GSM BASIC

OBJECTIVES
Describe GSM System Architecture Understand all kinds of radio access technology State all type of services provided by GSM

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
One of the fastest growing and most demanding of all telecommunications technologies.
Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it was in the 1980s that it was really developed. The main goal of mobile communication is to realize communication among any objects at any time, and in any place.

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

STAGES OF PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK

GENERATION
First Second Third

STAGE
Analog Mobile Telephone System Digital Mobile Communication System International Mobile Telephony 2000

FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

ANALOG MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

NMT 450
Nordic Mobile Telephony: used in 450 MHz, started in 1981

AMPS
Advance Mobile Phone System: used in 800 MHz, started in 1983

TACS
Total Access Communication System: used in 900 MHz started in 1985 Introduced into GuangZhou, China in 1987

NMT 900 - A variant of NMT 450 at 900 MHz. Started in 1986

FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

CONS OF ANALOG MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

No public air interface between various systems Problem in inter-operability with digital networks Low frequency availability thus reducing network capacity Low degree of subscriber security and safety

SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (1)

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) 2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA)

SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (2)

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (TDMA)

D-AMPS
Digital AMPS: used in either 800 or 1900 MHz, started in 1991

PDC
- Personal Digital Cellular: used in 1900 MHz, started in 1994

GSM
- Global Systems for Mobile Communications: used in 900 MHz, started in 1991; Introduced into China in 1993

SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (3)

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (TDMA) GSM 1800

Digital Cellular System: used in 1800 MHz, started in 1992

GSM 1900
Personal Communication System: used in 1900 MHz, started in 1995

INTRODUCTION TO GSM
WHAT IS GSM?

GROUPE SPECIALE MOBILE

GLOBAL SYSTEM for MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS

INTRODUCTION TO GSM
Why was there a need to develop a cellular standard?
Incompatibility among existing cellular systems which were mostly analog Spectrum Efficiency International roaming capability Low mobile and Station Cost Good subjective voice quality Ability to support new services

SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (N-CDMA)

A mobile communication system developed mainly by companies leaded by the Quacomm Co. on basis of IS95. The specifications of North American digital cellular systems are drawn up by the American Telecom Industry Association(TIA). This system has been adopted by China Unicom in 2001

THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELEPHONY 2000 (IMT 2000)

The future of mobile network that will allow the multi-media support of high flow of services and mobility, with performances higher than those currently offered by the GSM/ GPRS Designation of frequency bands is harmonized universally in the vicinity of 2 GHz Ideal transmission speed is 2 Mbps

THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

IMT 2000 MAIN FEATURES

Multiple System Inter-operability With a high degree of consistency in worldwide design Compatibility between IMT-2000 services and fixed networks High quality Small portable terminals used worldwide.

THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

Bit rate

2 Mb/s

384 Kb/s
160 Kb/s 64 Kb/s 9.6 Kb/s
Technology CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbits/s HSCSD GPRS EDGE IMT 2000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Multi-Access Technologies
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Multi-Access Technologies
Time
USER USER USER

FDMA

Frequency

Each carrier frequency correspond to one traffic channel Voice is transmitted continuously in time domain

Multi-Access Technologies
Time

TDMA
USER3 USER2 USER1 Frequency

Increase frequency spectrum efficiency Support Non-voice service Signal transmit rate increase with the No of slot System synchronous is very important

Multi-Access Technologies
Code Time

CDMA

USER3 USER2 USER1

CDMA

Frequency

Large capacity High voice quality Soft hand-over Low sensitive to radio fading

Multi-Access Technologies
Time
USER USER USER Time USER3 USER2

TDMA
Frequency

FDMA

1 2 3

Frequency

USER1

Code Time USER3 USER2 USER1 Frequency

CDMA

GSM Network development

1982: The group special mobile 1986: On-site test 1987: TDMA, RPE-LTP,GMSK 1988: MOU 1989: GSM took effect 1991: First GSM network was deployed 1992: GSM standard was frozen 1993: GSM phase 2 complete 1994: GSM phase 2+ for mobile data service

GSM
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK DIAGRAM
MS
MS

(Mobile Station)

BTS

BSS (Base Station System)

BSC
PSTN, ISDN...

MSC

Voicemail Server SM-SC VLR

OMC

NSS
HLR AuC
OMC

(Network Switching Subsystem)

EIR

NMC

OMM(Operations & Maintenance GSM interfaces Management) X.25 links

GSM SYSTEM
LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
Um Abis BSC BTS MSC/VLR/GMSC A

TRAU

HLR/AUC

BTS

Qx

EIR OMC
BTS
NSMU FSMU TRAU

SMC

PSTN / PLMN / PSPDN / ISDN

BSC BTS Ater A

MSC/VLR/GMSC

GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES
BSS: Base Station Subsystem BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MSC:Mobile Services Switching Center OMC:Operation and Maintenance Center AUC:Authentication Center EIR:Equipment Identification Register

GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES
HLR:Home Location Register VLR:Visitor Location Register MS:Mobile Station ISDN:Integrated Services Digital Network PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network PSPDN:Packet Switched Public DataNetwork PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)
Network Switching Subsystem
F C A
MSC

EIR
VLR

BSC/ TRC E G HLR/ AUC

B C
MSC

VLR

GSM SYSTEM
RADIO COVERAGE STRUCTURE
GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area
Location Area

CELL LOCATION AREA MSC SERVICE AREA PLMN SERVICE AREA

Cell

GSM SERVICE AREA

GSM Service
Telecommunication service
Circuit service (voice, data) SMS service (cell broadcast) Data service (GPRS, EDGE)

Supplementary service
Call forwarding Barring Call waiting Call hold Hot bill

GSM Basic Concept Sensitivity

The receiving sensitivity of wireless transmission is similar to hearing acuity when people talk with each other. The static receiving sensitivity of the BTS reaches up to -104 dBm. The high sensitivity guarantees the uplink channel performance of the BTS, and is one of the prerequisites for a wide coverage of the BTS.

GSM Basic Concept

Carrier-to-interference ratio
Carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I and C/A):the ratio of the received desired signal level to the non-desired signal level It is caused by irregularity of the landform, different forms, types and quantities of diffusers, and other factors like the antenna type, direction and height, site address elevation and location and the quantity of local interference sources.

GSM Basic Concept

Carrier-to-interference ratio
Co-channel interference protection ratio: C/I 9dB. The C/I refers to the interference generated by another cell to the service cell when different cells use the same frequency. Adjacent-frequency interference protection ratio: C/A -9dB. Adjacent-frequency interference protection ratio means that the adjacent channel will generate interference with the channel used by the service cell at the frequency multiplexing mode. Interference protection ratio of carrier offset 400KHz: C/2A -41dB.

GSM Basic Concept

General knowledge of DB
dB: It is only a relative value, and dB = 10 lg(P1/P2). The formula shows that dB indicates the relative value of two powers, and it has no unit. "dB" is a dimension without unit. dBi: It indicates a relative value. dBi is the concept of antenna gain, not a specific unit, and i is the shortening of isotropic. It is dB actually. dBm: As a value testing the power absolute value, its formula is dBm = 10 lg (power/1mW). For another unit dBW, 1mW in the formula is changed to 1W, and other items are the same. 1W = 30dBm; 1mw = 0dBm; 1W = 0dbW.

GSM Basic Concept General knowledge of DB

dBuV: A concept the same as dBm; Relationship between dBuV and dBm is as follows: dBm: 10 lg (power/1mW) (1) dBuV: 20 lg (voltage/1uv) (2) Power = square of voltage/50 (the system port impedance is 50 usually) (3) As a result, dBuV = dBm + 107dB.

GSM Basic Concept Location Update

General location update Periodical location update IMSI attaching

Hand-over
Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is in setting up or busy status to a new traffic channel. Generally, hand-over will occur under the following two conditions: 1. A busy MS which is moving from a cell into another; 2. A MS is making a call at overlapping area of two cells, one of which is very busy in traffic. BSC notify MS to measure signal intensity and channel quality of adjacent cells. This call will be handed over to the cell which is not busy in traffic. This kind of hand-over is occurred to balance inter-cell traffics.