UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN BITUMINOUS MIXES FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Bitumen is a useful binder for road construction. Different grades of bitumen like 30/40, 60/70 and 80/ 100 are available on t e basis of t eir !enetration values. " e stead# increase in ig traffic intensit# in terms of commercial ve icles, and t e significant variation in dail# and seasonal tem!erature demand im!roved road c aracteristics. $n# im!rovement in t e !ro!ert# of t e binder is t e needed. "oda# t e availabilit# of t e %aste !lastics is enormous, as t e !lastic materials ave become !art and !arcel of dail# life. " e# eit er get mi&ed %it 'unici!al (olid )aste and/or t ro%n over land area. *f not rec#cled, t eir !resent dis!osal is eit er b# land filling or b# incineration. Bot t e !rocesses ave certain im!act on t e environment. +nder t is circumstance, an alternate use for t e %aste !lastics is also t e needed. " inner !ol#t ene carr# bags are most abundantl# dis!osed of %astes, % ic do not attract t e attending rag !ickers for collection for on%ard rec#cling, for lesser value. $gain, t ese !ol#t ene/!ol#!ro!#lene bags are easil# com!atible %it Bitumen at s!ecified conditions. The waste polymer bitumen blend can be !re!ared and a stud# of t e !ro!erties can t ro% more lig t on t eir use for road la#ing.

WASTE PLASTICS - AS BINDER AND MODIFIER:

)aste !lastics ,!ol#t ene carr# bags, etc.- on eating soften at around 130./. t ermo gravimetric anal#sis as s o%n t at t ere is no gas evolution in t e tem!erature range of 1300180./. 'oreover t e softened !lastics ave a binding !ro!ert#. 1ence, t e molten !lastics materials can be used as a binder and/or t e# can be mi&ed %it binder like bitumen to en ance t eir binding !ro!ert#. " is ma# be a good modifier for t e bitumen, used for road construction.

NEED FOR THE STUDY:

133446-

Dis!osal of %aste !lastic is a ma2or !roblem *t is non0biodegradable Burning of t ese %aste !lastic bags causes environmental !ollution. *t mainl# consists of lo%0densit# !ol#et #lene "o find its utilit# in bituminous mi&es for road construction 5aborator# !erformance studies %ere conducted on bituminous mi&es. 5aborator# studies !roved t at %aste !lastic en ances t e !ro!ert# of t e mi&

7-

*m!rovement in !ro!erties of bituminous mi& !rovides t e solution for dis!osal in an useful %a#

DEFINITION
WASTE PLASTICS - AS BINDER AND MODIFIER:
)aste !lastics ,!ol#t ene carr# bags, etc.- on eating soften at around 130./. " ermo gravimetric anal#sis as s o%n t at t ere is no gas evolution in t e tem!erature range of 1300180./. 'oreover t e softened !lastics ave a binding !ro!ert#. 1ence, t e molten 3

!lastics materials can be used as a binder and/or t e# can be mi&ed %it binder like bitumen to en ance t eir binding !ro!ert#. " is ma# be a good modifier for t e bitumen, used for road construction. DIFFERENT TYPE OF WASTE PLASTIC (POLYMER) AND ITS ORIGIN: Type of waste plasti !polymer" 5o% densit# !ol#et #lene ,5D67-8 ori#in bags, sacks, bin lining and s9uee:able detergent bottles etc 1ig densit# !ol#et #lene ,1D67-8 bottles of ! armaceuticals, disinfectants, milk, fruit 2uices, bottle ca!s etc 6ol#!ro!#lene ,66-8 bottle ca! and closures, film %ra!!ing for biscuits, micro%ave tra#s for read#0made 'eals etc. 6ol#st#rene ,6(-8 ;oamed 6ol#st#rene8 #og urt !ots, clear egg !acks, bottle ca!s. food tra#s, egg bo&es, dis!osable cu!s, !rotective !ackaging etc 6ol#vin#l / loride ,6</-8 mineral %ater bottles, credit cards, to#s, !i!es and gutters= electrical fittings, furniture, folders and !ens= medical dis!osables= etc

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE PLASTICS: THERMAL STUDY

" ermal be avior of t e !ol#mers namel# 67, 66 and 6( is s o%s in "able 1. 3

"able 1. " ermal Be avior of 6ol#mers 6ol#mer (olubilit# )ater 76"> 67

66 ?il ?il ?il ?il ?il ?il

(oftening "em! in Deg. /

6roducts re!orted

Decom!osition "em! Deg. /

Ignition Temp Deg .C

6(

1000130 1400160 1100140

?o gas ?o gas ?o gas

3700340 3700300 3000340

@700 @700 @700

4A acetic acid

BINDING PROPERTY:
" e molten !lastics %aste e& ibits good binding !ro!ert#. <arious ra% materials like granite stone, ceramics etc... )ere coated %it !lastics and t en molded into a stable !roduct. Bn cooling, it %as tested for com!ression and bending strengt s. "able 3. Binding 6ro!ert#
Percentage of p a!tic! coating o"er aggregate Compre!!ion Strengt# $ Tonne!% &en'ing Strengt# $(g%

)*

+,*

334 334 340

+* +, /*

+-* +.* /+*

/.*

" e increase in t e values of t e com!ression strengt and bending strengt s o%s t at t e !lastics can be used as a binder.

CONCEPT OF UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN BITUMINOUS MIXES FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION:

" is /once!t of +tili:ation of )aste 6lastic in Bituminous 'i&es for Coad /onstruction as been done since 3000 in *ndia, " e# can return to t e eart as beneficial additives in bitumen roads. Bne suc tec nologies are revie%ed belo%, t%o for %aste0!ol#mer0 modified bitumen roads.

$%N&%'ORE(S )) *RO+ESS:,
$t t e initiative of '/s D.D. 6ol# ;le& 6vt. 5td., a stud# on t e !ossible use of t e !rocessed !lastic %aste bags %it t e bituminous mi&es %as carried out at t e C.<. /ollege of 7ngineering Bangalore. $ grou! of students of B.7. degree course in / emical 7ngineering of t is college under t e guidance of t e concerned teac ing staff carried out t eir final #ear !ro2ect %ork for stud#ing t e !ossibilit# of using of t e !rocessed !lastic bags %it bitumen and bituminous mi&es. $s some encouraging results %ere re!orted in t is stud#, '/s D.D. 6ol# ;le& 6vt. 5td. later a!!roac ed t e /entre for "rans!ortation 7ngineering of Bangalore +niversit# %it t e re9uest to carr# out furt er researc studies on t e effects of using t e !rocessed !lastic bags %it construction %orks. *n !ractice, suc a E!lastic roadF laid in Bangalore ,at t e bus# Ca2ara2es %ari Gunctionin 'arc 3001 as a tec nolog# demonstration for t e / ief 'inister, s o%ed su!erior smoot ness and uniformit# and less rutting as com!ared to a !lastics0free road laid at t e same time, % ic as begun to develo! Ecrocodile cracksF. $s a result, b# no% 34 km of E!lastic roadsF ave been laid in Bangalore, unfortunatel# %it out anot er same0da# !lastics0free normal road. $ll t ese 34 km are !erforming %ell. " e !rocess %as also a!!roved in 3003 b# t e /CC*H/entral Coad Cesearc *nstitute Del i, and as t ereafter been included in t e Iovt of DarnatakaJs 6)D (c edule of Cates. Coad life im!roves t roug im!roved tackiness and viscosit# of t e bituminous mi&, t ereb# binding t e stones more firml# toget er and im!roving t e %ater0resistance of t e mi& to rain etc. ;or t e same reason, t e tem!erature of t e mi& bot at t e !lant and at t e !oint of l#ing needs to be 30./ ig er t an normal. " e Bru at Bengaluru 'a anagara 6alike ,BB'6- as used !lastic on about 600 km of roads, including man# t oroug fares and arterial roads. *t uses t e !lastic blend in at least 34A of t e road0la#ing %orks, including t e !resent !ro2ect to u!grade about 44 roads in t e cit#. " e !lastic model %as successful on ma2or roads in Bangalore, including 4 bituminous mi&es for road

( ankar 'utt Coad, D 1 Coad, ' I Coad ,to%ards "rinit# /ircle-, G / ?agar Coad, 'illerKs Coad and /unning am Coad. " e rise in bitumen costs over t e !ast fe% #ears as also made t e !lastic model more cost0efficient. "o to! it, !lastic is not rec#cled but buried %it t e roads, forever.

-%TER.%'S USED:,
%&&RE&%TE:,
6

$ggregate of 30mm, 10 mm. (tone Dust and 5ime as ;iller

$.TU-EN:,

60/70,80/100grade bitumen

WASTE PLASTIC:)aste !lastic in t e s redded form

*RO+ESS.N& DET%.'S:,
i. collect o! o" #$%te &l$%t c

ii. cle$! !' $!( %)*e(( !' o" #$%te &l$%t c iii. + , !' o" %)*e((e( #$%te &l$%t c- $''*e'$te $!( . t/+e! ! ce!t*$l + , !' &l$!t iv. l$0 !' o" . t/+ !o/% + , a. COLLECTION OF WASTE PLASTIC:)aste !lastic is collected from roads, garbage trucks, dum!sites or com!ost !lants, or from sc ool collection !rograms, or b# !urc ase from rag0!ickers or %aste0bu#ers at Cs 406 !er kg

Cag0!ickers b. CLEANING AND SHREDDING OF WASTE PLASTIC:)aste !lastic litter in t e form of t in0film carr#0bags, use0and0t ro% cu!s, 67" bottles, etc. t ese are sorted, de0dusted, %as ed if necessar#.

;ig. cleaning !rocess 6lastic %aste % ic is cleaned is cut into a si:e bet%een 1.18mm using s redding mac ine as s o%n belo%

;ig. s redding mac ine c. MIXING OF SHREDDED WASTE PLASTIC- AGGREGATE AND BITUMIN IN CENTRAL MIXING PLANT:" e aggregate mi& is eated to 1640c ,as !er t e 1C( s!ecification- in central mi&ing !lant. (imilarl# t e bitumen is to be eated u! to a ma&imum of 160Lc. " e 8A of %aste !lastic to t e %eig t of bitumen are added in t e conve#or belt or s!ecial mec anical device is develo!ed % ic %ill s!ra# t e !lastics inside t e c amber to coat t e !lastics effectivel#. /entral mi&ing !lant el!s to ave better control of tem!erature and better mi&ing of t is material t us el!ing to ave a uniform coating and eated bitumen is also s!ra#ed.

;ig. central mi&ing !lant d. LAYING OF BITUMENOUS MIX:" e !lastics %aste coated aggregate is mi&ed %it roller used is 80ton ca!acit#. ot bitumen and t e resulted mi& is

used for road construction. " e road la#ing tem!erature is bet%een 1100c to 1300c. " e

-ETHODO'O&.ES:,
*. MIX DESIGN BY MARSHALL METHOD abcO&t +/+ W$%te Pl$%t c Co!te!t Co+&$* %o! o" T#o M ,e% 1ol/+et* c &*o&e*t e% o" BC M ,e%

**. PERFORMANCE

STUDIES

OF

WASTE

PLASTIC

BITUMINOUS MIXES:2 2

I!( *ect Te!% le St*e!'t) R/tt !' Te%t

10

*. MIX DESIGN BY MARSHALL METHOD:-

MARSHALL TEST:5aborator# studies %ere carried out at t e /entre for "rans!ortation 7ngineering of Bangalore +niversit# on t e !ossible use of t e !rocessed !lastic bags as an additive in bituminous concrete mi&es. " e material used in t is stud# %as su!!lied b# '/s DD 6ol# ;le& ,6- 5td., Bangalore. " e !rocessed !lastic %as used as an additive %it mi&ed %ell b# and, to obtain t e modified bitumen. " e !ro!erties of t e modified bitumen %ere com!ared %it ordinar# bitumen. *t %as observed t at t e !enetration and ductilit# values of t e modified bitumen decreased %it t e increase in !ro!ortion of t e !lastic additive, u! to 13 A b# %eig t. " e softening !oint of t e modified bitumen increased %it t e addition of !lastic additive, u! to 8.0 A b# %eig t. eated bitumen in different !ro!ortions ,ranging from :ero to 13 A b# %eig t of bitumen- and

A/to M$*%)$ll Co+&$cto* M$*%)$ll te%te*

A/to

11

O*T.-U- /%STE *'%ST.+ +ONTENT:

<ar#ing !ercentages of %aste !lastic b# %eig t of bitumen %as added into t e eated aggregates 'ars all s!ecimen %it var#ing %aste !lastic content %as tested for bulk densit# and stabilit# 'a&imum value of stabilit# %as considered as criteria for o!timum %aste !lastic content (tudies %ere carried out on Bituminous mi&es using 60/70 grade bitumen aving average 'ars all (tabilit# <alue ,'(<- of 1300 kg at o!timum bitumen content of 4.0 A b# %eig t of t e mi&. ;urt er studies on mi&es %ere carried out using t e modified binder obtained b# t e addition of var#ing !ro!ortions of !rocessed !lastic bags ,!ercentage b# %eig t of bitumen- %it t e conventional 80 /100 grade bitumen. " e o!timum modified binder content fulfilling t e 'ars all 'i& design criteria %as found to be 4.0 A b# %eig t of t e mi&, consisting of 8.0 A b# %eig t of !rocessed !lastic added to t e bitumen. " e average '(< of t e mi& using t e modified binder %as found to be as ig as 1740 kg at t is o!timum binder content, resulting in about t ree fold increase in stabilit# of t e B/ mi&, % ic contains 4.6 A bitumen !lus 8 A !rocessed !lastic b# %eig t of bitumen, i.e., 0.4 A !rocessed !lastic b# %eig t of t e mi&.

13

*n order to evaluate t e abilit# of t e mi& !re!ared %it t e above0modified bitumen to %it stand adverse soaking condition under %ater, 'ars all (tabilit# tests %ere conducted after soaking in %ater at 60 /o for 34 ours. " e average '(< of t e B/ mi& %it modified binder ,using 8 A !rocessed !lastic b# %eig t of bitumen, as above- %as found to increase b# about 3.6 times of t e mi& %it ordinar# bitumen. ;urt er laborator# studies carried out on t e B/ mi&es using t is modified binder also indicated note %ort # increase in fatigue life under re!eated a!!lication of loads.

+O-*%R.SON OF T/O -.0ES:

13

1O'U-ETR.+ *RO*ERT.ES OF -.0ES:,

1olumetri properties of -i2es

*roperties

-odified -i2 !/aste plasti " 3 4 +on5entional by wt of bitumen -i2

-arshall Stability !6#" $ul6 Density!#m7 " %ir 1oids !4" 1F$ !4" Flow !mm" 1-% !4" Retained Stability !4"

1700 3.374 4.4 73 4 16.4 M8

1340 3.340 3.4 76 4 14.6 88

14

**. POST TESTING OF

WASTE PLASTIC BITUMINOUS

MIXES:A% PERFOR0ANCE ST1DIES OF THE 0I2ES

2 2

I!( *ect Te!% le St*e!'t) R/tt !' Te%t

*. .ND.RE+T TENS.'E STREN&TH:, +se t is test met od to determine t e tensile strengt of com!acted bituminous mi&tures. $s t e figure s o%n belo% tensile strengt of t e )aste 6lastic Bituminous 'i&es is greater t en /onventional 'i&

14

.ndire t testin# ma hine

16

**. RUTT.N& TEST:, ) eel tracking is used to assess t e resistance to rutting of as! alt materials under conditions % ic simulate t e effect of traffic. $ loaded % eel tracks a sam!le under s!ecified conditions of s!eed and tem!erature % ile t e develo!ment of t e rut is monitored continuousl# during t e test. " e rut resistance can be 9uantified as t e rate of rutting during t e test or t e rut de!t at t e conclusion of t e test. "est s!ecimens can be eit er slabs !re!ared in t e laborator# or 30cm diameter cores cut from t e ig %a#.

Ordinary mi2

waste plasti mi2

Hambur# wheel tra 6 e8uipment

$eam spe imen after ruttin# test ?o traces of stri!!ing even after 30,000 c#cles t erefore ?o !ot ole formation, rutting construction. or raveling as been observed after 4 to 6 #ears after

G*$&) c$l *e&*e%e!t$t o! o" */tt !' te%t 17

COMPARISON BETWEEN ORDINARY BITUMINOUS ROADS AND WASTE PLASTIC BITUMINOUS ROADS:SL2 NO 1. PROPERTIES '$C(1$55 ("$B*5*"N 3. 3. 4. 4. 6. 7. 8. M. 10. 11. 13. <$5+7 B*?D*?I 6CB67C"N (B;"7?*?I 6B*?" 67?7"C$"*B? <$5+7 "7?(*57 ("C7?I"1 C+""*?I ("C*66*?I,6B" 1B57((776$I7 B; )$"7C D+C$B*5*"N B; "17 CB$D( /B(" B; 6$<7'7?" '$*?"7?$?/7 /B(" 7?<*CB?'7?" ;C*7?D5N B7""7C 57(( 'BC7 1*I1 57(( ?B ?B B7""7C 57(( $5'B(" ?*5 N7( IBBD 'BC7 57(( 57(( 'BC7 'BC7 N7( IBBD ?BC'$5 'BC7 ?B PLASTIC ROAD 'BC7 ORDINARY ROAD 57((

AD1ANTAGE OF WASTE PLASTIC BITUMINOUS MIX:1- (tronger road %it increased 'ars all (tabilit# <alue 3- Better resistance to%ards rain %ater and %ater stagnation 18

3- ?o stri!!ing and no !ot oles. 4- *ncrease binding and better bonding of t e mi&. 4- Ceduction in !ores in aggregate and ence less rutting and raveling. 6- ?o leac ing of !lastics. 7- ?o effect of radiation like +<. 8- " e strengt of t e road is increased b# 100A. M- " e load %it standing !ro!ert# increases. *t increased road trans!ort. 10- ;or 1km O 3.74m road, 1 ton of !lastic ,10 lak carr# bags- is used and 1 ton of bitumen is saved. 11- <alue addition to t e %aste !lastics ,cost !er kilogram increases from Cs 4 to Cs13-. 13- " e cost of road construction is also decreased. 13- " e maintenance cost of road is almost nil. 14- Dis!osal of %aste !lastic %ill no longer be a !roblem. 14- " e use of %aste !lastics on t e road as el!ed to !rovide better !lace for bur#ing t e !lastic %aste %it out causing dis!osal !roblem. el!s to satisf# toda#Js need of

BENEFITS OF WASTE PLASTIC ROADS:

En5ironmental benefits -S/- !-uni ipal Solid /aste -ana#ement" Employment &eneration Farmin# +ommunity National E onomy

EN1.ORN-ENT $ENEF.TS:, 1M

"oda#, !lastic %aste treatment is largel# a:ardous to t e environment as most of t e !lastic is burnt resulting is to&ic gases being released in t e environment. B# effectivel# managing t e collection, se!aration and !rocessing of !lastic %aste, t e environmental damages can be limited b# eliminating t e %aste from our streets. )e can ave international standard roads and !avements % ic are litter free -S/- !-UN.+.*%' SO'.D /%STE -%N%&E-ENT":, 1ouse olds and ot er units %ra! all garbage into !lastic bags and dis!ose t em. " e non0biodegradable !lastic bags acts like a covering on t e garbage !reventing it from being converted into com!ost. $t !resent onl# 30A of t e '() is converted into com!ost. " is can be considerabl# increased to 80084A and more b# s#stematicall# managing t e !lastic %aste. F%R-.N& +O--UN.TY: Bne of t e foremost areas t at %ould directl# benefit is agriculture. $t !resent onl# 30A of '() is converted into com!ost. " is can be converted to 800 84A once t e !lastic from t e '() is segregated. ;armers can directl# !urc ase from '()' if !lastic se!arated.

N%T.ON%' E+ONO-Y8 /umulative benefits to t e ?ational 7conom# P7nvironmental P7m!lo#ment generation P$gricultural efficienc# ) en life of a road is doubled, t en t e savings t at accrue to t e national e&c e9uer are in t ousands of crores. (egregating t e !lastic from t e '() at t e munici!al #ard involves a!!lication of resources, t e cost of % ic runs into crores of ru!ees. $ substantial amount of t is can be saved. 30

" e /entral IovernmentJs annual allocation of funds to%ards roads and ig %a#s is a!!ro&. 34 t ousand crores 5ab tests and real time tests ave revealed t at t e life e&!ectanc# of a !lastic !ol#mer road as com!ared to a normal road is at least 100A more *n addition to t e savings accrued at t e central level, ever# state 'unici!al (olid )aste 'anagement %ould save crores of ru!ees b# eliminating t e !lastic segregation !rocess at its #ards.

WASTE PLASTIC ROADS CONSTRUCTED:" e Bru at Bengaluru 'a anagara 6alike ,BB'6- as used !lastic on about 600 km of roads, including man# t oroug fares and arterial roads. *t uses t e !lastic blend in at least 34A of t e road0la#ing %orks, including t e !resent !ro2ect to u!grade about 44 roads in t e cit#. " e !lastic model %as successful on ma2or roads in Bangalore, including ( ankar 'utt Coad, D 1 Coad, ' I Coad ,to%ards "rinit# /ircle-, G / ?agar Coad, 'illerKs Coad and /unning am Coad, inner ring road, Ca2ara2es %ari Gunction, m#sore Bangalore state ig %a#. " e sign in front of *uttanna +hetty Town Hall

31

R$3$ *$3e%#$* !$'$* *o$(

" v to%er road

33

M$! &$l to#e* *o$(

Doll$*% Colo!0

$an#alore, -ysore state hi#hway

33

- & Road !towards Trinity +ir le"

CONCLUSION:" e generation of %aste !lastics is increasing da# b# da#. " e ma2or !ol#mers namel# !ol#et #lene, !ol#!ro!#lene, !ol#st#rene s o% ad esion !ro!ert# in t eir molten state 6lastics %ill increase t e melting !oint of t e bitumen. " e %aste !lastic bitumen mi& forms better material for !avement construction as t e mi& s o%s !avement is one of t e best met ods for eas# dis!osal of %aste !lastics. ig er 'ars all (tabilit# value and suitable 'ars all /oefficient. 1ence t e use of %aste !lastics for

34

" e use of t e innovative tec nolog# not onl# strengt ened t e road construction but also increased t e road life as %ell as %ill el! to im!rove t e environment and also creating a source of income. 6lastic roads %ould be a boon for *ndiaJs ot and e&tremel# umid climate, % ere tem!eratures fre9uentl# cross 40./ and torrential rains create avoc, leaving most of t e roads %it big !ot oles. *t is o!ed t at in near future %e %ill ave strong, durable and eco0friendl# roads % ic %ill relieve t e eart from all t#!e of !lastic0%aste.

REFERENCES:3
1- 'inistr# of Coad "rans!ort and 1ig )a#s, 'anual for construction and

su!ervision of Bituminous %orks, ?e% Del i, ?ovember 3001. 3- (ri Cam *nstitute for *ndustrial Cesearc , 6lastics 6rocessing and 7nvironmental $s!ects, ?e% Del i 0 7 3- <asudevan, C., +tili:ation of %aste !lastics for fle&ible !avement, *ndian 1ig )a#s ,*ndian Coad /ongress-, <ol. 34, ?o.7. ,Gul# 3006-. 4- $m2ad D an, Iangad ar, 'urali 'o an and <ina# Ca#kar, Q7ffective +tilisation of )aste 6lastics in $s! alting of CoadsQ. 6ro2ect Ce!ort !re!ared under t e

34

guidance of C. (ures and 1. Dumar, De!t. of / emical 7ngg., C.<. /ollege of 7ngineering, Bangalore, 1MMM. 4- +tili:ations of )aste 6lastic Bags in Bituminous 'i& for *m!roved 6erformance of Coads, /entre for "rans!ortation 7ngineering, Bangalore +niversit#, Bangalore, *ndia R+n!ublis edS $!r03 6- D. D. 6lastic )aste 'anagement 6vt. 5td.,(ubsidiar# of DD 6ol#fle& 6vt. 5td.?o. 1, / airman /om!ound, N.<. $nnaia Coad, Nelac ena alli, Dris nadevara#a ?agar ** (tage Danaka!ura Coad Bangaolore 0 460 078

36