Kha hc LTH mn Ha Thy Ngc

i cng v kim loi

I CNG V KIM LOI TI LIU BI GING

I. V TR CU TO CA KIM LOI

1. V tr
Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, kim loi nhng v tr: - Phn nhm chnh nhm I, II, III (tr bo) - Phn nhm ph nhm I n nhm VIII - H lantan v h actini (nhng nguyn t xp ring di bng). - Mt phn ca cc phn nhm chnh nhm IV, V, VI. Hin nay ngi ta bit khong 109 nguyn t ho hc, trong c trn 85 nguyn t l kim loi. Cc nguyn t cng nm bn tri, pha di ca bng, tnh kim loi cng mnh. 2. Cu to ca nguyn t kim loi - Nguyn t kim loi c s electron lp ngoi cng nh ( 4), d dng cho i trong cc phn ng ho hc. - Trong cng 1 chu k, nguyn t ca cc nguyn t kim loi c bn knh ln hn v c in tch ht nhn nh hn so vi cc nguyn t phi kim. Nhng nguyn t c bn knh ln l nhng nguyn t nm gc di, bn tri ca bng tun hon. 3. Cu to tinh th kim loi - Cc nguyn t kim loi sp xp theo mt trt t xc nh lm thnh mng li tinh th kim loi. Nt ca mng li l cc ion dng hoc cc nguyn t trung ho. Khong khng gian gia cc nt li khng thuc nguyn t no, lm thnh "kh electron" m cc nguyn t kim loi nt li lin kt vi nhau to thnh mng li bn vng. Lin kt sinh ra trong mng li kim loi do cc e t do gn cc ion dng kim loi li vi nhau gi l lin kt kim loi. c im ca lin kt kim loi (so snh vi lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt ion): - Do tt c cc e t do trong kim loi tham gia. - Lin kt kim loi do tng tc tnh in gia cc ion dng v cc e t do. II. TNH CHT VT L Kim loi c nhiu tnh cht vt l, tnh cht c hc ging nhau. Nhng tnh cht ny c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong k thut v trong i sng.

1. Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi Kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l chung, quan trng hn c l tnh do, tnh dn in, tnh dn nhit, nh kim. a. Tnh do Khi tc dng mt lc c hc mnh ln kim loi, n b bin dng. S bin dng ny l do lp mng tnh th kim loi trt ln nhau. Nhng cc lp mng tinh th ny khng tch ri nhau m vn lin kt vi nhau nh cc electron t do lun lun chuyn ng qua li gia cc lp mng tinh th. Do vy kim loi c tnh do. Nhng kim loi c tnh do hn c l Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Sn Ngi ta c th dt c nhng l vng mng ti 1/20 micromet (1 micromet bng 1/1000 mm) v nh sng c th i qua c. b.Tnh dn in Ni kim loi vi mt ngun in, cc eletron t do trong kim loi chuyn ng thnh dng. Nhit ca kim loi cng cao th tnh dn in ca kim loi cng gim. Hin tng ny c gii thch nh sau : nhit cao, tc dao ng ca cc ion dng kim loi cng ln, s chuyn ng ca dng electron t do cng b cn tr. Nhng kim loi khc nhau c tnh dn in khc nhau l do mt electron t do ca chng khng ging nhau. Kim loi dn in tt nht l Ag, sau n Cu, Au, Al, Fe c. Tnh dn nhit t nng mt u dy kim loi, nhng electron t do y chuyn ng nhanh hn. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, nhng eletron ny truyn nng lng cho cc ion dng vng c nhit thp hn, v vy kim loi dn nhit c Ni chung, nhng kim loi no dn it tt th cng dn nhit tt. Nhng kim loi khc nhau c kh nng dn nhit khng ging nhau. Th d tnh dn nhit ca cc kim loi gim dn theo trnh t Ag, Cu, Al, Zn,Fe d. nh kim
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -

Kha hc LTH mn Ha Thy Ngc

i cng v kim loi

Hu ht kim loi u c nh kim, v cc electron t do trong kim loi phn x tt nhng tia sng c bc sng m mt ta c th nhn thy c. Tm li, nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi ni trn l do cc electron t do trong kim loi gy ra. 2. Mt s tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi Ngoi mt s tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi nh ni trn, kim loi cn c mt s tnh cht vt l khng ging nhau. Quan trng hn c l: t khi, nhit nng chy v tnh cng ca kim loi . a. T khi. Nhng kim loi khc nhau c t khi khc nhau r rt. Th d, kim loi c t kha nh nht l Li 0,5; kim loi c t khi ln nht l Os 22,6. Ngi ta quy c nhng kim loi c t khi nh hn 5 l kim loi nh nh Na, K, Mg, Al Nhng kim loi c t khi ln hn 5 l kim loi nng nh Fe, Zn, Cu, Ag, Au b. Nhit nng chy Nhit nng chy ca kim loi cng rt khc nhau. C kim loi nng chy nhit -390C nh Hg, c kim loi nng chy nhit 3410 0 nh W. c. Tnh cng Nhng kim loi khc nhau c tnh cng khc nhau. C kim loi mm nh sp, dng dao ct c d dng nh Na, K Ngc li c kim loi rt cng, khng th da c nh W, Cr. Nhng tnh cht: t khi, nng chy, tnh cng ca kim loi ph thuc ch yu vo bn knh v in tch ion, khi lng nguyn t, mt electron t do trong mng kim loi.
III. TNH CHT HA HC 1. Khi qut v tnh cht ha hc ca kim loi Do c im cu to, cc nguyn t kim loi d dng cho e ho tr, th hin tnh kh: M Mn+ + ne Tnh kh gim dn khi i t u n cui dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi: K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg, Au. 2. Cc phn ng c trng a, Phn ng vi oxi - to thng, phn ln kim loi phn ng vi O2 ca khng kh to thnh lp bo v cho kim loi khng b oxi ho tip tc. - Khi nung nng, phn ln kim loi chy trong oxi. b, Phn ng vi halogen v cc phi kim khc - Vi halogen: cc kim loi kim, kim th, Al phn ng ngay to thng. Cc kim loi khc phn ng yu hn, phi un nng. Hp cht to thnh l mui halogenua trong kim loi thng c s oxi ha cao nht.

Fe + Cl

FeCl
to
o

3 3

Fe + Br 2 Fe + I 2

FeBr
t FeI 2

- Vi phi kim khc (yu hn): phi un nng. c, Phn ng vi hiro Kim loi kim v kim th phn ng to hp cht hirua kim loi dng mui, s oxi ho ca H l -1. d, Phn ng vi nc - to thng, ch c cc kim loi kim, kim th phn ng c vi nc to thnh H2 v hiroxit kim loi. Mt s kim loi yu hn to thnh lp bo v hiroxit hoc to thnh axit. - nhit nng , nhng kim loi ng trc hiro trong dy th in ho phn ng vi hi nc. e, Vi axit thng (HCl, H2SO4 long) Phn ng xy ra d dng khi: - Kim loi ng trc H2. - Mui to thnh phi tan g, Vi axit oxi ho (HNO3, H2SO4 c nng) Tr Au v Pt, cn hu ht cc kim loi tc dng c vi HNO3 (c hoc long), H2SO4 (c, nng), - Vi HNO3 c:

Cu + 4HNO 3 ()

Cu(NO 3 )

+ 2NO

2H2 O

(Kh duy nht bay ra l NO2 mu nu). - Vi HNO3 long: Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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Kha hc LTH mn Ha Thy Ngc

i cng v kim loi

Tu theo mnh ca kim loi v long ca axit, sn phm kh bay ra c th l N2, N2O, NO. i vi kim loi mnh v axit rt long, sn phm l NH4NO3. V d:

3Cu + 8HNO 3 (l) 8Al + 30HNO 3 (l)

3Cu(NO ) 3

2 3

+ 2NO + 3N O 2

+ 4H2O + 15H 2O
3

8Al(NO ) 3

4Zn + 10HNO 3 (rt long)

4Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + NH NO 4

+ 3H2 O

- Vi axit H2SO4 c, nng. Kim loi + H2SO4 .n mui + (H2S, S, SO2) + H2O. Tu theo mnh ca kim loi m sn phm ca s kh S+6 (trong H2SO4) l H2S, S hay SO2. Kim loi cng mnh th S+6 b kh v s oxi ho cng thp. Ch : Al, Cr v Fe b th ng ho trong H2SO4 c, ngui v HNO3 c, ngui. Nguyn nhn l do khi 2 kim loi ny tip xc vi cc axit c, ngui th trn b mt chng c to lp mng mng, c xt bo v kim loi khng b axit tc dng. Do , trong thc t ngi ta dng cc xitec bng st chuyn ch cc axit trn. h, Phn ng vi kim Mt s kim loi ng trc H2 v hiroxit ca n c tnh lng tnh c th phn ng vi kim mnh. (Be, Zn, Al, Sn, Pb). k, Phn ng kim loi mnh y kim loi yu khi hp cht - y kim loi yu khi dung dch mui. V d: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Nhng kim loi tc dng mnh vi H2O nh kim loi kim, kim th, khi gp dung dch nc th trc ht phn ng vi H2O. - y kim loi yu khi oxit (phn ng nhit kim loi): Xy ra to cao, to nhiu nhit lm nng chy kim loi. Phng php ny thng c dng iu ch cc kim loi kh nng chy nh Cr, Mn, Fe

Cr2O3 + 2Al

t 2Cr + Al O 2

IV. IU CH 1. Nguyn tc Kh ion kim loi thnh kim loi.

Mn+ + n.e Mo kh cc ion kim loi trong hp cht, ta c cc phng php ph bin sau: a, Phng php thy luy n Dng kim loi t do c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi khc trong dung dch. Phng php ny c p dng iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu. b, Phng php nhit luyn Dng cht kh nh CO2, H2 , C hoc kim loi (Al) kh ion kim loi trong oxit nhit cao . Phng php ny c p dng sn xut kim loi trong cng nghip. Bng phng php ny, ngi ta c th iu ch c nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu, v trung bnh (kim loi ng sau Al). c, Phng php in phn. Dng dng in mt chiu trn catot (cc m) kh ion kim loi trong hp cht. Bng phng php in phn, ngi ta c th iu ch c hu ht cc kim loi. iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh (t Li n Al), ngi ta in phn hp cht nng chy ca chng (mui, kim, oxit iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v kh yu , ngi ta in phn dung dch mui ca chng trong nc. Bng phng php in phn, ta c th iu ch c nhng kim loi c tnh khit rt cao (99,999%), dng ch to cc cht
V. HP KIM 1. nh ngha Hp kim l vt liu c bn cht kim loi gm hn hp nhiu kim loi khc nhau hoc hn hp kim loi v phi kim hoc hn hp kim loi v hp cht ca kim loi. 2. Cu to ca hp kim Hp kim thng c cu to bng cc loi tinh th. 3. Tnh cht ca hp kim Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 3 -

Kha hc LTH mn Ha Thy Ngc

i cng v kim loi

Hp kim c nhng tnh cht ho hc tng t tnh cht ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u, nhng tnh cht vt l v tnh cht c hc li khc nhiu. 4. ng dng Do hp kim c nhng tnh cht ho hc, l hc, c hc rt qu nn hp kim c ng dng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh ca nn kinh t quc dn. Ngnh cng nghip ch to my bay, t, tn l a cn nhng hp kim nh, bn, chu c nhit cao v p sut ln. Ngnh cng nghip du m, cng nghip ho cht cn nhng hp kim c tnh bn ho hc v c hc. Ngnh xy dng nh ca, cu cng cn c hp kim va cng va bn. Gio vin: V Khc Ngc Ngun: Hocmai.vn

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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