83.0
%carboninfirstcompound=

12.0x
x100%=30.15%
F

Inthesecondcompound,whichhas2molofcarboninthanionspermolof
compound,
%carbon=

12.0(x+2)
x100%=40.46%
F - 83.0

Solvingsimultaneously,
1200x=30.15F
1200x+2400=40.46F(40.46)(83.0)
1200x+2400=40.46

1200x
3358
30.15

x=14
F=

1200x 1200(14)
=
=557u
30.15
30.15

Thepercenthydrogeninthefirstcompoundis

1.008y
x100%=5.06%
557

y=28

Thetotalformulaweightofalltheelementsotherthannitrogenis501utherefore,
56umustrepresentthenitrogeninoneformulaunit.Thereare4nitrogenatomsper
formulaunit.
x=14
y=28
z=4
\ Completeformula:[PdC14H28N4](ClO4)2
EndofPaper