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Applied Physics


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The second law of thermodynamics summarizes the familiar observation that most processes in
;nature are irreversible. It states that the entropy of isolated physical system can never decrease
.at best, entropy remains constant, and usually it increases

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Universal Constant of Motion
299792.458 300 /.


Matter tells spacetime how to curve, and .
.spacetime tells matter how to move



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Neutrinos, long thought to be massless, have masses. Fife millions high-energy solar neutrinos
.pass through every square centimeter of your body every second
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1977 Dissipative
" Structures
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Theoretical Physics
Cosmology



. .Cosmological data strongly indicate that the universe is flat .

_ Quantum Theory of Gravity

_String Theory

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String theory suggests that the BIG BANG was not the origin of the universe but simply the
.outcome of a preexisting state



.PRE-BIG BANG
" Order out of Chaos ".
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The theory of strings predicts that the universe might occupy one random valley out of a
.virtually infinite selection of valleys in a vast landscape of possibilities
Vacuum Energy

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The whole universe is a foam of expanding bubbles within bubbles, each with its own laws of
physics. Extremely few of the bubbles are suitable for the formation of complex structures such
as galaxies and life. Our entire visible universe _more than 20 billion light years in diameter_ is
.a relatively small region within one of these bubbles

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Many physicist today consider electrons and quarks to be the most fundamental entities. But:
.there could be more levels of structure in our universe than are dreamt of in todays physics

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ATOMS OF SPACE AND TIME: We perceive space and time to be continuous, but if the
.amazing theory of loop quantum gravity is correct, they actually come in discrete pieces

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.Holographic Principle

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A century of developments in physics has taught us that information is crucial player in physical
.systems and processes



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Our seemingly three-dimensional universe could be completely equivalent to alternative
.quantum fields and physical laws painted on a distant, vast surface

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Principle of Complementarily




predestination and free will
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"" Essential Building Matter
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:Scientific American
The Myth of the Beginning of Time - By Gabriele Veneziano
The String Theory Landscape - By Raphael Bousso and Joseph Polchinski
Atoms of Space and Time - By Lee Smolin
Information in the Holographic Universe - By Jacob D. Bekenstein