Physics 7E Formula Sheet

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Constants

P
o
=101,000 Pa

H2O
=1000 kg/m
3

air
=1.2 kg/m
3

I
o
=10
-12
W/m
2

v
sound
=343 m/s (in air)
c =3 x 10
8
m/s
n
air
=1

Exponentials
e
-0.9
=0.40
e
-t
=0.04
e
-t/2
=0.20
e
-t/4
=0.45
Pressure and Fluids
P =F / A
P =P
o
+gh
F
b
=gV

A
1
v
1
=A
2
v
2
v
2
+gh +P =constant

Oscillators
Mass Spring: e
2
=k / m
Simple Pendulum: e
2
=g / L
Floating Object: e
2
=p
liq
gV / m
Physical Pendulum: e
2
=mgL / I
Torsional Pendulum: e
2
=k / I

Velocity of an oscillator
v =dx/dt; v
2
=e
2
(A
2
x
2
)

Damping
x(t) =Ae
- t
sin(et +|)
e
2
=e
o
2

2


Resonance
A = F
ext
/m
.

(e
2
- e
o
2
)
2
+(2e)
2

Waves
d
2
y = v
2
d
2
y
dt
2
dx
2


Wave speed:
For strings: v
2
=T/
For sound: v
2
=B/

Waves, continued
Wave Intensity and Power
I =P / A generally, or
I =P / 4tr
2
for a spherical wave
I = v (w s
max
)
2

I = AP
2
max
/ v
| =10 log (I/I
o
)

Doppler Shift
f
obs
=f
source
(v v
obs
) / (v v
source
)
Beats
f
beat
=| f
1
f
2
|

Standing Waves
f
n
=n * v / 2L for waves on a string
f
n
=n * v / 2L for waves in a tube
(both ends open or closed)
f
n
=n * v / 4L for waves in a tube
(one end open and one closed)

Optics
v =c / n
n
1
sinu
1
=n
2
sinu
2

sinu
crit
=n
2
/ n
1

1/image +1/object =1/f
m =- (image) / (object)

Interference:
Type Constructive Maxima Destructive Minima
2 sources at diff. x Ax = m Ax = (m+)
1 source through 2
slits
d sin o = m d sin o = (m+)
reflection from a film

A) film rests on
larger
n material

B) film rests on
smaller n material


n
film
* 2t =
air
m


n
film
* 2t =
air
(m+)


n
film
* 2t =
air
(m+)


n
film
* 2t =
air
m

Diffraction:
Type Constructive Maxima Destructive Minima
single slit diffraction
a sin o = m
(Rayleigh Criteria at m =1)
diffraction grating d sin o = m