Physics 121 (Physics 2) Formulas, page 1 of 2

Area of circle = πr2 Circumference of circle = 2πr 1 meter = 1000 mm = 100 cm 1 kg = 1000 g
Surface area of sphere = 4πr2 Volume of sphere = (4/3)πr3 , 1 µC = 10-6 C 1 nC = 10-9 C
1/4πεo = ke = 9 x 109 N-m2/C2 , εo = 8.85 x 10-12 C2/N-m2, µo = 4π x 10-7 T-m/A
e = 1.60 x 10-19 C , melectron = 9.11 x 10-31 kg, mproton = 1.67 x 10-27 kg, 1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60x10-19 Joules
r 1 q1q2 r 1 Q 1
Point charges: F= r̂ E= r̂ where r̂ is a unit vector ke ≡ = 9 x10 9
4 πε 0 r 2 4 πε 0 r 2 4 πε 0
Superposition: contributions to the field or force from point r n r r r r
Fnet on 1 =  F1,i = F1,2 + F1,3 + F1,4 + .....
charges add as vectors at a point of interest i= 2
Shell Theorem (spheres only): mimics point charge outside; inside E or F is zero
E = force per unit test charge at a point F = qE Fnet = ma
Dipole moment: p = qd τdipole = pXE Udipole = -p.E p 1
Eon dipole axis ≈ + for large z
πε 0 z 3
2πε
r dq dq
For continuous charge distributions: E =  k e 2 .r̂ and V =  k e (integrate over the distribution)
dist r dist r
σ = surface charge density E cond sheet = σ/εo Enon-cond sheet = σ/2εo
λ = linear charge density Einfinite line = λ/2πεor Efinite line = λsin(θ0)/2πεod Earc= λsin(θ0)/2πεoR
dΦE = E . ndA = EAcos(φ) ΦE = electric flux = qenc /εo =  E . dA over a Gaussian surface

∆V = ∆U/q = -  E cosθ ds = -  E . ds ∆Uel = q∆V V = keQ/r U = keQq/r V = -E ∆x

E x = −∂V / ∂x E y = −∂V / ∂y E z = −∂V / ∂z Q = CV Electrostatic PE: Uel = Q2/2C = CV2/2

∆W nc = ∆Emech = ∆K +∆U Cparallel = ΣCi 1/Cseries = Σ (1/Ci ) Cseries= C1C2 /( C1+C2 )

Cparallel plates= κεoA/d Csphere = 4πεoR Dielectric constant: Cdie; = κ Cvac κ >= 1
q =  idt = i∆t dq = idt i = dq/dt i =  J • d2 A = J∆A J = qnvdrift J = σE σ = 1/ρ
R=V/i V = iR R = ρL/A ρ = ρ0 (1 + α(T – T0)) Ohms Law: R independent of V
Rseries = ΣRi 1/Rparallel = Σ1/Ri Rpara = R1R2 /( R1 + R2) P = dUel/dt = iV Presistor = i2R = V2/R
Junction rule: Σiin = Σiout Loop rule: Σ ∆Vi = 0 around any closed circuit path.
∆V = -iR when following assumed current, +iR otherwise.
Count EMF positive when crossing from – to +, negative otherwise.
RC Circuits: RC = time constant for circuit
charging: i(t) = (V/R)e-t/RC Q(t) = CVcap(t) = CV∞ (1 - e-t/RC)
discharging: i(t) = (Qo/RC)e-t/RC Q(t) = Qoe-t/RC
Fm = q vxB Fe = qE Fm = i LxB τ = µxB U = -µ . B |µ|
µ| = NiA normal to loop = magnetic dipole moment
Cyclotron motion : r = mv/(qB) period = 2πm/(qB) ω = qB/m f = ω /2π = 1/period
r µ idsr × r̂ r
Biot Savart: dB = 0 2
where dB is in the direction of ds × r̂ µo = 4π x 10-7 T-m/A
4π r
F/L = µoi1i2 /2πd (2 parallel, straight wires) Barc = µoiφ /4πR Bcircle = µoi /2R Bsolenoid =µ0in
µ 0i µ 0i µ 0i
B inf inite wire = B wire = [sin(θ1 ) − sin(θ 2 )] For symmetric po int : B wire = sin(θ)
2 πr 4 πr 2 πr
r r r
µ0 µ
Amperes law:
 ⋅ ds = µ 0i enclosed for a closed “Amperian” loop
B B current ring ≈ +
2π 0 z 3
for large z

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Physics 121 (Physics 2) Formulas, page 2 of 2
Magnetic flux: dΦ = B.dA Φ =  B.dA Φ =BAcos(θ) Φ = 0 over every Gaussian surface
B B B B

Faraday’s Law: NdΦ B r

Eind = −
dt
=  loop
Eind o ds
Lenz’s Law: induced flux, current, & emf oppose the change in ΦB
Eind = BLv (slidewire) Eind = NABω sin(ωt) (rotating coil)
Eself-induced = - L di/dt L = NΦ
ΦB / i Magnetic energy: UB = Li2 / 2
LR circuits: L/R= inductive time constant =τL
growth phase: VL(t) = E e-Rt/L i(t) = iinfinity(1 - e-Rt/L) iinfinity = E / R
-Rt/L
Decay phase : VL(t) = -ioR e i(t) = io e-Rt/L i0 = E / R
LC circuit, no damping: Resonance at ωres = 1 / LC
LCR circuit with damping: Q(t ) = Q 0 e − Rt / 2L
cos(ω' t + φ) Q 0 ≡ CE ω' ≡ [ω 2
0 − (R / 2L)2 ] 1/ 2

For LCR circuit driven at ωd= 2ππf :

i(t) = Imaxcos( ωDt ) E(t) = Emaxcos( ωDt + Φ )
Em
Reactances: XC = 1 / ωdC XL = ωdL Φ Im
Voltage across inductance leads the current by 90o VL-VC
Voltage across capacitance lags the current by 90o VR
Z
Impedance, series branch: | Z | ≡ R 2 + (X L - X C ) 2
X L- X C ωDt
Resonance occurs at ωd = ωres = 1 / LC R
Phase angle Φ: tan(Φ) = (XL – XC) / R
The power factor = cos(Φ). cos(Φ) = R / |Z| Pavg = IrmsErmscos(Φ) = I2rmsR
Irms = Imax / 2 Erms = Emax / 2 Irms = Erms / |Z| E E
Transformers: Vs / Vp = Ns / Np = Ip / Is Im ≡ m Irms ≡ rms
|Z| |Z|
Prefixes: n (nano) = 10-9 , µ (micro) = 10-6 , m (milli) = 10 , M (Mega) = 10 -3 +6

d d d αx d
Useful Derivatives: sin(ωt ) = ω cos( ωt ) cos( ωt ) = − ω sin(ωt ) e = αe αx Ax N = ANx N−1
dt dt dx dx
n
Useful Integrals: x dx = x n + 1 n + 1  dx (x + a) = ln(x + a)  e
± αx
dx = ± e αx / α

 dx / (a + x ) = (1 / a) tan  dx / (a  x dx / (a
−1 2
2 2
( x / a) + x 2 )3/2 = x / (a 2 a 2 + x 2 ) 2
+ x 2 )3/ 2 = −1/ a 2 + x 2

 dx (a − x) = 1/(a − x) dx  dx (a + x)
2 2
(x2 + a2)1/ 2 = ln ( x +( x2 +a2 )1/ 2) = −1/(a + x)

xdx (x2 + a2)1/ 2 = ( x2 +a2 )1/ 2

Physics 1: v = vo + at x – xo = vo t + ½at2 v2 = vo2 + 2a(x – xo) x – xo = ½(v + vo)t
2
acentripetal = v /r Fnet = ma = dp/dt τnet = I α = dL/dt τ = r x F L = r x p
Vector Addition: a + b = c implies cx = ax + bx, cy = ay + by
2D: a = axi + ayj ax = a⋅cos(θ) ay = a⋅sin(θ) | a | = sqrt[ ax2 + ay2 ] θ = tan-1(ay/ax)
3D: a = axi + ayj +azk az = a.cos(θ) ax = a.sin(θ)cos(φ) ay = a⋅sin(θ)sin(φ)
Dot product: a⋅⋅b = a⋅b⋅cos(φ) = axbx + ayby + azbz unit vectors: i⋅⋅i = j⋅⋅j = k⋅⋅k = 1; i⋅⋅j = i⋅⋅k = j⋅⋅k = 0
Cross product: | a x b | = a⋅b⋅sin(φ); c = a x b = (ay⋅bz − az⋅by )⋅i + (az⋅bx − ax⋅bz )⋅j + (ax⋅by − ay⋅bx )⋅k
a x b = − b x a, a x a = 0 always; c = a x b is perpendicular to a-b plane; if a || b then | a x b | = 0
i x i = j x j = k x k = 0, ixj=k jxk=i kx i=j

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