m.

vaniSvili

mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi

`teqnikuri universiteti@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. vaniSvili

mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi

damtkicebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier

Tbilisi 2009

uak 330(042.2) v186 wignSi Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi iseTi mniSvnelovani Temebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: ekonomika da misi roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi; ekonomikur sistemaTa formebi da tipebi; individualuri bazris analizi: bazari, fuli, moTxovna, miwodeba da fasi; warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da faqtoruli Semosavlebi; biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikuri safuZvlebi; ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi; qveynis makroekonomikuri struqtura da erovnul angariSTa sistema; erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri zrda da ganviTareba; makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri meryeoba, umuSevroba da inflacia; erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi: sabazro TviTregulireba da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba; ekonomikis saxelmwifoeb-rivi regulirebis safinanso-sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito berketebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi teqstis gadmocemis gamartivebis, advilad aRqmadobisa da aTvisebis mizniT TiToeuli Tema dayofilia leqciebad. amasTan, yoveli Temis bolos mocemulia testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis, romlebic TemaTa sakvanZo sakiTxebis aTvisebis xarisxis gadamowmebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. garda amisa, wignSi, ZiriTadi Temebis dasrulebis Semdeg, motanilia rekomendebuli literaturuli wyaroebis CamonaTvali, rac mkiTxvels Sesaswavli masalis ufro siRrmiseulad aTvisebaSi daexmareba. wigni gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomikur da sxva humanitarul specialobaTa studentebisaTvis, profesormaswavleblebisaTvis, ekonomikis Tanamedrove Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

mecnier-redaqtori ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s ekonomikuri Teoriisa da biznesis marTvis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, sruli profesori karlo Rurwkaia recenzenti ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, stu-s saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa da turizmis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, sruli profesori guram jolia

sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-359-5

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

merab mixeilis Ze vaniSvili _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, 50-ze meti naSromis avtori ekonomikuri Teoriis, makroekonomikis, regionalistikis, munici paluri finansebisa da agraruli ekonomikis sferoebSi. GgansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia mis mier sadoqtoro d i s e rt a c i i s T em a z e g a m o ce m u l i monografiuli gamokvleva: `saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis saSinao da sagareo ekonomikuri aspeqtebi: Teoria, meTodologia, praqtika~ (2003 w.), leqciebis kursi `safinansosabanko statistika~ (2004 w.) da damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebi _ `munici paluri sabiujeto sistema da finansuri menejmenti~ (2005 w.); `ekonomikis safuZvlebi~ wigni pirveli (2006 w.) da wigni meore (2007 w.); `finansebi (2007 w.). samecniero-pedagogiuri saqmianoba daiwyo 1983 wels saqarTvelos yofil saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetTan arsebul saxalxo meurneobis ekonomikis, dagegmvisa da marTvis samecnierokvleviT institutSi da gaiara gza umcrosi mecnier muSakidan ganyofilebis gamgis Tanamdebobamde. 1996-1997 w.w. iyo saqarTvelos finansTa saministros fasebis, finansebisa da sakredito politikis sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgile. 20002002 w.w. muSaobda msoflio bankis `munici palur programaTa ganxorcielebis sakoordinacio centrSi~ adgilobriv finansistkonsultantad. 2001 wels gaiara staJireba poloneTisa (q.varSava) da safrangeTis (q.anJe) saxelmwifo moxeleTa gadamzadebis prestiJul centrebSi. amJamad aris saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis marTvis departamentis asocirebuli profesori; qarTulevropuli universitetis sruli profesori, biznesisa da marTvis fakultetis dekani.

mimarTva

mkiTxvelisadmi

keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ saswavlo kursSi. miuxedavad imisa, gegmavT ekonomikis ufro Rrmad Seswavlas, vidre amis SesaZleblobas es wigni iZleva, Tu igi iqneba Tqveni erTaderTi megzuri am yovlismomcveli sagnis dasaufleblad, Cven vimedovnebT, rom Tqven miiRebT kmayofilebas misi kiTxvisagan, da agreTve SeiqmniT zogad warmodgenas ekonomikis samyaros Sesaxeb, romelSic cxovrobT, da im ekonomikuri Zalebis Sesaxeb, romlebic kardinalur gavlenas axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven adre arasdros ar yofilxarT dakavebuli `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ SeswavliT, mainc ukve bevri ram iciT mis Sesaxeb. bolos da bolos, Tqven praqtikulad yoveldRe RebulobT ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs. yovelTvis, roca midixarT maRaziaSi, Tqven iqceviT rogorc `ekonomisti~, wyvetT ra sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZinoT Tqvens gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuliT. magram ekonomistis rolSi Tqven gamodixarT ara mxolod im SemTxvevebSi, roca raRacas iZenT. ramdeni iSromoT, ramdeni iswavloT da, Tundac, dReSi ramdeni dro dauTmoT ama Tu im saganSi mecadineobas _ yovelive es raRaca xarisxiT ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebia. aRarafers vambobT im ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze, romelsac Tqven gaakeTebdiT, rogorc firmis menejeri an saxelmwifo moxele. mtkiced mwams, rom is fundamenturi ideebi, romlebsac `mikroda makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ kursi gvTavazobs, yvelam unda Seiswavlos. ekonomikis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva disciplinis, Seswavlis erT-erTi mizania meti informacia miawodos adamianebs samyaros Sesaxeb, raTa xeli Seuwyos maTs moqalaqeobriv ganviTarebas. imisaTvis, Tu ratom unda daiwyoT Tqven, _ XXI saukunis studentebma, `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ Seswavla, 4

sami ZiriTadi mizezi arsebobs: pirveli, ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba uamravi kiTxva romlebmac SesaZloa Tqveni cnobismoyvareoba gaaRvivos. ratom uxdian Jerar departies did Tanxas ama Tu im filmSi Sesrulebuli rolisaTvis? ratom aris cxovrebis done ase dabali afrikis bevr qveyanaSi? ratomaa zog qveyanaSi inflaciis done maRali, xolo sxvagan _ fasebi stabiluri? ratom aris samuSaos Sovna ioli garkveul wlebSi, sxva wlebTan SedarebiT? _ es mxolod mcire nawilia im kiTxvebis grZeli siisa, romlebze pasuxis gacemaSic mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis kursi dagexmarebaT. meore, `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ kursis daxmarebiT ukeT gaigebT ekonomikur procesebs. cxovrebis gzaze mravali ekonomikuri xasiaTis gadawyvetilebis miReba mogiwevT. debulebebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia winamdebare wignSi, am gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi dagexmarebaT. mesame, `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ kursis Seswavlis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba ekonomikuri politikis potencialisa da limitebis gaanalizeba. Tqven, rogorc amomrCeveli, xmas aZlevT im politikur Zalas, romelic sazogadoebrivi resursebis ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas akontrolebs. amgvarad, `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ codna SeiZleba mraval cxovrebiseul situaciaSi gamoiyenoT. mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ras gaakeTebT momavalSi, _ ubralod wignebs waikiTxavT, samRebro samuSaoebs SeasrulebT, firmas uxelmZRvanelebT, Tu saxelmwifo moxele an politikosi iqnebiT, _ yovelTvis kmayofili iqnebiT imiT, rom `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ saswavlo kurss gadiodiT. sanam winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos nebismieri Temis wakiTxvasa da Seswavlas daiwyebT, albaT, jer Temis struqturas gaecnobiT da gverdebis saerTo raodenobas daiTvliT, magram girCevT nu SeSindebiT zogierTi Temis sididiT. vecade calkeul TemaTa Sinaarsi saintereso, naTeli da gasagebi gamosuliyo, da momiteveT,
5

Tuki am mcdelobis gamo zogierTi Tema moculobiT didic gamovida. ar SeSindeT, Tu calkeuli Temebis Seswavlisas daiRlebiT da mogeCvenebaT, rom, miuxedavad amdeni mecadineobisa, jer kidev araferi iciT. ai, ra aqvs naTqvami sakuTar Tavze cnobil ekonomists alfred marSals: `rac ufro metad vuRrmavdebodi ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlas, miT ufro metad vxvdebodi, rom Cems mier am sferoSi miRebuli codna gacilebiT naklebia, vidre me mWirdeba; da axla, mxolod am mecnierebis TiTqmis 50-wliani Seswavlis Semdeg, vxvdebi, rom maqvs gacilebiT naklebi codna, vidre maSin, roca mis Seswavlas viwyebdi.~ da es arcaa gasakviri. ekonomika, sxva mecnierul disci plinaTa msgavsad, xom iseTive saintereso da amouwuravia, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani. mTavaria, ar daizaroT da far-xmali ar dayaroT, gamoiCinoT `aqlemis amtanoba~ da `wmindanis moTmineba~, roca Temebis Seswavlisas raRac rTulad mogeCvenebaT da daibneviT. vimedovnebT, rom `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ SeswavlisaTvis gankuTvnili erTi Tu ori semestri Tqveni cxovrebis sasiamovno da sasargeblo epizodi aRmoCndeba. sakmarisia msjeloba! droa gadaSaloT saxelmZRvanelo! saintereso, xalisian da nayofier swavlas gisurvebT!

winasityvaoba
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi swavlis periodSi sagani, romelmac yvelaze metad gamitaca, ekonomikis orsemestriani kursi iyo. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am kursma Cemi profesiuli interesebi daxvewa da mTeli Cemi cxovreba Secvala, Cems win azrovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi gamoxatvis axali SesaZleblobebi warmoaCina. ekonomika im disci plinaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac mcire codnasac ki Sors mivyavarT. swored amitom aris ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos dawera didi pativi da, amasTan, didi pasuxismgeblobac. es politikur moRvaweobaze maRla dgas da, rogorc g. menqiu SeniSnavs, `...erT-erTi saSualebaa, romlis daxmarebiTac ekonomists SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos ukeTes xelisuflebas da ukeTes momavals.~ ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti pol samuelsoni: `ar madardebs, vin wers qveynis kanonebs an awarmoebs qveynisTvis xelsayrel molaparakebebs, Tuki me am qveynisTvis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos dawera SemiZlia.~ imisaTvis, rom farTo auditoria momepovebina, miznad davisaxe `es wigni mokle yofiliyo~, ramdenadac, rogorc Zveli berZeni poeti kalimaqosi werda, `didi wigni, didi mowyenilobaa.~ ar vici, ramdenad movaxerxe am miznis realizeba. es Tavad Tqven gansajeT! Tumca, is, marTlac, bevrad ufro mcirea im standartul saxelmZRvaneloebTan SedarebiT, romlebic ekonomikis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba. misi Rirseba ZiriTadad imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aq mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi, maqsimalurad lakonurad da Tanamedrove moTxovnebis donezea gadmocemuli. rodesac saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba gadavwyvite, msurda iseTi wigni damewera, romelic, p. samuelsonis sityvebiT, `ar
7

merab vaniSvili
2008 wlis 19 dekemberi

unda iyos arc mosawyeni, arc Zneli~ da, romelsac studentobis dros TviTonac siamovnebiT wavikiTxavdi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cemi umTavresi mizani uxvsityvaobis Tavidan acileba iyo, kargad maxsovda ra didi mwerlis robertTson devisis aforizmi _ `mwerlobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramaa saTqmelis mokled gadmocema, ise, rom yvelasTvis jojoxeTurad mosabezrebeli ar gaxde.~ ekonomikis yvela axali saxelmZRvanelo mogviTxrobs resursebis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb. magram am saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorTa umravlesobas aviwydeba, rom studentTa dro swored erT-erTi aseTi SezRuduli resursia. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sevecade Tavi ameridebina zedmeti detalebisaTvis, romlebic students ZiriTadi saqmisagan moacdendnen. imedi maqvs, winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo amarTlebs Tavissave saTaurs _ `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi~. imisaTvis, rom ekonomikaSi yvelaze arsebiTi momentebi warmomeCina, unda gadamewyvita, Tu ra aris studentisaTvis WeSmaritad ufro mniSvnelovani ekonomikis Seswavlisas. amis gamo es wigni sxvebisagan ara marto originaluri formatiTa da dizainiT, aramed orientaciiTac gamoirCeva. saxelmZRvanelos weris dros maqsimalurad vcdilobdi _ Tavi dameyenebina im studentis adgilas, visac ekonomikis saswavlo kursTan Sexeba pirvelad uwevs. Cemi mcdelobis mizania im masalis gamokveTa, romelic gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa studentisaTvis. amgvari mcdelobis erT-erTi Sedegi is aris, rom masSi meti yuradReba eTmoba praqtikul sakiTxebsa da ekonomikur politikas, vidre formalur ekonomikur Teorias, romelic ufro srulyofilad ekonomikis sxva saxelmZRvaneloebSia warmodgenili. mokle da studentebisaTvis mimzidveli saxelmZRvanelos
8

dasawerad saWiro iyo masalis gadmocemis axali gzebis Zieba. igi faqtobrivad yvela im ZiriTad sakiTxs moicavs, romelic arsebiTia ekonomikis orsemestriani swavlebisaTvis. magram es sakiTxebi yovelTvis tradiciuli TanmimdevrobiT ar aris dalagebuli. qvemoT mocemulia saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsis struqturis mokle mimoxilva, rac, vimedovneb, mkiTxvels garkveul STabeWdilebas Seuqmnis teqstis nawilTa urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. saxelmZRvaneloSi Tanmimdevruladaa gadmocemuli Semdegi ZiriTadi Temebi: ekonomika da misi roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi; ekonomikur sistemaTa formebi da ti pebi; individualuri bazris analizi: bazari, fuli, moTxovna, miwodeba da fasi; warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da faqtoruli Semosavlebi; biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikuri safuZvlebi; ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi; qveynis makroekonomikuri struqtura da erovnul angariSTa sistema; erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri zrda da ganviTareba; makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri meryeoba, umuSevroba da inflacia; erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi: sabazro TviTregulireba da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba; ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis safinansosabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito berketebi. winamdebare wigni daiwera erTi mTavari mizniT: _ Tanamedrove moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mokled, gasagebad da mimzidvelad
9

gadmocemuliyo uCveulod mniSvnelovani saswavlo disci plinis _ ekonomikis Teoriul-meTodologiuri da praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis fundamenturi sakiTxebi.Aamitom mocemul wigns aqvs Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi: teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocemis orazrovnebisagan Tavisufali da naTeli stili, romlis mizani yovelTvis maqsimaluri sicxade da swrafi aRqmaa; yoveli axali ganyofilebisa da Temis dasawyisSi wamZRvarebuli ganmarteba (amonaridi cnobil pirovnebaTa gamonaTqvamidan), romelic migvaniSnebs teqstis ZiriTad Sinaarsze; TiToeuli Temis warmodgena calkeuli saleqcio teqstebis saxiT, rac iZleva masalis advilad aTvisebis SesaZleblobas; mravalricxovani magaliTebis, grafikebis, sqemebisa da sainformacio cxrilebis gamoyeneba Tanamedrove cxovrebidan argumentaciaTa ilustrirebisaTvis, rac iZleva gansjis sagnis gamococxlebisa da realur situaciaTa konteqstSi ganxilvis saSualebas; testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis, romlebic dagvexmareba aTvisebuli masalis ganmtkicebasa da SeZenili codnis donis Semowmeba-SefasebaSi. bunebrivia, wignSi warmodgenili masala kursis TemaTa Sinaarss mTlianad ver amowuravs. kursis sruli moculobiT daufleba da calkeuli Temebis ufro siRrmiseulad Seswavla saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebuli literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli.

ganyofileba I ekonomikis zogadi safuZvlebi

Tema
ekonomika da s a z og a d oe b i s misi roli cx ov r e b a Si

`ekonomika aris is, rasac ekonomistebi akeTeben.~ i.vineri SesaZloa, Tqven dRemde ar SegiswavliaT ekonomika. Tumca, TiTqmis yoveldRiurad gaqvT masTan Sexeba: gadaSliT ra gazeTs, _ kiTxulobT `ekonomikis sakiTxebSi sakuTari korespondentis~ statias; CarTavT ra televizors, _ `axal ambebSi~ ismenT `reportaJs ekonomikis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~; SedixarT ra internetSi, _ `mogzaurobT~ ekonomikis samyaroSi; saubrobT ra megobrebTan, _ xSirad ganixilavT fasebis problemas da arkvevT sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi fuli sasurveli nivTis SesaZenad. saqme imaSia, rom ekonomika zegavlenas axdens Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. Cven yvelgan da yovelTvis vxvdebiT adgilobrivi, saxelmwifoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis ekonomikur problemebs. es Seexeba fasebisa da saprocento ganakve11

10

Tebis cvlilebas, savaluto kursis meryeobas, umuSevrobas, ekonomikur dacemasa da sagadasaxdelo balansis gauaresebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs. Cven aseve mudmivad vawydebiT pirad ekonomikur problemebs da vdgebiT ekonomikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis aucileblobis winaSe: ra SeviZinoT maRaziaSi _ personaluri kompiuteri Tu musikaluri centri; gavadidoT yoveldRiuri danaxarjebi, Tu davzogoT meti fuli saSvebulebod; viswavloT institutSi, Tu movZebnoT samuSao. swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis gasaRebs ekonomika iZleva. maS, konkretulad, raSi mdgomareobs ekonomikis arsi da daniSnuleba? rogoria misi struqtura? qvemoT SevecdebiT pasuxi gavceT mocemul kiTxvebze da CamovayaliboT garkveuli warmodgena im disci plinis sagnis Sesaxeb, romlis SeswavliTac Tqven dakavdebiT winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT.

leqcia 1. ekonomikis fundamenturi safuZvlebi da deficitis problema

`ekonomika _ es metad mniSvnelovani disciplinaa. amasTan erTad, es Zalian saintereso sagania.~ p.samuelsoni
ekonomikis arsi da daniSnuleba. termini `ekonomika~ pirvelad gamoiyena cnobilma berZenma filosofosma qsenofontem (Cv. w/aR-mde VI-V s.s.), romelSic igi gulisxmobda saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis xelovnebas. am termins ufro vrceli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva misca aristotelem (Cv. w/aRmde IV s.). man ekonomikas miakuTvna sasargeblo nivTebis warmoeba saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis. Semdgom, ekonomikuri sivrcis Tvisebrivad Secvlisa da gafarToebis Sesabamisad, Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyo ojaxis (individualuri meurneobis) ekonomika, dargis (magaliTad, mrewvelobis) ekonomika, erovnuli (magaliTad, saqarTvelos) ekonomika da msoflio ekonomika. amJamad Cven ekonomikas, uwinares yovlisa, vuwodebT ojaxis, sawarmos, qveynisa da mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobas. imavdroulad, termini `ekonomika~ aRniSnavs amgvari saqmianobis Semswavlel mecnierebas. davesesxebiT `ekonomikis~ cnobili saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs k.r.makkonelsa da s.l.brius da winaswar SevniSnavT, rom ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis sagania `brZola materialuri keTildReobis gaumjobesebisaTvis, Cveni mcdeloba `gamovimuSaoT sarCo sakuTari gadarCenisaTvis~.* ufro zustad, ekonomika _ es aris sazogadoebis qcevis gamokvleva

* k.r.makkoneli, s.l.briu. ekonomiksi, t.I. _ Tb., 2001, gv.24.

12

13

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis procesSi, SezRuduli resursebis samyaroSi.* bevrs miaCnia, rom ekonomika dakavebulia fulis sakiTxebis SeswavliT. garkveuli gagebiT, es namdvilad asea. ekonomikaSi, marTlac, mravali sakiTxia dakavSirebuli fulTan. magram, miuxedavad fulTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis simravlisa, romelTanac Cven TiTqmis yoveldRiurad gviwevs Sexeba, ekonomika mainc araa mecniereba mxolod fulis Sesaxeb. igi dakavebulia Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebis SeswavliT: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba: ramdens awarmoebs mocemuli qveynis ekonomika, rogoria masSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tanafardoba, ramdens awarmoebs TiToeuli sawarmo, rogor teqnologiebs iyenebs igi, ramdeni adamiania dasaqmebuli masSi; saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmareba: ramdens xarjavs da ramdens zogavs mocemuli qveynis mosaxleoba mTlianad, moxmarebis rogori modeli funqcionirebs ekonomikaSi, ris SeZenas aniWeben upiratesobas adamianebi, rogor gavlenas axdens fasebi da sxva faqtorebi moxmarebaze. magram zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi ar moicavs ekonomikis funqcionirebis yvela aspeqts. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba Semdegi ori fundamenturi faqtis gaTvaliswinebas: 1. sazogadoebis materialuri moTxovnilebebi usazRvro da zrdadia; 2. ekonomikuri resursebi, anu saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis saSualebebi SezRudulia (iSviaTia).

es ori fundamenturi faqti qmnis ekonomikis rogorc mecnierebis safuZvels da, arsebiTad, gansazRvravs centralur ekonomikur problemas. centralur ekonomikur problemas warmoadgens deficitis problema. igi arsebobs ara mxolod eTiopiasa da sudanSi, aramed, agreTve saqarTveloSi, safrangeTSi, aSS-Si, iaponiasa da yvela sxva danarCen qveyanaSi. ekonomistisaTvis deficits specifikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia. modiT, gavecnoT mas. deficitis problemasTan gacnobis mizniT, saWiroa Tavdapirvelad pasuxi gaeces erTi SexedviT TiTqosda martiv, magram sinamdvileSi friad mravlismetyvel kiTxvas: romelia is dovlaTi, romelic nebismier sazogadoebaSi aucilebelia adamianTa arsebobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis? _ esaa kvebis produqtebi, tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, Tavsamkauli, sacxovrebeli bina, aveji, WurWeli, sxvadasxva saxis momsaxureba da a.S. yovelive es adamians iseve sWirdeba, rogorc haeri da wyali. magram, haerisa da wylisagan gansxvavebiT, isini bunebaSi mza saxiT ar moi poveba. amitom aucilebelia maTi warmoeba, rac Sesabamis resursebs moiTxovs. axla SevecdebiT dawvrilebiT avxsnaT zemoT aRniSnuli ori fundamenturi faqti dasaxelebuli TanmimdevrobiT.
usazRvro da zrdadi materialuri moTxovnilebani. uwinares yovlisa, pirveli fundamenturi faqtis Sesaxeb:

* Tavidanve SevniSnoT: ZiriTadi gansxvaveba saqonelsa da momsaxurebas Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom momsaxurebis gawevis dros adgili aqvs moTxovnilebis uSualod dakmayofilebas, maSin, rodesac saqonlis SeZenisas masze moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad moxmarebis damatebiTi aqtia saWiro. saqonels TavisTavad, moxmarebis gareSe, ar SeuZlia moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba.

materialuri moTxovnilebebi usazRvro da zrdadia. `materialuri moTxovnilebebis~ cnebaSi igulisxmeba momxmarebelTa survilebi SeiZinon da gamoiyenon saqoneli da momsaxureba, romlebic maT sargeblobas aniWebs. sawarmoebsa da samTavrobo uwyebebsac aseve gaaCniaT materialuri moTxovnilebebi. sawarmoebs surT Tavis gankargulebaSi hqondeT Senobebi, nagebobebi, satvirTo avtomanqanebi da yvelaferi is, rac maT warmoebrivi miznebis realizebis saSualebas aZlevs. mTavrobas, sakuTari miznebis gamodevnebiT, surs aagos avtostradebi, aaSenos skolebi da saavad15

14

myofoebi, daagrovos samxedro teqnika da SeiaraReba. mTlianobaSi, sazogadoebis materialuri moTxovnilebebi usazRvroa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi sruli dakmayofileba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, droTa ganmavlobaSi moTxovnilebebi izrdeba, rasac aqvs myari da mudmivad ganmeorebadi xasiaTi. albaT, xSirad gsmeniaT Semdegi Sinaarsis SeniSvna: `rac meti gagaCnia, miT ufro meti ginda~. aq isic unda iTqvas, rom adamianis moTxovnileba konkretul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze usazRvro rodia. konkretuli moTxovnilebis sruli dakmayofileba SeiZleba. magaliTad, apenciditis erTi operacia amowuravs masze adamianis moTxovnilebas. isic SesaZlebelia, rom drois konkretul monakveTSi adamians gaaCndes zogierTi dasaxelebis saqonlis (magaliTad, kbilis pastis an ludis) iseTi raodenoba, rom mTlianad daikmayofilos moTxovnileba maTze. magram drois mxolod garkveul monakveTSi, e.i. manam, sanam moTxovnilebani ar Seicvleba. saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovel mocemul momentSi sazogadoeba, misi calkeuli individebi da institutebi mraval daukmayofilebel moTxovnilebas ganicdian. droTa ganmavlobaSi moTxovnilebebi icvleba da mravldeba axal nakeTobaTa gamoCenis, reklamis gaaqtiurebisa da gasaRebis energiuli stimulirebis zegavleniT. mTeli sameurneo saqmianobis saboloo mizani da amocana sazogadoebis mravalferovan materialur moTxovnilebaTa maqsimalur dakmayofilebaSi mdgomareobs. am miznis miRweva ki did winaaRmdegobas awydeba, vinaidan SezRuduli, anu iSviaTia is ekonomikuri resursebi, romlebic aucilebelia sazogadoebisaTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad.
SezRuduli anu iSviaTi ekonomikuri resursebi.

axla ganvixiloT meore fundamenturi faqti: ekonomikuri resursebi SezRuduli anu iSviaTia. `ekonomikuri resursebis~ cnebaSi
16

igulisxmeba bunebrivi (miwa), SromiTi anu adamianiseuli (Sroma) da adamianis mier Seqmnili yvela resursi (kapitali anu `sainvesticio resursebi~), romlebsac iyeneben sazogadoebisaTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis. ufro detalurad, ekonomikuri resursebis kategoriebi Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: bunebrivi resursebi: niadagi, mdinareebi, tbebi, zRvebi, okeaneebi, mineraluri resursebi (ZiriTadad miwis sasargeblo wiaRiseuli), satyeo resursebi da cxovelTa samyaro. am resursebs, Tavis mxriv, yofen amouwurav (magaliTad, mzis energia, qaris energia da sxv.) da amowurvad (magaliTad, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, tyis simdidre da sxv.) resursebad. amowurvadi resursebidan garkveuli nawili ganaxlebadia (magaliTad, tyis resursebi), ufro didi nawili ki _ saerTod ganuaxlebadi (magaliTad, navTobis, qvanaxSiris, bunebrivi airis da a.S. maragi); SromiTi anu adamianiseuli resursebi _ Sromisunariani (16 wlis an meti asakis) mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia an eZebs samuSaos; adamianis mier Seqmnili materialuri resursebi: manqanaiaraRebi, instrumentebi, mowyobiloba, kompiuteruli teqnika, eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebi da warmoebrivi daniSnulebis sxva kapitaluri saqoneli. xSirad `ekonomikur resursebs~ iyeneben `warmoebis faqtorebis~ sinonimad, rac ZiriTadad sworia, magram mTlad zusti ar aris. mainc ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris? _ bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebi warmoebis mxolod potenciuri komponentebia, e.i. maTi gamoyeneba an SeiZleba moxdes, an _ ara. `warmoebis faqtorebi~ ki ekonomikuri kategoriaa da gamoxatavs warmoebis procesSi ukve realurad CarTul resursebs. amdenad, `ekonomikuri resursebi~ ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre `warmoebis faqtorebi~. warmoeba misi faqtorebis organuli urTierTqmedebis
17

erTianobaa. warmoebis faqtorebi SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg oTx jgufad: warmoebis procesSi CarTuli bunebrivi resursebi; kapitali, anu adamianis SromiT Seqmnili materialuri resursebi; SromiTi resursebis is nawili, romelic dasaqmebulia warmoebis procesSi; samewarmeo unari (gergilianoba). ekonomikur literaturaSi savsebiT samarTlianad gvxvdeba mosazreba sabazro ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos (mTavrobis) ekonomikuri rolis warmoebis mexuTe (damoukidebel) faqtorad aRiarebis Taobaze.* am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, mTavroba, asrulebs ra zogierT aucilebel funqcias, did zegavlenas axdens sawarmoo procesze. igi wyvets biznesis funqcionirebisaTvis iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa Tavisufali konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa, sawarmoo standartebis pirobebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcieleba da a.S. garda amisa, sazogadoebis saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo aregulirebs da akontrolebs biznesis funqcionirebas qveynis masStabiT, zemoqmedebas axdens fasebsa da mTlianad bazarze, gansazRvravs samuSao drois maqsimumsa da xelfasis minimums, adgens damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebul muSakebs Soris urTierTobis samarTlebriv sakiTxebs da wyvets biznesis moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebul mraval mniSvnelovan problemas. zogierTma es mosazreba SeiZleba sadaod miiCnios, magram, Cveni azriT, erTi ram cxadia: misi sasargeblo argumentebi ufro meti da damajerebelia, vidre sawinaaRmdego. warmoebis procesSi TiToeuli saxeobis resursis roli da

* v.papava, postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. _ Tb., 2002, gv.188.

mniSvneloba icvleboda industriulamdelidan industriulze da am ukanasknelidan postindustriul teqnologiaze gadasvlis kvalobaze. industriulamdel sazogadoebaSi prioritetul rols asrulebda bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebi, industriulSi _ adamianis SromiT Seqmnili materialuri resursebi, xolo postindustriulSi prioritetuli resursebis rolSi gvevlineba inteleqtualuri da informaciuli resursebi. yvela ekonomikur resurss erTi saerTo Zireuli Tviseba gaaCnia: isini iSviaTia da SezRuduli raodenobiT arsebobs. Cveni `kosmosuri xomaldi _ dedamiwa~ resursebs Seicavs mxolod gansazRvruli raodenobiT. maSasadame, ekonomikur resursTagan bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi ganusazRvreli raodenobiT arc erTi ar gvxvdeba. piriqiT, yoveli maTgani raodenobrivad met-naklebad SezRudulia. SezRuduloba ekonomikuri resursebis naklebobaa (simcirea), maTze moTxovnilebasTan SedarebiT bunebrivi resursebis SezRuduloba umTavresad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom dedamiwis zedapiris mxolod mcire nawilia vargisi adamianTa sacxovreblad: dedamiwis 72% zRvebsa da okeaneebs ukavia, xolo sul raRac 28% _ xmeleTs. TviT xmeleTis mniSvnelovani nawilic gamousadegaria adamianTa saarsebo saSualebebis Sesaqmnelad, radganac dafarulia yinuliT an ukavia udabnoebs, tropikul junglebsa da maRalmTian ferdobebs. saqarTveloSi intensiur sasoflo-sameurneo damuSavebas eqvemdebareba teritoriis saerTo farTobis mxolod 17%. bunebrivi resursebis SezRuduloba naTlad Cans sasargeblo wiaRiseulis (navTobis, qvanaxSiris, bunebrivi airis da sxv.) maragis magaliTze. isini, intensiuri eqsploataciis kvalobaze, TandaTanobiT mcirdeba da sul ufro deficituri xdeba. axali sabadoebis aRmoCena da aTviseba SezRudulobis problemas ver xsnis. SromiTi anu adamianiseuli resursebis SezRuduloba Cvens planetaze mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis arasakmarisobiT ki araa ganpirobebuli, aramed imiT, rom mTlianobaSi es maCvenebeli
19

18

kontinentebis, msxvili regionebisa da calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT, metismetad uTanabrodaa ganawilebuli. amasTan, SromiTi resursebi upiratesad SezRudulia profesionalTa ricxovnobiTa da uTanabro ganawilebiT. adamianis SromiT Seqmnili materialuri resursebis SezRuduloba TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT, erovnuli simdidris masStaburobiTa da xarisxobrivi SemadgenlobiT ganisazRvreba. marTalia, igi axali sawarmoo obieqtebis aSenebiT, damatebiTi simZlavreebis amoqmedebiT da sxva RonisZiebaTa gatarebiT ivseba, magram xSirad am process, sxva garemoebebTan erTad, fuladi resursebis nakleboba zRudavs. amisi gardauvali Sedegia Tanamedrove msoflio standartebis Sesabamisi teqnikisa da teqnologiis ukmarisoba da sazogadoebisaTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SedarebiT mokrZalebuli moculobiT warmoeba. amrigad, iSviaToba yvela ekonomikuri resursis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. sul sxva sakiTxia iSviaTobis (SezRudulobis) xarisxi, simwvave: zogierTi ekonomikuri resursi naklebadaa SezRuduli, zogierTi _ metad. Tu istoriulad mivudgebiT sakiTxs, vnaxavT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi zogierTi resursis SezRuduloba SeiZleba kidec gaZlierdes, zogierTisa ki _ Serbildes. magaliTad, wiaRiseulis maragebi TandaTanobiT mcirdeba, ris gamoc am resursis SezRuduloba Zlierdeba. adamianis mier xelovnuri masalebis Seqmna arbilebs bunebrivi masalebis SezRudulobis simwvaves. warmoebis avtomatizacia SefardebiT amcirebs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas da amiT amcirebs misi iSviaTobis simwvaves.
deficitis problema da misi axsna ekonomistis poziciidan. ekonomikuri resursebis SezRudulobis (iSvi-

aTobis) gamo, TiToeuli saxeobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba mxolod gansazRvruli raodenobiT SeiZleba, maSin, rodesac sazogadoebis moTxovnilebani mravalferovani da usazRvroa. amitom igi yovelTvis rodi flobs (an sakmarisad rodi flobs) imas,
20

rac surs. am winaaRmdegobas mniSvnelovanwilad amwvavebs is garemoebac, rom warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa zrdis tempebs (romelsac, Tavis mxriv, aferxebs resursebis iSviaToba), TiTqmis yovelTvis win uswrebs saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa zrdis tempebi. deficitis mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sazogadoebis moTxovnilebani usazRvroa, maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro resursebis raodenoba ki _ SezRuduli. aqedan gamomdinare, deficiti ganisazRvreba rogorc moTxovnis (sazogadoebis gadaxdisunariani moTxovnilebebis) gadameteba miwodebaze (imaze, rac SeiZleba warmoebul iqnas arsebul moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis). rasakvirvelia, yvela awydeba deficitis problemas, magram sxvadasxva simwvaviT. Raribi adamiani, romelsac ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs saukeTeso sacxovrebel adgilze gadasvlis neba misces, Znelad Tu Seafasebs problemad imas, rom mdidars ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs meore `mersedesis~ markis avtomobilis SeZenis ufleba misces. ekonomistebi arc amtkiceben imas, rom ToTqos Cven yvela deficitis erTnair problemas vawydebodeT. sinamdvileSi, ekonomistebi Seiswavlian erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor nawildeba resursebi da warmoebuli saqoneli (momsaxureba) saojaxo meurneobebs, sawarmoebs, regionebsa da qveynebs Soris. saerTod, isini ikvleven yvelafers, rac dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebasTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekonomikas ainteresebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba da moxmareba. am cnebaTa ukeT axsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba `moTxovnisa~ da `miwodebis~ cnebebi, romlebsac fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikis funqcionirebisaTvis. aq gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu rogor aris aRniSnuli cnebebi dakavSirebuli deficitis problemasTan. moTxovna dakavSirebulia moTxovnilebebTan. im SemTxvevaSi,
21

Tu saqoneli da momsaxureba iqneboda ufaso, adamianebi ubralod, uproblemod miiRebdnen yvelafers, rasac moisurvebdnen. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, moTxovnilebebi praqtikulad usazRvroa: isini, SesaZloa, SezRuduli iyos mxolod wminda adamianuri mosazrebiT. miwodeba ki, piriqiT, SezRudulia, rac dakavSirebulia resursebis iSviaTobasTan. deficitis problemis arsebobis gamo, potenciuri moTxovna aWarbebs potenciur miwodebas. amitom sazogadoebam saWiroa gamonaxos am problemasTan gamklavebis, moTxovnisa da miwodebis gawonasworebis gzebi. es amocana, uwinares yovlisa, ganekuTvneba erovnuli ekonomikis dones mTlianad: erToblivi moTxovna dabalansebuli unda iqnas erTobliv miwodebasTan. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomikaSi mTlianad gaweuli xarjebis jami unda dabalansdes warmoebis saerTo moculobasTan. es aseve miekuTvneba konkretul saqonelsa da momsaxurebasac: moTxovna da miwodeba funTuSaze iseve unda iyos dabalansebuli, rogorc avtomobilebsa da kompiuterul teqnikaze. magram Tu potenciuri moTxovna aWarbebs potenciur miwodebas, maSin rogor SeiZleba realuri moTxovnisa da realuri miwodebis dabalanseba? _ amisaTvis saWiroa an Semcirdes moTxovna, an gadiddes miwodeba, an erTdroulad gakeTdes erTic da meorec. ekonomistebi detalurad Seiswavlian am process. kerZod, isini ikvleven, Tu moTxovna rogor egueba miwodebis SesaZleblobebs da miwodeba rogor regulirdeba samomxmareblo moTxovniT.

leqcia 2. ekonomika rogorc mecniereba resursebis racionaluri arCevanis Sesaxeb

`ekonomikuri mecnierebis amocanaa erovnuli resursebis saukeTeso gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba.~ l.stoleriu
SezRuduloba da arCevani. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

realurad arsebobs materialur moTxovnilebaTa usazRvroba da maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri resursebis SezRuduloba, praqtikulad yvela individs, saojaxo meurneobas, sawarmos da mTlianad qveyanas uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba. maSasadame, usazRvro moTxovnilebebisa da maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro resursebis SezRudulobis urTierTdamokidebulebasa da Tanafardobas arCevanis gakeTebis aucileblobasTan mivyavarT. arsebobs arCevanTan dakavSirebuli sami ZiriTadi problema, romelTa gadawyveta uxdeba nebismier sazogadoebas: ra saqoneli da momsaxureba unda vawarmooT da ra raodenobiT? rogor unda vawarmooT es saqoneli da momsaxureba? vin miiRebs da moixmars am saqonelsa da momsaxurebas? zemoT aRniSnul problemebTan mimarTebiT, nebismieri qveyana akeTebs iseT arCevans, romelic yalibdeba misi individebis, saojaxo meurneobebis, sawarmoebisa da samTavrobo organoebis specifikuri arCevanisagan. vinaidan Cven ar SegviZlia SeviZinoT (vawarmooT) yvelaferi is, rac gvesaWiroeba, resursebis moculobidan gamomdinare, gvixdeba arCevanis gakeTeba. rodesac varCevT SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeviZenT (vawarmoebT) im saqonels (momsaxurebas), romelic gvaniWebs yvelaze met kmayofilebas.
23

22

gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa xarjebi anu alternatiuli xarjebi. arCevani varaudobs msxverpls, ram-

denadac arCevanis gakeTebisas iZulebuli varT uari vTqvaT raRacaze, raRacas SevelioT, e.i. gaviRoT msxverpli, raTa SeviZinoT (vawarmooT) Cvens mier SerCeuli saqoneli (momsaxureba). rac ufro mets davxarjavT sakvebis SeZenaze, miT ufro naklebi fuli dagvrCeba sxva danarCenis SesaZenad. analogiurad, rac ufro meti raodenobis kvebis produqtebs awarmoebs sawarmo (qveyana), miT naklebi resursebi darCeba mas danarCeni produqciis sawarmoeblad. maSasadame, erTi saxeobis saqonlis (momsaxurebis) warmoeba da moxmareba gulisxmobs imas, rom am dros Cven msxverplad gaviRebT sxvebs. msxverplad gaRebuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) warmoebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi iwodeba gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa xarjebad, anu alternatiul xarjebad.* maTi warmoqmna, rogorc f.Stoqeri SeniSnavs, `SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac gza xsnilia SezRuduli saxsrebis alternatiuli gamoyenebisaTvis~. ufro gasagebad Tu vityviT, alternatiuli xarjebi (Rirebuleba) aris im saqonlis (momsaxurebis) sargeblianoba, romelzec uars vambobT meoresaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis gamo.

davuSvaT mZRols benzinis SesaZenad an restoranSi sadilisaTvis aqvs sakmarisi Tanxa. vTqvaT, man arCevani gaakeTa benzinis SeZenaze. maSin benzinis SeZenis alternatiuli xarji iqneba sadili restoranSi, romelzedac igi iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva. wignis SeZenis alternatiuli xarji iqneba axali jinsebi, romlis SeZenac students aseve surda, magram uromlisodac mas mouwevs universitetSi wasvla. ukanaskneli magaliTi sqematurad SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovadginoT (ix. nax. 1.1). axla davuSvaT, rom sawarmos tvirTi aqvs gadasatani Tbilisidan foTamde. amis ganxorcieleba mas SeuZlia rogorc sarkinigzo, ise saavtomobilo transportiT. man gaanaliza yvela mosalodneli xarji, aseve masTan dakavSirebuli sxva momentebi da gaakeTa arCevani daniSnulebis adgilamde tvirTis sarkinigzo transportiT gadazidvis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi alternatiuli xarji iqneba tvirTvis saavtomobilo transportiT gadazidvis gaSvebuli SesaZlebloba. iseve, rogorc calkeul individsa da sawarmos, mTlianad sazogadoebasac (saxelmwifosac) uxdeba arCevanis gakeTeba. Tu saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri resursebi mTlianad gamoiyeneba sacxovrebeli saxlebis asaSeneblad, maSin alternatiuli xarjebi iqneba is saavadmyofoebi, skolebi, biblioTekebi an* ofisebi, romelTa aSeneba SesaZlebeli iyo imave resursebis gamoyenebiT.
racionaluri arCevani. ekonomistebi xSirad mimarTaven racionalur arCevans. am ukanasknelSi gulisxmoben nebismieri

* unda SevniSnoT, rom ekonomikur literaturaSi gvxvdeba terminis `alternatiuli xarjebi~ ramdenime sinonimi: `Canacvlebuli xarjebi~, `alternatiuli Rirebuleba~ da sxv. amasTan, saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT imasac, rom xarjebis kategoriis tradiciuli gagebisagan ramdenadme gansxvavdeba `alternatiuli xarjebis~ Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva. aq `xarjebi~ arapirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da migvaniSnebs im alternatiul SesaZleblobebze, romelTac Cven arCevanis gakeTebisas SeveleviT xolme da, rogorc f.naiti SeniSnavs, `...ubralod asaxavs konkretul upiratesobas~.

* unda SevniSnoT: aq `an~ Segvaxsenebs imas, rom alternatiuli xarjebi aris is, romelic ufro faseulia, saukeTesoa arCevaniT dafiqsirebuli danarCeni alternativebidan (gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebidan).

24

25

SezRuduli Semosavali gaiZulebT airCioT

wigni

an

axali jinsebi

Tqven airCieT wigni

alternatiuli xarjebi _ esaa axali jinsebi, romelzec uari ganacxadeT

alternatiuli xarjebi = msxverplad gaRebuli rigiT momdevno yvelaze sasurveli nivTis SeZena

nax. 1.1. arCevani (wigni) da alternatiuli xarjebi (axali jinsebi)

26

saqmianobidan miRebuli yvela sargeblianobisa da xarjebis Sefasebas. es exeba rogorc individebis, saojaxo meurneobebisa da sawarmoebis, ise mTlianad saxelmwifos saqmianobas. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven akeTebT SenaZens supermarketSi da gsurT erTi boTli Rvinis SeZena. ras mianiWebdiT upiratesobas: daxarjavdiT bevr fuls saukeTeso xarisxis franguli Rvinis SeZenaze Tu SearCevdiT raimes ufro dabalfasians? racionaluri, gonivruli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad Tqven unda awon-dawonoT orive alternativis yvela uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebi. mSvenieri xarisxis franguli Rvino Tqven mogitanT did kmayofilebas, magram mas gaaCnia gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa maRali xarjebi: igi Zalian Zviria da Tqven mogiwevT bevri sxva ramis msxverplad gaReba, Tuki gadawyvetT mis SeZenas. xolo im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu Tqven SeiZenT dabalfasian Rvinos, maSin, marTalia, ver miiRebT misgan iseTsave kmayofilebas, rogorsac miiRebdiT ZviradRirebulisagan, magram dagrCebaT meti fuli sxvaTa SesaZenad: am Rvinos gaaCnia gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa ufro dabali xarjebi. amrigad, racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba momxmareblisaTvis niSnavs iseTi saqonlis (momsaxurebis) SerCevas, romelsac meti sargeblianoba moaqvs daxarjuli fulisaTvis, e.i. yvelaze metad sargebliania, ramdenadac masSi fasebisa da xarisxis Tanafardoba optimaluria. faqtobrivad igive princi pi gamoiyeneba sawarmoebisa da saxelmwifos mimarT warmoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. magaliTad, saWiroa Tu ara avtomobilebis mwarmoebelma sawarmom gaxsnas kidev erTi sawarmoo xazi? am SemTxvevaSi racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba aseve moicavs yvela xarjebisa da sargeblianobis Sefasebas. sargeblianoba iqneba Semosavali, romelsac sawarmo miiRebs damatebiTi avtomobilebis gayidviT. xarjebi ki moicavs damatebiT danaxarjebs samuSao Zalaze, nedleulze, maragnawilebze da a.S. `kidev erTi sawarmoo xazis~
27

gaxsna xelsayreli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misgan miRebuli Semosavlebi (sargeblianoba) gadaaWarbebs masTan dakavSirebul xarjebs. ufro rTul situaciaSi, rodesac aucilebelia gadawydes Tu romeli modelis avtomobilebi da TiToeuli modelis ramdeni avtomobili awarmoos, sawarmom unda Seafasos yoveli alternativis xarjebi da sargeblianoba, raTa miiRos gadawyvetileba maTi yvelaze xelsayreli Tanafardobis Sesaxeb.
zRvruli sargeblianoba da zRvruli xarjebi.

ekonomistebi amtkiceben, rom racionaluri arCevani moicavs zRvruli sargeblianobisa da zRvruli xarjebis Sefasebas. `zRvruli~ aq, ubralod, gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebul damatebiT sargeblianobas an xarjebs niSnavs. aviRoT martivi magaliTi: ra droze ayenebT maRviZaras momavali dilisaTvis? davuSvaT, Tqven saxlidan unda gaxvideT 8.30 sT-ze. SegiZliaT maRviZara daayenoT 7.00 sT-ze. es SesaZleblobas mogcemT auCqareblad adgeT da mowesrigdeT, magram es imasac niSnavs, rom Tqven naklebs iZinebT. SesaZlebelia Tqven gadawyvitoT maRviZaras dayeneba 7.30 sT-ze an sulac 8.00 sT-ze. am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebT ufro didxans Zils, magram mogiwevT aCqareba. maS, realurad rogor unda miiRoT gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra droze daayenoT maRviZara? racionaluri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad Tqven unda SeafasoT damatebiTi Zilis xarjebi da sargeblianoba. sawolSi gatarebuli yoveli damatebiTi wuTi niSnavs Zilis damatebiT wuTs (zRvruli sargeblianoba), romelic Sesabamisad amcirebs dros mowesrigebisaTvis, amitom mogiwevT aCqareba (zRvruli xarjebi). amrigad, racionaluri gadawyvetileba efuZneba damatebiTi Zilis xarjebsa da sargeblianobas da ara mTeli Ramis Zilis saerTo xarjebsa da sargeblianobas. axla aviRoT sxva magaliTi. Tqven, albaT, yovel diliT
28

ivarcxniT Tmas. is, Tu ramden dros xarjavT Tmis varcxnasa da mowesrigebaze, damokidebulia im zRvrul (damatebiT) sargeblianobaze, romelsac Tqven RebulobT. sarke gagebinebT, rom Tqveni Tmis mowesrigebas SeiZleba garkveuli dro dasWirdes. ramdenime damatebiTi wuTis daxarjvis sargeblianoba aRemateba Tqveni drois damatebiT xarjebs da Tqvenc Tmis varcxnas iwyebT. rogorc ki Tmis varxniloba TqvenTvis sasurveli ieris miRebas iwyebs, masze damatebiTi drois xarjvis sargeblianoba klebulobs. sanam zRvruli sargeblianoba zRvrul xarjebze metia, Tqven Tmis varcxnas ganagrZobT. magram, garkveul momentSi zRvruli sargeblianoba aRar giRirT zedmeti drois xarjvad. arsebiTad, ukompromiso arCevanis _ `an yvelaferi, an araferi~ _ nacvlad, Tqven kompromisul (racionalur) arCevans akeTebT. sxva arCevanic aseTive xasiaTisaa. Tu, magaliTad, gaqvT avtomobili da gsurT benzinis SeZena, Tqven ar gixdebaT gadawyvetilebis miReba _ avzi mTlianad gaavsoT, Tu benzini saerTod ar SeiZinoT. samagierod, Tqven unda gadawyvitoT _ ramdeni fuli daxarjoT benzinis SesaZenad imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria am fulis sxva mizniT gamoyenebis alternatiuli xarjebi. maSasadame, Tqven aqac zRvruli sargeblianobisa da zRvruli xarjebis sakuTari Sefasebis safuZvelze akeTebT racionalur arCevans. es princi pi gamoiyeneba saojaxo meurneobebis, sawarmoebis da saxelmwifos mier miRebul racionalur gadawyvetilebaTa mimarTac. magaliTad, sawarmo, romelic uSvebs avtomobilebs (romlis Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari), afasebs avtomobilebis warmoebis zRvrul sargeblianobasa da xarjebs. sxva sityvebiT, igi erTmaneTs udarebs avtomobilebis damatebiTi gamoSvebiT miRebul xarjebsa da Semosavals. Tu damatebiT gamoSvebul avtomobilebs moaqvs maTze gaweul xarjebze ufro meti Semosavali (sargeblianoba), maSin maTi warmoeba iqneba xelsayreli, xolo Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba _ racionaluri.
29

sazogadoebis warmoebrivi SesaZlebloba. racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebis aucileblobis ilustrireba SeiZleba movaxdinoT warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis meSveobiT. winaswar unda SevniSnoT, rom ekonomikuri resursebis iSviaTobidan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba dainteresebulia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebiT. efeqtianoba niSnavs minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri Sedegis miRwevas. efeqtiania ekonomika, romelic uzrunvelyofs srul dasaqmebasa da warmoebis srul moculobas.* axla davuSvaT, rom ekonomika funqcionirebs sruli dasaqmebisa da warmoebis sruli moculobis pirobebSi, sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri resursebi mudmivi sididea, ucvlelia teqnologia da bolos, iwarmoeba mxolod ori dasaxelebis saqoneli: personaluri kompiuteri da avtomobili. resursebis SezRudulobis gamo SeuZlebelia ganusazRvreli raodenobis kompiuterisa da avtomobilis warmoeba. Tu warmovidgenT ukiduresobas, rom yvela resursi xmardeba kompiuterebis warmoebas, bunebrivia, gaizrdeba warmoebuli kompiuterebis raodenoba. magram mainc iarsebebs misi warmoebis maqsimaluri zRvari wlis ganmavlobaSi. davuSvaT, rom arsebuli resursebisa da teqnologiis pirobebSi wlis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia maqsimum 40 cali personaluri kompiuteris warmoeba. meore ukiduresobaa, roca sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebi mTlianad gamoiyeneba avtomobilis sawarmoeblad.

am SemTxvevaSi, davuSvaT, rom SeiZleba damzaddes maqsimum 10 cali avtomobili. am or ukiduresobas Soris arsebobs sxva variantebic: Tu SevamcirebT personaluri kompiuterebis warmoebas, SeiZleba vawarmooT meti raodenobis avtomobili da, piriqiT. warmoebis SesaZlo kombinaciebi asaxulia 1.1 cxrilSi. rogorc vxedavT, cxrilSi mocemulia personaluri kompiuterebisa da avtomobilebis warmoebis xuTi alternatiuli kombinacia. alternativa A imas niSnavs, rom ekonomikaSi yvela resursi gamoyenebulia avtomobilebis warmoebisTvis; E alternativis SemTxvevaSi ki iwarmoeba mxolod personaluri kompiuterebi. cxadia, orive alternativa ararealuria, radgan sazogadoebas sWirdeba rogorc avtomobilebi, ise personaluri kompiuterebi. amitom ekonomikuri resursebic Sesabamisad unda iqnas gadanawilebuli, e.i. unda veZeboT A da E-sgan gansxvavebuli variantebi.

cxrili 1.1. personaluri kompiuterebisa da avtomobilebis warmoebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi sruli dasaqmebisa da warmoebis efeqtianobis pirobebSi
alternatiuli variantebi saqonlis dasaxeleba personaluri kompiuteri avtomobili

A
0

B
10

C
20

D
30

E
40

* ekonomistebi srul dasaqmebaSi gulisxmoben yvela gamosadegi da xelmisawvdomi resursis gamoyenebas (am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia iZulebiTi umuSevroba, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebisa da kapitaluri mowyobilobis mocdena), warmoebis srul moculobaSi ki _ yvela resursis iseT gamoyenebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis materialur moTxovnilebaTa maqsimalurad srul dakmayofilebas.

10

0
31

30

A da E SualedSi (B, C, D alternativebis SemTxvevaSi) personaluri kompiuterebi iwarmoeba sul ufro meti raodenobiT, avtomobilebi ki _ piriqiT. mocemuli cxrilisa da masze dafuZnebuli msjelobis azri Semdegia: sruli dasaqmebis ekonomika drois yovel momentSi unda Seelios erTi dasaxelebis saqonlis garkveul nawils, raTa awarmoos sxva dasaxelebis saqonlis meti raodenoba. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa cxrilis arsis ukeT gagebisaTvis grafikul gamoxatulebaSi ganvixiloT masSi asaxuli monacemebi. gamoviyenoT martivi, organzomilebiani grafiki avtomobilebis warmoebis monacemebis vertikalur (ordinatTa) RerZze, xolo personaluri kompiuterebis warmoebis monacemebis horizontalur (abscisaTa) RerZze ganTavsebiT. grafikze marjvniv gadavTvaloT 40 erTeuli personaluri kompiuteri, zeviT _ Sesabamisad 0 erTeuli avtomobili. am SemTxvevaSi miviRebT E wertils. marjvniv 30 erTeuli personaluri kompiuterisa da zeviT 4 erTeuli avtomobilis aRniSvniT miviRebT D wertils da a.S. am gziT miRebuli yvela wertilis gaerTianebiT miiReba warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudi (ix. nax. 1.2). yoveli wertili warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudze gviCvenebs mocemuli ori saqonlis warmoebis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciis raRac maqsimalur moculobas, romelic miiRweva sruli dasaqmebisa da warmoebis sruli moculobis pirobebSi. magaliTad, B wertilSi warmoebuli iqneba 9 cali avtomobili da 10 cali personaluri kompiuteri. Tuki avtomobilebis warmoeba Semcirdeba 4 calamde, maSin personaluri kompiuterebis warmoeba gaizrdeba 30 calamde. maSasadame, mrudis gaswvriv moZraobisas meti avtomobilebi niSnavs nakleb personalur kompiuterebs da, piriqiT. cxrili da grafiki iZleva zrdadi alternatiuli xarjis ilustracias. personaluri kompiuteris yvelaze pirveli erTeuli moiTxovs avtomobilis erT erTeulze uaris Tqmas. personaluri
32

nax. 1.2. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudi

kompiuteris damatebiTi erTeulis miReba ki moiTxovs ori erTeuli avtomobilis uaryofas da a.S. es imas niSnavs, rom personaluri kompiuteris yoveli damatebiTi erTeulis warmoeba moiTxovs ufro meti raodenobis avtomobilis damzadebaze uaris Tqmas. wertilebi warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis SigniT (marcxniv da qveviT) miRwevadia, magram imaze migviTiTeben, rom am SemTxvevaSi sruli dasaqmeba da warmoebis sruli moculoba ar xorcieldeba. davuSvaT, qveyanaSi iwarmoeba 4 erTeuli avtomobili da 15 erTeuli personaluri kompiuteri (V wertili). es imas niSnavs, rom arsebuli resursebi srulad ar gamoiyeneba, ramdenadac mas 4 avtomobilTan erTad DSeeZlo gamoeSva 30 erTeuli personaluri kompiuteri. maSasadame, resursebis ganawileba araefeqtiania im SemTxvevaSi, roca aris SesaZlebloba arsebuli resursebiT meti
33

saqonlis warmoebisa sxva saqonelTa gamoSvebis Seumcireblad. resursebis SezRuduloba da teqnologiis ucvleloba ganuxorcielebels xdis avtomobilebisa da personaluri kompiuterebis warmoebis yovelgvar kombinacias warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis gareT (vTqvaT, W wertilze). naTqvamidan ar unda dagvrCes iseTi STabeWdileba, rom TiTqos realur sinamdvileSi sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia sxvadasxva dasaxelebis saqonelTa warmoebis erTdrouli gadideba, e.i. ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa. sazogadoebis warmoebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic zemoTaa mocemuli, dafuZnebulia or ZiriTad daSvebaze: 1. ekonomika funqcionirebs sruli dasaqmebisa da warmoebis sruli moculobis pirobebSi; 2. resursebis raodenoba da xarisxi, agreTve teqnologia ucvlelia. `sruli dasaqmeba~ da `warmoebis sruli moculoba~ _ es mxolod idealebia, romliskenac miiswrafvis sazogadoeba. sinamdvileSi ekonomikaSi yovelTvis arsebobs gamouyenebeli resursebi da, maSasadame, warmoebis gadidebis SesaZlebloba. warmoebis marTvis mTeli xelovneba swored imaSia, rom es SesaZleblobani rac SeiZleba srulad iqnas gamoyenebuli. aseve cvalebadia resursebis raodenoba da teqnologia. droTa viTarebaSi mosaxleobis ricxvi izrdeba, rasac Tan axlavs SromiTi resursebis raodenobrivi mateba da xarisxis (ganaTleba, kvalifikacia) amaRleba, samewarmeo unaris ganviTareba. marTalia, samewarmeo saqmianobis Sedegad gamoifita zogierTi energetikuli da mineraluri resursi, magram, samagierod, xdeba maTi axali wyaroebisa da saxeobebis aRmoCena da gamoyeneba. Waobebis amoSrobisa da sairigacio programebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad izrdeba saxnavi miwebis farTobi. ganuwyvetliv icvleba da srulyofili xdeba teqnika da teqnologia, rac saSualebas iZleva imave resursebidan meti da ukeTesi xarisxis produqcia miviRoT. yovelive es iZleva personaluri kompiuterebisa da avtomo34

bilebis meti raodenobiT warmoebis SesaZleblobas, anu uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur zrdas. mTeli Cveni msjeloba safuZvels gvaZlevs movaxdinoT ori ucilobeli da globaluri faqtis konstatacia: sazogadoebis moTxovnilebani usazRvroa, xolo resursebi, romlebic saWiroa am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis _ iSviaTi, anu SezRuduli; sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia iseTi resursi, romlis gamoyeneba xarjis gawevasTan ar iyos dakavSirebuli. resursebs rom iSviaToba ar axasiaTebdeT, maSin zedmeti gaxdeboda arCevani, alternatiuli gzebis Zieba. radgan sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebi usazRvroa, xolo resursebi _ SezRuduli, gardauvalia resursebis racionaluri, efeqtiani gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba, rasac ekonomikuri mecniereba akeTebs. amdenad, SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi sazogadoebis usazRvro moTxovnilebaTa maqsimalurad sruli dakmayofilebisaTvis racionaluri arCevanis Sesaxeb mecnierebas ekonomika ewodeba . ufro zustad Tu vityviT, ekonomika aris sazogadoebrivi mecniereba, romelic ikvlevs iSviaTi resursebis iseTi gamoyenebis gzebsa da saSualebebs, romlis drosac miiRweva sazogadoebis usazRvro moTxovnilebaTa maqsimalurad sruli dakmayofileba . misi mTavari daniSnulebaa ekonomikuri resursebis ganawilebis yvelaze xelsayreli da efeqtiani gzebis SerCeva, sazogadoebis usazRvro moTxovnilebebsa da SezRudul resursebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis SerbilebisaTvis.

35

leqcia 3. ekonomikuri mecnierebis genezisi, misi klasifikacia da struqtura

`ekonomika aris... mecnierebis is ganyofileba adamianis moqmedebis Sesaxeb, romelic... ikvlevs adamianis Zalisxmevas Tavisi moTxovnilebebis im zomiT dakmayofilebisaTvis, rogoriTac SeiZleba gaizomos es Zalisxmeva da es moTxovnebi simdidris an misi saerTo ekvivalentis, fulis daxmarebiT.~ a.marSali ekonomikuri mecniereba erT-erTi uZvelesia mecnierul disciplinaTa sistemaSi. misi warmoSoba dakavSirebulia warmoebisa da Semdeg warmoebuli produqtis gacvla-ganawilebis aRmocenebasTan. mogvianebiT, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb adamianTa codnis sistemas gamoeyo gansakuTrebuli dargi `politikuri ekonomiis~* saxelwodebiT, romelic dReisaTvis, sruliad samarTlianad, `ekonomikis~ (`ekonomiksis~) mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. ekonomikurma mecnierebam, politikuri ekonomiis saxiT, mecnierebad Camoyalibebis sakmaod grZeli gza ganvlo. ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis mecnieruli gaazreba adamianTa sazogaekonomikuri mecnierebis genezisi.

* igi Sedgeba sami berZnuli sityvisagan: pollitikos (saxelmwifoebrivi) + oikos (saxli, saojaxo meurneoba) + nomos (wesi, kanoni). amrigad, es termini sityva-sityviT niSnavs saxlmwifos farglebSi meurneobriobis kanonebs.

doebis warmoSobis momentidanve daiwyo, magram Tavdapirvelad mas sistemuri xasiaTi ar hqonda. amis dasturia msoflio civilizaciis akvnis _ Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis moazrovneTa moZRvrebebSi amokiTxuli Sexedulebebi imdroindeli ekonomikuri cxovrebis calkeul sakiTxebze. pirveli warmodgenebi ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis, Sesaxeb dakavSirebulia qsenofontes , platonis , aristoteles da sxva cnobili Zveli berZeni moazrovneebis saxelebTan. ekonomika, politikuri ekonomiis saxiT, rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba, warmoiSva ufro mogvianebiT _ sabazro urTierTobaTa Casaxvisa da erovnuli bazris Camoyalibebis periodSi. politikuri ekonomiis damoukidebel mecnierebad Camoyalibeba Tan sdevda SexedulebaTa ganviTarebas iseT sadiskusio problemebze, rogoricaa erovnuli simdidris, materialuri dovlaTis Semqmneli Sromis xasiaTi, sabazro ekonomikis SesaZleblobaTa Sefaseba, ekonomikis regulirebis meqanizmis axsna da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT, uwinares yovlisa, yuradsaRebia pirveli mecnieruli mimarTuleba _ merkantilizmi, romlis mimdevrebic kapitalis pirvandeli dagrovebis epoqis vaWarTa interesebs gamoxatavdnen. merkantilizmis yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: Tomas meni (1571-1641), antuan monkretieni (1575-1621), devid iumi (1711-1776). antuan monkretienma Tavisi saxeli ukvdavyo imiT, rom mecnierul brunvaSi pirvelad moaqcia termini `politikuri ekonomia~ . man 1615 wels gamosca naSromi `politikuri ekonomiis traqtati~, romelSic igi rCevas aZlevda ludoviko XIII-s imis Taobaze, Tu rogori ekonomikuri politika unda gaetarebina saxelmwifos gamdidrebisaTvis. ganasxvaveben adreul da gviandel merkantilizms. adreuli merkantilizmis devizi iyo keTilSobili liTonebis gatanis akrZalva, importis SezRudva, qveyanaSi fulis modinebasTan dakavSirebuli meurneobrivi saqmianobis waxaliseba. igi qadagebda fuladi simdidris gadidebas wminda kanonmdebluri gziT. droTa
37

36

ganmavlobaSi merkantilistebi mixvdnen, rom marto Zvirfasi liTonebis gatanis regulireba araa sakmarisi qveyanaSi simdidris dasagroveblad da Semdeg daskvnamde mividnen: qveynis simdidre damokidebulia ara dagrovili fulis raodenobaze, aramed saqonlis gatana-Semotanaze. swored aman ganapiroba is, rom gviandeli merkantilizmi mxars uWerda aqtiur savaWro balanss, e.i. eqsportis (saqonlis gatanis) gadametebas importze (saqonlis Semotanaze), rac proteqcionistuli politikis principebs uaxlovdeba da amJamadac gamoiyeneba neomerkantilizmis saxelwodebiT. ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi axali, rigiT meore mimarTuleba iyo fiziokratiuli skola , romelic gamoxatavda msxvil miwaTmflobelTa interesebs. TviT termini `fiziokratebi~ warmodgeba berZnuli sityvebisagan (physis _ buneba da kratos _ batonoba, Zala) da sityva-sityviT `bunebis Zalauflebas~ niSnavs. am mimarTulebis damfuZnebeli da mTavari warmomadgenelia frangi ekonomisti fransua kene (1694-1774). misi mTavari politekonomiuri nawarmoebia `ekonomikuri tabula~ (1758 w.). masSi mocemulia sazogadoebrivi produqtis kvlavwarmoebis analizis genialuri cda naturalur da RirebulebiT elementebs Soris garkveuli sabalanso proporciebis damyarebis poziciidan. sagulisxmoa, rom f.kenem uaryo merkantilistTa ZiriTadi idea imis Taobaze, rom mxolod gacvla qmnis simdidres. simdidris wyarod man gamoacxada ara ubralod miwaTmoqmedebaSi daxarjuli Sroma, aramed, saxeldobr, soflis meurneobaSi moxmarebulTan SedarebiT warmoebuli produqtis gadameteba. misi moZRvrebis SezRuduloba isaa, rom simdidris erTaderT wyarod igi Tvlida mxolod miwaTmoqmedebaSi daxarjul Sromas. f.kenesTan erTad, fiziokratiul ideebs aviTarebdnen misi mowafeebi da Tanamoazreebi: diupon de nemuri (1739-1817), an tiurgo (1727-1781) da sxv. fiziokratebma, merkantilistebisagan gansxvavebiT, TvalsaCino nabiji gadadges win imiT, rom simdidris wyaros kvleva mimoqcevidan
38

warmoebis sferoSi gadaitanes. miuxedavad amisa, isini mowodebis simaRleze mainc ver aRmoCndnen, ramdenadac simdidris Semqmnelad mxolod miwaTmoqmedebaSi daxarjul Sromas Tvlidnen. xazgasasmelia, rom f.kenesTan SedarebiT gacilebiT bevrad ufro adre fiziokratiuli Sexedulebani savsebiT naTlad aqvs Camoyalibebuli Cvens saxelovan winapars sulxan-saba orbelians (romelic kenes `ekonomikuri tabulis~ gamoqveynebamde zustad 100 wliT adre daibada) naSromSi `sibrZne sicruisa~. am `saidumloebas~ farda axada da mecnierul interesTa sferoSi moaqcia aw gansvenebulma cnobilma qarTvelma mecnier-ekonomistma vasil CantlaZem . ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo etapis dawyebis mauwyebeli iyo klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis warmoSoba. misi mTavari warmomadgenlebis adam smiTisa (1723-1780) da david rikardos (1772-1823) moZRvreba saTaves iRebda uiliam petis (1623-1686) Sexedulebebidan, romlis didi damsaxureba iyo simdidris wyarod Sromisa da miwis gamocxadeba. a.smiTma Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil nawarmoebSi `gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~ (1776 w.) Rrmad gaanaliza im droisaTvis dagrovili ekonomikuri codna da scada ekonomikuri mecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTareba. misi moZRvrebis mTavari laitmotivi iyo liberalizmis, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mxolod minimalurad Carevis, moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli Tavisufali fasebis safuZvelze sabazro TviTregulirebis idea. am ekonomikur regulatorebs igi `uCinar xels~ uwodebda. man gamokveTa produqtiuli Sromis roli, warmoaCina Sromis danawilebis mniSvneloba, Seqmna moZRvreba Semosavlebis Sesaxeb, mwyobr sistemad Camoayaliba gadasaxadebiT dabegvris princi pebi da, rac mTavaria, safuZveli Cauyara Rirebulebis SromiT Teorias (Tumca, am mxriv, bolomde Tanmimdevruli ver aRmoCnda).
39

d.rikardom ara marto safuZvlianad aiTvisa a.smiTis ideebi, aramed Tavis epoqaluri mniSvnelobis nawarmoebSi `politikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris safuZvlebi~ (1817 w.) SesaniSnavad daZlia misi moZRvrebis calkeuli susti mxareebi da ganaviTara kidec isini. d.rikardo gansakuTrebiT cnobilia saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi vaWrobis Tavisuflebis upiratesobebisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebiT. am sferoSi Tavisi Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad man daamuSava koncefcia, romelic cnobilia SefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoriis saxelwodebiT. amrigad, ekonomikuri problemebis kvleva klasikurma politikurma ekonomiam, merkantilizmisa da fiziokratiul skolasTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad waswia win. marto is rad Rirs, rom erovnuli simdidris wyarod man aRiara sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi daxarjuli Sroma saerTod. miuxedavad amisa, srulad verc es mimdinareoba amaRlda mecnieruli WeSmaritebis donemde. misi erT-erTi udidesi Secdoma iyo qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos rolis ugulvebelyofa. arc is iyo swori (rogorc es SemdgomSi movlenaTa ganviTarebam daadastura), rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi TavianT Teoriul daskvnebs yvela drois, qveynisa da xalxis meurneobrivi sistemis axsnisaTvis gamosadegad miiCnevdnen. ekonomikuri mecnierebis genezisSi TvalsaCino adgili ukavia marqsistul ekonomikur moZRvrebas . karl marqsis ekonomikuri moZRvreba gadmocemulia mis mTavar nawarmoebSi `kapitali~, romelic gamocemulia oTx tomad (7 wignad). am moZRvrebis Tanaxmad: kapitalisturi sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi urTierTdapirispirebuli klasisagan. maT Soris yovelgvari simdidris Semqmnelia proletariati, romelic eqsploatacias ganicdis kapitalistTa klasisagan; kapitalizmis mudmivi Tanamgzavria makroekonomikuri arastabiluroba: perioduli ekonomikuri krizisebi, umuSevroba da inflacia;
40

Tavisi Sinagani antagonisturi winaaRmdegobebi kapitalizms gardauvalad miiyvans TviTuaryofamde da mis adgilas aRmocendeba sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli uklaso komunisturi wyobileba; saqonlis Rirebulebis Semqmnelia abstraqtuli Sroma, romlis sididesac gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli samuSao dro; mogeba warmoadgens zedmeti Rirebulebis gardaqmnil formas, realizebul zedmet Rirebulebas. misi erTaderTi wyaroa daqiravebul muSakTa aunazRaurebeli (zedmeti) Sroma, romlis Sedegebsac muqTad iTvisebs kapitalistTa klasi. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa Rrma mecnieruli analizis safuZvelze, mecnierebisa da praqtikisaTvis mravali sagulisxmo daskvnis gakeTebis miuxedavad, marqsistulma ekonomikurma moZRvrebam Tavis mTavar postulatebSi kraxi ganicada da istoriis kuTvnilebad iqca. amis mizezi ramdenimea: jer erTi, rogorc maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba mowmobs, sakuTrebis mravalformianobaze damyarebuli regulirebadi sabazro ekonomika gacilebiT ufro sicocxlisunariani da moqnili sistema aRmoCnda, vidre amas marqsi varaudobda; meore, ver gaamarTla marqsis mier idealuri wyobis saxiT SemoTavazebulma, ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv sakuTrebasa da centralizebul direqtiul dagegmvaze dafuZnebulma, meurneobis socialisturma sistemam. man ganviTarebis garkveul etapze amowura Tavisi potenciuri SesaZleblobani da daiSala; mesame, klasikuri skolis mier SemuSavebuli da marqsis mier gaRrmavebuli Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoria, agreTve mogebis bunebis marqsiseuli axsna ver gamodga Seuvali da stabiluri. Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri azris Tanaxmad, mogebis (rogorc Rirebulebis Semadgeneli nawilis) SeqmnaSi met-naklebi zomiT yvela ekonomikuri resursi monawileobs. dRes Cveni valia vixelmZRvaneloT marqsiseuli mecnierulad
41

dasabuTebuli daskvnebiT da ukuvagdoT usafuZvlo, dromoWmuli, dogmaturi Sexedulebebi. Tanamedrove ekonomikuri azris ganviTareba saTaves iRebs XIX saukunis dasasrulidan da XX saukunis dasawyisidan, rodesac Camoyalibda neoklasikuri skola . igi kritikulad udgeboda k.marqsis ekonomikur moZRvrebas, uaryofda mis mTavar postulatebs da qadagebda Tavisufali konkurenciis progresulobas. neoklasikuri skolis ideebi privalirebda XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, Semdeg ki axali mimarTulebiT misi Secvlis gardauvaloba TviT cxovrebam gansazRvra. XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi sruliad axali etapi dakavSirebulia jon meinard keinzis (1883-1946) saxelTan. man Tavisi genialuri nawarmoebiT _ `dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fulis zogadi Teoria~ (1936 w.) Zireulad Secvala ekonomikuri azrovneba XX saukuneSi da Rirseuli adgili daikava mecnier-ekonomistTa rigebSi (mas savsebiT marTebulad Tvlian a.smiTis da k.marqsis rangis mecnierad). mas es sapatio da gamorCeuli adgili moupova ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis Teoriis SemuSavebam. XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, rodesac ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos gadaWarbebuli Carevis Sedegad SesamCnevi gaxda sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis damuxruWeba, kvlav aqtualuri gaxda neoklasikuri skolis edeebi, romelic ZiriTadad ZalaSia dResac. misi nairsaxeobebidan gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs monetarizmi (fuZemdebelia amerikeli ekonomisti milton fridmeni), romlis warmomadgenelTa mtkicebiT, fulis simyares gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis. monetarizmis ideebma pirveli oficialuri, praqtikuli gamoyeneba hpova aSS-is prezidentis (1980-1988) roland reiganis ekonomikur programaSi, romelic cnobilia `reiganomikis~ saxelwodebiT. sxvadasxva variaciebiT igi dResac farTod gamoiyeneba mravali qveynis ekonomikur politikaSi.
42

ekonomikuri mecnierebis struqtura. ekonomikuri mecniereba, ekonomikuri realobis mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare, rTuli struqturiT xasiaTdeba. pirobiTad mas adareben didi muxis xes, romlis `korpusia~ ekonomikuri Teoria (an, ubralod, ekonomika), xolo `totebi~ _ kerZo ekonomikuri mecnierebebi, romlebic Seiswavlian ekonomikuri sistemis calkeul mxareebs, mis dargobriv, funqciur, regionul da istoriul aspeqtebs. dargobriv ekonomikur mecnierebebs miekuTvneba, uwinares yovlisa, calkeul dargTa ekonomikuri kanonzomierebebis Semswavleli disciplinebi: mrewvelobis ekonomika, soflis meurneobis ekonomika, transportis ekonomika, mSeneblobis ekonomika da a.S., agreTve sxvadasxva dargis mijnaze warmoSobili ekonomikuri disciplinebi: ekonomikuri kibernetika, bunebaTsargeblobis ekonomika, demografiuli statistika, safinanso-sabanko statistika da sxv. maTi mizania meurneobis calkeul da mimijnave dargebSi mimdinare ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis kanonzomierebaTa siRrmiseuli Seswavla. funqciur ekonomikur mecnierebebs miekuTvneba: finansebi da krediti, statistika, menejmenti, marketingi, sabuRaltro aRricxva da sxv., romelTa kvlevis areali Semoifargleba ekonomikis calkeuli funqciuri sferoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT. regionuli ekonomikis damoukidebel mecnierul disci plinad gamoyofis aucilebloba ganapiroba regionul WrilSi ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma specifikurma kanonzomierebebma. gamoiyofa ekonomikuri codnis kidev erTi gansxvavebuli aspeqti _ istoriuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi mecnieruli disciplinebi, rogoricaa ekonomikis istoria da ekonomikuri azris istoria, romlebic ekonomikisa da ekonomikuri azris ganviTarebas ikvleven istoriul WrilSi. ekonomikur mecnierebaTa saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSania is,

43

rom resursebis SezRudulobasa da moTxovnilebaTa ganusazRvrelobas, anu SesaZleblobasa da sasurvelobas Soris Seusabamobis gamo, yvela maTganis winaSe mTavar dilemad dgas resursebis racionaluri arCevanis problema. gansxvaveba ki am problemisadmi TiToeuli maTganis midgomis aspeqtebsa da uSualo Seswavlis obieqtTa TaviseburebebSi unda veZioT. ekonomikuri Teoria (igive ekonomika) yvela ekonomikuri mecnierebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. igi, ZiriTadad, zogad Teoriulekonomikur problemebs swavlobs. misi kvlevis sferoa mTeli `ekonomikuri samyaro~, kvlevis sagani _ resursebis racionaluri arCevanisa da sameurneo subieqtTa ekonomikuri qcevis zogadi kanonzomierebebi. amitom mas savsebiT marTebulad fundamentur, universalur ekonomikur disciplinas uwodeben. kerZo ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kvlevis sfero ki SedarebiT lokaluri xasiaTis ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis Taviseburebebisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba. ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis safuZvelia. Tu ekonomikuri Teoria avlens ekonomikuri qcevis zogad principebs, ekonomikuri politika ukve akontrolebs ekonomikuri qcevis Sedegebs an zemoqmedebs maTze. ekonomikuri Teoriisa da princi pebis donidan ekonomikuri politikis doneze gadasvliT mkveTri naxtomi keTdeba pozitiuri ekonomikidan normatiuli ekonomikisaken. pozitiur ekonomikas saqme aqvs ukve SerCeul da Teoriis doneze gadasul faqtebTan, romlebic Tavisufalia subieqturi msjelobebisagan. igi cdilobs mecnieruli warmodgenebis formulirebas ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaxeb. normatiuli ekonomika , piriqiT, ganasaxierebs subieqtur SefasebiT msjelobebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos ekonomika, an rogori politikuri aqciis Catarebaa rekomendirebuli gansazRvrul ekonomikur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT an gansazRvruli ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
44

martivad rom vTqvaT, pozitiuri ekonomika Seiswavlis imas, rac aris, maSin rodesac normatiuli ekonomika gamoxatavs subieqtur SefasebiT warmodgenebs imis Sesaxeb, rac unda iyos. pozitiuri ekonomika ikvlevs faqtobriv mdgomareobas, normatiuli ekonomikis amocana ki aris imis gansazRvra, Tu rogori konkretuli pirobebi an ekonomikis aspeqtebia sasurveli an arasasurveli. pozitiuri mtkiceba, magaliTad, ase JRers: `umuSevroba Seadgens qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 17%-s~. normatiuli msjeloba am Temaze Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: `umuSevroba unda Semcirdes qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 6%-mde~. maSasadame, rogorc ki winadadebaSi Cndeba sityvebi `unda~ da `saWiroa~, SeiZleba safuZvlianad vivaraudoT, rom Cvens winaSea normatiuli msjeloba. ekonomistTa Soris aSkara uTanxmoebaTa umetesi nawili dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri movlenisadmi normatiul midgomasTan, subieqtur SefasebiT msjelobebze damyarebul politikasTan. umniSvnelovanesi uTanxmoebebi asaxaven sxvadasxva SefasebiT msjelobaTa an mosazrebaTa arsebobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos Cveni sazogadoeba. magaliTad, gacilebiT meti Tanxmoba arsebobs sakiTxze imis Sesaxeb, Tu faqtobrivad rogor nawildeba Semosavali, vidre imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganawildes igi. maSasadame, mTavaria imis xazgasma, rom SefasebiTi msjelobebi (normatiuli mtkicebebi) warmoiSoba ekonomikuri politikis dasabuTebis doneze. amrigad, pozitiuri ekonomika axdens faqtebis konstatacias (`ra aris~), maSin rodesac normatiul ekonomikas gamoaqvs subieqturi SefasebiTi msjelobebi (`ra unda iyos~). ekonomikuri Teoria Sedgeba mikro-, makro- da megaekonomikuri Teoriebisagan. Sesabamisad, `ekonomikis~ ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebia mikroekonomika, makroekonomika da megaekonomika anu msoflio ekonomika . mikro- da makroekonomikebis gamoyofa da maTi Semswavleli disci plinebis warmoSoba Tvisebrivi naxtomi iyo ekonomikuri
45

Teoriis (ekonomikis) ganviTarebaSi. Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda mikroekonomikuri Teoria, romlis Seswavlis sagania calkeuli bazrisa da ekonomikuri agentebis (saojaxo meurneoba, sawarmo, saxelmwifo) qcevis (funqcionirebis) axsna. mogvianebiT, ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze, mikroekonomikuri Teoriis sabazro meTodologia erTgvar winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCnda saerToekonomikuri procesebis analizis arasabazro meTodologiasTan. sistemurobis princi pis realizacia moiTxovda imas, rom mTel ekonomikas miscemoda sabazro ekonomikiseburi axsna. es rTuli amocana brwyinvaled gadaWra gamoCenilma ingliselma ekonomistma jon meinard keinzma . man XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi safuZveli Cauyara makroekonomikur Teorias, romlis sagania mTlianad erovnuli ekonomikuri sistemis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa Seswavla. makroekonomika da mikroekonomika iseT urTierTdamokidebulebaSia, rogorc mTeli da misi Semadgeneli nawili. arsebobs aseTi xatovani Sedarebac: `Tu makroekonomika swavlobs tyes saerTod, mikroekonomika tyeSi xeebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba~. mTelisa da misi nawilis Seswavla-ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT, aseTi gamijvnis safuZveli unda veZioT maTi kvleva-Ziebis ara masStabebSi, aramed Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebSi, romlebic ganasxvaveben maTi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis ar arsebobs mkacri sazRvari mikroekonomikasa da makroekonomikas Soris, mikroekonomikur problemaTa Soris mTeli damajereblobiT gamocalkevebulad ganixilaven samewarmeo saqmianobas, sawarmosa da saojaxo meurneobis ekonomikas da calkeuli ekonomikuri agentebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. makroekonomikur problemaTa Soris Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi tradiciulad ganixilaven Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, inflacias, umuSevrobas, mTliani erovnuli (Sida) produqtisa da erovnuli Semosavlis warmoebas, ekonomikur
46

zrdas, fulad-sakredito sistemas, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas da sxv. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mikro- da makroekonomikasTan erTad, ekonomikaSi damoukidebeli struqturuli elementis saxiT^gamoiyofa agreTve megaekonomika (msoflio ekonomika). igi moicavs da ikvlevs Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebas, saerTaSoriso vaWrobas, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemas, savaWro da sagadasaxdelo balanss, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur integracias da saerTaSoriso masStabis sxva problemebs. ekonomikuri Teoria (ekonomika) ikvlevs mikro-, makro- da megaekonomikis mxolod zogad safuZvlebs. amasTan, TiToeul maTgans aqvs kvleva-Ziebis specifikuri sfero, obieqti, sagani da amitomac arian isini damoukidebeli ekonomikuri disci plinebi. ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis Seswavlis swored amgvar logikas emyareba `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ winamdebare saswavlo kursi. igi ekonomikur Teorias gadmoscems praqtikuli sameurneo cxovrebis Sesabamisad da masTan erTianobaSi.
mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis kursis Seswavlis aucilebloba da sargeblianoba. Tqven,

albaT, sakuTar Tavs ekiTxebiT: `ratom unda Seviswavlo ekonomika?~ marTlac, deficitis problemas Tqven ver gadawyvetT da iSviaTi resursebis ganawilebac saxelmwifo moxeleTa saqmed geCvenebaT. magram,YTu ufro Rrmad CaukvirdebiT, mixvdebiT, rom ekonomika Tqven gexebaT rogorc calkeul individs, rogorc Semosavlis mimRebsa da fulis mxarjvels, rogorc moqalaqes. Tqvens kvebaze, Cacmaze, sacxovrebel problemebze da, warmoidgineT, Tqvens Tavisufal drozec ki garkveulwilad gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri resursebi anu warmoebis faqtorebi. ekonomikis Seswavla dagexmarebaT am faqtorebis ukeT gagebaSi. imisda miuxedavad, Tqven sawarmos mflobeli an menejeri xarT, Tu ubralod am sawarmoSi muSaobT, ekonomikis codna
47

dagexmarebaT Tqveni sawarmosa da Tqveni piradi momavlisaTvis sasargeblo gonivruli arCevanis gakeTebasa da swori gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. ekonomika Tqveni moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis SesrulebaSic dagexmarebaT. Tqven gaqvT privilegia, Cveni qveynis marTvas xeli SeuwyoT xmis micemis meSveobiT, riTac Tqven gamoxatavT sakuTar azrs mraval sakiTxze, maT Soris ekonomikur problemebzec. rogorc xedavT, ekonomika masSi CarTul yvela adamians moicavs. Tavisufali ekonomikuri sistemis qveyanaSi Cveni, rogorc momxmareblis, individualuri arCevani gansazRvravs imas, Tu ra iwarmoeba, rogor iwarmoeba esa Tu is produqcia da vin iRebs mas. am kiTxvebze pasuxebi ki asaxavs mocemul qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis tips. miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, ver vityviT, rom ekonomikuri codnis gareSe adamians arseboba ar SeuZlia. magram upriani iqneba aseTi adamianis Sedareba ukompasod okeaneSi gasul gemTan, romelic mravali gauTvaliswinebeli dabrkolebis gadalaxvis gareSe ver aRwevs daniSnulebis adgils. rogorc pol samuelsoni SeniSnavs, `adamiani, romelsac sistematurad ar uswavlia ekonomikuri Teoria, hgavs yrus, romelic cdilobs Seafasos musikaluri nawarmoebi~. ara marto Teoriuladaa dasabuTebuli, aramed praqtikuladac mravalgzis dadasturebulia, rom vinc daeufleba ekonomikur mecnierebas, mas Zalian gauadvildeba rogorc ekonomikis rTul problemebSi garkveva, ise cxovrebaSi gzis gakafva, swori arCevanis SedarebiT iolad gakeTeba. igi rTul viTarebaSic ki ise igrZnobs Tavs, rogorc Tevzi wyalSi. swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi jon meinard keinzs , roca werda: `ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris uSualod sameurneo politikaSi gamosayenebeli mza rekomendaciebis krebuli. is aris ufro meTodi, inteleqtualuri instrumenti, azrovnebis teqnika, vidre moZRvreba. yvelas, vinc mas flobs, igi exmareba swori daskvnebis gamotanaSi~.
48

meore mxriv, rogorc j.robinsoni SeniSnavs, ekonomikis Seswavlis azri `mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom miviRoT ekonomikur sakiTxebze mza pasuxebi, aramed imaSi, rom vicodeT, rogor ar unda wamovegoT ekonomistebis ankesze~. ekonomikis mecnierebis Seswavla sargeblobas moutans ara marto ekonomists, aramed nebismier pirovnebas, magaliTad, myidvels (romelmac arCevani unda gaakeTos imis Tobaze, Tu Tavisi moTxovnilebebisa da realuri SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad, ra saqoneli da momsaxureba SeiZinos, ra raodenobiTa da rogori TanmimdevrobiT), abiturients (romelmac Tavisi niWis, unarisa da midrekilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gonivrulad unda gansazRvros Tavisi momavali profesia), meanabres (romelmac sworad unda gaanalizos finansur bazarze arsebuli mdgomareoba da Tavis danazogs mouZebnos anabrad Setanis yvelaze momgebiani forma), meojaxes (romelmac racionalurad unda warmarTos Tavisi saojaxo meurneoba), damsvenebels (romelmac Tavisi fizikuri mdgomareobis, survilebisa da finansuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaazrebulad unda gadawyvitos, Tu sad, rodis da romel sanatoriumSi daisvenos an icxovros) da a.S. Tu i.Sumpeteris Segonebas mivyvebiT, `sruliadac ar aris savaldebulo, rom yvelam moindomos biznesmenoba an ekonomistoba, magram Tanamedrove adamians uTuod unda hqondes naTeli warmodgena ekonomikuri Teoriisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc maTematikis, istoriis, fizikis, biologiisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb, da SeiZleba cota metic~. Tu Tqven maincdamainc mtkiced gaqvT gadawyvetili saxelmwifo samsaxurSi an biznesis sferoSi moRvaweoba, amTaviTve cxadia, rom `ekonomikis safuZvlebis kursis~ daufleba sagrZnoblad gagiadvilebT am sakmaod rTul, magram saintereso samyaroSi gzis gakafvas, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Tqveni niWisa da unaris swrafad da mTeli sisruliT gamovlenas. ekonomikis safuZvlebis codna ueWvelad dagexmarebaT ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sworad
49

aRqma-SefasebaSi da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, imaSi, rom aqtiuri monawileoba miiRoT qveynis ekonomikis warmatebiT funqcionirebaSi. Tqven, albaT, migiqceviaT yuradReba im faqtisaTvis, rom kargi eqimi swrafad da zustad usvams avadmyofs diagnozs. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom man icis janmrTeli organizmis funqcionirebis Taviseburebebi, romlisgan gadaxvevac paTologiaa. igive iTqmis maRalkvalificiur xelosanze, romelic advilad aRmoaCens avtomobilis dazianebis mizezs. amas igi axerxebs imiT, rom SesaniSnavad icis, Tu rogor muSaobs gamarTuli avtomobilis sistema. swored asea ekonomikaSic. maRalkvalificiuri ekonomistia is, vinc kargadaa garkveuli jansaRi ekonomikuri organizmis funqcionirebis kanonzomierebebSi da advilad xvdeba misgan gadaxvevebs. aseTi specialistis kargad mofiqrebul rekomendaciebs SeuZlia `daavadebuli ekonomikis gankurnebisaTvis~ xelis Sewyoba. amitom, SemTxveviTi rodia is, rom dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis xelisuflebis organoebSi, iuristebTan erTad, ZiriTadad ekonomistebi ikaveben sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebs. axla imis Sesaxeb, _ ekonomikuri mecniereba Sesaswavlad advilia Tu Zneli. rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidanaa cnobili, kvanturi fizikis fuZemdebelma maqs plankma erTxel mokrZalebiT aRniSna, rom man Tavisi moRvaweoba ekonomistobiT daiwyo, magram Semdeg am profesias Tavi daaneba misi sirTulis gamo. roca mocemul sakiTxze saubrobdnen, Tanamedrove maTematikuri logikis pionerma bertran raselma SeniSna: `saocaria, piradad me ekonomikur Teoriaze xeli aviRe imitom, rom igi metismetad martivia~. marTlac, orive Tvalsazrisi Seicavs WeSmaritebis marcvals. ekonomikis mecniereba Tavisi SinaarsiT martivic aris da rTulic, xolo Sesaswavlad _ advilicaa da Znelic. amasve adasturebs nobelis premiis laureatis milton fridmenis mosazrebac: `ekonomika momxibvleli mecnierebaa. gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas
50

mas aniWebs is, rom misi fuZemdebeli princi pebis moTavseba erT furcelze SeiZleba da es principebi imdenad martivia, rom maTi gageba yvelas ZaluZs. miuxedavad amisa, isini cota vinmes Tu esmis~. ekonomikis mecnierebis Seswavlis sirTulezea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba ekonomikuri azris istoriis msoflioSi cnobili specialistis a.hailbroneris mosazrebaSi imis Taobaze, rom `ekonomikis Seswavla moiTxovs aqlemis amtanobasa da wmindanis moTminebas~. magram, esoden mkacri Segonebani nu SegaSinebT. isic xom cnobilia, rom mizanswrafuli Sromis winaSe faqtiurad ar arsebobs gadaulaxavi siZnele. Tanac, ecadeT, gamoimuSaoT ekonomikuri azrovnebis Cvevebi da Tu erTxel daiwyeT aseTi azrovneba, Semdeg aRarasodes SeCerdebiT. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mdidari gamocdilebiT dadasturebulia, rom ar aris aucilebeli mosamarTle imave dros rTul neiroqirurgiul operaciebs akeTebdes, an eqims, Tavisi profesiuli movaleobis SesrulebasTan erTad, SeeZlos sasamarTlo davebis gadaWra, magram ekonomikuri mecnierebis, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi safuZvlebis codna sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevrisaTvis (imisaTvis, visac ekonomikuri cxovrebis labirinTebSi brmad xetiali ar surs) metad saWiro da aucilebelia.

51

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis xelovnebis aRsaniSnavad termini `ekonomika~ pirvelad gamoiyena: a. aristotelem; b. platonma; g. qsenofontem; d. antuan monkretienma. 2. CamoTvlili ekonomikuri resursebidan kapitalurs miekuTvneba: a. samewarmeo unari; b. miwa da misi simdidre; g. fuladi saxsrebi; d. Senoba, Carxi, kompiuteri. 3. deficiti ewodeba mdgomareobas, rodesac: a. sasurveli saqonlis fasebi Zalian maRalia; b. momxmareblebi ver yiduloben sasurveli saqonlis saWiro raodenobas; g. sasurveli saqoneli imdenia, rom veRar iyideba; d. sasurveli saqonlis fasebi Zalian dabalia. 4. CamoTvlilTagan im ZiriTad arCevanTa ricxvs, romlebic nebismierma sazogadoebam unda gaakeTos, ar miekuTvneba: a. ra saqoneli unda vawarmooT da ra raodenobiT? b. rogor unda vawarmooT es saqoneli? g. ra unda vuyoT resursebs, romlebic SezRuduli araa? d. vin miiRebs da moixmars warmoebul saqonels?
52

5. msxverplad gaRebuli saqonlis warmoebisa da moxmarebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi iwodeba: a. warmoebis xarjebad; b. cvalebad xarjebad; g. alternatiul xarjebad; d. zRvrul xarjebad. 6. CamoTvlili mtkicebebidan arasworia: a. haers ara aqvs alternatiuli xarjebi; b. advokatebi arafers qmnian da amitom maTi Sroma araa mwarmoebluri; g. `ufaso~ ganaTleba sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs; d. ekonomikaSi termini `SezRuduli~ exeba resursebs. 7. ekonomistebis mtkiceba resursebis SezRudulobis fardobiTobis Sesaxeb gulisxmobs, rom: a. resursebi SezRudulia mxolod Rarib qveynebSi; b. resursebi SezRudulia nebismier qveyanaSi; g. resursebis SezRuduloba SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tu Seicvleba sazogadoebis moTxovnilebani da mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis raodenoba; d. SezRuduli da mcire raodenobiT arsebuli resursebi erTi da igivea. 8. resursebis SezRuduloba da teqnologiis ucvleloba ganuxorcielebels xdis ori sxvadasxva dasaxelebis saqonlis warmoebis yovelgvar kombinacias: a. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudze; b. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis SigniT; g. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis gareT; d. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis zeda marcxena monakveTze.
53

9. CamoTvlili problemebidan mikroekonomikurs miekuTvneba: a. ori valutis gasacvleli kursi; b. inflaciis tempi; g. avtomobilis fasi; d. ekonomikis zrdis moculoba mimdinare wels gasul welTan SedarebiT. 10. inflaciis tempsa da umuSevrobis dones ikvlevs: a. finansebis zogadi Teoria; b. megaekonomika; g. makroekonomika; d. mikroekonomika. 11. istoriaSi adam smiTisa da karl marqsis rangis ekonomistad da makroekonomikuri Teoriis fuZemdeblad miCneulia: a. fridrix engelsi; b. jon meinard keinzi; g. joan robinsoni; d. irvin fiSeri.

Tema
e konomi ku r si stem aT a formebi da ti pebi
`kapitalizmis mTavari naklia sikeTis uTanabro ganawileba, socializmis mTavari upiratesobaa gaWirvebis Tanabari ganawileba~. u.CerCili `administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistema uzrunvelyofs warmoebuli saqonlis met-naklebad Tanabar ganawilebas, magram mas SeuZlia Tanasworobis garantia mxolod siRatakeSi da ara keTildReobaSi~. Jak dreze, edmon malinvo `sabazro ekonomikis sistema SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc yvelaze ganviTarebuli makoordinebeli sistema~. a.lindbeki

54

55

leqcia 4. ekonomikuri sistemis arsi, amocanebi da klasifikaciis kriteriumebi

ekonomikuri sistemis arsi. wina TemaSi warmoeba

daxasiaTebuli iyo zogadad, abstraqtulad. magram realur sinamdvileSi warmoeba arsebobs ara zogadad, aramed konkretulad, gansazRvruli formiT, anu ama Tu im ekonomikuri sistemis saxiT. nebismier epoqasa da qveyanaSi warmoeba arsebobs ama Tu im ekonomikuri sistemis saxiT . sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri sistema sazogadoebrivi warmoebis arsebobisa da sazogadoebis sameurneo cxovrebis organizaciis formaa. ekonomikuri sistema aris erToblioba urTierTobebisa da procesebisa, romelTac adgili aqvs sazogadoebaSi im sakuTrebrivi da organizaciuli institutebis safuZvelze, romlebic gabatonebulia mocemul sazogadoebaSi . nebismier qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistema asaxavs mis istorias, tradicias da, rac mTavaria, politikur realobas.
ekonomikur sistemaTa klasifikaciis kriteriumebi. ekonomikuri sistemebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ori

ZiriTadi niSniT: 1. warmoebis faqtorebze sakuTrebis formiT; 2. ekonomikuri agentebis koordinirebisa da marTvis wesiT. pirveli niSani ukavSirdeba ekonomikur resursebze sakuTrebis uflebas, romelic SeiZleba iyos kerZo, saxelmwifoebrivi, koleqtiuri da Sereuli. meore niSani ki dakavSirebulia nebismieri sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari sami urTierTdakavSirebuli problemis (ra vawarmooT? rogor vawarmooT? visTvis vawarmooT?) gadaWrasTan. TiToeuli ekonomikuri sistema gansxvavebulad, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT wyvets am problemebs. sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri sistemebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba zemoT aRniSnuli problemebis gadaWra, erTmaneTisagan
56

gansxvavdebian; TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri Taviseburebani. miuxedavad amisa, bevr maTgans Soris mainc aris garkveuli msgavseba, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs warmovadginoT isini Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi ti piuri jgufis saxiT: tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomikuri sistema; Tavisufal konkurenciaze damyarebuli sabazro ekonomikuri sistema (wminda kapitalizmi); administraciul-mbrZanebluri (komunisturi) ekonomikuri sistema; Tanamedrove sabazro (Sereuli) ekonomikuri sistema. ekonomikur sistemaTa Soris arsebuli sxvaobis gamoaSkaravebis saukeTeso meTodia Tavisuflebis xarisxis Sefaseba, romelsac isini sTavazoben ekonomikur agentebs warmoebis faqtorebis flobisa da sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebis realizaciis sferoSi. ekonomikur agentTa Tavisuflebis xarisxi dakavSirebulia sakuTrebasTan . ra aris TviT sakuTreba? didi xnis manZilze gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba, rom sakuTreba _ esaa adamianis urTierToba nivTebTan, misi Zalaufleba nivTebze, maTi flobis, gankargvisa da gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. SemdgomSi aseTi Sexeduleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. amJamad sakuTrebis ganmartebaSi dominirebs socialuri safuZveli. XIX saukunis moazrovnis p.prudonis gamoTqmaSi _ `sakuTreba _ es qurdobaa~ _ Cadebulia is azri, rom Tu erTi piri flobs raime nivTs, igi imavdroulad ar SeiZleba meore pirsac ekuTvnodes. amiT isaa naTqvami, rom sakuTrebis Sinaarsi adamianTa urTierTobaa. marTalia, sakuTreba gulisxmobs adamianis urTierTobas nivTebTan, magram imavdroulad, sakuTreba adamianTa urTierTobaa, romelic gamoxatavs adamianis mier am nivTebis miTvisebis gansazRvrul formas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dovlaTis warmoeba da miTviseba sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobaa, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
57

rom sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sakuTrebis gareSe, istoriis manZilze icvleba mxolod sakuTrebis formebi . sakuTrebas mravali forma gaaCnia. maT Soris mTavaria: 1. kerZo sakuTreba (individualuri da koleqtiuri); 2. saxelmwifo sakuTreba (federaciis anu saerTo-erovnuli, federaciis subieqtebis da munici paluri); 3. Sereuli sakuTreba. sazogadoebis istoriis gariJraJze, pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, gabatonebuli iyo koleqtiuri, Temuri sakuTreba warmoebis faqtorebsa da Sromis produqtebze. aTaseuli wlebis manZilze adamianma ar icoda `Cemi~ da `Seni~. ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba, romelic gvevlineboda sxvadasxva saxiT: uSualo mwarmoeblis, glexisa da xelosnis kerZo sakuTrebis, monaTmflobelisa da feodalis, mewarme-kapitalistis kerZo sakuTrebis saxiT. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Tanabari uflebiT nebadarTulia sakuTrebis yvela forma. sakuTrebis uflebas icavs kanoni. sakuTrebis subieqti SeiZleba iyos: calkeuli pirovneba, ojaxi, koleqtivi, saxelmwifo, munici paliteti, partia, sazogadoebrivi organizacia. sakuTrebis obieqtebs sam jgufad yofen: uZravi qoneba: miwa, wiaRiseuli, sawarmoo da arasawarmoo daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobani, gzebi, infrastruqturis obieqtebi da sxv. moZravi qoneba: manqanebi da mowyobilobani, instrumentebi, aveji, mza produqcia, fuli, fasiani qaRaldebi da a.S. inteleqtualuri dovlaTi: gamogoneba, literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, informacia, programa gamomTvleli manqanebisaTvis da sxv. sakuTrebis uflebis realizacia dakavSirebulia iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa: floba, gankargva, gamoyeneba. srulyofili, klasikuri mesakuTrea is, vinc yvela CamoTvlil uflebas daubrkoleblad
58

da Seukvecavad axorcielebs, e.i. vinc aris sakuTrebis obieqtTa mflobelic da ganmkargavic; visac ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos isini Tavisi survilis Sesabamisad (gayidos, gaasaCuqros, daagiraos, ijariT gasces, memkvidreobiT gadasces da a.S.). SesaZlebelia flobis, gankargvisa da gamoyenebis uflebebi erTmaneTs dascildes. mesakuTres SeuZlia es uflebebi (yvela an zogierTi) droebiT sxvas gadasces, magram es ar auqmebs sakuTrebis uflebas. magaliTad, roca mesakuTre miwas ijariT gadascems fermers, fermeri iZens miwis gamoyenebis uflebas, magram mesakuTre ar kargavs masze sakuTrebis uflebas. roca adamiani daqiravebiT muSaobs, igi damqiravebels aZlevs Tavisi samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis uflebas, magram samuSao Zala mis sakuTrebad rCeba. sakuTreba (sakuTrebis forma) gansazRvravs ekonomikuri sistemis bunebas . amas adasturebs kacobriobis mTeli istoria. magram am debulebis WeSmaritebis naTelsayofad Sors wasvla araa saWiro. ram gamoiwvia is, rom, roca dRis wesrigSi daisva yofil ssrk-Si arsebuli totalitaruli ekonomikuri sistemis Secvlis sakiTxi, pirvel rigSi, gadasawyveti Seiqna sakuTrebis problema? ratomaa, rom ekonomikuri krizisidan saqarTvelos gamosvlis upirveles pirobad miCneul iqna sakuTrebis radikaluri reforma? orive kiTxvas erTi pasuxi gaaCnia: imitom, rom sakuTrebis formis Secvlis gareSe SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri sistemis Secvla. am SemTxvevaSi logika sruliad naTelia: imisaTvis, rom daCqardes sazogadoebis progresi, aucilebelia misi xelSemSleli, moZvelebuli, mankieri ekonomikuri sistemis damsxvreva, magram es ar xerxdeba misi safuZvlis _ sakuTrebis Zireuli gardaqmnis gareSe. es zogadi msjeloba ufro konkretuli da xelSesaxebi rom gavxadoT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sakuTrebis formazea damokidebuli: (1) warmoebis faqtorTa SeerTebis wesi; (2) produqtis ganawilebis wesi; (3) meurneobis marTvis xasiaTi da formebi; (4) Sromis stimulebi; (5) resursebis
59

gamoyenebis efeqtianoba; (6) dazogvisadmi midrekileba. warmoebis faqtorTa SeerTebis wesi yoveli ekonomikuri sistemis fundamenturi urTierTobaa. am wess ki gansazRvravs warmoebis faqtorebze sakuTrebis arsebuli forma. Tu warmoebis faqtorebi TviTon mwarmoebelTa sakuTrebaSia, maSin warmoebis faqtorTa SeerTeba xdeba uSualod. im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca sazogadoebis wevrTa erTi nawili moklebulia warmoebis faqtorebs, samuSao Zalis SeerTeba sxva resursebTan xdeba sul sxva wesiT _ samuSao Zalis daqiravebis da warmoebis faqtorebis ijariT gacemis gziT. warmoebis faqtorebze sakuTrebis forma gansazRvravs warmoebis Sedegis _ produqtis ganawilebis wess. produqti ekuTvnis imas, visac ekuTvnis warmoebis faqtorebi. Tu mwarmoebeli imave dros ekonomikuri resursebis mesakuTrecaa, cxadia, produqtic misi sakuTrebaa. warmoebis sxva faqtorebs moklebuli muSaki Rebulobs xelfass. Tu warmoebis faqtorebi koleqtiur sakuTrebaSia, produqtic koleqtivis kuTvnilebaa. zogadi saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawileba, saboloo jamSi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoraa ganawilebuli (vis sakuTrebaSia) ekonomikuri resursebi. sakuTrebis formazea damokidebuli warmoebis marTvis forma da xasiaTi. roca warmoeba kerZo sakuTrebaSia, mesakuTre TviTon marTavs mas Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr. saqmis arsi ar icvleba imiT, rom man SeiZleba marTvis funqciebi gadaakisros menejers. es ukanaskneli mesakuTris neba-survilis Semsrulebelia mxolod. gansxvavebulia koleqtiuri sakuTrebis obieqtTa marTva: aq marTvis funqcias asrulebs TviT koleqtivi da mis mier arCeuli organoebi. Tu warmoeba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaa, mas marTavs saxelmwifos mier daniSnuli piri. sakuTrebis forma gansazRvravs Sromisadmi adamianis damokidebulebas. yofili ssrk kavSiris gamocdilebam dagvanaxa, rom sakuTrebas mowyvetili adamiani kargavs interess Sromisadmi,
60

rac, sabolood, aRatakebs sazogadoebas. Sromis Sinagani (da ara garegani, administraciuli, iZulebiTi) stimuli gaaCnia imas, vinc warmoebis pirobebisa da Sedegebis mesakuTrea. sakuTrebis ufleba adamians stimuls aZlevs misi sakuTrebis obieqtebi (resursebi) gamoiyenos maqsimaluri efeqtianobiT . im SemTxvevaSi, roca resursebi sxvas ekuTvnis, maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianoba ecema. albaT, yvelas SeumCnevia didi gansxvaveba mZRolis mier avtomobilis movlaSi imisda mixedviT, misi sakuTrebaa igi, Tu sxvisi. Tu avtomobili sakuTaria, mZRoli mas saTuTad epyroba, radgan icis, rom swori movlis gareSe misi SekeTebis xarjebi gaizrdeba da Semosavali Seumcirdeba. magram, roca avtomobili sxvas ekuTvnis da mZRoli daqiravebuli muSakia, igi, Tavisi Semosavlis gadidebiT dainteresebuli, cdilobs meti `gamoswuros~ avtomobils da amisaTvis ar erideba eqsploataciis wesebis darRvevasac. man icis, rom SekeTebis xarjebi sxvam unda gaiRos. sxvisi an `aravisi~ (saerTo sakuTrebis) resursebis gamoyeneba mflangvelurad xdeba. sakuTrebis xeluxlebloba stimuls aZlevs adamians Tavisi Semosavlis nawili dazogos, daagrovos da, amdenad, kidev ufro gamdidrdes: es xom imave dros mTeli sazogadoebis gamdidrebaa?! Tu sakuTrebis ufleba saimedod araa daculi, saRi azri adamians ukarnaxebs Tavisi Semosavlis meti nawili dResve gamoiyenos, daxarjos. sakuTrebis obieqtTa Tavisufali gankargvisa da gamoyenebis ufleba xels uwyobs ekonomikis wonasworobas. sakuTrebis obieqtTa Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis pirobebSi resursebi gadadis im dargebSi, sadac meti Sedegis motana SeuZliaT, e.i. sadac maTi gamoyenebis saWiroeba metia. amiT myardeba wonasworoba warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris, moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris. ekonomikur sistemaTa zemoT aRniSnuli ZiriTadi ti pebis daxasiaTebamde, upriani iqneba ganvixiloT ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis istoriulad cnobili ori uzogadesi forma:
61

naturaluri meurneoba da sasaqonlo meurneoba.

ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis uzogadesi formebi. ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis pirveli

istoriuli forma iyo naturaluri meurneoba. esaa ti pi warmoebisa, romelic misTvis saWiro yvela produqts an maTs umetesobas TviTonve awarmoebs . naturaluri meurneobis produqti ar iqceva saqonlad, yidvagayidvis obieqtad, aramed warmoqmnis TviT mwarmoeblisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel fondebs: warmoebis saSualebebs, moxmarebis sagnebs da maragebs. naturalur meurneobaSi, magaliTad, marcvali unda damzaddes imdeni raodenobiT, rom igi sakmarisi iyos TviT mwarmoeblisa da misi ojaxis wevrTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, ise furaJad pirutyvisa da frinvelisaTvis, agreTve Teslad, raTa momaval wels SesaZlebeli gaxdes warmoebis ganmeoreba. istoriulad naturaluri warmoebis safuZveli iyo miwaTmoqmedeba da mecxoveleoba. magram igi gardauvlad gulisxmobs Sinamrewvelobasac, e.i. memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis produqtebis Sin gadamuSavebas, raTa maT saboloo saxe mieceT. am SemTxvevaSi meurne ara marto xnavs, Tesavs, pirutyvs uvlis, aramed, agreTve, marcvleuls fqvavs, purs acxobs, rTavs, qsovs, tansacmelsa da fexsacmels ikeravs, saxls iSenebs, Sromis iaraRebs amzadebs da a.S. amrigad, naturaluri meurneoba Tavisi bunebiT mravaldargovania: radgan gacvlas adgili ara aqvs, igi iZulebulia yvelaferi, rac mas sWirdeba, TviTon daamzados. naturaluri meurneoba warmoadgens gankerZoebul, karCaketil, TviTmyofad mikrosamyaros, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia tradiciebisa da Cvevebis batonoba . masSi saukuneebis manZilze misdevdnen tradiciul saqmianobas, warmoebis masStabi da struqtura TiTqmis ucvlelia. uZraoba, rutinuli teqnika, ganviTarebis
62

uaRresad neli tempi _ ai, naturaluri meurneobis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ekonomikuri sistemis meore istoriuli ti pia sasaqonlo warmoeba. esaa ti pi warmoebisa, romelSic produqtebi mzaddeba ara sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, aramed gasacvlelad . Tanamedrove gagebiT, sasaqonlo meurneobis ucilobeli atributia is, rom gacvla xdebodes yidva-gayidvis gziT, fulis meSveobiT, e.i. adgili hqondes mimoqcevas: s_f_s. produqtebis uSualo gacvla (barteri) jer kidev araa srulyofili sasaqonlo meurneoba. sasaqonlo warmoeba warmoiSva pirvelyofil-Temuri wyobilebis daSlis procesSi, mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda monaTmflobelobisa da feodalizmis dros, xolo warmoebis gabatonebul formad gadaiqca kapitalizmis epoqaSi. dRes igi gabatonebulia mTels msoflioSi. sasaqonlo warmoebis safuZvelia Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba da mwarmoebelTa gankerZoebuloba, damoukidebloba. Sromis bunebrivi danawileba arsebobda pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSic. esaa Sromis danawileba asakisa da sqesis mixedviT: qali bavSvebs zrdida, keras inaxavda, zrdasruli mamakaci nadirobda, miwas amuSavebda, xandazmulebi Sromis iaraRebs amzadebdnen, bavSvebi didebs exmarebodnen. magram Sromis aseTi danawileba ar warmoSobs sasaqonlo warmoebas da gacvlas. Sromis danawilebas adgili aqvs Tanamedrove warmoebis SigniTac. produqtis damzadebis procesSi muSakebi sxvadasxva operaciebs asruleben. magram arc es warmoSobs sasaqonlo warmoebas da gacvlas. sul sxvaa Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba . igi gulisxmobs sameurneo saqmianobis specializacias, meurneobis dargebisa da qvedargebis warmoSobas, romlis gardauvali Sedegia produqtebis gacvla. Sromis pirveli didi sazogadoebrivi danawileba iyo 63

barbarosTa masidan mejoge tomebis gamoyofa, ramac safuZveli Cauyara regularul gacvlas. im safexurze gacvlis mTavari obieqtebi iyo pirutyvi da mecxoveleobis produqtebi. Sromis meore didi sazogadoebrivi danawileba iyo miwaTmoqmedebisagan xelosnobis gamoyofa. amis Semdeg gacvla kidev ufro gafarTovda. Tu Tvals gavadevnebT istorias, vnaxavT, rom warmoebis mTeli progresi dakavSirebulia Sromis danawilebis Semdgom gaRrmavebasTan, specializaciasTan. es procesi dResac mimdinareobs. ismis kiTxva: ratom moxda, rom naturaluri meurneoba, romelic TiTqmis ori milioni wlis manZilze batonobda, Secvala sasaqonlo meurneobam? raSi mdgomareobs am ukanasknelis upiratesoba? am kiTxvebze mokle pasuxi aseTia: sasaqonlo warmoebam imitom gaimarjva, rom igi adidebs Sromis nayofierebas . naTqvamis sailustraciod mivmarToT martiv magaliTs (ix. cxrili 2.1). vTqvaT, sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori mwarmoeblisagan da TiToeuli maTgani amzadebs ori dasaxelebis produqts (A da B). davuSvaT, rom maTi samuSao drois fondic Tanabaria da Seadgens 30-30 saaTs, saidanac naxevari ixarjeba A produqtis, naxevari ki _ B produqtis warmoebaze. amasTan, vigulisxmoT, rom Sromis nayofiereba gansxvavebulia: pirveli mwarmoebeli 15 saaTSi amzadebs A produqtis 15 erTeuls, xolo danarCen 15 saaTSi _ B produqtis 7,5 erTeuls. meore mwarmoebeli, piriqiT, drois imave monakveTSi amzadebsA produqtis 7,5 erTeuls da B produqtis 15 erTeuls. amrigad, A produqtis warmoebaSi pirveli mwarmoeblis Sromis nayofiereba orjer maRalia, vidre meore mwarmoeblisa, xolo B produqtis warmoebaSi meore mwarmoeblis Sromis nayofiereba orjer maRalia pirvel mwarmoebelTan SedarebiT. mwarmoebelTa Soris aseTi gansxvaveba bunebrivia, radgan isini gansxvavdebian niWiT da unariT, midrekilebiT, kvalifikaciiT, warmoebis pirobebiT. axla davuSvaT, rom moxda Sromis specializacia: pirveli
64

cxrili 2.1.
Sromis nayofiereba (hipoTezuri monacemebi)
jami

I mwarmoebeli

II mwarmoebeli

A
samuSao drois fondi (sT) Sromis nayofiereba specializaciamde (15 sT-Si damzadebuli produqciis raodenoba) Sromis nayofiereba specializaciis Semdeg 15 A-s 15 B-ze gacvlis Semdeg mwarmoeblebs gaaCniaT 15 15

B
15 7,5

A
15 7,5

B
15 15

60 45

30

30

60

15

15

15

15

60

mwarmoebeli mTlianad gadavida A produqtis warmoebaze (radgan misi Sromis nayofiereba aq ufro maRalia), xolo meore mwarmoebeli _ B produqtis warmoebaze. es imas niSnavs, rom axla pirveli mwarmoebeli 30 saaTSi daamzadebs A produqtis 30 erTeuls, xolo meore mwarmoebeli _ B produqtis 30 erTeuls. Tuki mwarmoeblebi erTmaneTs gaucvlian 15 A-s da 15 B-s, TiToeuls aRmoaCndeba orive produqtis 15-15 erTeuli. amrigad, Tu specializaciamde orive mwarmoebeli amzadebda orive produqtis 45 erTeuls, specializaciis Semdeg produqciis raodenoba gaizarda 60 erTeulamde. motanili magaliTis analizi gviCvenebs, rom Sromis da65

nawileba, specializacia, rac sasaqonlo warmoebis safuZvelia, adidebs Sromis nayofierebas . sazogadoebam ukve didi xania aiTvisa is ubralo WeSmariteba, rom TviTuzrunvelyofa, e.i. cda imisa, rom saWiro produqtebis meti nawili TviTon awarmoo, araefeqturia. amas naTlad xedavda Sromis danawilebis udidesi Teoretikosi adam smiTi. igi ambobda: `ojaxis saRad moazrovne meTauris ZiriTadi wesia _ saxlSi ar gaakeTos is, risi yidva ufro iafia. TerZi ar cdilobs TviTon Seikeros fexsacmeli, aramed yidulobs mas xarazisagan. xarazi TviTon ki ar ikeravs tansacmels, aramed qiraobs TerZs. fermeri ar cdilobs arc erTisa da arc meoris gakeTebas, aramed qiraobs dasaxelebul xelosnebs. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis xelsayrelia Tavisi Zala gamoiyenos iq, sadac mas upiratesoba gaaCnia mezoblebTan SedarebiT, xolo Tavisi produqtis nawiliT iyidos danarCeni yvelaferi~. saqonelwarmoeba SeiZleba iyos martivi, rTuli (kapitalisturi) da `gegmiani~ (socialisturi). pirveli ori dafuZnebulia kerZo sakuTrebaze, mesame ki _ saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze. martivi saqonelwarmoeba upiratesad emyareba mwarmoebelTa pirad Sromas. aq, rogorc wesi, warmoebis mesakuTre da mwarmoebeli erTi da igive piria da, Sesabamisad, warmoebuli produqtic misi sakuTrebaa. rTuli (kapitalisturi) saqonelwarmoeba TiTqmis mTlianad emyareba sxvisi (daqiravebuli) Sromis gamoyenebas. aq warmoebis mesakuTre da mwarmoebeli sxvadasxva piria, warmoebuli produqti mesakuTres ekuTvnis, daqiravebuli muSaki ki xelfass iRebs. aseT urTierTobaSi xSirad warmoiSoba interesTa dapirispireba mesakuTresa da mwarmoebels Soris. mas ukavSirdeba warmoebis muSakTa gaficvebi xelfasisa da Sromis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis gaRrmaveba da saqonelgacvlis masStabebis gafarToeba wvril saqonelmwarmoeblebs iTrevs sabazro stiqiis morevSi, Sedegad maTi nawili Canagdeba, nawili
66

ki mdidrdeba. TandaTanobiT aRmocendeba msxvili (kapitalisturi) saqonelwarmoeba, romelic iRebs sayovelTao xasiaTs, ramdenadac saqonlur formas iZens ara mxolod adamianTa mier warmoebuli produqti, aramed TviT mwarmoeblis Sromis unari _ samuSao Zala. sabolood, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba iRebs sasaqonlo urTierTobis formas. kapitalisturi sazogadoebis simdidre warmogvidgeba `uamravi saqonlis grovad~, calkeuli saqoneli ki _ am simdidris elementarul formad, romelSic Canasaxis saxiT mocemulia sabazro ekonomikis mamoZravebeli motivebi. `gegmiani~ (socialisturi) saqonelwarmoebis dros, rTul (kapitalistur) saqonelwarmoebasTan SedarebiT, SezRudulia sasaqonlo urTierTobaTa sferoebi da masStabebi. am sakiTxze ufro vrclad qvemoT iqneba saubari.

67

leqcia 5. ekonomikur sistemaTa ZiriTadi ti pebi da modelebi

tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomikuri sistema. ekonomikuri sistemebidan yvelaze uZveless

tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomika warmoadgens , romelSic sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar sam kiTxvaze (ra? rogor? visTvis?) pasuxi tradiciebs eyrdnoba. tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomikuri sistema amJamad iSviaTia. igi ganagrZobs arsebobas ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aziis, afrikisa da samxreT amerikis miyruebuli soflebi, beduinebis momTabare tomebi _ tradiciuli ekonomikis ti piuri magaliTebia. misi elementebi SemorCenilia zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSic (magaliTad, aSS-s pensilvaniis, aiovasa da ohaios StatebSi). tradiciuli ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: CamorCenili teqnika da teqnologia, xeliT Sromis batonoba, mravaldargianoba da mravalwyobianoba. es ukanaskneli imaSi gamoixateba, rom erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobs sxvadasxva sameurneo sistema: naturalur-Temuri meurneoba, romelic damyarebulia koleqtiur Sromaze, wvrilsaqonluri warmoeba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs kerZo sakuTreba da individualuri Sroma. aseT ekonomikaSi adamianTa absoluturi umravlesoba sofelSi cxovrobs da misdevs miwaTmoqmedebas, mecxoveleobas, ufro xSirad ki nadirobas an meTevzeobas. aseT ekonomikas naturalursac uwodeben, ramdenadac aq yvelaferi ZiriTadad sakuTriv mwarmoeblis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri moculobiT iqmneba. tradiciuli ekonomikuri sistema xasiaTdeba mosaxleobis SedarebiT dabali keTildReobis doniT. aq adamianTa saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi, maTi cxovrebis wesi praqtikulad ar icvleba saukuneebis manZilze, yvelaferi keTdeba winaprebis msgavsad, cota iwarmoeba da mosaxleobis umravlesoba arsebobis SenarCunebis
68

zRvarzea. sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi Warbobs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebuli tradiciebi da Cvevebi, kasturi da wodebrivi dayofa. memkvidreobiToba da kasturi kuTvnileba karnaxobs adamianebs maT ekonomikur rols da amis gamo batonobs socialurekonomikuri uZraoba. religiuri da kulturuli faseulobebi aq pirveladia ekonomikur saqmianobasTan SedarebiT, xolo sazogadoeba mxars uWers status guo-s SenarCunebas.
Tavisufal konkurenciaze damyarebuli sabazro ekonomikuri sistema (wminda kapitalizmi) . pirobiTad

ase uwodeben im sameurneo sistemas, romelic arsebobda ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi da romlis bevri niSan-Tviseba dResac ZalaSia. masSi igulisxmeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis iseTi sistema, romelSic TiToeuli misi subieqtis qceva motivirebulia piradi egoisturi interesebiT; yoveli ekonomikuri erTeuli cdilobs Tavisi Semosavlis maqsimizebas gadawyvetilebaTa individualurad miRebis safuZvelze. sabazro meqanizmi ki erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da koordinacias uwevs am individualur gadawyvetilebebs. am sistemaSi bazris meSveobiT wydeba sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari problemebi (ra? rogor? visTvis?). Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis (wminda kapitalizmis) umTavresi ganmsazRvreli elementebia: ekonomikuri resursebisa da warmoebis Sedegis kerZo sakuTreba; mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba; piradi interesi; Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazro meqanizmi; fasebis sistema; saxelmwifos SezRuduli ekonomikuri roli. mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikur sistemaSi ekonomikuri resursebi da warmoebis Sedegi aris kerZo pirebis
69

sakuTrebaSi. amasTan, arsebobs kerZo sakuTrebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi. magaliTad, kanoniT akrZalulia resursebis gamoyeneba narkotikebis sawarmoeblad. kerZo sakuTrebas uSualod ukavSirdeba mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba . Tavisufal sabazro sistemaSi kerZo mewarmeebi SeZenili resursebiT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr awarmoeben da bazarze yidian warmoebul saqonels (momsaxurebas). Tavisufali arCevanis uflebiT sargebloben momxmareblebic. es niSnavs, rom Tu Tqven raime gaqvT gasayidi _ saqoneli (magaliTad, wigni) anda momsaxureba (magaliTad, wignis kompiuterze akrefa da dakabadoneba) _ SegiZliaT mas daadoT nebismieri fasi da mihyidoT nebismier myidvels, romelic mzadaa gadaixados Tqvens mier SeTavazebuli safasuri. da piriqiT, rogorc momxmarebelma, Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZinoT yvelaferi, rac gsurT im gamyidvelTan, romelsac Tqvenve airCevT. aq saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikur saqmianobaSi minimaluria. saxelmwifo mxolod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis TamaSis wesebs samarTlebriv bazaze dayrdnobiT. Tavisufali sabazro sistema individTa erTobliobaa. misi mamoZravebelia piradi interesebi . TiToeuli mewarmis mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba. igive mizani amoZravebs ekonomikuri resursebis sxva mesakuTreebs. momxmarebeli ki cdilobs, rac SeiZleba meti sargebloba miiRos SeZenili produqtidan. yovel ekonomikur agents surs maqsimaluri Semosavlis miReba minimaluri danaxarjebiT. es warmoSobs maT Soris metoqeobas, anu konkurencias, romelic sabazro sistemis Zireuli Tvisebaa. is faqti, rom saqoneli da momsaxureba miewodeba konkurenciis pirobebSi, niSnavs, rom arsebobs mravali damoukideblad moqmedi myidveli da gamyidveli. amis gamo ekonomikuri Zalaufleba ganawilebulia. kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavisufali konkurencia da individualuri Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxi . Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTadi makoordi70

nirebeli meqanizmia fasebis sistema (faswarmoqmna). bazarze gasayid saqonelze fasi wesdeba misi miwodebisa da masze moTxovnis Tanafardobis gaTvaliswinebiT. fasis safuZvelze xdeba Tavisufali arCevanis koreqtireba. es imas niSnavs, rom sabazro sistemaSi fasebis meSveobiT wydeba Zireuli ekonomikuri problemebi (ra? rogor? visTvis?). Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebebi iwvevs fasebis meryeobas, rasac mohyveba ekonomikuri resursebis gadanawileba. magaliTad, Tu saqonelze moTxovna gaizarda, maSin igi ufro iSviaTi gaxdeba da misi fasic aiwevs. fasebis amaRlebas mohyveba is, rom aRniSnuli saqonlis warmoeba ufro xelsayreli iqneba. amitom misi mwarmoebeli sawarmoebi gazrdian gamoSvebis moculobas, sxvebi ki Seecdebian mocemul dargSi Sesvlas. amdenad, moTxovnis gadideba iwvevs mocemuli saqonlis warmoebaze meti raodenobis resursebis gamoyenebas. saqonelze moTxovnis dacemis SemTxvevaSi ki gamoikveTeba fasis Semcirebis tendencia. aRniSnuli saqonlis warmoeba gaxdeba naklebad xelsayreli, Semcirdeba gamoSvebis moculoba da mocemul dargSi gamoyenebuli iqneba naklebi raodenobis resursebi. Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazro sistema xels uwyobs iSviaTi da SezRuduli resursebis efeqtian gamoyenebas, warmoebisa da dasaqmebis stabilurobas, swraf ekonomikur zrdas. amis gamo mravali mecnieri, gansakuTrebiT kapitalizmis ganviTarebis adreul etapebze, uaryofiTad afasebda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas (intervencias). aseT Sexedulebas mtkice safuZveli Cauyara cnobilma ingliselma ekonomistma adam smiTma. man wamoayena `uxilavi xelis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviT, TiToeuli adamiani cdilobs Tavis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis rac SeiZleba momgebianad gamoyenebas. mas amoZravebs mxolod erTi interesi _ meti mogebis miReba. sabolood, TiToeuli adamianis egoisturi miznis (mogebis maqsimizacia) realizacia
71

misdauneburad (gauazreblad) emsaxureba sazogadoebis interesebs. sabazro ekonomikas xSirad uwodeben Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikas, sadac sityva `Tavisufali~ gulisxmobs `saxelmwifos kontrolisagan Tavisufals~. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifos funqciebi SezRudulia kerZo sakuTrebis dacviT da Tavisufali bazrebis funqcionirebis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis CamoyalibebiT.
administraciul-mbrZanebluri (komunisturi) ekonomikuri sistema. wminda kapitalizmis alternativaa

administraciul-mbrZanebluri (komunisturi) ekonomikuri sistema, romelic gabatonebuli iyo yofili ssr kavSiris, agreTve aRmosavleT evropisa da aziis zogierTi qveynis teritoriaze. amJamad is damaxasiaTebelia iseTi qveynebisaTvis, rogoricaa CrdiloeT korea da kuba. am sistemis yvelaze srulyofili daxasiaTeba mocemulia karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis SromebSi. komunistur ideologiaze dafuZnebuli administraciulmbrZanebluri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia: sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sakuTreba praqtikulad yvela ekonomikur resursze; piradi interesis daqvemdebareba sazogadoebrivi (koleqtiuri) interesisadmi; kerZo mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisuflebis akrZalva; konkurenciis Secvla e.w. komunisturi (socialisturi) SejibrebiT; gegmis mimarT bazris daqvemdebareba da sagegmo sistemaze dayrdnoba; saxelmwifos faqtobrivad SeuzRudveli roli. mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: marqsistuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, ekonomikur resursebze sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sakuTrebis dakanonebiT iqmneba komunisturi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri safuZveli .
72

kerZo sakuTreba Semoifargleba moqalaqeTa piradi da maTi saojaxo nivTebiT. komunistur sazogadoebaSi Teoriulad yvela adamiani ekonomikurad Tanasworia. amitom sazogadoebis erTi nawilis interesi ar SeiZleba daupirispirdes meore nawilis interess . maSasadame, sazogadoebis nebismieri wevris cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba yvelas saerTo interesia. sazogadoebriv (saxelmwifo) sakuTrebasTanaa dakavSirebuli mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisuflebis akrZalva. komunistur sazogadoebaSi ara mxolod sazogadoebis wevrebs, aramed sawarmoebsac ara aqvT ufleba SeZenili resursebiT TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr awarmoon da bazarze gayidon warmoebuli saqoneli. aseve mkveTrad SezRudulia momxmareblis arCevanis Tavisufleba, ramdenadac warmoeba yovelTvis CamorCeba mosaxleobis yidviTunarian moTxovnilebas. warmoeba karnaxobs momxmarebels Tu ra unda SeiZinos. komunistur sazogadoebaSi Sejibreba miCneulia ganviTarebis erT-erT mamoZravebel Zalad . komunisturi Sejibreba pirvelad aRmocenda yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi. misi formebi TandaTan icvleboda, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia komunisturi SabaTobebi, damkvreloba, staxanovuri moZraoba da Sromisadmi komunisturi damokidebuleba. realurad, aseTi Sejibreba umeteswilad formalur xasiaTs atarebda. marqsistuli Teoria uaryofs sabazro meqanizmis gamoyenebas administraciul-mbrZaneblur (komunistur) sistemaSi. administraciuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi bazari da misi funqciebi seriozul deformacias ganicdian. bazris maregulirebeli rolis Sesusteba xels uwyobs disproporciis warmoSobas moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris. Sedegad, damtkicebuli gegmebi qronikulad uzrunvelyofili araa ekonomikuri resursebiT, mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis saqonliT uzrunvelyofa ki deficituria. sabWoTa ekonomikis modelis erT-erTi paradoqsi
73

iyo, realuri bazris ararsebobis pirobebSi, fulisa da fasis moCvenebiTi simtkicis SenarCuneba. am SemTxvevaSi saqonlis miwodebaSi dominirebda zemdgomi saxelmwifo aparatis gadawyvetileba da momxmarebeli absoluturad daucveli iyo. erTiani saxelmwifo gegma direqtiul dokuments warmoadgenda da misi Sesruleba yvelasaTvis savaldebulod iTvleboda. administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikis modelSi saxelmwifo Rebulobs yvela gadawyvetilebas warmoebisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb . XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikaSi Camoyalibda ekonomikuri triadis (ra? rogor? visTvis?) gadawyvetis meqanizmi, romelic Tavisi ZiriTadi niSnebiT SenarCunda am saxelmwifos daSlamde. drodadro am meqanizmSi Setanili nawilobrivi cvlilebebi ar cvlida mis arss da gamoixateboda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaaqtiurebiT. amis gamo ekonomikis am modelma miiRo `totalitaruli~ sistemis saxelwodeba. aRniSnuli sistemis av-kargianobas kargad gamoxatavs sabWoTa kavSiris pirveli da ukanaskneli prezidentis mixeil gorbaCovis sityvebi, romelic, Tavis droze sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo wlebSi qveyanaSi Seqmnil situacias Semdegnairad aRwerda: `sabWoTa kavSiri _ msoflioSi foladis, nedleulis, saTbobisa da energiis umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli gamudmebiT ganicdis maT ukmarisobas, rac gamowveulia uyairaTobiT an maTi araefeqtiani gamoyenebiT... Cven gagvaCnia msoflioSi yvelaze meti eqimi da sawoli saavadmyofoSi aTas adamianze gadaangariSebiT da, amasTanave, Cvens jandacvaSi SeimCneva uamravi naklovanebebi~.
Tanamedrove sabazro (Sereuli) ekonomikuri sistema. Tanamedrove pirobebSi wminda saxiT arc erTi zemoT

dasaxelebuli sistema ar arsebobs. realurad arsebul ekonomikur sistemebs raRac Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukaviaT or ukiduresobas _ wminda kapitalizmsa da administraciul-mbrZaneblur sistemas
74

_ Soris. realur sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs da arc arsebula wminda administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistema. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, romelic, Tumca, iyo kidevac aseTi sistemis zusti gansaxiereba, SeiZleboda mogvenaxa sabazro ekonomikis zogierTi elementi. aq raRac zomiT gamoiyeneboda fasebis meqanizmi. roca romelime dargSi an regionSi igrZnoboda samuSao Zalis nakleboba, maSin mas, rogorc wesi, agzavnidnen am adgilebSi ufro maRali anazRaurebis miRebis garantiiT. XX saukunis bolos ganxorcielebuli reformebi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, CineTsa da mraval aRmosavleT evropul qveyanaSi mowodebulia daabrunos maTi ekonomikuri sistemebi administraciul-mbrZanebluridan sabazrod orientirebuli ekonomikisaken. saerTod, administraciul-mbrZaneblur sistemas gaaCnia rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi. aseTi ekonomika uzrunvelyofs SedarebiT nakleb gansxvavebas mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris imis gamo, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebelia swrafva socialuri keTildReobisaken. umuSevroba da inflacia ufro advilad eqvemdebareba kontrols. meore mxriv, sawarmoebi aseTi ekonomikis dros moklebulni arian dawinaurebis SesaZleblobas, praqtikulad ar gaaCniaT stimuli axali saqonlis gamoSvebisaTvis da sakuTari Sromis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad. rogorc Sedegi, mravali saqoneli da momsaxureba, romlis gareSe ver warmoudgeniaT Tavisi arseboba, magaliTad, britanelebs, aq xSirad Znelad xelmisawvdomia. magaliTad, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qalaqebSi tipiuri iyo situacia, rodesac xalxi elodeboda axali binis miRebas saSualod 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom `sufTa~ komunizms isev hyavs erTguli mimdevrebi, sul ufro da ufro meti komunisturi qveyana asustebs centralizebul kontrols (umravles SemTxvevaSi saerTod auqmebs kidec) ekonomikaze da axalisebs kerZo iniciativas. Zvrebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia aRmosavleT evropaSi, sadac
75

problema mdgomareobda ara imaSi, gadasuliyvnen Tu ara sabazro sistemaze, aramed imaSi, Tu ra roli unda Seesrulebina saxelmwifos am saqmeSi da raoden umtkivneulod moxdeboda es. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma: aRmosavleT germaniam (axla gaerTianebuli dasavleT germaniasTan erTad germaniaSi), poloneTma, ungreTma, Cexoslovakiam (axla CexeTi da slovakeTi) da bulgareTma _ yvelam gadadga nabiji (ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva tempebiT) sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi situacia rTuldeba politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebiT imis gamo, rom yofili sabWoTa respublikebi cdiloben miaRwion ufro did regionul kontrols sakuTar resursebze. 1991 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSiri, romelmac iarseba 74 weliwads, `mokvda~ da masTan erTad mokvda sabWoTa `komunizmic~. 11 yofili respublika gaerTianda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi (dsT) Sors mimavali reformis gatarebis mizniT, romelic mimarTuli iyo sabazro ekonomikis, kerZo sakuTrebis Camoyalibebisa da dagegmvis decentralizaciisaken. magram aravin ar elodeba imas, rom gza kerZo mewarmeobisaken iqneba `ia-vardebiT~ mofenili. dsT-sa da aRmosavleT evropaSi gardamavali periodi aRiniSna politikuri gadatrialebebiT, regionuli konfliqtebiT, umuSevrobiT, inflaciiTa da cxovrebis donis droebiTi dacemiT. CineTSi, komunisturi wyobis pirobebSi, cdiloben Tavidan aicilon politikuri reformebi, paralelurad dgamen patara, magram mudmiv nabijebs sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. sawarmoebis Cineli xelmZRvanelebi Zalian dainteresebulni arian dasavluri tipis menejmentis aTvisebasa da ekonomikur reformebSi. magram aseTi umniSvnelo nabijebi srulebiT ar aris sakmarisi bevri honkongeli biznesmenisaTvis. 1997 wels honkongma Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba, rogorc britaneTis koloniam da SeuerTda ra komunistur CineTs, aRmoCnda misi mmarTvelobis qveS, ris gamoc amiT ukmayofilo bevrma mewarmem da profesionalma datova honkongi. ar arsebobs aseve mTlianad Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis
76

magaliTebi. realurad yvela, e.w. sabazro ekonomikis qveyanaSi saxelmwifo mniSvnelovan kontrols axorcielebs socialurekonomikur procesebsa da sferoebze. magaliTad, Tanamedrove aSS-is ekonomika aSkarad axlosaa wminda kapitalizmTan, magram mainc gaaCnia arsebiTi xasiaTis gansxvavebebi. mTavari ki isaa, rom aq saxelmwifo aqtiur rols TamaSobs ekonomikaSi, xels uwyobs ra mis stabilurobas da zrdas, uzrunvelyofs ra zogierTi saxeobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gamoSvebas, romelsac sabazro ekonomika awarmoebs arasakmarisi raodenobiT an saerTod ar awarmoebs, zegavlenas axdens ra Semosavlebis ganawilebaze da a.S. wminda kapitalizmisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikulma kapitalizmma warmoSva mZlavri ekonomikuri institutebi msxvili korporaciebisa da profkavSirebis formiT, riTac Seqmna damatebiTi safuZveli ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos CarevisaTvis. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos monawileoba ZiriTadad Semdegi sami mizeziT aixsneba: sazogadoebis zogierTi moTxovnilebis (jandacvis, uSiSroebis dacvis da a.S.) dakmayofileba saxelmwifos ukeT SeuZlia, vidre sabazro meqanizms; saxelmwifos SeuZlia Searbilos sabazro meqanizmis moqmedebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo axorcielebs resursebisa da Semosavlebis gadanawilebis funqcias da am gziT cdilobs bazris mizeziT warmoSobili socialuri uTanxmoebis Semcirebas; Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifo asrulebs ekonomikis regulirebis funqcias da am gziT cdilobs gamoasworos sxvadasxva ekonomikuri wonasworobis darRveva, rac ganpirobebulia warmoebis daqveiTebiT, umuSevrobiT, inflaciiT, sagadasaxdelo balansis deficitiT. aq aRsaniSnavia erTi mniSvnelovani faqtic: kerZo sakuTreba da sabazro meqanizmi, iseve rogorc saxelmwifo sakuTreba da centralizebuli dagegmva, yovelTvis rodi Tanaarsebobdnen erTma77

neTTan. amis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos hitleruli nacisturi germaniis faSisturi sistema, romelsac avtoritaruli kapitalizmi ewodeba. aq kerZo sakuTreba batonobda, magram ekonomika mkacr saxelmwifo kontrols emorCileboda. amis sapirispirod, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis iugoslaviaSi arsebul ekonomikur sistemas uwodeben sabazro socializms , ramdenadac aq iyo imis cda, rom saxelmwifo sakuTrebis pirobebSi CamoeyalibebinaT sabazro meqanizmi. zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, samarTliania mtkiceba, rom Tanamedrove msoflios qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs Sereuli ekonomika _ iseTi ekonomikuri sistema, romelSic met-naklebi proporciulobiT erTmaneTTan Serwymulia sxvadasxva ekonomikuri sistemis, kerZod, sabazro da administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikis elementebi . magram TviT aRniSnul qveynebs Sorisac arsebobs Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. aqedan gamomdinare, ganasxvaveben Sereuli ekonomikis sxvadasxva models. qvemoT mokled ganvixilavT zogierT maTgans. amerikuli modeli xasiaTdeba rogorc Sereuli ekonomika _ sabazro ekonomikis organizaciis SedarebiT liberaluri modeliT, sadac saxelmwifo sxvadasxva xerxiT zemoqmedebs sabazro meqanizmis funqcionirebaze. es modeli agebulia mewarmeobis Zlier mxardaWeraze da eyrdnoba mosaxleobis yvelaze aqtiuri nawilis gamdidrebas. amasTan, aSS-Si ekonomikurad naklebad uzrunvelyofili moqalaqeebisaTvis arsebobs mniSvnelovani socialuri garantiebi, erovnuli Semosavlis am mizniT gadanawilebis meSveobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-Si ar dgas socialuri Tanasworobis miRwevis amocana, gezi aRebulia masobrivi individualuri warmoebis ganviTarebaze. aq raodenobrivad sWarbobs mcire biznesis sawarmoebi, magram ekonomikaSi dominirebad rols asrulebs didi biznesi. amis Sesaxeb mowmobs is faqti, rom korporaciebi Seadgenen sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobis 18%-s, magram awarmoeben samrewvelo produqciis mTliani moculobis 90%-s. didi biznesi wamyvania ekonomikis
78

sxva dargebSic. mTlianobaSi Sereuli ekonomikis amerikuli modeli gamoirCeva sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gadamwyveti roliT ekonomikuri struqturebis formirebasa da sameurneo erTeulebis mimdinare rentabelobis uzrunvelyofaSi. rac Seexeba ekonomikis saxelmwifoebriv regulirebasa da kontrols, maTi roli XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulamde SedarebiT SezRuduli iyo. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis ki aSS-is politikur wreebSi Camoyalibda mZlavri lobisturi jgufebi, romlebic gamovidnen e.w. `samrewvelo politikis~ sasargeblod. saqme isaa, rom amerikeli saqmiani wreebi safuZvlian SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamen qveynis teqnikuri momavlis gamo. aman garkveulwilad imoqmeda mTavrobis ekonomikur politikaze, misi rolis gaZlierebiT ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnebSi, mrewvelobis CamorCenili dargebis msoflio arenaze konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis xelSesawyobad. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis strategiaSi swored aseTma mobrunebam aSS-Si `samrewvelo politikis~ (`teqnikuri politikis~, `zrdis politikis~) saxelwodeba miiRo. es politika aqtualuri gaxda `civi omis~ dasrulebisa da konversiuli procesebis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT. misi arsia pirdapiri saxelmwifoebrivi zemoqmedebiT ekonomikuri resursebis mizanswrafuli gadarTva samxedro sferodan samoqalaqo dargebis sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT samecniero-teqnikur miRwevaTa gavrcelebis industriaSi. rogorc aRiniSna, aSS-s ekonomikaSi saxelmwifoebrivi Carevis politika naklebadpopularulia, magram mrewvelobaSi konkurentebisagan qveynis progresirebadma CamorCenam dRis wesrigSi daayena saxelmwifos rolis gaZlierebis sakiTxi Secvlili msoflio ekonomikuri koniunqturis pirobebSi. saqme isaa, rom aSS sistematiurad agebs konkurenciul brZolas iaponiasTan da germaniasTan msoflio teqnologiur bazrebze. amis ZiriTadi mizezi ki mecnierebatevadi dargebisadmi qmediTi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris ararseboba iyo. dRes ki mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad icvleba `samrewvelo politikis~ praqtikulad ganxorcielebiT. magaliTad,
79

aSS aZlierebs maRalteqnologiur sferoTa proeqtebis pirdapir saxelmwifoebriv dafinansebas, rac uzarmazar Tanxebs nTqavs, Tumca, saboloo angariSiT, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebiT did ukugebas iZleva. `samrewvelo politikis~ realizacias emsaxureba aseve saxelmwifo samecniero laboratoriebisa da kerZo kompaniaTa TanamSromloba; saxelmwifoebrivi axali teqnologiebis gamavrcelebeli centrebis dafinansebis gaZliereba, romlebic konsultaciebs uweven kerZo firmebs warmoebisa da teqnologiis axali meTodebis aTvisebaSi; kerZo kompaniebTan erTad saxelmwifos monawileoba miznobriv samecniero-kvleviT procesebSi, konsorciumebis formiT. am ukanasknelis amocanaa teqnologiur siaxleTa swrafi danergva, rac warmoebis maRal efeqtianobas ganapirobebs. aris aseve zogierTi sxva mimarTuleba, riTac Zlierdeba qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze saxelmwifoebrivi zemoqmedeba. iaponurma modelma Tavisi originalobiTa da daxvewilobiT ganapiroba qveynis ekonomikis ayvaveba da cxovrebis maRali done. am modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rigi fuZemdebluri princi pebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva korporaciebis da maTi muSakebis interesebis erTianoba. iaponuri sawarmo faqtobrivad erTi didi mtkice socialuri ujredia (ojaxia), sadac yvela erTmaneTisaTvis da TiToeuli yvelasaTvis zrunavs. iaponiaSi farTod gamoiyeneba sawarmoTa mogebaSi muSakTa monawileobis sistema, rogorc warmoebis zrdis avtomaturi regulatori. amis meSveobiT muSakebi TavianT Tavs Tvlian ufro `mudmiv partniorebad~, vidre `daqiravebulebad~. didi mniSvneloba aqvs aseve imas, rom iaponuri modeli emyareba qveynis mosaxleobis maRal erovnul Segnebas _ qveynis keTildReoba dayenebulia calkeul adamianTa keTildReobaze maRla. es ekonomikurad vlindeba imiT, rom sazogadoebrivi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda uswrebs mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas, riTac uzrunveliyofa produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcireba, msoflio bazarze misi maRalkonkurentunarianoba da, rogorc logikuri Sedegi, cxovrebis
80

saerTo maRali done. ekonomikis marTvis iaponuri modelis amosavali princi pebia: 1. muSakTa xangrZlivi, praqtikulad samudamo daqiraveba; 2. xelfasis zrda namsaxurobis xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad; 3. profkavSirebis organizacia sawarmos da ara dargis doneze princi piT: `erTi sawarmo, erTi profkavSiri~. iaponuri warmoebis produqciis maRalkonkurentunarianobas mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs korporaciebis dagegmvisa da aseve qveynis ekonomikuri strategiis prognozirebis sayovelTaod aprobirebuli praqtika. amasTan, mecniereba da teqnika ekonomikuri zrdis iaponuri modelis mTavari struqturuli faqtoria. Tanamedrove iaponia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli msoflio mniSvnelobis samecniero-teqnikuri centri da umsxvilesi kreditoria. unikaluri sainformacio sistema da prognozireba qveyanas SesaZleblobas aZlevs zedmiwevniT srulad ganWvritos bazrisa da warmoebis moculoba da struqtura, gegmazomierad daareguliros isini ara mxolod erovnuli, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabiTac ki. sainformacio sistemaze gadasvla ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi axal regulatorebze gadasvlis saetapo movlenaa. amasTan, kvlavac mimdinareobs intensiuri muSaoba sabazro meTodebisa da socialurekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebis optimaluri SexamebisaTvis, rac ekonomikuri sistemis maRalefeqtiani funqcionirebis pirobaa. saboloo angariSiT, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom iaponiis Tanamedrove ekonomikuri zrda erTian sistemad moqmedi sxvadasxva faqtorebis rTuli kompleqsis mizanswrafuli funqcionirebis Sedegia. samxreTkoreuli modeli iaponiis yaidisaa. `miiRo~ ra 70-iani wlebis bolos, ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnis iaponuri modeli, koream mkveTrad daaCqara qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempi, warmoebis teqnikuri agebulebiT swrafad miuaxlovda aSS-s mrewvelobis dones da rig sakvanZo sferoSi konkurentunarianobiT kidevac gauswro mas. sxva axali industriuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, koream (iaponiaze metadac) ekonomikaSi kursi aiRo
81

kapitalis mkveTr koncentraciaze, risi Sedegic aris is, rom didi biznesi dReisaTvis dominirebadia _ xuT umsxviles konglomeratze modis qveynis erovnuli produqtis naxevari. Sereuli ekonomikis samxreTkoreuli modeli eyrdnoba prioritetuli dargebis ganviTarebas, rac emyareba Semdeg kriteriumebs: jer erTi, dargis saeqsporto potenciali da msoflio bazarze misi konkurentunarianobis perspeqtivebi; meore, dargis produqciaze saSinao bazris moTxovna; mesame, dargis roli qveynis industriuli ganviTarebis saerTo donis amaRlebaSi; meoTxe, dargis produqciis sagareo resursebze (importze) moTxovnis da, saerTod, resurstevadobis Semcireba; mexuTe, dargis roli qveynis savaWro balansis deficitis SemcirebaSi; meeqvse, dargis roli ekonomikis sxva seqtorebis efeqtianobisaTvis xelSewyobaSi da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom koreis ekonomika arsebiTad Riaa ucxoeli mwarmoeblebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, orientirebulia eqsportze. amrigad, iaponiis msgavsad, koreis industriuli politikis ZiriTadi niSania eqsportze dayrdnoba da ekonomikis dagegmva. es ukanaskneli moicavs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da infrastruqturis zogadi maCveneblebis dagegmvas, socialur dagegmvas, mimdinare ekonomikur gamokvlevebs, sagareo-ekonomikuri kavSirebis dagegmvas, finansur dagegmvas da sxv. idustriuli ganviTarebis maRali donis miRwevis kvalobaze korea 80-ian wlebSi mkacrad (direqtiulis CaTvliT) reglamentirebuli dagegmvidan indikatur ekonomikur dagegmvaze gadavida, rac warmatebiT exmareba sabazro meqanizmebs. swored aman ganapiroba mokle periodSi qveynis didi socialur-ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnologiuri warmateba da msoflio bazrebze maRali konkurentunarianoba. franguli modeli sabazro ekonomikis mier gegmiani sawyisebis gamoyenebis klasikuri nimuSia. pirveli gegma, romelic miiRes 1945 wels, iTvaliswinebda omiT dangreuli ekonomikis aRdgenas da atarebda savaldebulo xasiaTs. 60-70-iani wlebidan safrangeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia indikaturi dagegmva, romlis
82

upirvelesi amocanaa ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi da kerZo seqtorebis koordinacia, anu Sereuli ekonomikis marTva, rac, saboloo angariSiT, zemoqmedebas axdens sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebaze misi optimizaciis mimarTulebiT. saxelmwifos Careva kerZo mewarmeobaSi, rogorc wesi, SezRudulia. sxva saqmea ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtori, romlis wilic mTlian Sida produqtSi 29%-mdea. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi seqtoris meSveobiT (3,5 mln kacia dasaqmebuli), romelsac mTavroba yovelnairad astimulirebs (udgens strategiul gegmebs, uZRveba samecniero gamokvlevebs, aformirebs saerTo erovnul interesebs da a.S.), is arapirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens kerZo seqtorze. dagegmvis Tanamedrove etaps safrangeTSi uwodeben `strategiuls~ _ detalizaciis gareSe. magaliTad, 1989-1992 w.w. ekonomikis ganviTarebis meaTe gegma gamoirCeoda strategiulobiT, sabazro da savaluto sistemis naTeli orientaciiT msoflio siaxleebze. amasTan, masSi Cadebuli iyo sawarmoTa ganviTarebis indikaturi gegmebi, riTac sawarmoTa interesebi faqtobrivad gaigivebuli iyo qveynis interesebTan. safrangeTis sawarmoTa gegma Seicavs pasuxs kiTxvaze: saiT wavides safrangeTis ekonomika? gegmis ZiriTadi amocanaa uzrunvelyofil iqnas yvela socialuri partnioris monawileoba ekonomikur procesebSi. Tumca, iq gegmas arasodes Seucvlia bazari. es sakvanZo midgomaa: safrangeTSi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri kavSirebis rols swored bazari asrulebs. maT gegmaSi saerTod ar figurirebs ra, sad da ra raodenobiT awarmoon. imavdroulad safrangeTis ekonomikis praqtika naTlad warmoaCens bazrisa da gegmis nayofieri `TanamSromlobis~ SesaZleblobas. safrangeTis bazari mdidaria, magram ara yovlismomcveli da mTlad unaklo. swored aq iCens Tavs saxelmwifo gegma, rac biujetur asignebaTa da SekveTebis ganawilebiT warmoaCens da xels uwyobs prioritetebs da Tvalyurs miadevnebs mis ganxorcielebas. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba infrastruqturas, komunikaciebs,
83

teritoriis keTilmowyobas, erovnul uSiSroebas. frangebisaTvis kanonia gegmiT miRebuli strategiuli mimarTulebebi, romelTa Soris meaTe gegmaSi figurirebda: erovnuli valutis ganmtkiceba, dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa, ganaTlebisa da mecnierul gamokvlevaTa ganviTareba, mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvelyofa, teritoriuli keTilmowyoba, saxelmwifo aparatis srulyofa. safrangeTSi aRiarebulia, rom sabazro urTierTobaTa arsi arCevanis SesaZleblobebSi, prioritetebis amorCevSia, rom ekonomika ar SeiZleba agebul iqnas princi piT: `an yvelaferi, an araferi~. maTTvis civilizebuli dagegmvis mTavari laitmotivia: `dagegmeT mxolod strategia, danarCeni miandeT bazars, rogorc es safrangeTSia, da ara mxolod iq~. Sveduri modeli gamoirCeva mkafiod gamoxatuli socialuri mimarTulebiT. sxvanairad, Sereuli ekonomikis birTvia mZlavri socialuri politika, saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileoba ekonomikaSi. faqtebi, zogierTi gamonaklisis miuxedavad, damajereblad metyvelebs Sveciis ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis maRali efeqtianobis Sesaxeb. im socialur problemaTa Soris, romelTa gadawyvetasac emsaxureba Sveduri modeli, gamoyofen sam ZiriTads: 1. Tanasworobis principi, e.i. keTildReobis Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa uzrunvelyofa sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis; 2. socialuri garantiebis saimedo sistema yvelasaTvis; 3. Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sruli dasaqmeba. aqedan cxadia, rom Sveduri modelis mTavari maxasiaTebelia ekonomikis, da bunebrivia, mTeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis humanizacia ekonomikuri da socialuri regulirebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. yovelive amas safuZvlad udevs sami mTavari funqciis _ saxelmwifos, didi biznesisa da profkavSirebis harmoniuli TanamSromloba. sabazro ekonomikis Svedur models axasiaTebs e.w. `magiuri xuTkuTxedis~ _ stabiluri zrdis, inflaciis dabali donis,
84

dasaqmebis maRali donis, mosaxleobis Semosavlebis gamoTanabrebis da qveynis sagadasaxdelo balansis gawonasworebuli realizaciis erTianoba. Svecia dReisaTvis warmatebiT wyvets sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Zireuli gardaqmnis mesame etapis amocanas. pirveli etapis amocana iyo politikuri demokratiis, `pluralizmis~ miRweva; meore etapze praqtikulad ganxorcielda socialuri demokratiis principebis realizacia; mesame etapze, romelic eyrdnoba pirvel ors, mTavaria `ekonomikuri demokratiis~ srulyofilad ganxorcieleba. mesame etapis strategiis realizaciis doneze, sxva realiebTan erTad, metyvelebs is, rom SveciaSi miRweulia ara mxolod calkeul moqalaqeTa gamdidreba, aramed cxovrebis saerTo maRali done; yvelasaTvis uzrunvelyofilia maRalxarisxovani saxelmwifoebrivi momsaxureba, Sromisa da moxmarebis Tanabari ufleba yvelasaTvis; ganviTarebulia ufaso kveba da ganaTleba sabavSvo baRebsa da skolebSi, moxucebulTa uzrunveli cxovreba; gadawyvetilia mosaxleobis sabinao da dasvenebis problema da sxv. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aseTi erTiani humanizebuli sistema myarad ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis fenebad daSlas, diferenciacias. SveciaSi warmatebiT xorcieldeba `solidaruli~ politika xelfasis sferoSi, rac niSnavs mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT Sromis anazRaurebis Tanasworobas sawarmoTa rentabelobis miuxedavad. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, xelfasis diferenciaciac didi ar aris. yovelive amas safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebrivi produqtis ganawileba saxelmwifos aqtiuri politikiT. Svedur models `funqcionalur socializmsac~ uwodeben, romlis arsia erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawileba sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa prioritetiT, rac miznad isaxavs meti socialuri Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis miRwevas. SvedeTis saxelmwifo Tavis moqalaqeebs sTavazobs karg (bevri qveynisaTvis warmoudgenel) SeRavaTebs. magaliTad, umuSevrobis Semcirebis mizniT, mTavroba gamoyofs 5,25 dolars xelfasze saaTSi im momuSaveebze, romlebic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi daTxovilni
85

iqnebodnen samsaxuridan. mkurnaloba saavadmyofoSi Rirs dReSi mxolod 4 dolari. kbilebis mkurnaloba bavSvebisaTvis ufasoa. magram, rogorc amboben, `ufaso sadilebi ar arsebobs~. Svedebi uxdian saxelmwifos 75 cents yoveli gamomuSavebuli dolaridan, Tu wliuri gamomuSavebuli Tanxa aWarbebs 31 aTas dolars. garda amisa, SvedeTSi brunvidan gadasaxadi Seadgens 25%-s. es procesi ukeT rom warmoidginoT, moviyvanT aseT magaliTs _ Tqven yidulobT koncertze dasaswreb bileTs, romlis Rirebulebac Seadgens 20 dolars da, garda amisa, unda gadaixadoT kidev 5 dolari gadasaxadis saxiT. bevri politikuri moRvawe SvedeTSi aRiarebs maRali gadasaxadebis naklovan mxares da mouwodebs maTi Semcirebisaken. moviyvanT or magaliTs: bengt vesterbergi (SvedeTis liberaluri partia): `maqsimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTis 50%-mde Semcireba maqsimalurad gaaumjobesebs ekonomikis maCveneblebs ramdenime mimarTulebiT. pirvel rigSi, Semcirdeba maRalkvalificiuri mecnierebisa da specialistebis gadinebis riski sxva qveynebSi da, Sesabamisad, axali teqnologiebis SemuSavebaSi CamorCenis riski... da, rac SeiZleba yvelaze mTavari iyos, Cven gavzrdiT stimuls muSaobisaTvis~. karl bildti (SvedeTis zomierebis partia): `Tu sagadasaxado tvirTi, romelic amJamad awveba qveynis ekonomikas, ar iqneba Semcirebuli, codnis, Sromisa da kapitalis modineba Cveni warmoebis mzard seqtorSi Semcirdeba (an saerTod Sewydeba) da Cveni zrdis maCveneblebic SemdgomSi ganagrZoben dacemas~. albaT, axla Tqven ukve gesmiT sakiTxis arsi. im qveynebSi, sadac aris socialistebis mTavroba, xSirad saxelmwifo iRebs misi moqalaqeebis mier gamomuSavebuli Tanxis udides nawils da abrunebs mas ukan socialuri momsaxurebis formiT. rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs adamianebis ufro karg `dacvas~, vidre kapitalizmi, magram Tqven gagaCniaT naklebi Tavisufleba `sakuTari~ fulis gankargvis dros. aseTi midgoma, ra Tqma unda, sakmaod mimzidveli unda iyos im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic
86

gamoimuSaveben patara Tanxebs da ar iqneba saxarbielo, misaRebi imaTTvis, vinc iRebs bevrs. zustad es ganapirobebs imas, rom bevri maRalanazRaurebadi specialisti aseTi qveynebidan gadadis sacxovreblad (samuSaod) im qveynebSi, sadac maT kanoniT SeuZliaT daitovon maT mier gamomuSavebuli Tanxebis didi nawili. magaliTad, iseTi sayovelTaod cnobili CogburTelebi, rogorebic arian biern borgi, maTs vilanderi, ioakim nistriomi, stefan edbergi da andres iaridi, yvelani Tavis droze gadavidnen sacxovreblad SvedeTidan londonSi imis gamo, rom SeecvalaT Sveduri 75%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTi inglisur (britanul) 40%-ianze. bolos da bolos, SvedeTma Seamcira Tavisi maqsimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTi 60%-mde. saSualod, aTi Svedidan cxrisTvis, romelTa wliuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 26 aTas dolars, maqsimaluri dabegvris ganakveTi Semcirda 60%-dan 30%-mde. rogorc eqspertebi miiCneven, aseTi Semcirebis Sedegad SvedeTi gacilebiT nakleb maRalSemosavlian adamianebs dakargavs da SeiZens ekonomikuri zrdis ufro maRal tempebs. aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom SvedeTSi pirvelad da efeqtianad ganxorcielda kapitalizmis genezisi sabazro ekonomikaSi, am ukanasknelisa ki _ Tanamedrove civilizebul sazogadoebaSi (socialurad orientirebul Sereul ekonomikaSi). koncentrirebulad es vlindeba mokle periodSi maRalefeqtiani da `sayovelTao keTildReobis~ saxelmwifos formirebiT, yvela Sromisunariani moqalaqis dasaqmebiT, siRaribis likvidaciT, ganviTarebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis funqcionirebiT, ganaTlebisa da kulturis maRali doniT da a.S. germanuli modelis safuZvelia maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis Sesabamisi stimulebisa da socialuri garantiebis harmoniuli kombinacia, ris gamoc mas miiCneven yvelaze optimalur modelad. rogorc cnobilia, omisSemdgom aT weliwadSi dasavleT germaniam ara mxolod aRadgina dangreuli ekonomika, aramed bevri maCvenebliT gauswro Tavis evropel mezoblebs da daikava
87

erT-erTi soliduri adgili msoflios ganviTarebul qveyanaTa Soris. es didi gardatexa, rac ganxorcielda ludvig erhardis programiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT da aSS-s TanadgomiT, cnobilia `germanuli saswaulis~ saxelwodebiT da samagaliToa bevri sxva qveynisaTvis, romlebic administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemidan socialurad orientirebul sabazro ekonomikaze gadadian. germaniaSi Camoyalibebulia konkurenciaze damyarebuli ekonomikuri sistema, romelic, marTalia, ar icavs yvelas da TiToeuls gardauvali riskis Tu sxva SemTxvevebisagan, magram adamianebs ayenebs mdgomareobaSi, roca isini TviTon, da sxva aravin, TavianTi moqmedebisa da misi SedegebisaTvis sruli pasuxismgebelni arian. dasavleT germaniis 1948 wlis sameurneo reforma, romelmac Zireulad Secvala da Semoabruna am qveynis bedi, moicavda fulad reformas da fasebis reformas. orive reforma Catarda TandaTanobiT, magram swrafi tempebiT. amasTan, faswarmoqmnis liberalizacias sayovelTao xasiaTi ar miuRia; saxelmwifom strategiul produqciaTa fasebze kontroli SeinarCuna da sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvla marTvadi gaxada. rac mTavaria, germaniisaTvis bazari TviTmizani ki araa, aramed socialuri miznebis miRwevis, kerZod, sazogadoebaSi klasobriv gansxvavebaTa daZlevisa da qveynis SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis maqsimaluri ganviTarebis, Tavisufali, kerZo iniciativisa da konkurenciis ekonomikis aqtiur saxelmwifoebriv regulirebasTan Sexamebis fenomenad iyo imTaviTve miCneuli. amJamad ki germanuli modeli socialurad orientirebuli Sereuli ekonomikaa mewarmeTa sruli TavisuflebiT _ imuSaon piradi sargeblobisaTvis. aq yvelasaTvis Seqmnilia TiTqmis Tanaswori amosavali sastarto pirobebi. germanuli Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema mimarTulia usamarTlobis aRkveTis, sayovelTao harmoniisa da yvelasaTvis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze. swored amis gamoa igi miCneuli yvelaze samarTlian da optimalur modelad.

leqcia 6. resursebis, produqtebisa da Semosavlebis wrebrunva

msoflio arenaze amJamad Warbobs Sereuli ekonomikuri sistemebi. amitom am Temis bolos Cven mTavar yuradRebas davuTmobT sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu qveynebi rogor iyeneben bazrebsa da samTavrobo politikas deficitis problemis gadasaWrelad. aq Cveni mizani sakmaod mokrZalebulia: gadawyvetilebis mimRebi ZiriTadi subieqtebisa da ZiriTadi bazrebis gamoyofa Sereul ekonomikaSi. amisaTvis Tavdapirvelad gamoviyenebT resursebis, produqtebisa (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) da Semosavlebis wrebrunvis sakvanZo models , romelic metad gamartivebulia (ix. nax. 2.1). aq saojaxo meurneobebisa da sawarmoebis Sida urTierTqmedebebi dafarulia, gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi mniSvnelovani subieqti _ saxelmwifo da `mTeli danarCeni samyaro~ ugulvebelyofilia. amasTan, aRniSnuli modeli gulisxmobs resursebis, produqtebisa da Semosavlebis ucvlel nakadebs. dabolos, mocemuli modeli ar xsnis, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba resursebisa da produqtebis fasebi. es sakiTxi Semdegi ganyofilebis Seswavlis sagania. naxazze warmodgenilia sabazro sistemaSi gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi subieqtebis ori jgufi _ saojaxo meurneobebi da sawarmoebi. saojaxo meurneobebi aerTianebs qveyanaSi mcxovereb yvela adamians, romlebic: a) rogorc momxmareblebi, iyeneben sawarmoTa mier warmoebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas; b) rogorc resursebis mepatroneni, floben ekonomikaSi arsebul yvela ZiriTad resurss. sawarmoebi axorcieleben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas. sabazro sistema warmoadgens makoordinirebel meqanizms, romelsac SesabamisobaSi mohyavs saojaxo meurneobaTa da sawarmoebis gadawyvetilebani resursebisa da produqtebis bazrebze. resursebis bazrebze warmoebs sawarmoTa mier saojaxo meurneobebis
89

88

nax. 2.1. resursebis, produqtebisa da Semosavlebis wrebrunvis sakvanZo modeli

gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis SeZena. produqtebis bazrebi _ es aris nebayoflobiTi gacvla momxmareblebsa (saojaxo meurneobebs) da sawarmoebs Soris. momxmareblebi TavianT fulad Semosavlebs cvlian sawarmoTa mier warmoebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. naxazze warmodgenili sakvanZo modelis zeda nawili aRwers
90

resursebis bazrebs. aq saojaxo meurneobebi TavianT gankargulebaSi arsebul yvela resurss awvdian sawarmoebs. sawarmoebi moTxovnas ayeneben resursebze, romelTa gamoyenebiTac isini awarmoeben saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. resursebze moTxovnisa da miwodebis Tanafardoba gansazRvravs maT fass. sawarmoTa mier ganxorcielebuli gadaxdebi warmoadgens danaxarjebs maTTvis miwodebuli resursebisaTvis da, imavdroulad _ xelfasis, rentis, sargeblisa da samewarmeo mogebis nakadebs am resursebis mimwodebeli saojaxo meurneobebisaTvis. sakvanZo modelis qveda nawilSi warmodgenilia produqtebis bazrebi. saojaxo meurneobaTa mier resursebis gayidvidan miRebul fulad Semosavlebs ar gaaCnia `WeSmariti~ naturaluri faseuloba, rogorc aseTi; maT ar SeuZliaT miirTvan an Caicvan monetebi da qaRaldis fulebi. amitom TavianTi fuladi SemosavlebiT isini moTxovnas ayeneben sawarmoTa mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis uzarmazar mravalferovnebaze. imavdroulad, sawarmoebi saojaxo meurneobebisagan miRebuli resursebis iseTnair kombinacias axdenen, rom uzrunvelyon saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saWiro raodenobiT warmoeba da miwodeba produqtebis bazrebze. saqonlis (momsaxurebis) moTxovnisa da miwodebis Tanafardoba gansazRvravs maT fass. momxmarebelTa (saojaxo meurneobaTa) samomxmareblo xarjebis nakadi maT mier SeZenil saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze sawarmoTa fulad Semosavlebs warmoadgens. wrebrunvis sakvanZo modeli asaxavs urTierTdakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebisa da ekonomikur qcevaTa rTul sistemas . SevniSnavT, rom sawarmoebi da saojaxo meurneobebi moqmedeben orive ZiriTad bazarze, magram imyofebian maTs sxvadasxva mxares. resursebis bazrebze sawarmoebi myidvelebi arian (uzrunvelyofen moTxovnas), xolo saojaxo meurneobebi _ gamyidvelebi (uzrunvelyofen miwodebas). saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebze isini adgilebs cvlian: saojaxo meurneobebi gamodian momxmarebelTa
91

rolSi (moTxovnis mxares), xolo sawarmoebi _ gamyidvelTa rolSi (miwodebis mxares). maSasadame, gadawyvetilebis mimReb subieqtTa orive jgufi erTdroulad yidis da yidulobs kidec. ufro metic, zemoT aRniSnul urTierTgacvlebs `Tavs dastrialebs~ ukmarisobis aCrdili. ramdenadac saojaxo meurneobebs gaaCnia sawarmoTaTvis misawodebeli resursebis SezRuduli raodenoba, momxmarebelTa fuladi Semosavlebic SezRudulia. amitom fuladi Semosavlebis SezRuduli raodenoba saSualebas ar iZleva SeZenil iqnas momxmareblisaTvis sasurveli yvela saqoneli da momsaxureba. imavdroulad, resursebis ukmarisobis gamo, momxmareblisaTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba aseve SezRudulia. ukmarisoba da arCevani ki, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, gansazRvravs yvela Cvens Semdgom msjelobas. amrigad, ekonomikur sistemaSi, sadac fuli gamoiyeneba, saojaxo meurneobebi, rogorc resursebis mflobelebi, sawarmoebze yidian TavianT resursebs, xolo momxmarebelTa saxiT isini xarjaven sawarmoebisagan miRebul fulad Semosavlebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad. sawarmoebi resursebs iZenen im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad, romelsac Semdeg mihyidian saojaxo meurneobebs TavianTi fuladi Semosavlebis (maT Soris, mogebis) misaRebad. resursebisa da produqtebis nakadebi moZraobs saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, saojaxo meurneobebisa da sawarmoTa fuladi Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi ki _ saaTis isris mimarTulebiT. am nakadebis moZraoba erTdroulad ganmeorebadia. axla droa ganvixiloT realuri Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema, sadac wrebrunvis sakvanZo modelSi aqtiurad erTveba saxelmwifo seqtori (ix. nax. 2.2). am naxazze (1)-(8) nakadebi imeoreben 2.1 naxazs; (1) da (2) nakadebi gviCveneben sawarmoTa xarjebs maTTvis saojaxo meurneobebis mier miwodebul resursebze. es xarjebi sawarmoTa
92

nax. 2.2. wrebrunvis sakvanZo modeli da saxelmwifo seqtori

danaxarjebia, magram xelfass, rentas, sargebels da mogebas warmoadgenen saojaxo meurneobebisaTvis _ (5) da (6) nakadebi. (7) da (8) nakadebi asaxaven saojaxo meurneobaTa samomxmareblo xarjebs sawarmoTa mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze, romlebic warmoadgenen fulad Semosavlebs sawarmoebisaTvis _ (3) da (4) nakadebi. axla vnaxoT, wrebrunvis sakvanZo modelSi saxelmwifo
93

seqtoris CarTvasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi. (9) da (12) nakadebi gviCveneben, rom mTavroba awarmoebs Sesyidvebs rogorc resursebis, ise produqtebis bazrebze. kerZod, (9) da (10) nakadebi asaxaven resursebis samTavrobo Sesyidvebs saojaxo meurneobebisagan, xolo (11) da (12) nakadebi asaxaven saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (qaRaldi, kompiuterebi, iaraRi da a.S.) samTavrobo Sesyidvebs kerZo sawarmoebisagan. imavdroulad, mTavroba sazogadoebriv saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sTavazobs saojaxo meurneobebsa da sawarmoebs, rasac asaxaven (13) da (14) nakadebi. am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis dafinansebisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis mobilizebas mTavroba axorcielebs sawarmoebisa da saojaxo meurneobebis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebiT, romlebic naCvenebia (15) da (16) nakadebSi. am nakadebs Cven wminda gadasaxadebi vuwodeT, ramdenadac isini moicaven agreTve `piriqiT gadasaxadebs~ transfertul momsaxurebaTa saxiT saojaxo meurneobebisadmi da subsidiebis saxiT sawarmoebisadmi. maSasadame, (15) nakadi niSnavs ara mxolod sawarmoTa mier saxelmwifosaTvis gadaxdil gadasaxadebs, aramed sxvadasxva samTavrobo subsidiebs sawarmoebze. zustad aseve, (16) nakadi niSnavs ara mxolod saojaxo meurneobebis mier saxelmwifosaTvis gadaxdil gadasaxadebs, aramed, agreTve, saojaxo meurneobebisaTvis mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebul sxvadasxva transfertul gadasaxdelebs. wrebrunvis aRniSnuli modeli mkafio warmodgenas iZleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu mTavroba Tavisi xarjebiT, gadasaxadebiT da transfertuli gadasaxdelebiT ranairad cvlis Semosavlebis ganawilebis struqturas, rogor gadaanawilebs resursebs da aregulirebs ekonomikuri aqtiurobis dones. magaliTad, (16) nakadi gviCvenebs, rom sagadasaxado sistema, romelSic gadasaxadebi ZiriTadad maRalSemosavliani saojaxo meurneobebidan Semodis, dabali Semosavlebis mqone saojaxo meurneobebze ganxorcielebul
94

transfertul gadasaxdelebTan SexamebiT, met Tanasworobas iwvevs Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi. amasve gviCvenebs (15) nakadi sawarmoTa poziciidan. (10) da (12) nakadebi ki asaxavs mTavrobis rols resursebisa da produqtebis ganawilebaSi da am ganawilebis Taviseburebebs, mis gansxvavebas kerZo seqtorisaTvis damaxasiaTeblisagan. dabolos, saxelmwifo seqtorTan dakavSirebuli yvela nakadi asaxavs im meTodebs, romlebiTac mTavroba cdilobs ekonomikis stabilizebas. Tuki ekonomikaSi umuSevroba SeiniSneba, mTavroba adidebs saxelmwifo xarjebs, an saxelmwifo xarjebis mocemuli donis pirobebSi amcirebs gadasaxadebs da adidebs transfertul gadasaxdelebs. da piriqiT, inflaciis dros mTavroba mxars uWers sapirispiro politikas: saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebas, gadasaxadebis gadidebas da transfertul gadasaxdelTa Semcirebas.

95

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazro ekonomikuri sistema moicavs yvela elements qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan, garda: a. saxelmwifos SeuzRudavi rolisa; b. mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisuflebisa; g. fasebis sistemisa; d. piradi interesisa. 2. sabazro ekonomikaSi sawarmoTa umravlesoba, rogorc wesi, mogebas Rebulobs: a. momxmareblebTan warmatebuli konkurenciis wyalobiT; b. metismetad maRali fasebis dawesebiT; g. momxmarebelTa gemovnebis ignorirebiT; d. iseTi saqonlis gayidviT, romlis yidvac momxmareblebs surT fasad, romlis gadasaxdeladac isini mzad arian. 3. ekonomikur sistemaSi, sadac uamravi mewarmea, savaraudod: a. adgili ar eqneba arsebiT cvlilebebs; b. gamoCndeba mravali axali produqti da warmoebis meTodi; g. wrebrunva iqneba ufro neli, vidre im ekonomikur sistemaSi, sadac cota mewarmea; d. siaxleebisagan Tavis aridebiT miiRweva swrafi zrda. 4. resursebis bazrebze sawarmoebi konkurencias uweven: a. saojaxo meurneobebs; b. erTmaneTs; g. resursebis kerZo mflobelebs;

d. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazris monawileebs. 5. wrebrunvis modeli moicavs yvela subieqts qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan, garda: a. adamianebisa, vinc fuls gamoimuSavebs TavianTi resursebis sawarmoebisaTvis miyidviT; b. saojaxo meurneobebisa, romlebic gacvlas awarmoeben sawarmoebTan resursebisa da produqtebis bazrebze; g. sawarmoebisa, romlebic resursebs mihyidian saojaxo meurneobebs; d. momxmareblebisa, romlebic Semosavals moi poveben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi monawileobiT.

6. s abazro ekonomikis mier gegmiani sawyis ebis gamoyenebis klasikur nimuSad iTvleba Sereuli ekonomikis: a. iaponuri modeli; b. samxreTkoreuli modeli; g. franguli modeli; d. amerikuli modeli. 7. maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis Sesabamisi stimulirebisa d a s o cialur i garant ieb is har m oniuli ko m binacia safuZvelia Sereuli ekonomikis: a. amerikuli modelisaTvis; b. iaponuri modelisaTvis; g. Sveduri modelisaTvis; d. germanuli modelisaTvis. 8. mewarmeobis Zlier mxardaWerazea agebuli da mosaxleobis yvelaze aqtiuri nawilis gamdidrebas eyrdnoba Sereuli ekonomikis: a. samxreTkoreuli modeli; b. iaponuri modeli; g. Sveduri modeli; d. amerikuli modeli.
97

96

ganyofileba II mikroekonomikis safuZvlebi

`mikroekonomikaSi Cven SeviswavliT... ara tyes, aramed xeebs. mikroekonomikuri analizi saWiroa imisaTvis, raTa yvelaze axlo manZilidan davinaxoT ekonomikuri sistemis zogierTi specifikuri komponenti~. k. r. makkoneli, s. l. briu am ganyofilebaSi yuradRebis fokusSi movaqcevT mikroekonomikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es aris `mcire ekonomika~, e.i. ekonomikis calkeuli sferoebis da ara mTlianad ekonomikis Semswavleli ganyofileba, igi mainc Zalian mniSvnelovani problemebiTaa dakavebuli. qvemoT Cven vnaxavT, Tu ratom icvleba wamoebisa da moxmarebis modeli droTa msvlelobaSi; ratom arian erTni mdidrebi, xolo meoreni _ Raribebi; ratom axdens ekonomika aseT Zlier gavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze; rogor funqcionireben sawarmoebi da bazrebi mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi. garda amisa, gavaanalizebT, Tu ra gansazRvravs warmoebuli da moxmarebuli saqonlis raodenobas; ratom izrdeba fasebi erTi dasaxelebis saqonelze, xolo meoreze _ ecema. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven ganvixilavT ekonomikis erTerT umniSvnelovanes Teorias _ moTxovnisa da miwodebis Teorias.

Tema
i nd i vi du a lu r i ba z ri s analizi: bazari, fuli, moTxovna, miwodeba da fasi
`arc erTi saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba iyos bazarze brZeni~. a.smiTi `aucilebelia aRmovfxvraT dabrkoleba bazrebze moTxovnisa da miwodebis Tavisufali formirebisaTvis yvela myidvelisa da gamyidvelis interesebis gavleniT.~ i.lipsici am TemiT daviwyebT bazrisa da fulis bunebis, fasebisa da warmoeba-moxmarebis moculobaTa formirebis procesis Seswavlas. me-2 TemaSi motanilma wrebrunvis modelma warmogvidgina resursebisa da produqtebis bazrebi. magram iq davuSviT, rom resursebisa da produqtebis fasebi ucvlelia (`mocemulia~). axla, bazris cnebis ufro dawvrilebiT SeswavliT avxsniT, Tu rogor dgindeba an wesdeba fasebi da rogoria isini bazris sxvadasxva tipis pirobebSi.
99

98

leqcia 7. bazris arsi, struqtura da funqciebi

`bazari _ es aris meqanizmi, romelic saSualebas iZleva moabrunos mwarmoebeli piriT momxmareblisaken, S e q m n as q c e vis s a er T o m niS vne li rogorc mwarmoebel-gamyidvelisa, ise momxmarebel-myidvelisa sakuTrebis formebis miuxedavad~. n.bautina `bazars aqvs Tavisi mkacri wesebi, eTika, Rirsebis Tavisi kodeqsi. maTi darRveva niSnavs saqmiani partniorebis dakargvas~. f.haieki
bazris arsi da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Znelad

mosaZebnia ekonomikaSi cneba, romelic amJamad ise iyos gavrcelebuli Cveni mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi, rogorc bazari da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi. sabazro urTierToba aRmocenda uZveles xanaSi, ramdenime aTasi wlis winaT. bazris aRmocenebis uniSvnelovanesi faqtoria Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba da misi meSveobiT gancalkevebul, warmoebis saSualebaTa kerZo-mesakuTre mewarmeebis warmoSoba. sabazro meurneobis subieqtTa ekonomikuri gancalkevebuloba niSnavs imas, rom TiToeuli mewarme damoukideblad wyvets ra awarmoos, ramdeni awarmoos, rogor awarmoos, visze da sad gayidos. ekonomikuri gancalkevebulobis samarTlebrivi aRiarebaa kerZo sakuTreba, rac, uwinares yovlisa, niSnavs deficituri resursebis flobis, gamoyenebisa da Tavisufali
100

gacvlis privilegias. sabazro gacvlis meSveobiT sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena astimulirebs yidvasac da gayidvasac, e.i. vaWroba ekonomikis funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobaa. sabazro ekonomikis, saerTod, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi regulatoria bazari. bazari aris gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis Sexvedra saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT vaWrobis mizniT . bazris meSveobiT myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi ukavSirdebian erTimeores da vaWroben urTierTxelsayreli pirobebiT. xSirad, roca laparakia bazarze, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmoben adgils, sadac gaiyideba da Seisyideba samomxmareblo saqoneli.* magram bazris kategoria ufro farTo cnebaa. Sesabamisi komunikaciebis saSualebaTa arsebobisas sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli bazari iyos specifikuri geografiuli adgili. sagazeTo Tu sxva reklamis meSveobiT yalibdeba, ase vTqvaT, `satelefono~ bazari _ myardeba savaWro partnioroba gamyidvelsa da myidvels Soris. Sesabamisad, bazari aris sfero, sadac mimdinareobs saqonelgacvla fulis meSveobiT, anu bazari momxmareblebTan mwarmoeblebis ekonomikuri kavSiris organizaciuli formaa . bazari iTvaliswinebs ori mxaris arsebobas: saqonlis mwarmoeblisa (gamyidvelis) da misi momxmareblisa (myidvelis). mwarmoebeli cdilobs moaxdinos mis mier damzadebuli saqonlis gayidva

* Zvel saberZneTsa da Zvel romSi, Semdeg ki evropis Suasaukuneobriv qalaqebSi bazrad iwodeboda savaWro moedani. igi, Cveulebriv, ganlagebuli iyo qalaqis centrSi da yovelmxriv iyo garemoculi SenobebiT (iq ganTavsebuli iyo saxelosnoebi, savaWro daxlebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi da sxv.). sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonlis gamyidvelebi ganlagebulni iyvnen savaWro moedanze gansazRvrul, tradiciulad maTze mimagrebul adgilebze.

101

xelsayreli pirobebiT. misi ekonomikuri qceva amerikelma ekonomistma p.samuelsonma daaxasiaTa Semdegi triadis meSveobiT: `ra vawarmooT?~, `rogor vawarmooT?~, `visTvis vawarmooT?~. Cven amas davupirispirebdiT momxmareblis dilemas: `ra SeviZinoT?~, `rogor SeviZinoT?~. ganvixiloT yvela warmodgenili princi pis Sinaarsi calcalke (ix. nax. 3.1). `ra vawarmooT?~ _ am principis praqtikul realizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, mwarmoebeli iZulebulia yoveldRiurad izrunos iseTi dasaxelebis saqonlis gamovlenisaTvis, romelic maqsimalurad SesaZlo mokle vadebsa da xelsayrel fasebSi gasaRdeba. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas aRniSnuli problema damwyebi mewarmis winaSe. davuSvaT, Cven gadavwyviteT mcire sawarmos daarseba. rogori sawarmo ufro xelsayrelia saqarTvelos pirobebSi: romelic amzadebs da yidis sakonditro nawarms, Tu sawarmoo narCenebis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo. miuxedavad amocanis amoxsnis

nax. 3.1. sabazro urTierTobaTa formirebis ekonomikuri logika

102

simartivisa, yvela individi Rebulobs mxolod misTvis misaReb gadawyvetilebas. Sedegi saxezea: Warbobs sazogadoebrivi kvebisa da vaWrobis kerZo sawarmoebi. `rogor vawarmooT?~ _ am problemis gadawyvetis dros mwarmoebeli azustebs Semdeg sakiTxebs: saqonlis damzadebisas romeli nedleulis an teqnologiis gamoyeneba aris umjobesi _ samamulosi (ufro iafi, magram dabali xarisxis), Tu ucxouris (ufro Zviri, magram maRali xarisxis); davamzadoT saqoneli qalaqSi (sadac SedarebiT Wirs muSa-xeli), Tu raionSi (sadac SeimCneva muSa-xelis siWarbe) da a.S. `visTvis vawarmooT?~ _ aRniSnuli problemis warmatebiT gadawyveta gulisxmobs nebismieri dasaxelebis saqonlis damzadebisas Sesaferisi myidvelis dadgenas. am SemTxvevaSi samkervalo sawarmos mflobelma unda gamoicnos mosalodneli cvlilebebi tansacmlis modaSi; saTamaSoebis damamzadebeli sawarmos mflobelma ki unda daazustos, Tu bavSvebis romel asakobriv jgufSi ra saTamaSoebi sargeblobs mowonebiT _ miki mausis Tojina Tu king-kongis niRabi, magidis fexburTi Tu TviTmfrinavis asawyobi modeli. is mwarmoebeli, romelic ar miaqcevs saTanado yuradRebas aRniSnul problemas, aRmoCndeba metad rTul mdgomareobaSi. `ra SeviZinoT?~ _ am problemis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis dros SeiZleba wamoiWras gansakuTrebuli sirTuleebi nebismier ojaxSi. `rogor SeviZinoT?~ _ aRniSnuli princi pis warmatebiT realizacia momxmareblisaTvis yovelTvis warmoadgenda metad mtkivneul sakiTxs, vinaidan sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi swored mas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. garigebis yvela SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli iZulebulia amoxsnas amocana: Zviria Tu iafi is saqoneli, romelic unda SeiZinos. SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeZenil iqna, magaliTad, lado gudiaSvilis an sxva cnobili mxatvris suraTi da amaSi gadaixades soliduri Tanxa, mogebuli
103

rCeba momxmarebeli. cnobilia, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis, antikvaruli nivTis fasi droTa ganmavlobaSi sakmaod izrdeba. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, zaraldebian im sawarmoTa SromiTi koleqtivebi, romlebic iZenen mravali aTasi laris Rirebulebis mowyobilobebs da amave dros cdiloben `dazogon~ mcireodeni Tanxebi SeZenil mowyobilobaTa saTadarigo nawilebisaTvis. aseTi gaumarTlebeli `dazogvis~ politikis wyalobiT amJamad mravali mowyobiloba Cveni qveynis sawarmoebSi umoqmedodaa gaCerebuli. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sabazro kavSirebi moicavs ekonomikur urTierTobaTa mTel sistemas da yvela subieqts. sabazro meurneobis ZiriTadi subieqtebi iyofa sam jgufad: saojaxo meurneobebi, sawarmoebi (biznesi) da mTavroba. saojaxo meurneoba ekonomikis samomxmareblo sferoSi funqcionirebadi ZiriTadi erTeulia. is Sedgeba erTi an meti adamianisagan. saojaxo meurneobis farglebSi moixmareba saqoneli da momsaxureba. isini arian warmoebis faqtorTa mesakuTreebi da mimwodeblebi sabazro ekonomikaSi, ris safasuradac miRebul fulad Semosavals xarjaven pirad moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis da ara mogebis gadidebisaTvis. biznesi _ saqmiani sawarmoebia, romlebic funqcionireben Semosavlis (mogebis) miRebis mizniT. is gulisxmobs saqmeSi sakuTari an nasesxebi kapitalis dabandebas, romlidanac miRebuli Semosavali ixarjeba ara ubralod pirad moxmarebaze, aramed sawarmoo saqmianobis gasafarToeblad. biznesi aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis momwodebeli sabazro meurneobaSi. mTavroba ki umeteswilad warmodgenilia sxvadasxva sabiujeto organizaciebiT, romelTa mizania ara mogebis miReba, aramed ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis funqciis ganxorcieleba. mikroekonomikas ainteresebs ar mxolod bazarze gamotanili saqonlis `bed-iRbali~, aramed gamyidvelebsa da myidvelebs Soris bazarze warmodgenili saqonlis gacvlasTan dakavSirebuli
104

organizaciul-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa xasiaTi; amasTanave isic, Tu rogoria wamoWrili problemebis warmatebiT gadawyvetis saSualebebi, subieqtTa ekonomikuri qcevis logika. es urTierTobebi yalibdeba sabazro meurneobis subieqtTa Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT: yvela sawarmo Cveulebriv orientirebulia romelime erTi saxeobis saqonlis damzadebaze. aseTi specializaciis ZaliT Cndeba sasargeblo dovlaTis sasurveli saxeebiT maT Soris gacvlis aucilebloba; mikroekonomikaSi, rogorc cnobilia, batonobs kerZo sakuTreba. amitom saojaxo meurneobebsa da sawarmoTa mflobelebs Soris yalibdeba gansazRvruli qonebrivi urTierTobebi. isini erTmaneTs gadascemen ekonomikur dovlaTs ara uangarod (rogorc, vTqvaT, saCuqars), aramed im pirobiT, rom daxarjuli resursebi sruliad iqneba aRdgenili mesakuTrisaTvis; saqonliT gacvlis urTierTobaSi Sedian damoukidebeli fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. amitom maTi garigebebi Tavisufalia. garigebis monawileebi warmoebul gacvlas Tvlian dasabuTebulad da samarTlianad, Tu erTmaneTisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba eqvivalenturi, Tanabarfaseulia.*
bazris ZiriTadi funqciebi. sabazro garigebaTa zemoT

aRniSnuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs bazars Seasrulos informaciuli, saSuamavlo, faswarmoqmnis, regulirebis, kontrolis da sanitaris funqciebi (ix. nax. 3.2). bazris informaciuli funqcia mdgomareobs SemdegSi: fa-

* sabazro garigebas safuZvlad edeba a.smiTis mier formulirebuli wesi: `momeci is, rac me msurs da miiReb imas, rac Sen gsurs~.

105

nax. 3.2. bazris ZiriTadi funqciebi

sebis, sargeblis ganakveTis da sxva berketebis meSveobiT bazari atyobinebs ekonomikis subieqtebs ra awarmoon, ra iyidon da gayidon, fuli sad daabandon da a.S. bazari TiTqos giganturi kompiuteria, romelic agrovebs, gadaamuSavebs da ekonomikis subieqtebs awvdis im informacias, romlis gareSe maT ar SeuZliaT swori gadawyvetilebebis miReba. Suamavlis funqcia. bazari mowodebulia daakavSiros saqonlis warmoebisa da moxmarebis sferoebi. igi saSualebas aZlevs mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs monaxon erTmaneTi, moawyon garigebani. faswarmoqmnis funqcia . mimoqcevaSi myof yovel produqts, rogorc wesi, mravali mwarmoebeli hyavs. es imas niSnavs, rom gayidvaSi arsebuli erTi da imave saqonlis damzadebaze sxva106

dasxva mwarmoeblis mier sxvadasxva xarjebia gaweuli. bazari ki cnobs mxolod sazogadoebrivad aucilebel danaxarjebs. maSasadame, sabazro faswarmoqmna saqonelmwarmoebelTa mier gaweuli Sromis sazogadoebrivi aRiarebaa. regulirebis funqcia. bazari zemoqmedebas axdens sameurneo cxovrebis yvela mxareze. igi Tavis funqciebs asrulebs konkurenciis meqanizmis daxmarebiT. fasis zrda warmoebis gadidebis signalia, fasis daweva ki mwarmoebels ukarnaxebs Sekvecos warmoeba. aseTia bazris `uxilavi xeli~, romelic aregulirebs ekonomikas. sanitaris funqcia. bazrisaTvis ucxoa qvelmoqmedeba. igi mkacri da ulmobelia sustebis mimarT. is, vinc CamorCeba _ kotrdeba, iRupeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si sacalo maRaziebis 30-35% arsebobas wyvets daarsebidan 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi. maSasadame, bazari axdens `bunebriv SerCevas~, sazogadoebas wmends susti, CamorCenili, araefeqtiani sameurneo erTeulebisagan. kontrolis funqcia. bazari asrulebs saqonelmwarmoebelTa mier ZiriTadi amocanebis (ra? rogor? visTvis?) Sesrulebis sisworis mTavari kontrolioris rols. swored bazarze xdeba cxadi Tu ra, rogor da visTvis unda yofiliyo warmoebuli. amasTan, sasaqonlo warmoeba materialurad ainteresebs gamyidvelebsa da myidvelebs. bazari ki, ase vTqvaT, gamocdas atarebs ekonomikaSi: gamyidvelebisaTvis _ momgebiania Tu wamgebiani mocemuli saqonlis gayidva? myidvelebisaTvis _ zaraliania YTu sargebliani maTi SeZena?
bazrebis sistema da misi struqtura. sazogadoebis

wevrTa materialuri daintereseba saqonlis gayidviTa da yidviT gamodis sabazro kavSirebis teritoriuli gafarToebisa da bazris saxeobaTa gamravlebis mizezad. sabazro urTierTobaTa Tanmimdevrulma teritoriulma gafarToebam warmoqmna sabazro ekonomikuri sivrcis sami zona. amis
107

Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben adgilobriv (lokalur), erovnul (saSinao) da saerTaSoriso (msoflio) bazrebs. adgilobrivi (lokaluri) bazari _ sabazro teritoriis sastarto formaa, romelic, Cveulebriv, viTardeba soflis, qalaqis farglebSi. warmoebis industriamdel stadiaze adgilobrivi bazrebi arsebobda naturaluri meurneobis garemocvaSi. Sromis dargobrivi da teritoriuli danawilebis arasakmarisi ganviTarebis, sasaqonlo warmoebis susti ganviTarebis gamo adgilobriv bazrebze realizdeboda produqtebis SedarebiT mcire tradiciuli anakrebi. erovnuli (saSinao) bazari warmoiqmna warmoebis industriul stadiaze, rodesac ganviTarebul sasaqonlo warmoebasTan erTad gaCnda sabazro sivrcis axali masStabebis Sesabamisi satransporto saSualebebi. srulyofilma transportma, kavSiris saSualebebma da reklamam xeli Seuwyo saqonlis realizacias qveynis yvela regionSi. Sedegad, adgilobrivi bazrebi gadaiqcnen saxelmwifos Sida bazris organul Semadgenel nawilebad. msxvili manqanuri warmoebis mZlavri ganviTarebis, msxvili aqcioneruli kapitalis gaCenis, Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis gaRrmavebisa da komunikaciebis axal saSualebaTa gaCenis Sedegad ganviTareba miiRo saerTaSoriso (msoflio) bazarma . amJamad, vTqvaT, evropis macxovreblebi kargad icnoben aSS-Si, iaponiasa da msoflios mraval sxva qveyanaSi Seqmnil saqonels. msoflio bazari ukve didi xania amaragebs yvela saxelmwifos iseTi nedleuliT, rogoricaa navTobi, kauCuki, xorbali, Saqari, yava, Cai. kavSiris uaxlesi saSualebebi SesaZleblobas iZleva zustad vicodeT, Tu rogor icvleba saqonlis fasebi dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilSi. SesaZlebeli gaxda savaWro garigebaTa dadeba, ucxouri valutis SeZena gamyidvelisa da myidvelis piradi Sexvedris gareSe. sabazro kavSirebis internacionalizaciam migviyvana iqamde, rom saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze msoflio fasebis done gaxda mniSvnelovani orientiri ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli
108

qveynebis mewarmeTa udidesi nawilis sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis. sabazro sivrcis cvlilebebi seriozulad Seexo ara mxolod mis raodenobriv, aramed Tvisobriv mdgomareobasac. Tavdapirvelad adgilobrivi bazrebi iyo ganuviTarebel, daunawevrebel mdgomareobaSi. es savsebiT Seesabameboda sasaqonlo warmoebaSi Sromis danawilebis sust ganviTarebas. magram mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba imdenad gafarTovda da gaRrmavda, rom sabazro sferoSi gaCnda msxvilmasStabiani specializirebuli bazrebi, romlebsac dahyavT mravalferovani saqoneli maT momxmareblamde. Sedegad, Camoyalibda bazrebis sistema (ix. nax. 3.3). bazrebis sistema aris sxvadasxva bazrebis erToblioba. masSi gamoiyofa Semdegi msxvili dargebi: samomxmareblo saqonlis bazari (igi iyofa mraval qvedargad,

nax. 3.3. bazris dargobrivi struqtura

109

romlebic axorcieleben sasursaTo da arasasursaTo saqonlis, sacxovrebeli binebis da a.S. realizacias); momsaxurebis bazari (aq Sedis komunaluri da sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba, finansuri da sadazRvevo operaciebi, komerciuli, socialuri, sulieri, kulturuli d sxva momsaxureba); Sromis bazari (Sromis mimcemTaTvis da daqiravebuli muSakebisaTvis); warmoebis saSualebaTa bazari (aq xorcieldeba mowyobilobis, satransporto saSualebebis, Senoba-nagebobebis, nedleulis, saTbobis, eleqtroenergiis da sxv. yidva-gayidva); samecniero da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro damuSavebaTa bazari (samecniero gamokvlevaTa Sedegebis yidva-gayidvis sfero); sasesxo kapitalis bazari (droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saSualebebis yidva-gayidvis sfero); fasiani qaRaldebis bazari (Semosavlis momtani aqciebis, obligaciebis da sxv. dokumentebis yidva-gayidvis sfero); valutis bazari (erovnuli da saerTaSoriso dawesebulebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac warmoebs ucxouri fuladi erTeulebis SeZena, gayidva, gacvla da fuladi angariSsworeba sxva saxelmwifoebTan); sulieri dovlaTis bazari (mecnierTa, mweralTa, mxatvarTa da sxv. inteleqtualuri saqmianobis produqtebis yidva-gayidvis sfero). sabazro urTierTobaTa farTo ganviTarebam kidev ufro aamaRla bazrebis ekonomikuri roli. bazari uzrunvelyofs warmoebas ganviTarebis subieqturi, materialuri, samecniero-teqnikuri, inteleqtualuri da finansuri pirobebiT. yvela msxvili sawarmoo erTeulebi Zlier arian damokidebuli specializirebuli sabazro zegavlenisagan. aq saubari midis ekonomikis axali mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, roca misi yvela ujredi ganicdis sabazro urTierTobaTa zemoqmedebas.
110

bazris struqturas axasiaTeben agreTve vaWrobis organizaciuli formebis mixedviT: birJebi, auqcionebi, sabiTumo iarmarkebi, gamofena-gayidvebi, internet-vaWroba da sxv. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli bazris iseTi organizaciuli forma, rogoricaa saqonlis birJa . klasikuri gagebiT, birJa aris adgili, sadac erTsa da imave dros regularulad xdeba gansazRvruli saxeobis saqonliT vaWroba . istoriulad sabiTumo vaWroba iyo erTgvarovani saqonliT vaWroba. am gagebiT, `sabirJo saqonelia~ marcvleuli, bamba, navTobi, yava da sxv. rogorc wesi, saqonlis birJebi umeteswilad specializebulia. Tumca, dRevandel pirobebSi arseboben universaluri birJebic. sabirJo vaWrobis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi amcirebs yidvagayidvasTan dakavSirebul dros da xarjebs, aadvilebs saqonlis realizebas. birJaSi gaerTianebuli vaWrebi da Suamavlebi erToblivad anazRaureben vaWrobis organizaciis xarjebs, adgenen vaWrobis wesebs, gansazRvraven sanqciebs maTi darRvevisaTvis. birJis wevrebi Rebuloben sakomisio gasamrjelos imisaTvis, rom isini klientebis davalebiT asruleben saSuamavlo operaciebs. sabazro ekonomikis mniSvnelovani elementia Sromis bazari. Sromis bazris organizaciuli formaa Sromis birJa _ dawesebuleba, romelic asrulebs Suamavlis funqcias mewarmesa da samuSaos maZiebels Soris. ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia samuSao Zalis momzadeba, gadamzadeba, ganawileba, samuSaoze mowyoba, profesiisa da adgilis gamocvla. SromiTi resursebis aseTi moZraobis procesSi muSakTa nawili garkveuli droiT umuSevari rCeba. SromiTi resursebis moZraobis regulireba SeiZleba ori gziT _ centralizebulad da Sromis bazris meSveobiT .
111

pirveli maTgani kargadaa cnobili ssr kavSiris praqtikidan, sadac samuSao Zalis momzadebas da ganawilebas centralizebuli wesiT aregulirebda saxelmwifo. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi es procesebi xorcieldeba Sromis birJis meSveobiT. aseTi birJebi gaCndnen jer kidev XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. CvenSi Sromis birJebi gauqmda XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, roca sabWoTa xelisuflebam gamoacxada, rom ssr kavSirSi umuSevrobas adgili ara aqvs. Sromis birJa eweva umuSevarTa aRricxvas da samuSaoze mowyobas; emsaxureba pirebs, romlebsac surT profesiis gamocvla; swavlobs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas; aqveynebs informacias samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb; organizacias ukeTebs umuSevrebisadmi daxmarebas da a.S. saqarTveloSi ramdenime wlis winaT gaxda SesaZlebeli Sromis birJis aRdgena. Sromis saxelmwifo birJas gaaCnia regionuli qvedanayofebi da warmomadgenlobani. birJa jer-jerobiT asrulebs or ZiriTad funqcias: umuSevarTa aRricxva da samuSaoze mowyoba; fuladi Semweoba imaT mimarT, visac es ekuTvnis kanonis Sesabamisad. Semweoba ki ekuTvnis imas, visac ganesazRvreba umuSevrobis statusi. sabirJo vaWrobis mniSvnelovani organizaciuli formaa safinanso birJa. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens fasiani qaRaldebis birJas, sadac yidva-gayidvis obieqtia fasiani qaRaldebi. safondo birJebi XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan rols ekonomikaSi, magram SemdgomSi, fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da yidva-gayidvis gafarToebasTan erTad, maTi rolic gaizarda. msoflioSi umsxvilesi safondo birJebia niu-iorkis, londonis, parizis, frankfurtis da sxva birJebi. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom oficialur safondo birJebze daiSvebian mxolod msxvili kompaniebi,
112

TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi gaCnda da funqcionirebs araoficialuri safondo birJebic. oficialuri birJebis funqcionireba mkacrad reglamentirebulia saxelmwifos mier damtkicebuli wesebiT, birJis maklerTa did nawils niSnavs mTavroba. safondo birJis xelmZRvaneli organoa birJis komiteti an mmarTvelTa sabWo. masTan arseboben komisiebi, romelTac evalebaT gadawyviton birJaze daSvebis sakiTxi, gamoaqveynon yoveldRiuri biuletenebi gayiduli aqciebis raodenobisa da kursis Sesaxeb. safondo birJis wevrebi iyofian maklerebad (brokerebad) da dilerebad. es inglisuri warmoSobis sityvebi iTargmneba rogorc komisioneri, Suamavali, romelic emsaxureba garigebebs myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa Soris. eseni arian muSakebi, romlebic kargad erkvevian koniunqturaSi, moqmedeben myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa davalebiT, risTvisac iReben gansazRvrul gasamrjelos (garigebis Tanxis 2-3%). maklerebi (brokerebi) ZiriTadad emsaxurebian gareSe pirTa garigebebs, xolo dilerebi _ garigebebs mxolod birJis wevrTa Soris. isini saqmianobas ewevian sakuTari xarjiT, maT Semosavals ki Seadgens sxvaoba Sesasyid da gasayid kursebs Soris. Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebis da maT Soris internetis damkvidrebasTan dakavSirebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova internet-vaWrobam. internetSi gaxsnilia uamravi e.w. virtualuri maRazia, rac niSnavs, rom internetis saSualebiT SegiZliaT mimarToT maRazias, daaTvalieroT da airCioT saqoneli, iyidoT es saqoneli da misceT misamarTi _ sad mogarTvan. Semdeg ki miiRoT pirdapir saxlSi an uaxloes safosto ganyofilebaSi. aseT maRazias bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs: saqonlis arCevisas SegiZliaT daaTvalieroT misi dawvrilebiTi aRwera da zustad SearCioT is, rac gWirdebaT. rogorc wesi, Cveulebriv maRaziaSi aseTi momsaxureba ar arsebobs; SeZenil saqonels miitanen Tqvens mier SerCeul misamarTze,
113

rac saSualebas gaZlevT saCuqrebi gaugzavnoT Tqvens megobrebs da naTesavebs, gansakuTrebiT sazRvargareT; aseT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT ipovoT iseTi saqoneli, romelsac ver aRmoaCenT Cveulebriv maRaziaSi. amasTan, aq saqonlis fasi sabazroze dabalia. marTalia, internetSi uamravi maRaziaa, magram sjobs endoT Semdeg or cnobil maRazias: www.amazon.com da www.brandsnobile.com. es ori maRazia gTavazobT sakmaod did arCevans, Tumca, orivem vaWroba daiwyo wignebiT. amitom orive maTgani orientirebulia wignebiTa da lazeruli kompaqt-diskebiT vaWrobaze. Tumca, dReisaTvis am saitebze SegiZliaT naxoT eleqtroteqnika, kompiuterebi, saojaxo saqoneli, saTamaSoebi da sxv. aseve muSaobs internet-maRaziebis umetesoba. sabazro garigebebi gansxvavdebian gamyidvelTa da myidvelTa urTierTqmedebis xasiaTiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, arsebobs ori ti pis bazrebi: a) Tavisufali da b) regulirebadi. Tavisufal bazarze myidvels SeuZlia SearCios misTvis sasurveli saqoneli SeTavazebul saqonelTa simravlidan. momxmarebels aseve SeuZlia moZebnos is gamyidvelebi, romlebic yidian misaRebi fasiT. gamyidveli Tavisufalia yvelaze misaRebi myidvelis SerCevasa da gayidvidan miRebuli fulis Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargvaSi. myidvelsac da gamyidvelsac SeuZliaT SeuzRudavad SearCion savaWro garigebis pirobebi. miuxedavad garkveuli sicxadisa, `Tavisufali bazris~ ganmarteba moiTxovs dazustebas ori TvalsazrisiT (aspeqtiT): visTvisaa igi Tavisufali da visgan. aseTi bazari Tavisufalia mis monawileTaTvis. garda amisa, igi Tavisufalia saxelmwifos Carevisa da mkacri samarTlebrivi regulirebisagan. WeSmaritebisaTvis saWiroa vcnoT, rom aseT Tavisuflebas xSirad aqvs sruliad gauTvaliswinebeli mxare. bazris subieqtTa xasiaTidan da maT mier `TamaSis wesebis~ daucvelobidan gamomdinare, bazris am
114

tipma miiRo `veluri~, `aracivilizebuli~ bazris saxelwodeba. Tavisufali bazris ti pi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli XVXIX saukuneebSi. magram XX saukuneSi warmoiSva da ganviTarda sabazro urTierTobaTa axali ti pi, romelic regulirdeba saxelmwifos da samarTlis mier. regulirebadi bazris pirobebSi misi monawileebisaTvis dadgenilia qcevis erTiani wesebi. samarTlebrivi organoebi icaven sabazro garigebaTa monawileebs da sjian damnaSaveebs samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevisaTvis. bazris samarTlebrivi regulireba moicavs sabazro urTierTobaTa mTel sistemas. mis safuZvels Seadgens `ekonomikuri konstituciis~ rolis Semsrulebeli samoqalaqo kodeqsi*. masSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis _ sabazro urTierTobaTa regulirebis saSualebis rolis daxasiaTebas. iuridiuli kanonebis Sesabamisad, regulirebiT dakavebulia saxelmwifo kontrolisa da marTvis organoebi: sanitaruli, ekologiuri da epidemiologiuri kontrolis dawesebulebebi; sagadasaxado organoebi; saxelmwifos safinanso-sakredito politikis organoebi. saxelwifo da samarTali sabazro kavSirebze axdens garegan zemoqmedebas. amasTan erTad, sabazro urTierTobebi viTardeba Siga regulirebis safuZvelze, romelSic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs fuli.

* saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi detalurad da yovelmxriv ganxilulia sabazro garigebaTa yvela samarTlebrivi piroba. kerZod, kodeqsis specialur TavSi _ `yidva-gayidva~ daregulirebulia saqonlis sacalo yidva-gayidvis Semdegi pirobebi da valdebulebebi: sacalo yidvagayidvis xelSekruleba da am xelSekrulebis forma; informaciis wardgena myidvelisaTvis saqonlis Sesaxeb; saqonlis gayidva nimuSebis mixedviT da avtomatebis gamoyenebiT; saqonlis fasi da misi anazRaureba; saqonelTa gacvla; myidvelis uflebebi misTvis arasaTanado xarisxis saqonlis miyidvis SemTxvevaSi da sxv.

115

leqcia 8. fulis arsi, funqciebi da formebi

`fulia yvela moqmedebis saTave da mizezi.~ ciceroni

`oqro! yviTeli, moelvare, Zvirfasi oqro.. gonjs daamSvenebs, mdabios aqcevs keTilSobilad...~ u.Seqspiri

`fuli , - yoveli `moneta~, romelsac Cveulebriv viyenebT, CvenTvis sruliad gaugebaria da seqsis msgavsad yovlad absurduli fantaziebis sagans warmoadg en s ; s wo r e d s e q s i s m s g av s ad , i s erTdroulad gvajadoebs, gvaognebs da gangvizidavs. fridrix a. fon haikeni
fulis istoria. fuli sazogadoebis civilizaciam warmoSva. igi, erTi SexedviT, yvelasaTvis sakmaod cnobili da martivi ekonomikuri cnebaa. magram, rac ufro SevecdebiT mis samyaroSi SeRwevas, miT ufro davrwmundebiT, rom fuli gacilebiT ufro rTuli Sinaarsisaa da umravlesobam cota ram Tu icis mis Sesaxeb. es arcaa gasakviri _ fulis samyaro xom ekonomikuri saqmianobis erT-erTi urTulesi sferoa. Soreul warsulSi, rodesac pirvelad Caisaxa saqonluri

gacvla, pirvelyofili tomebis winaSe dadga, erTi SexedviT, gadauWreli amocana: rogor, rogori sacvleli TanafardobiT SeeZlo erT, vTqvaT, mesaqonleobiT dakavebul toms samarTlianad gaecvala `Warbi~ xorci miwaTmoqmedi tomis mier moyvanil marcvleulze? damakmayofilebeli pasuxis povna maSin SeuZlebeli iyo. jer xom arc iyo sayovelTaod aRiarebuli eqvivalenti, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia yvela sxva saqonelTa Rirebulebis gazomva. es ki swored isaa, rasac mogvianebiT uwodes fuli . fulis istoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori sruliad gansxvavebuli epoqa. pirveli _ esaa WeSmariti Rirebulebis mqone normaluri fulis Ziebisa da gamoyenebis epoqa; meore ki _ Tanamedrove fulis epoqa. pirveli epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebi. es iyo saqonluri eqvivalentebis (e.w. `saqonluri fulis~) epoqa. Tavdapirvelad, sasaqonlo warmoebis Casaxvisas gaCnda erTi sasargeblo nivTis SemTxveviTi gacvla meoreze. rogorc wesi, es gacvla iyo erTjeradi, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTareba iwyo barterulma vaWrobam (erTi sasargeblo nivTis meoreze regularulma gacvlam fulis gadaxdis gareSe). Semdeg sxvadasxva regionsa da qveyanaSi SemoRebul iqna gacvlis adgilobrivi eqvivalentebi _ saqoneli, romelic sargeblobda farTo da mudmivi moTxovniT. aseTi saqonlis nusxa sakmaod vrcelia. CamovTvaloT zogierTi maTgani: niJarebi _ dasavleT afrikaSi; qsovili da kakaos Tesli _ maiasa da actekebSi; qeri da xorbali _ mesopotamiaSi; Tafli _ egvipteSi; abreSumi _ CineTSi; Cai _ monRoleTSi; bewviani nadiris tyavi, Tevzi, marili, Tambaqo _ amerikis kontinentze da a.S. yvelaze gavrcelebul eqvivalentTa Soris TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs msxvillfexa rqosan pirutyvs. magaliTad, homerosis nawarmoebebSi saqonlis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba xaris odenobis meSveobiT. diomides iaraRi homeross Sefasebuli aqvs cxra xaris
117

116

odenobiT. vaJa-fSavelas monacemebiT, xevsurebSi adamianis mkvlelobisaTvis safasurad SeiZleboda gadaxdiliyo oTxmoci Zroxa an 360 cxvari. laTinuri sityva pecunia (fuli) warmodgeba sityva pecus (pirutyvi)-dan. Zvel ruseTSi Tavadebis xazinas ewodeboda neioieoa (pirutyvis sadgomi). analogiurad, Zvel qarTulSi `xvastagi~ niSnavda fuls, dovlaTs, rqosan saqonels. dasavleT saqarTveloSi amJamad `xvadagi~ aRniSnavs msxvilfexa pirutyvs. bevri qveynis fulis niSnebze, maT Soris kolxur TeTrzec miniSnebulia xaris Tavi. bunebrivia, rom saqonlis mravali saxeobidan erTi dasaxelebis gamoyofam eqvivalentis rolSi bevrad gaaadvila saqonelgacvlis procesi, magram ara imdenad, rom es yofiliyo dasasruli am mimarTulebiT arsebuli ZiebisaTvis. swored analogiuri siZneleebis dasaZlevad jer kidev Cv. w/aR.-mde zogierT regionsa da saxelmwifoSi daiwyes jer keTilSobili liTonebis zodebis, Semdeg ki maTgan damzadebuli monetebis gamoyeneba (cnobilia agreTve rkinis, spilenZis, tyviisa da spilenZis Senadnobis gavrcelebis magaliTebic). xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda vercxli da oqro. mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevridan monopolia gadadis oqroze. keTilSobili liTonebisagan monetebis moWras gaaCnda mravali mizezi. CamovTvaloT zogierTi maTgani: maTi erTgvarovneba, magaliTad, ori tyavi (maTi eqvivalentad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi) gansxvavdeba damuSavebis xarisxiT, ori oqros an vercxlis zodi mxolod woniT; gaadvilebulia maTi umtkivneulod danawileba, rasac ver vityviT, magaliTad, pirutyvis Sesaxeb; keTilSobili liTonebi gamoirCeva portatulobiT, rac mosaxerxebelia transportirebisaTvis; aseTi liTonebi praqtikulad ar fuWdeba da ar kargavs faseulobas. pirveli monetebi gaCnda CineTsa da lidiis samefoSi (Cv.
118

w/aR-mde VII saukuneSi). daaxloebiT 500 wels Cv. w/aR-mde sparseTis mefem dariosma Tavis saxelmwifoSi monetebis mimoqcevaSi SetaniT Secvala barteri. Semdeg monetebis moWra gavrcelda xmelTaSua zRvisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro saxelmwifoebSi, uwinares yovlisa, Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi. saberZneTSi monetebis moWra daiwyes VIII-VII saukuneebSi Cv. w/aR-mde. romSi pirveli zarafxana Seiqmna iunon-monetis taZarTan, saidanac warmoiSva am terminis saxelwodeba. romaelebma monetebis moWris teqnika berZnebisagan iswavles da mimoqcevaSi gamouSves vercxlisa da oqros monetebi Cv. w/aR-mde III saukuneSi. gansakuTrebuli adgili kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi Seasrula oqrom, romelsac xSirad uwodeben yviTel eSmaks, demons. jer kidev romaeli poeti vergiliusi aRniSnavda `auri saerafames~ oqros wyeuli wyurvilis Sesaxeb, romelic gabatonebulia zogierTi adamianis sulSi. vulkan vezuvis ferfliT dafaruli midamoebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenilia adamianis gaqvavebuli ConCxi, romelsac muWSi aqvs oqros grova. interess moklebuli ar iqneba zogierTi istoriuli cnoba qarTuli fulis Sesaxeb . sazRvargareTTan saqarTvelos istoriul kavSirebs mowmobs is Zveli monetebi, romlebic moWrilia sxva saxelmwifoebSi, napovnia saqarTvelos teritoriaze da daculia eTnografiul muzeumebSi. antikuri periodis monetebidan aRsaniSnavia kolxuri TeTra, romelic moWrilia Cv. w/aR-mde VIIII saukuneebSi. paralelurad saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia berZnuli, egviptis, bosforis samefos, parTiuli, sasanuri monetebi. saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis periodi. daviTis mefobis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi iWreboda bizantiuri tipis vercxlis monetebi. saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros eweoda gacxovelebul vaWrobas sazRvargareTis qveynebTan (arabeTTan, bizantiasTan, italiasTan, egviptesTan, iranTan, indoeTTan). gahqondaT Sali, bamba, abreSumis nawarmi, xaliCebi, keramikuli da saoqromWedlo nawarmi. TbilisSi vaWrobisaTvis
119

gavrcelebuli iyo seljukebis, jalaledinis monetebi, agreTve dukati, drama, dangi. Tavis mxriv, TbilisSi moWrili fuli napovnia CrdiloeT ruseTSi, skandinaviis qveynebSi, aRmosavleT germaniaSi, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs saqarTvelos aqtiur savaWro kontaqtebze sazRvargareTTan. daviT aRmaSeneblis dros ganxorcielda fulis reforma aRmosavlur yaidaze, vinaidan im periodSi aRmosavlur qveynebTan kontaqtebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda. Seicvala fulis garegani saxe, monetaze gamosaxuli iyo cxenosani mefe da arabuli warwera: `mefeTa mefe daviT giorgis Ze mesiis maxvili~. amiT qarTveli mefe xazs usvamda qarTveli xalxis erTgulebas qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi. daviT aRmaSeneblis dros vercxlis fuli Seicvala spilenZis monetebiT. paralelurad, saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi gamoSvebuli iyo spilenZis moneta, romelsac amSvenebda warwera qarTul enaze: `qriste, daviT mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa~. aseTi ti pis unikaluri moneta amJamad daculia didi britaneTis erovnul muzeumSi. aRniSnuli saxis moneta umTavresad gamoiyeneboda qveynis farglebSi vaWrobisaTvis. quTaisis eTnografiuli muzeumis numizmatikis fondSi moTavsebulia spilenZis moneta, romelzec ikiTxeba Tamar mefisa da misi meuRlis daviT soslanis saxeli. monetaze arabul enaze ikiTxeba: `dedofali dedofalTa, Sveneba qveynisa da sarwmunoebisa, Tamari, asuli giorgisa, mesiis Tayvanismcemeli~. monetebis istoriaSi fuli _ moneta TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa simdidris simbolod. es imaze miuTiTebda, rom monetis dasamzadeblad gamoyenebuli liToni SeiZleba monetaze aRniSnul Rirebulebaze naklebi yofiliyo, magram mainc Seesrulebina Tavisi funqcia. am SesaZleblobam safuZveli Cauyara `monetis waxdenis~ praqtikas. ase ewodeboda im monetis moWris process, romlis Rirebuleba nominalze naklebi iyo. pirvelad arasrulfasovani, yalbi fuli mimoqcevaSi gamouSves Cv. w/aR-mde VI saukuneSi.
120

mogvianebiT vercxlis monetebSi gauries spilenZi 50-60%-is odenobiT. safrangeTis mefe filipe IV ki cnobilia istoriaSi rogorc yalbi fulis mkeTebeli. ruseTis imperatorma petre I-ma orjer gaaufasura rublis Rirebuleba, radgan rublis monetis moWraze daxarjuli vercxlis raodenoba, imave nominalis SenarCunebiT, orjer Seamcira. ufro meti `moqniloba~ gamoiCina petre I-is mamam, aleqsim, romlis brZanebiT (1659 w.) mimoqcevidan amoiRes yvela vercxlis moneta da mis nacvlad moiWra imave nominalis spilenZis monetebi. mefis aseTi fuladi eqsperimenti moskovSi ajanyebiT damTavrda. ajanyeba damarcxda, magram gaufasurebuli spilenZis monetebi mainc amoiRes mimoqcevidan da aRadgines vercxlis monetebi. oqrosa da vercxlis monetebis realuri Rirebulebis dacilebam misi nominalisagan ganapiroba am monetebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba naklebad Zvirfasi liTonebiTa (spilenZi, nikeli) da qaRaldis fuliT. qaRaldis fuli pirvelad gaCnda CineTSi (VIII saukuneSi). es fuli did STabeWdilebas axdenda im adamianebze, romlebmac CineTSi am periodSi imogzaures. magaliTad, didi mogzauri marko polo werda, rom `qaRaldis fulis gamoSveba im miznis miRwevis axali saSualebaa, romlisken ase miiswrafodnen alqimikosebi~. XIII saukuneSi Cingiz-xani qaRaldis fuls Seuferxeblad cvlida oqroze, amitom fulis gayalbeba mkacr danaSaulad iTvleboda. 1500 wlisaTvis CineTis mTavrobam, fulis inflaciasTan dakavSirebiT, Sewyvita qaRaldis fulis gamoSveba, magram im dros arsebuli kerZo bankebi agrZelebdnen qaRaldis fulis emisias. dasavleTis qveynebSi pirveli qaRaldis fuli gamouSva aSS-s mTavrobam (1862 w.). dasawyisSi igi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo samoqalaqo omis warmarTvis dasafinanseblad da `gribenkis~ saxelwodeba miiRo. manamde mimoqcevaSi arsebuli qaRaldis fuli ZiriTadad iTvleboda Statebis banknotebad, romlebsac kerZo
121

bankebi uSvebdnen Statis mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT. pirveloba aq ekuTvnoda masaCusetsis Stats (1690 w.). evropaSi amerikuli gamocdileba pirvelma safrangeTma gamoiyena. 1716-1720 wlebSi cnobilma bankirma, jon lom , daiwyo samefo bankis banknotebis beWdva. ruseTSi qaRaldis fuli pirvelad damkvidrda 1769 wels. ase gavrcelda msoflioSi qaRaldis fuli, romelmac TandaTanobiT gamodevna mimoqcevidan monetebi. amrigad, daaxloebiT 7 aTasi weli dasWirda imas, rom bolos da bolos monaxuliyo erTaderTi, yvela xalxebis mier aRiarebuli sayovelTao eqvivalenti _ oqros fuli. aseTi fulis aRmoCena _ es aris movlena, romelsac hqonda ara naklebi mniSvneloba, vidre, vTqvaT, damwerlobis gaCenas. bazarma SeiZina `Tavisi ena, Tavisi damwerloba~ _ axsna iwyo mokled da gasagebad fulis enaze. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi dadga oqros standartis dro. oqros standarti _ es aris oqros gamoyeneba sayovelTao eqvivalentis rolis Semsrulebeli fuladi saqonlis saxiT. maSin fulis saxiT gamoiyeneboda oqros monetebi an fuladi niSnebi (qaRaldis fuli), romelTa gadacvla SeiZleboda oqroze. magram 1929-1933 wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg moxda qaRaldis fulis kolosaluri gaufasureba, romelmac, bunebrivia, dakarga oqros monetebze gadacvlis unari. Sedegad, oqros standartma saxelmwifos SigniT Sewyvita arseboba. 1971 wlis dekembridan Sewyda qveynebs Soris savalo valdebulebaTa angariSsworeba oqros daxmarebiT. ase dasrulda saqonluri fulis epoqa. igi Secvala Tanamedrove qaRaldis fulma. aman gamoiwvia fulis arsis, daniSnulebisa da funqciebis Secvla.
fulis arsi da funqciebi. Tanamedrove fuladi saSualebebi gansxvavdebian saqonluri (gansakuTrebiT oqros) fulisagan rigi TaviseburebebiT. saqonlur fuls gaaCnda namdvili Rirebuleba, ramdenadac

maTze daxarjulia Sromis eqvivalenturi raodenoba. Tanamedrove qaRaldis fuls, arsebiTad, ara aqvs Sinagani Rirebuleba. Rirebulebis es niSani aranairad ar Seesabameba mis damzadebaze gaweul danaxarjebs. magaliTad, inglisSi ramdenime funti sterlingis Rirsebis TiToeuli dabeWdili banknoti saxelmwifos 2 pensi (0,02 funti sterlingi) ujdeba. saqonluri fuli Tavisi bunebiT iyo misi meSveobiT SeZenili saqonlis bunebrivi eqvivalenti. magram Tanamedrove fuladi saSualebebi ar Seesabamebian am ekonomikur bunebas. amJamad fulis Rirebulebis qveS igulisxmeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is raodenoba, romelic SeiZleba gaicvalos fulad erTeulze (larze, evroze, dolarze da a.S.). magram aseTi ganmarteba ver xsnis saqmis arss. gaugebaria mTavari: qaRaldis fuliT (romelic uzrunvelyofili araa oqroTi da saerTod sxva raimeTi) mainc ratomaa SesaZlebeli nebismieri saqonlis da maT Soris oqros nakeTobaTa SeZena? Tanamedrove fulis mTeli xelovnuroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi warmoadgens saxelmwifos bankebis, Semnaxveli dawesebulebebis savalo valdebulebas. es valdebulebebi asruleben fulis rols saxelmwifos iZulebiT-samarTlebrivi zomebis Sedegad. saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo wesiT adasturebs, rom naRdi fuli _ esaa kanonieri sagadamxdelo saSualeba (qaRaldis fuli miRebul unda iqnas valis dafarvisas). sxva sityvebiT, fuls pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT mowmoba `saqonlis miRebaze uflebis~ Sesaxeb. oqros monetebi normalurad asrulebda maTTvis damaxasiaTebel xuT funqcias: Rirebulebis sazomis, mimoqcevis saSualebis, ganZis Seqmnis saSualebis, gadaxdis saSualebis da msoflio fulis funqcias. magram oqros standartis gauqmebam migviyvana iqamde, rom amovarda ori funqcia, romelTa ganxorcieleba ukve SeuZlebelia fulis rolSi oqros gareSe. esenia: ganZis Seqmnis da msoflio fulis funqciebi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi fuli asrulebs Semdeg sam funqcias: mimoqcevis saSualebis (romelSic
123

122

gaerTianebulia Rirebulebis sazomis funqciac), gadaxdis saSualebis da dazogvis (dagrovebis) saSualebis funqcias. mimoqcevis saSualebis funqcia uSualod produqtis yidva-gayidvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. produqti gamyidvelidan myidvelis xelSi rom gadavides, saWiroa fulma mimoqcevis saSualebis funqcia Seasrulos. Tavdapirvelad erTi saqoneli uSualod icvleboda meore saqonelze. aseT gacvlas barteruli gacvla ewodeba. fulis warmoSobis Semdeg gacvlis es forma Seicvala: jer saqoneli iyideba fulze _ igi fulad gadaiqceva, Semdeg yiduloben axal saqonels, anu fuli isev saqonlad gadaiqceva. fuli am procesSi Suamavalia. yidva-gayidvis aqtebi drosa da sivrceSi xSirad erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. magaliTad, saqonelmwarmoebels SeuZlia Tavisi saqoneli gayidos dRes, magram saWiro saqoneli iyidos imave dRes, erTi kviris an erTi Tvis Semdeg; mas aseve SeuZlia saqoneli gayidos erT bazarze, xolo SeiZinos sxva bazarze. fulis gamoyeneba amcirebs mimoqcevis xarjebs, radgan SesamCnevad mcire Zalisxmevasa da dros moiTxovs. fuli agreTve asrulebs gadaxdis saSualebis funqcias . sasaqonlo mimoqcevaSi saqonlis miwodeba da am saqonelze safasuris gadaxda xSirad droSi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva anu saqoneli iyideba ganvadebiT. am SemTxvevaSi saqonlis gamyidveli mevale (kreditori) xdeba, xolo misi myidveli _ movale (debitori). valis gadaxda ki aucilebeli raodenobis fulis dagrovebas moiTxovs. dazogvis (dagrovebis) saSualebis funqciis aspeqtiT fuli ganixileba axlandeli yidvis momavalSi gadatanis saSualebad. Tu dRes gamovimuSaveb 10 lars, me am fuliT SemiZlia sasurveli saqoneli viyido meore dRes, erTi kviris, an ufro xangrZlivi drois Semdeg. ra Tqma unda, fuli ar aris dazogvis erTaderTi da yvelaze saimedo saSualeba. sazogadoebis wevrebi simdidres
124

floben sxvadasxva formiT (miwa, saxli, avtomobili, koleqciebi da a.S.), magram simdidris arc erTi dasaxelebuli forma ar SeiZleba maSinve gardaiqmnas pirveladi aucileblobis produqtad. amisaTvis gansazRvruli droa saWiro. am mxriv fuli gamonaklisia. swored amis gamo adamianebi dainteresebuli arian danazogis saSualebad gamoiyenon naRdi fuli da misi daxmarebiT SeiZinon sasurveli produqti.
fuladi masa da misi agregatebi. oqros monetebs da oqroze gadasacvlel qaRaldis fuls gaaCnda sruli likviduroba _ unari swrafad gacvliliyo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. amJamad ki fulad saSualebebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxvanairi likviduroba, ramdenadac maTTan dakavSirebulia bankebisa da saxelmwifos sxvadasxva savalo valdebulebebi. aseTi gansxvavebuloba safuZvlad udevs mTeli fuladi masis dayofas urTierTTan dakavSirebul agregatebad. fuladi agregatebi _ esaa Tanamedrove fuladi saSualebebis saxeebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba fuladi mimoqcevisa da gadaxdisaTvis. isini aerTianeben sxvadasxva savalo valdebulebebs maTi likvidurobis xarisxidan da xasiaTidan gamomdinare. es gasaerTianebeli nawilebi Tanmimdevrulad moicaven sul ufro nakleb likvidur agregatebs, romlebic daniSnulia fulis faseulobis SenaxvisaTvis. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mTeli fuladi masa iyofa agregatebis sxvadasxva saxeebad, rac didadaa damokidebuli sakredito urTierTobebisa da fuladi bazris ganviTarebis donisagan. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia sami fuladi agregati, romlebic iwodeba M1-ad, M2-ed da M3-ed. saqarTveloSi M1-Si Sedis yvelaze metad likviduri fuli (naRdi fuli, mosaxleobis anabrebi moTxovnamde Semnaxvel da komerciul bankebSi, Cekebi, mosaxleobisa da sawarmoTa fuladi saSualebebi saangariSsworebo da mimdinare angariSebze). M2-sa da M3-Si CarTulia, ase vTqvaT, `TiTqmis

125

fuli~ _ finansuri (fuladi) saSualebebi, romlebic daniSnulia faseulobaTa (vadiani anabrebi Senaxvel bankebSi, saxelmwifo sesxis obligaciebi da sxv.) SesanarCuneblad.
fulis Tanamedrove formebi da maTi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani. fulad saSualebaTa ganax-

lebis nakadi ar Sewyvetila XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze. is midis Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT: gza fulad saSualebaTa axali saxeebisaken gulisxmobs sul ufro farTo gadasvlas naRdi fuladi saSualebebidan unaRdosaken. amJamad ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi mTeli fuladi brunvis 1/2-ze meti sruldeba naRdi fulis monawileobis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi bankis klientebi awarmoeben garigebaTa anazRaurebas, urTierTangariSsworebas fulad saSualebaTa gadaricxvis meSveobiT erTi saangariSsworebo angariSidan meoreze. sul ufro mzardi masStabebiT gamoiyeneba plastikuri fuli. igi gamoiyeneba rogorc gadaxdis saSualeba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze unaRdo angariSsworebisaTvis, da agreTve naRdi fulis miRebisaTvis. sagadamxdelo baraTebi gansxvavdeba daniSnulebis, garegnuli saxis, gamoyenebis wesisa da damzadebis masalis mixedviT. samagaliTod SeiZleba davasaxeloT plastikuri fulis zogierTi saxeoba: sakredito baraTi _ es aris saxelobiTi sagadamxdelosaangariSsworebo dokumenti plastikuri baraTis saxiT, romelsac banki gascems Tavis meanabreebze unaRdo angariSsworebisaTvis. baraTi SesaZleblobas iZleva kompiuteruli qselis daxmarebiT Catardes aucilebeli angariSsworebani banksa da maRaziebs Soris saqonlis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT; saerTaSoriso baraTi daniSnulia sagadamxdelo saSualebis saxiT gamosayeneblad ara mxolod qveynis farglebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac; diskonturi baraTi SesaZleblobas iZleva ganxorcieldes
126

fasdakleba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze baraTis mflobelisaTvis ZviradRirebuli SenaZenis gakeTebisas; debeturi baraTi _ es aris sagadamxdelo baraTi, romelic SesaZleblobas iZleva miRebul iqnas naRdi fuli bankomatebSi (TviTmomsaxurebis eleqtronul sabanko aparatebSi), gatardes unaRdo angariSsworebani. sruliad perspeqtiuls warmoadgens eleqtronuli fuli. sityvis farTo gagebiT, es aris fulad angariSsworebaTa sistema, romelic xorcieldeba eleqtronuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT. aq mxedvelobaSia unaRdo angariSsworebaTa iseTi sistema, romelic moicavs bankebs, sacalo vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sferos sawarmoebs. moqalaqeebi da sawarmoebi Rebuloben SesaZleblobas Soreuli terminalebidan TavianT bankebSi gadagzavnon gankargulebebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis anazRaurebis Taobaze. am SemTxvevaSi angariSsworeba xorcieldeba kompiuteruli qselis meSveobiT. Tanamedrove fuls gaaCnia garkveuli Rirseba da naklovanebani saqonlur fulTan SedarebiT. unaRdo fulad saSualebaTa upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba ufro moxerxebulad da swrafad ganxorcieldes sabazro garigebani. magram saxelmwifos bankebisa da Semnaxveli dawesebulebebis savalo valdebulebebs, uaxles fulad saSualebebs TavianTi funqciebis normalurad ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT mxolod Semdegi pirobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu saxelmwifo mxars uWers ucvlel msyidvelobiT unarianobas. am pirobis daucvelobas mivyavarT inflaciasTan. inflacia _ es aris fulis gaufasureba, romelic gamowveulia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis gadametebiT saqonelTa mTeli jamis Rirebulebaze.
mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba. fulis gamoyenebis praqtika cxadyofs, rom arsebobs fuladi masis formirebis obieqturi faqtorebi, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: qveynis Siga bazarze gasayidi saqonlis (momsaxurebis)

127

moculoba; fasebis done saqonelze (momsaxurebaze); fulis brunvis siCqare. dasaxelebuli faqtorebi saSualebas iZleva advilad CavwvdeT gacvlis kanonis arss, romlis formulireba mogvca amerikelma mecnierma irvin fiSerma. am kanonis Tanaxmad, mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba unda Seesabamebodes wlis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli savaWro garigebebis moculobas da erovnuli valutis brunvis siCqares. fiSeriseuli gacvlis kanoni gantolebis saxiT Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

damokidebulia qveyanaSi Seqmnili mTliani produqtisa (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis jami) da fulis brunvaTa raodenobis Tanafardobaze. magaliTad, Tu gasayidi saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasebis jami 1 miliardi laria, xolo maTi realizaciis procesSi lari 10 brunvas asrulebs, maSin am saqonlis (momsaxurebis) sarealizaciod saWiro iqneba 100 milioni (1 mlrd : 10) lari. amrigad, mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba tolia saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasebis jami gayofili fulis erTeulis brunvaTa ricxvze. qveynebis umsravlesobas Tavisi erovnuli fuladi sistema aqvs, romelic istoriulad Camoyalibebuli da kanoniT dadgenili fulis mimoqcevis organizebuli formaa. fuladi sistemis elementebia: fulis erTeuli. yovel qveyanas Tavisi fulis erTeuli aqvs. fulis erTeulis saxelwodebas saxelmwifo adgens. magaliTad, aSS-is fulis erTeulia dolari, inglisis _ girvanqa sterlingi; ruseTis _ rubli, azerbaijanis _ manaTi, iaponiis _ ieni, saqarTvelos _ lari da a.S.; fasebis masStabi, romelSic igulisxmeba fulis danawevreba erTeulebad. magaliTad, 1 lari danawevrebulia 100 TeTrad, aSS-is dolari _ 100 centad da a.S.; saxelmwifo fuladi niSnebi, rogorc gadaxdis kanonieri saSualebebi. magaliTad, aSS-Si aseTi niSnis matarebelia federaluri sarezervo bileTebi: 10000, 5000, 1000,500, 100, 50,20, 10, 5, 2, 1 dolaris saxiT (500 dolaris an meti kupiura mimoqcevaSi ar gamoiyeneba); saqarTveloSi gamoiyeneba 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 da 1 lariani kupiurebi; saxelmwifo aparati (centraluri (erovnuli) banki, finansTa saministro), romelic qveyanaSi fulis mimoqcevas marTavs; fulis emisia (fulis damatebiTi dabeWdva), romelsac
fuladi sistema da misi elementebi.

MV=PQ ,
sadac M aris mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba (fulis masa); V _ fulis brunvis siCqare; P _ saqonlis (momsaxurebis) saSualo fasi; Q _ gayiduli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) raodenoba. Tu formulaSi V (brunvis raodenoba) da Q (gayiduli saqonlis, momsaxurebis raodenoba) ar icvleba, maSin fulis raodenobis cvlileba pirdapir gavlenas axdens fasebze (P). fulis miwodebis gadideba Seamcirebs fulis yidviTunarianobas da gamoiwvevs fasebis zrdas da, piriqiT, Tu fulis miwodebis gadidebis paralelurad imave an meti moculobiT produqtis gamoSveba gaizrdeba, maSin fasi ucvleli darCeba. mocemuli gantolebidan miiReba mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenobis formula: M=

PQ . V

igi gviCvenebs, rom mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba

128

129

axorcielebs centraluri (erovnuli) banki. saqarTvelos fulis erTeulia lari. lari warmoadgens gadaxdis erTaderT kanonier saSualebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki adgens da aregulirebs laris gacvlis kurss ucxouri valutis mimarT. Tu erovnuli banki ar gamoacxadebs laris kurss ucxouri valutis mimarT, maSin kursi ganisazRvreba birJaze Tavisufali moTxovnisa da miwodebis safuZvelze. lari (mimoqcevaSi arsebuli naRdi fuli, mimdinare, vadiani da sabanko angariSi) uzrunvelyofilia oqros maragiT, ucxoeTis qveynebis savaluto kreditebiT da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis sxva aqtivebiT. saqarTvelos erovnul banks eqskluziuri ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos banknotebisa da monetebis, rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadaxdis kanonieri saSualebebis, emisia. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadaxdis kanonier saSualebad miCneuli banknotebisa da monetebis nominali, wona, gaformeba da sxva maxasiaTeblebi ganisazRvreba erovnuli bankis normatiuli aqtebiT. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki uzrunvelyofs banknotebis beWdvas da monetebis moWras, mimoqcevaSi gasaSvebi banknotebis saimedo Senaxvas, agreTve sabeWdi formebis, Stampebisa da mimoqcevidan amoRebuli banknotebisa da monetebis Senaxvas da, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, maT ganadgurebas. erovnuli banki mimoqcevidan amoiRebs da gaanadgurebs Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis uvargis fulis niSnebs da cvlis maT axliT. igi uSualod akontrolebs naRdi fulis marags, adgens misi emisiis gegmebs, banknotebiT da monetebiT uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos ekonomikas.

leqcia 9. moTxovna da miwodeba. sabazro faswarmoqmnis meqanizmi

`saqonlis miwodeba warmoSobs masze moTxovnas~. J.b.sei `aswavleT TuTiyuSs ori sityva _ `moTxovna~ da `miwodeba~ da Tqvens winaSe ekonomistia~! am geslian xumrobaSi simarTlis didi nawilia, vinaidan, arsebiTad, am umartives ekonomikur berketebs (moTxovnas da miwodebas) SeuZliaT mogvcen safuZvliani warmodgena ara mxolod calkeul ekonomikur problemaTa, aramed mTlianad ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb~. k.r.makkoneli, s.l.briu sabazro garigeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegi formulis saxiT _ `gamyidveli _ saqoneli _ sabazro fasi _ fuli _ myidveli~. mocemul formulas SeiZleba mieces ufro martivi saxe: `miwodeba (S) _ fasi (P) _ moTxovna (D)~. konkurenciul bazarze wonasworoba, uwinares yovlisa, fasebiT myardeba. sabazro fasebis cvlileba mwarmoeblisaTvis warmoebis moculobis gansazRvris ZiriTadi orientiria. Tavis mxriv, bazarze sarealizacio saqonelTa fasebi arsebiTad sabazro faqtorebiT _ moTxovniTa da miwodebiT ganisazRvreba. qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT sabazro faswarmoqmnis meqanizmSi garkvevas. am miznis misaRwevad Tanmimdevrulad iqneba ganxiluli Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi: moTxovna da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi;
131

130

 miwodeba da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi; fasi da sabazro wonasworoba.

moTxovna da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.

moTxovna ewodeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im raodenobas, romlis SeZena surT da SeuZliaT momxmareblebs (myidvelebs) bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasebiT drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi. saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT sityvebs: `surT~ da `SeuZliaT~. saqme isaa, rom survili erTia, xolo realuri moTxovna _ meore. moTxovna ewodeba im survils, romelsac zurgs umagrebs myidvelis jibe, yidvisunarianoba. gamyidvels myidvelis survili (moTxovnileba) ki ara, aramed `gadaxdisunariani moTxovnileba~ ainteresebs, romelic saTanado fuladi TanxiTaa uzrunvelyofili. maSasadame, moTxovna aris gadaxdisunariani moTxovnileba. am cnebiT ingliseli ekonomisti Tomas robert malTusi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda adamianis mxridan raime dovlaTis miRebis survils da am dovlaTis miRebis realur SesaZleblobas. yuradRebis Rirsia agreTve sityvebi: `drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi~. amis gareSe moTxovnis sididis Sesaxeb msjeloba azrs kargavs. magaliTad, imis Tqma, rom momxmarebels SeuZlia SeiZinos 10 kg. vaSli, Tu erTi kg-is fasi 0.20 laria, arsebiTad uSinaarsoa, radgan garkveuli araa im drois xangrZlivoba, romlis ganmavlobaSic apirebs igi vaSlis am raodenobis SeZenas. winadadeba azriani gaxdeba mxolod maSin, Tu vityviT: momxmarebels SeuZlia kviris (Tvis, wlis) ganmavlobaSi iyidos 10 kg vaSli, Tu erTi kgis fasi 0.20 laria. moTxovna im saqonels (momsaxurebas) Seexeba, romlis yidvis survili da unari aqvs momxmarebels. yidvis moculoba (masa), anu moTxovnis sidide uSualod gasayidi saqonlis fassa da momxmareblis Semosavalzea damokidebuli. moTxovnasa da fass Soris damokidebuleba aseTia: sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, fasis daweva iwvevs moTxovnis sididis zrdas da,
132

piriqiT, fasis zrda amcirebs moTxovnis sidides. maSasadame, moTxovnasa da fass Soris arsebobs uaryofiTi, anu ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba; isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT icvlebian. fasisa da moTxovnis aseT urTierTdamokidebulebas moTxovnis kanoni ewodeba. ganvixiloT martivi pirobiTi magaliTi imis sailustraciod, Tu sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi ramden kg vaSls yiduloben momxmareblebi kviraSi (ix. cxrili 3.1).

cxrili 3.1. fasis gavlena moTxovnis sidideze (hi poTezuri monacemebi)

1 kg vaSlis fasi (larebSi) 0.00 0.20 0.33 0.60 1.00 1.80 3.00 kvireuli moTxovna vaSlze (kg-ebSi)

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, fasis yovel dones Seesabameba moTxovnis gansazRvruli sidide: Tu vaSls ufasod daarigeben, momxmareblebi kviraSi, vTqvaT, 12 kg-s SeiZenen. 20 TeTris fasis pirobebSi momxmareblebi kviraSi 10 kg vaSls yiduloben. vaSlze fasis zrda mis yidvas amcirebs, xolo rodesac fasi 3 lars
133

aRwevs, momxmareblebi vaSls saerTod aRar yiduloben. moTxovnis kanonis, anu moTxovnisa da fasis urTierTdamokidebulebis gamoxatva SeiZleba grafikuladac (ix. nax. 3.4.). Tu organzomilebian marTxkuTxa koordinatTa sistemaSi vertikalur (ordinatTa) RerZze vaSlis fass, xolo horizontalur (abscisaTa) RerZze vaSlze moTxovnas aRvniSnavT, movnaxavT `fasi_moTxovnis~ Svidive variantis Sesabamis wertilebs da SevaerTebT, miviRebT DD wirs, romelsac moTxovnis mrudi ewodeba. moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, eSveba zemodan (CrdilodasavleTidan) qvemoT (samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken). igi gviCvenebs, rom rac ufro maRalia vaSlze fasi, miT ufro dabalia masze moTxovna da, piriqiT. moTxovnis mrudi SesaZleblobas iZleva vupasuxoT or kiTxvas: jer erTi, rogori iqneba moTxovnis sidide gansxvavebuli fasebis pirobebSi? da meore, rogor Seicvleba moTxovnis sidide fasebis

garkveuli cvlilebis dros? mrudze yoveli wertili fasis garkveuli donis pirobebSi mocemul saqonelze moTxovnis sidides gviCvenebs. moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis sididis yvela variants aRwers, rac bazarze drois mocemul momentSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. grafikulad, saqonlis fasis cvlilebis zemoqmedeba am saqonlis moTxovnis sidideze moTxovnis mrudis sxvadasxva wertilze gadaadgilebiT gamoixateba. Cven gavarkvieT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlenas axdens fasis cvlileba moTxovnaze. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom fasis cvlilebaze moTxovnis reagirebis xarisxi saqonelTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia. moTxovnis raodenobrivi cvlilebis xarisxi fasebis cvlilebis sapasuxod axasiaTebs moTxovnis elastikurobas (moqnilobas). am terminSi igulisxmeba moTxovnis cvlilebis (misi moculobis `mgrZnobiarobis~) xarisxi fasis cvlilebis mimarT. ufro martivad Tu vityviT, saqme exeba Semdegs: zogierTi saqonlis fasis umniSvnelo cvlilebac ki mniSvnelovnad cvlis am saqonelze moTxovnas. aseT SemTxvevaSi ityvian, rom mocemul saqonelze moTxovna elastikuria (an SedarebiT elastikuria). aris sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebic: _ zogierTi saqonlis fasis SesamCnevi cvlilebac ki TiTqmis araviTar gavlenas ar axdens moTxovnis moculobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom moTxovna araelastikuria (an SedarebiT araelastikuria). moTxovnis elastikurobis xarisxis gasazomad iyeneben moTxovnis fasiseuli elastikurobis koeficients. igi iangariSeba formuliT:

nax. 3.4. moTxovnis mrudi

134 135

Ed =

moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba fasis procentuli cvlileba

Tu, magaliTad, A saqonlis fasis 5%-iT Semcirebis Sedegad masze moTxovna gaizarda 10%-iT, maSin am saqonelze moTxovnis elastikurobis koeficienti iqneba 2-is toli. Tu B saqonlis fasi Semcirda 3%-iT, magram masze moTxovna gaizarda mxolod 1%-iT, maSin elastikurobis koeficienti iqneba 1/3. es imas niSnavs, rom A saqonelze moTxovna elastikuria, xolo B saqonelze _ araelastikuri. moTxovna elastikuria im SemTxvevaSi, roca saqonelze moTxovnis procentuli zrda metia fasis procentul Semcirebaze, xolo Tu fasis Semcirebas mosdevs moTxovnis moculobis naklebi procentuli mateba, moTxovna araelastikuria. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moTxovna elastikuria, Tu moTxovnis elastikurobis koeficienti 1-ze metia. Tu es koeficienti 1-ze naklebia, moTxovna araelastikuria. aris gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebic, rom koeficienti 1-is tolia da mas ewodeba moTxovnis erTeuli elastikuroba . rogorc wesi, elastikuroba SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa : absoluturi elastikuroba da araelastikuroba ukiduresi SemTxvevebia. magaliTad, Tu adamianisaTvis aucilebelia apendicitis operacia, man es operacia unda gaikeTos miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra eRireba igi. diabetikma insulini unda iyidos fasis miuxedavad. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi moTxovna araelastikuria. moTxovnis elastikuroba-araelastikurobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT Semdegi zogadi debulebebiT: rac ufro meti kargi Semcvleli (substituti) gaaCnia mocemul produqts, miT metia masze moTxovnis elastikuroba. aseTi produqtis fasis umniSvnelo momatebac ki iwvevs masze moTxovnis mniSvnelovan Sekvecas (momxmareblebi daiwyeben Sem136

cvlelebis Zebnas), xolo fasis yoveli dakleba zrdis masze moTxovnas (momxmareblebi moumateben mis yidvas sxva Semcvlelebis nacvlad); aucilebeli moTxovnilebis sagnebze moTxovna araelastikuria, xolo fufunebis sagnebze _ elastikuri. ase, magaliTad, puris fasis Secvla naklebad moqmedebs moTxovnis sidideze, magram sunamos fasis momateba didad Seamcirebs masze moTxovnas; moTxovnis fasiseuli elastikurobis sidide yovelTvis uaryofiTi ricxvia, ramdenadac wiladis mricxvelsa da mniSvnels yovelTvis sxvadasxva niSnebi gaaCniaT. aSS-Si gamocdili gziT iqna miRebuli moTxovnis fasiseuli elastikurobis (`minusniSniani~) Semdegi Sefasebebi: sakancelario daniSnulebis saqonelze _ 0,6; benzinze _ 1,5; sacxovrebel binaze _ 1,9; kinos bileTebze _ 3,9. amrigad, moTxovnis elastikurobis koeficientis codnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mosaxleobis moTxovnis prognozirebisaTvis sabazro fasebis donis cvlilebis pirobebSi. moTxovnis mrudis agebisas navaraudevia, rom moTxovnas gaaCnia mxolod erTi determinanti _ fasi. magram, realurad, arseboben sxva, arafasismieri faqtorebic, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moTxovnaze. maT miekuTvneba: myidvelTa raodenoba, momxmarebelTa gemovneba, maTi Semosavlebis sidide, fasebis momavali cvlilebis molodini da sxv. bunebrivia, am faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad moTxovnis mrudis mdebareoba Seicvleba: igi gadaadgildeba marjvniv (Tu moTxovna izrdeba) an marcxniv (Tu moTxovna mcirdeba).
miwodeba da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.

miwodeba aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is raodenoba, romlis warmoeba da miwodeba SeuZliaT mwarmoeblebs (gamyidvelebs) bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasebiT drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi. bazarze saqonlis miwodeba ZiriTadad damokidebulia am saqonlis fasze. fasebis done gansazRvravs miwodebuli saqonlis
137

moculobas. miwodebasa da fass Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis daxasiaTebis mizniT isev aviRoT pirobiTi cifrobrivi monacemebi, romlebic gviCveneben, Tu rogor icvleba miwodebis moculoba fasis donis SecvlasTan erTad (ix. cxrili 3.2). cxrilidan Cans, rom saqonlis (am SemTxvevaSi _ vaSlis) fassa da miwodebas Soris damokidebuleba dadebiTi, anu pirdapirproporciulia; isini erTi da imave mimarTulebiT icvlebian. es gasagebicaa: fasis zrda mogebas adidebs, rac aZlierebs mwarmoeblis dainteresebas meti awarmoos da miawodos bazars. aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba ekonomikaSi miwodebis kanonis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. cxrilSi motanili monacemebis safuZvelze marTxkuTxa koordinantTa sistemaSi Tu movnaxavT `fasi-miwodebis~ Svidive variantis Sesabamis wertilebs da SevaerTebT, miviRebT SS wirs, nax. 3.5. miwodebis mrudi

cxrili 3.2. fasis gavlena miwodebis sidideze (hi poTezuri monacemebi)

1 kg vaSlis fasi (larebSi) 0.00 0.20 0.33 0.60 1.00 1.80 3.00 vaSlis kvireuli miwodeba (kg-ebSi)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

romelsac miwodebis mrudi ewodeba. gansxvavebiT moTxovnis mrudisagan, miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia (miemarTeba samxreT-dasavleTidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken), radgan fassa da miwodebas Soris damokidebuleba dadebiTia (ix. nax. 3.5.). mrudze yoveli wertili fasis garkveuli donis pirobebSi mocemuli saqonlis miwodebis sidides gviCvenebs. miwodebis mrudi miwodebis yvela variants aRwers, rac bazarze drois mocemul momentSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. grafikulad, saqonlis fasis cvlilebis zemoqmedeba am saqonlis miwodebis sidideze miwodebis mrudis sxvadasxva wertilze gadaadgilebiT gamoixateba. miwodebis raodenobrivi cvlilebis xarisxi fasebis cvlilebis sapasuxod axasiaTebs miwodebis elastikurobas . miwodebis elastikurobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba misi cvlilebis xarisxi fasebis dinamikisagan damokidebulebiT. am cvlilebis gasazomad iyeneben miwodebis elastikurobis koeficients . igi iangariSeba
139

138

formuliT:

E s=

miwodebis sididis procentuli cvlileba fasis procentuli cvlileba

gamyidvelTa raodenoba da sxv. cxadia, am faqtorebis zemoqmedeba iwvevs miwodebis mrudis Sesabamis gadaadgilebas marjvniv (Tu miwodeba izrdeba) an marcxniv (Tu miwodeba mcirdeba).
fasi da sabazro wonasworoba. fasi ( P) saqonlis Rirebulebis fuladi gamoxatulebaa, romelsac adgens bazari miwodeba-moTxovnis safuZvelze. wonasworoba bazarze iseT mdgomareobas ewodeba, rodesac moTxovna da miwodeba gaTanabrebulia. moTxovna da miwodeba bazarze erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ar arsebobs. Cven cal-calke isini imitom ganvixileT, rom TiToeulis Sinaarsi ufro kargad gagvego. axla saWiroa erTmaneTs davukavSiroT moTxovna da miwodeba da davakvirdeT _ maTi rogori kombinacia gansazRvravs sabazro

miwodeba fasis mimarT aris elastikuri an araelastikuri. es gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqonlis mwarmoebelTaTvis, romlebic winaswar akeTeben axal nakeTobaTa elastikurobis xarisxis prognozs. miwodeba elastikuri xdeba maSin, rodesac misi sidide icvleba ufro didi procentiT, vidre fasi. rogorc mravali qveynis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, miwodebis elastikurobis koeficients _ grZelvadian periodSi fasebis wonasworobis pirobebSi _ gaaCnia zrdis tendencia, e.i. fasebis zrda gansazRvrul sididemde ramdenadme ufro meti xarisxiT iwvevs warmoebisa da miwodebis gadidebas. miwodeba araelastikuria maSin, Tu igi ar icvleba fasebis amaRlebis an Semcirebis sapasuxod. es damaxasiaTebelia mravali saqonlisaTvis moklevadian periodSi. magaliTad, dabalia elastikurobis xarisxi malfuWebadi produqtebisaTvis, romelTa didi raodenobiT Senaxvac SeuZlebelia. amasTan, miwodeba nela icvleba moTxovnasTan SedarebiT. marTlac, xom sakmaod Znelia warmoebis gadarTva axal nakeTobaTa gamoSvebaze, resursebis gadanawileba gamosaSveb saqonelTa raodenobis SecvlisaTvis. amrigad, miwodebis elastikurobis koeficientis dinamikis codnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqonlis warmoebisa da gayidvis moculobaTa winaswar gansazRvrisaTvis fasTa cvlilebisagan damokidebulebiT. miwodebis mrudis agebisas daSvebulia, rom miwodeba mxolod faszea damokidebuli. sinamdvileSi masze gavlenas axdens sxva, arafasismieri faqtorebic. maT miekuTvneba: warmoebis xarjebi, teqnologia, gadasaxadebi, fasis momavali cvlilebis molodini,
140

nax. 3.6. sabazro wonasworoba

141

fass da yidva-gayidvis moculobas (ix. nax. 3.6). Tu Cvens mier motanili pirobiTi magaliTebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, amocana aseTia: 1kg vaSlis Svidi SesaZlebeli fasidan romelia sabazro fasi? SeiZleba Tu ara sabazro fasi iyos 3 lari, e.i. SesaZlebeli fasebidan yvelaze maRali fasi? rogorc cnobilia, maRali fasi iwvevs mwarmoebelTa dainteresebas meti awarmoon da miawodon bazars. miwodebis gadideba droTa ganmavlobaSi iwvevs siWarbes, rasac Sedegad mosdevs gamyidvelTa Soris konkurenciis gamwvaveba da fasis daweva. amrigad, saqonlis yvelaze maRali fasi didxans ver `gaZlebs~, konkurenciis Sedegad klebas iwyebs. axla gadavinacvloT joxis meore boloSi: SeiZleba Tu ara sabazro fasi iyos SesaZlebeli fasebidan erT-erTi yvelaze dabali 0.20 lari? didxans es fasic ver `gaZlebs~, radgan siiafis pirobebSi saqonlis myidvelTa ricxvi gaizrdeba, maT Soris konkurencia gaZlierdeba, rasac Sedegad mohyveba fasis mateba. dabali fasi asustebs mwarmoebelTa dainteresebas mocemuli produqtis warmoebiT, rasac droTa ganmavlobaSi mosdevs deficiti. fasis aseTi moZraoba gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam moTxovna da miwodeba erTmaneTs ar gautoldeba da grafikze maTi mrudebi ar gadaikveTeba. grafikze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebs mxolod erTi gadakveTis wertili aqvs, rasac sabazro wonasworoba ewodeba. fass, romelic am wertilSi (e.i. bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis tolobisas) yalibdeba, wonasworobis fasi, xolo yidva-gayidvis raodenobas wonasworobis moculoba ewodeba. amrigad, wonasworobis fasi saqonlis fasia, romliTac moTxovnis raodenoba emTxveva miwodebis raodenobas; wonasworobis moculoba saqonlis is raodenobaa, romelic SesaZlebelia gaiyidos wonasworobis, anu sabazro fasiT. Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi wonasworobis fasi 0.60 lars, xolo wonasworobis moculoba 6 kg vaSls Seadgens.
142

wonasworobis fasi bazris yvela monawiles akmayofilebs: myidvelebi maTTvis sasurvel produqts yiduloben, xolo gamyidvelebi yvela warmoebul produqts maTTvis misaReb fasebSi yidian. gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis moqmedeba bunebrivad ubiZgebs bazars wonasworobisaken. ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac sabazro fasi wonasworobis fasis toli ar aris. davuSvaT, rom sabazro fasi wonasworobis fasze metia. am SemTxvevaSi vaSlis miwodeba masze moTxovnas aWarbebs. warmoiqmneba saqonlis siWarbe: gamyidvelebs am raodenobis produqciis realizeba ar SeuZliaT. aseT situacias Warbi miwodeba ewodeba. am pirobebSi vaSlis gamyidveli iZulebulia sakuTar produqciaze fasi im dromde Seamciros, vidre bazari wonasworobis mdgomareobas ar daubrundeba (grafikze amas uCvenebs qvemoT mimarTuli isrebi). ganvixiloT sapirispiro situacia. davuSvaT, rom vaSlze sabazro fasi wonasworobis fasze naklebia. am SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba daukmayofilebeli sabazro moTxovna . vinaidan sabazro fasi wonasworobis fasze naklebia, moTxovnis moculoba miwodebis moculobas aRemateba. da radgan myidvels meti vaSlis SeZena surs, mimwodeblebi sargebloben bazris deficitiT da zrdian fasebs (grafikze amas uCvenebs zemoT mimarTuli isrebi). orive SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlileba bazars moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobisaken ubiZgebs. amrigad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, mravalricxovani gamyidvelisa da myidvelis erToblivi moqmedeba sabazro fass avtomaturad wonasworobis fasisaken ubiZgebs. rodesac bazarze wonasworoba myardeba, gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi kmayofildebian da fasze zewola qreba. Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi bazarze Warbi miwodeba an daukmayofilebeli moTxovna droebiTi movlenebia, radganac fasebi yovelTvis wonasworobisaken miiswrafian. am movlenas moTxovna-miwodebis kanons uwodeben, romlis mixedviTac
143

saqonlis fasi im donisaken miiswrafis, sadac saqonlis miwodeba da masze moTxovna wonaswordeba. moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebis, sabazro fasis Camoyalibebis meqanizmis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro Rrmad CavixedoT sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi da vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra aregulirebs sabazro ekonomikas? sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis ukan dgas resursebis iSviaTobis aCrdili. iSviaToba rom ar arsebobdes, e.i. adamianebs rom SeeZloT sasurveli resursi da saqoneli miiRon msxverplis gaRebis gareSe, maSin moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze, fasze msjeloba yovelgvar azrs dakargavda. swored iSviaToba ayenebs kiTxvebs: rogor ganawildes deficituri resursebi? vin da ra unda gaakeTos imisaTvis, rom adamianebma gamoiyenon SezRuduli SesaZleblobani da ukeT daikmayofilon moTxovnilebani? es aris arCevanis, SeTanxmebis, TanamSromlobis sagani. magram TaTbirebi, romelTa Sedegadac miiRweva SeTanxmeba da TanamSromloba, ewyoba ara sxdomaTa darbazebsa da komitetebSi, aramed bazarze, xolo molaparakebis enaa ara inglisuri, rusuli an franguli, aramed yvela enas Soris yvelaze saerTaSoriso ena _ fasi. miwodeba da moTxovna (anu mwarmoebeli da momxmarebeli, gamyidveli da myidveli) erTmaneTs elaparakebian fasebis meSveobiT, fasebis eniT. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, isini arc elaparakebian erTmaneTs, magram SesaniSnavad esmiT erTmaneTisa. maRaziaSi Sesuli myidveli, gamofenili saqonlisa da maTze aRniSnuli fasebis gacnobis Semdeg, gamyidvels aniSnebs, esa da es nivTi Semixvieo. gamyidveli mas ar ekiTxeba, Tanaxma xar Tu ara gadaixado fasi, romelic am saqonels aweriao. yvelaferi isedac gasagebia. Tu myidvels ar awyobs romelime saqonlis fasi, man unda eZios misi substitutebi. Tu mwarmoebels epataraveba bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasi, mas rCeba erTaderTi gza: Tavi mianebos am saqonlis warmoebas da sxva saqme eZios. roca ama Tu im saqonlis miwodeba sWarbobs
144

masze moTxovnas, misi fasi klebas iwyebs, mogeba mcirdeba da amiT signals aZlevs mwarmoebels Tavi Seikavos am saqonlis warmoebisagan. piriqiT, Tu saqoneli cotaa, misi fasi matulobs, riTac bazari atyobinebs mwarmoebels meti awarmoos. aqedan gamomdinareobs fasis makoordinirebeli roli sabazro ekonomikaSi. swored fasis meSveobiT myardeba wonasworoba moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris. sabazro fasebis cvlilebaze sazogadoebis wevrTa reagirebis procesSi xdeba maTi kerZo interesebis gardaqmna, gadaxarSva TanamSromlobad. fasebis cvlilebaze mwarmoebelTa (myidvelTa) reagirebas safuZvlad udevs kerZo interesebi, yvela cdilobs Secvlili fasebis pirobebSi ise moiqces, rom maqsimaluri Semosavali miiRos: myidveli adidebs im saqonlis SeZenas, romlis fasi klebulobs, xolo mwarmoebeli zrdis im saqonlis miwodebas, romlis fasi matulobs. amrigad, fasebis moZraoba da miwodebisa da moTxovnis urTierTzemoqmedeba _ esaa urTierTSeguebis, SeTanxmebis, TanamSromlobis procesi . moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebi, sabazro faswarmoqmnis meqanizmi yvelaze efeqtianad wminda anu srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi moqmedebs. magram wminda (srulyofili) konkurenciuli bazari realurad ar arsebobs; is mxolod Teoriuli abstraqciaa da realur cxovrebaSi gzas didi siZneleebiT ikafavs.

145

leqcia 10. sabazro struqturis ZiriTadi ti pebi da maTi daxasiaTeba

`konkurencia aris individTa saqmianobis marTvis saukeTeso wesi.~ a.f.haieki `konkurenciis arasrulyofilebaTa Sesamcireblad mTeli eri unda ibrZodes da mudam sifxizles inarCunebdes.~ p.samuelsoni
sabazro struqturis arsi da misi ZiriTadi ti pebis zogadi daxasiaTeba. sportuli metoqeoba TamaSs

sainteresos xdis da sportsmenebs sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa maqsimumis gamovlenas aiZulebs. magram mZafri metoqeobis garda, yoveli TamaSi koordinaciis magaliTsac gviCvenebs. es exeba rogorc calkeul sportsmenebs, romlebic urTules moZraobebs Zaladautaneblad da moxdenilad asruleben, ise Tavad gundebs, romelTa warmatebac moTamaSeebis erTobliv moqmedebazea damokidebuli. mokled, saWiroa calkeuli sportsmenebis monacemTa koordinacia rogorc gundebis, ise im ligis doneze, sadac isini asparezoben. bevri ram ekonomikaSic swored asea. ekonomikur saqmianobaSi calkeul adamianTa an maTi jgufis interesebi xSirad erTmaneTs upirispirdeba da maT Soris Cndeba metoqeoba TavianTi SezRuduli resursebis ufro momgebiani gamoyenebis mizniT. amasTan, metoqeobis xasiaTze didadaa damokidebuli misi Sedegic. Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikaSi metoqeobas sabazro konkurencia ewodeba. aq yvela cdilobs warmatebas miaRwios

iseTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebiT, romelsac, maTi varaudiT, sxvebi SeiZenen. amiT isini am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sanacvlod fuls Rebuloben. imisaTvis, raTa warmatebiT gaarTvan Tavi konkurencias, adamianebi da sawarmoebi nebayoflobiT TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan da koordinirebuli moqmedebiT momxmareblisaTvis saWiro ufro met saqonelsa da momsaxurebas awarmoeben. faqtobrivad, sabazro konkurencia erTi ZiriTadi aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba sportuli metoqeobisagan, sadac gamarjveba aucileblad gulisxmobs sxvis damarcxebas. ekonomikaSi aucilebeli ar aris yvelam gaimarjvos, magram yvelas SeuZlia gamarjveba da erTis gamarjvebis SedegebiT sargeblobis miReba. sabazro konkurencia emsaxureba rogorc myidvelebis, aseve gamyidvelebis interesebs, anu orive mxarisaTvis momgebiania. amis gamo konkurencia Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikis qvakuTxedia. es imiT aixsneba, rom mogebis gazrdis survili mewarmeebs aiZulebs siaxleTa danergvas, ufro meti da ukeTesi xarisxis saqonlis warmoebas, meti maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, resursebis ufro efeqtian gamoyenebas, warmoebis muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebas da Sromis organizaciis srulyofas. misi Sedegia produqciis erTeulze sawarmos danaxarjebis Semcireba, rac iZleva fasis Semcirebis SesaZleblobas. es aCqarebs warmoebuli saqonlis realizacias da zrdis sawarmos mogebas. sabolood, mocemuli sawarmos konkurentunarianoba bazarze gamovlindeba. maSasadame, konkurencia sawarmos mogebis maqsimizaciis erT-erTi pirobaa. amrigad, Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikaSi mwarmoeblebs Soris konkurencia xels uwyobs saqonlis xarisxis amaRlebas da masze SedarebiT dabali fasis dawesebas. radgan TiToeuli Cvengani (gamyidveli Tu myidveli) momxareblebi varT, amdenad, konkurencia yvelasaTvis sasargebloa. zogierTi warmatebuli sawarmo mimarTavs fasobriv konkurencias, inarCunebs ra sawarmoo danaxarjebisa da fasebis maqsimalurad
147

146

dabal dones. magram, fasis garda, konkurenciis sxva meTodebic arsebobs. Tu waikiTxavT Jurnals, uyurebT televizors an gaiseirnebT savaWro centrSi, Tqven aRmoaCenT sawarmoebs, romlebic konkurencias sul sxvadasxva meTodebiT ewevian. magaliTad, zogierTi kompania sakuTari saqonlis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis reklamiT eweva konkurencias. sxvebi yuradRebas amaxvileben gansakuTrebuli saxis momsaxurebaze, romelsac isini momxmareblebs sTavazoben. zogierTebi xazs usvamen, konkurentebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi masalebisa da warmoebis meTodebis gamoyenebas, rac ufro maRali xarisxis produqcias niSnavs. bevri kompania Tavisi saqmianobis ramdenime momentze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. rogorc kalaTburTelTa maRali klasis mwvrTneli Zalebs ar iSurebs asparezobisas Tavisi gundis upiratesobis gasazrdelad metoqe gundebTan SedarebiT, zustad aseve mewarmeebi da sawarmoTa xelZRvanelebi eZeben iseT strategiebs, romelic maT bazarze konkurenciisas warmatebas moutans. `fasis mimRebni~ da `fasis maZiebelni~ ganasaxiereben ekonomistebis mier aRweril ori saxis strategias. fasis mimRebni Rebuloben bazris mier gansazRvrul fass da Semdeg wyveten, ramdeni awarmoon am fasad. fasis maZiebelni ki eZeben Sesaferis fass, romelic Tavisi saqonlisaTvis unda moiTxovon. is, Tu romeli strategiaa saukeTeso ama Tu im sawarmosaTvis, damokidebulia im bazris organizaciaze (struqturaze), sadac mimdinareobs konkurencia. bazris struqturis ti pebi, faswarmoqmnis pirobebi da nairsaxeobani praqtikulad amouwuravia; isini erTmaneTSi gadadian, erTmaneTs avseben, sufTa saxiT ar arseboben. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomikuri mecniereba mainc axerxebs gamoyos sabazro struqturis ramdenime ZiriTadi ti pi (modeli), romelTa meSveobiT xdeba warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra, miwodebisa da moTxovnis Tanafardobis damyareba da sabazro fasebis Camoyalibeba. bazris struqtura sxvadasxvagvaria, dawyebuli srulyo148

fili anu `wminda~ konkurenciiT da damTavrebuli absoluturi anu `wminda~ monopoliiT . Tanamedrove realur ekonomikur sistemebSi, da saerTodac, srulyofili anu `wminda~ konkurencia, iseve rogorc absoluturi anu `wminda~ monopolia Teoriuli abstraqciaa, romlebic gamoxataven or polarul sabazro situacias, or logikur zRvars. es modelebi, TiToeuli am situaciis pirobebSi, Teoriulad asaxaven mogebis maqsimizaciis mimarTulebiT individualur sawarmoTa SesaZlo saqmianobis ZiriTad kanonzomierebebs. realur sinamdvileSi maT Soris `Tavsdeba~ anu funqcionirebs arasrulyofili konkurencia, rodesac kompaniebi monopolisturi konkurenciis an oligopoliis pirobebSi ewevian konkurencias. qvemoT mocemulia sabazro struqturis CamoTvlili tipebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSanTa sqematuri cxrili, romelic zogad warmodgenas gvaZlevs TiToeul maTganze (ix. cxrili 3.3). magram sakiTxSi meti sicxadis SetanisaTvis saWiroa maTi detaluri ganxilva. Tavdapirvelad Cven ganvixilavT polarul sabazro struqturebs: srulyofil anu wminda konkurencias da absolutur anu wminda monopolias. aseTi dapirispireba ufro reliefurad warmoaCens kontrastebs da amiT gviadvilebs maTs gagebas. Semdeg mivubrundebiT Sualedur sabazro situaciebs _ monopolistur konkurenciasa da oligopolias (romlebic zogjer wodebulia arasrulyofili konkurenciis modelebad).
wminda konkurencia. wminda konkurenciuli bazris Ziri-

Tadi niSania damoukideblad moqmed mwarmoebelTa (gamyidvelTa) da momxmarebelTa (myidvelTa) didi raodenoba. aseTi bazris magaliTebia: soflis meurneobis produqtebis bazari, fasiani qaRaldebis bazari (safondo birJa), ucxo qveynebis valutaTa bazari da sxv. aseTi bazrebi imiT gamoirCevian, rom aq iyideba standartuli
149

cxrili 3.3. bazris oTxi ZiriTadi modeli da maTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi

bazris modelebi
damaxasiawm in da monop oTebeli k onk u - l i s t u r i ni Sne bi ren ci a konkurencia ol i g op o li a wm in da monop o li a

1
firmaTa raodenoba produqtis tipi

2
Zalian bevri standartuli

3
bevri diferencirebuli

4
ramdenime standartuli an diferencirebuli urTierTdamokidebulebiT SezRuduli, mniSvnelovani faruli SeTanxmebisas arsebiTi Seferxeba ar aris

5
erTi unikaluri, ar aris uaxloesi Semcvleli mniSvnelovani

kontroli fasze

ar aris

zogierTi, magram sakmaod viwro farglebSi

anu erTgvarovani produqcia . es imas niSnavs, rom erTi da imave fasis dros myidvelisaTvis sul erTia, Tu romeli gamyidvelisagan SeiZens produqts. es imasac niSnavs, rom aseT bazrebze arsebobs mxolod fasiseuli konkurencia , e.i. adgili ara aqvs konkurencias produqtis xarisxis, reklamis an momsaxurebis mixedviT. gamyidveli ver axdens fasebze gavlenas , mas ar SeuZlia myidvels Tavisi (momatebuli) fasi ukarnaxos, radgan mis gverdiT imave saqonlis uamravi gamyidvelia. igi emorCileba, egueba bazarze Camoyalibebul fass. wminda konkurenciis pirobebSi dargSi Sesvla (axali sawarmos gaxsna, bazarze adgilis dakaveba) da dargidan gasvla arafriT araa SezRuduli, Tavisufalia. aseTia wminda konkurenciuli bazris ZiriTadi niSnebi. ekonomistTa udidesi nawili im azrisaa, rom aseTi ekonomika uzrunvelyofs sawarmoo resursebis yvelaze efeqtian gamoyenebas, TviTregulirebadia, unari Seswevs Seaxamos kerZo da sazogadoebrivi interesebi.
wminda monopolia. wminda, absoluturad monopoliuri

dargSi Sesvlis pirobebi arafasobrivi konkurencia

Zalian ioli, Seferxeba araa ar arsebobs

SedarebiT ioli

blokirebulia

mniSvnelovani Zalze ti piuri, dayrdnoba gansakuTrebiT reklamaze, produqtTa savaWro diferenniSnebze, ciaciisas markebze da a.S.

umTavresad sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan kavSiris reklama

magaliTebi

soflis sacalo meurneobis vaWroba, produqciis tanscmlis, bazari fexsacmlis da sxva saqonlis bazrebi

foladis, sazogadoebavtomobilebis, rivi sasoflosaqonlisa sameurneu da inventaris, momsaxurebis mravali mwarmoebel sayofacxovrebo sawarmoTa eleqtronul produqciis xelsawyoTa bazari bazrebi

bazari gvaqvs maSin, rodesac erTi firma aris erTaderTi mwarmoebeli produqtisa, romelsac kargi Semcvleli ar gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi dargi da sawarmo sinonimebia. produqtis unikalurobis gamo momxmarebels arCevanis saSualeba ara aqvs; man an unda SeiZinos es produqti monopolistisagan, an mis gareSe darCes. monopolisti bazars (myidvels) karnaxobs Tavis fass . amis SesaZlebloba mas eZleva imis gamo, rom konkurentebi ar hyavs. wminda monopoliis pirobebSi dargSi Sesvla (axal sawarmoTa gaxsna) blokirebulia . dargSi Sesvlas SeiZleba eRobebodes ekonomikuri, teqnikuri da iuridiuli barierebi. saqme isaa, rom wminda monopolisti, rogorc wesi, msxvili sawarmoa, romelsac axalbeda mewarmeebi konkurencias ver uweven. wminda monopoliis magaliTia agreTve sawarmoebi, romlebsac
151

150

mfarvelobs saxelmwifo. eseni arian, umTavresad, e.w. `bunebrivi monopoliebi~: eleqtro- da gazmomaragebis kompaniebi, wyalsadenisa da kavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebi, Tavdacvis obieqtebi da a.S. am dargebSi axali sawarmoebis gaxsnas saxelmwifo aregulirebs patentebisa da licenziebis gacemiT. absolutur monopolists Tavisi mdgomareoba saSualebas aZlevs fasebi xelovnurad gaadidos da am gziT uzrunvelyos maRali mogebis miReba. imave mizezis gamo, mas ar gaaCnia avtomaturi stimuli siaxleTa danergvisa, maSin rodesac konkurenciuli bazris pirobebSi gakotrebis SiSi mwarmoebels ubiZgebs siaxleTa gamoyenebisaken. magram naTqvami imas ar niSnavs, rom monopolisti sruliad Tavisufalia Tavis moqmedebebSi. sabazro Zalebi masac garkveul CarCoebSi ayenebs.
monopolisturi konkurencia. rogorc saxelwodeba

gviCvenebs, bazris es tipi warmoadgens monopoliisa da konkurenciis _ am ori urTierTgamomricxavi sawyisis _ narevs. monopolisturi konkurencia gulisxmobs iseT sabazro situacias, rodesac SedarebiT saSualo sawarmoTa sakmaod didi ricxvi awarmoebs da yidis msgavs, magram ara identur produqtebs . aseTi sabazro situaciis Sesaqmnelad sakmarisia 25, 35, 60, 70 sawarmo. aqedan gamomdinareobs monopolisturi konkurenciis ramdenime Tavisebureba: TiToeuli sawarmo awarmoebs produqciis mTeli moculobis SedarebiT mcire nawils da, amdenad, Zalze SezRudulia misi SesaZlebloba _ gavlena moaxdinos bazris fasebze; faqtobrivad gamoricxulia faruli SeTanxmebebi sawarmoTa Soris; TiToeuli sawarmo sakmaod Tavisufalia gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. wminda konkurenciuli bazrisagan gansxvavebiT, monopolis152

turi konkurenciis erT-erTi niSania produqtis diferenciacia _ saqonlis an momsaxurebis gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebisaTvis xazgasma. magaliTad, `uendisis~, `makdonaldsis~, `karls junioris~ da sxva restornebis hamburgerebi SeiZleba didad ar gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan, magram yoveli kompania iyenebs gansakuTrebul sawebelebs Tu damzadebis meTodebs, anda yvels an lors amatebs Tavisi hamburgerebis diferencirebis mizniT. arsebobs bevri sxva saSualebac, rasac sawarmoebi iyeneben sakuTari produqtebis diferencirebis gziT klientebis mozidvisaTvis. maT Soris umTavresia: klientTa momsaxureba . warmoidgineT, rom uaxlovdebiT gzajvaredins, sadac ori benzingasamarTi sadguria. TiToeuli erTsa da imave fass iTxovs erTnairi xarisxis benzinSi. ris gamo mianiWebdiT upiratesobas erT-erT maTgans? erTi maTgani, albaT, benzinis yoveli Casxmis dros klients manqanis ufasod garecxvas sTavazobs, meore ki _ manqanaSi zeTs SegimowmebT da saqare minas gagirecxavT. es aris gansakuTrebuli momsaxurebis magaliTebi, riTac sawarmoebi klientTa yuradRebas ipyroben. garantia da teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa . vinc kompiuterul programas yidulobs, xSirad im kompanias mimarTavs xolme, romelic momxmarebels saukeTesi teqnikur uzrunvelyofas sTavazobs. dRes kbilis pastasac ki zed telefonis nomeri aweria, romelzec myidvels SeuZlia darekos, Tu raime SekiTxva daebadeba. xSirad swored garantia garwmunebT erT romelime produqts mianiWoT upiratesoba meoresTan SedarebiT. manqanebiT movaWre sawarmos teqnikuri momsaxurebis ganyofilebis reputacias ki SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos ama Tu im markis avtomobilis SeZenis gadawyvetilebaze. prestiJi. mravali sawarmo sakuTari produqciis diferencirebis mizniT TvalSi sacem etiketebs iyenebs. Tqven, albaT, odesme giyidiaT perangi, halstuxi, qudi an CanTa mxolod imitom, rom
153

mas gansakuTrebuli safirmo niSani an emblema hqonia. kompaniebi bevrs muSaoben dadebiTi imijis Sesaqmnelad. vinc cnobili firmis mier warmoebul mzis saTvales yidulobs, xSirad marto Tvalebis mzisagan dacviT ar aris dainteresebuli. monopolisturi konkurenciis dros dargSi (bazarSi) Sesvla da iqidan gamosvla SedarebiT iolia, radgan sawarmoebi maincdamainc didebi ar arian da, amdenad, axali efeqturi sawarmoebis mowyoba ar moiTxovs did kapitaldabandebebs. magram konkurencia aq mZafria da sawarmoebma Zalebi ar unda daiSuron sakuTari produqciisaTvis gansakuTrebuli adgilis (niSis) mosapoveblad.
oligopolia. bazris oligopoliuri struqtura romelime dargSi ramdenime msxvili sawarmos (daaxloebiT 3-5) Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes, rac gulisxmobs SeTanxmebas fasebsa da bazris gayofaze. oligopoliis rolis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis Semdegi monacemebi. 2000 wels aSS-Si oTxi firmis xvedriTi wona qvemoT dasaxelebuli produqtebis erovnul warmoebaSi Seadgenda: saojaxo macivrebi _ 94%, motoriani satransporto saSualebebi _ 92%, saojaxo sarecxi manqanebi _ 91%, sigaretebi _ 90%; gluvi SuSa _ 85%, telefonis aparatebi _ 76% da sxv. ratom xdeba ase? ra iwvevs imas, rom zogierTi dargi Sedgeba sul ramdenime firmisagan? amis mTavari mizezia danaxarjTa ekonomia. `masStabis efeqti~ swored is aris, rom arsebobs dargebi, romlebSic yvelaze efeqtiani warmoebis mowyoba didi masStabis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. magaliTebad gamogvadgeba zemoT dasaxelebuli produqtebis mwarmoebeli sawarmoebi. ra Tqma unda, es ar exeba yvela dargs. piriqiT, bevr SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT efeqtiania SedarebiT mcire sawarmoebi. am safuZvelze xdeba e.w. `mcire biznesis~ ganviTareba.

oligopoliur firmebSi iwarmoeba rogorc standartuli, ise diferencirebuli produqtebi (standartuli: foladi, rkina, cinki, spilenZi, cementi da sxv.; diferencirebuli: avtomobilebi, saburavebi, sigaretebi da sxv.). oligopolia, ra Tqma unda, konkurencias ar spobs: is ramdenime giganturi firma, romlebic warmoadgenen mocemul dargs, erTmaneTisaTvis saSiSi da yovlisSemZle konkurentebi arian. magram imave dros oligopolia warmoSobs axal fenomens, romelic ar axasiaTebs bazris sxva ti pebs, _ esaa sayovelTao damokidebuleba erTmaneTze . es urTierTdamokidebuleba Zneli warmosadgeni araa. vTqvaT, dargSi gabatonebulia sami firma, romelTagan TiToeuls ekuTvnis produqtis erovnuli warmoebis mesamedi. aseT viTarebaSi verc erTi firma ver miiRebs gadawyvetilebas ise, rom ar gaiTvaliswinos danarCeni oris reagireba am gadawyvetilebaze. mcirericxovnoba da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba nayofieri niadagia oligopolistebs Soris saidumlo SeTanxmebaTa misaRwevad. SeTanxmebani (rogorc gaformebuli, ise jentlmenuri) SeiZleba exebodes fasebis dafiqsirebas, bazrebis ganawilebas da sxv. SeTanxmebaTa mizania firmebs Soris konkurenciis simZafris SezRudva _ Serbileba. oligopolias axasiaTebs lideroba fasebSi . arsebobs praqtika: mTavari firma (lideri) cvlis saqonlis fass, xolo sxvebi avtomaturad misdeven am cvlilebas (e.i. TviTonac am fasebiT iwyeben gayidvas). es aris meTodi, romlis daxmarebiTac oligopolistebs SeuZliaT fasebis politikis koordinireba ise, rom ar mimarTon aSkara molaparakebas fasebis sakiTxSi. fasebsa da bazris gayofaze SeTanxmebis xelmomwer sawarmoTa jgufs ewodeba karteli. am SemTxvevaSi ramdenime sawarmo gamodis rogorc erTi mTliani da mas SeiZleba jgufuri monopolia ewodos.
155

154

karteli arastabiluri gaerTianebaa da igi Semdegi Siga winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaTdeba: pirveli problema, romelic warmoiSoba kartelis winaSe, esaa bazarze kontroli. ramdenadac kartelis mizania konkurentul doneze fasis zrda, igi magnitiviT izidavs axal kompaniebs mocemul bazarze. magram bazarze warmoebis didi raodenoba amcirebs TiToeulis wils mTlian SemosavalSi da araefeqtianad aqcevs kartelur SeTanxmebas; meore, ufro seriozuli problema, kvotis problemaa. TiToeuli subieqti (sawarmo) Tavisi kvotis* gazrdas cdilobs. am aspeqtSi farTod cnobilia navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciis (OPEC)** magaliTi, romelmac 1973-1981 wlebSi 10-jer gazarda fasebi navTobze (1 bareli _ 40 aSS dolari). fasebis aseTma matebam organizaciis wevri qveynebis mogeba swrafad gazarda, magram navTobze maRali fasis dawesebam navTobis mopovebis gadideba ganapiroba im qveynebSi, romlebic OPEC-is SemadgenlobaSi ar Sediodnen. ufro metic, moTxovna navTobze perspeqtivaSi ufro elastikuri aRmoCnda, ramdenadac energiadamzogi mowyobilobisa da ufro ekonomiuri avtomobilebis warmoeba daiwyo. amis Sedegad OPEC-ma dakarga bazarze Tavisi adrindeli wilis naxevari, xolo fasi 4-jer Semcirda (1983 w.). bazarze sawarmoTa jgufis SesaZlebeli kontrolis xarisxi bazris koncentraciis maCvenebliT ganisazRvreba. bazris kon-

* kvota _ laT. quota, quot _ (ramdeni) _ ekonomikaSi karteluri SeTanxmebis CarCoSi masSi Semavali monawilis wili mTlian warmoebaSi an gasaRebaSi. ** OPEC _ (ing. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) _ Seiqmna 1960 wels (baRdadi), aerTianebs navTobis mompovebel 12 qveyanas.

centraciis cneba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bazarze arsebuli konkurentuli sawarmoebis raodenobasTan. ganasxvaveben sabazro koncentraciis dargobriv da agregatul maCveneblebs. sabazro koncentraciis dargobrivi maCvenebeli gamoiTvleba, rogorc 4 an 8 umsxvilesi sawarmos wili dargis produqciaSi. zogierT qveyanaSi es wili sakmaod maRalia. magaliTad, aSS-is saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi koncentraciis koeficienti 90%-s aRemateba, sigaretis warmoebaSi es maCvenebeli 85%-ia, ludis damzadebaSi _ 70% da a.S. samagierod, koncentraciis done sakmaod dabalia komerciul liTografiaSi (5%), rZis mrewvelobaSi (14%), gazeTis beWdvaSi (15%) da ualkoholo sasmelebis warmoebaSi (16%). zogadad miRebuli kriteriumis mixedviT, Tu dargSi 4 umsxvilesi sawarmos (kompaniis) wilad modis 50%-ze meti dargobrivi produqcia, maSin aseTi dargi iTvleba Zlier koncentrirebul dargad, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri oligopoliuri situacia. aSS-is gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi aseT dargebs miekuTvneba: liTondamuSaveba (50%), sasoflo-sameurneo manqanaTmSenebloba (53%), parfiumeriis mrewveloba (60%), salteebis mrewveloba (66%), TviTmfrinavmSenebloba (72%), fotomowyobiloba (72%), ludis mrewveloba (77%) da saavtomobilo mrewveloba (92%). im SemTxvevaSi, roca koncentraciis done 25-ze naklebia, maSin bazari met-naklebad Tanabrad gayofilia calkeul mwarmoeblebs Soris. aseT bazrebze sawarmos ekonomikuri saqmianoba ufro metad Seesabameba srulyofili an monopolisturi konkurenciis modelebs. dargobrivi koncentraciis erT-erTi mizezia bazarze Sesvlis barieris arseboba. igi iTvaliswinebs arsebul bazarze axali firmebis Sesvlis winaaRmdeg dabrkolebis Seqmnas. im bazarze, sadac ar arsebobs arsebiTi ekonomia warmoebis masStabze da aseve ar arsebobs bazarze Sesvlis mniSvnelovani barierebi ,
157

156

dargis produqcia ZiriTadad izrdeba axali sawarmoebis bazarze Sesvlis xarjze. es ki, saboloo jamSi, koncentraciis dacemas gamoiwvevs. Sesasvleli barierebis arsebobis pirobebSi lider sawarmoebs TavianTi wili dargis gafarToebiT SeuZliaT gazardon. zogjer barierebi iqmneba xelovnurad, mTavrobis an adgilobrivi organoebis mier, roca xelisufleba mxolod erT an ramdenime sawarmos aZlevs bazarze Sesvlis SesaZleblobas. sabolood, rogor SevafasoT oligopolia? aris Tu ara igi efeqturi bazris sxva ti pebTan SedarebiT? am sakiTxSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi arsebobs. erTni amtkiceben, rom ufro efeqturia Tavisufali konkurencia. sxvebis azriT, oligopolias teqnikuri progresis meti daintereseba da saxsrebi gaaCnia, vidre wvril konkurentul firmebs. Cven am davas axla ver gadavwyvetT. amitom davkmayofildeT Semdegi informaciiT: marTalia, oligopoliaSi mimdinareobs farTo masStabis mecnierul-kvleviTi muSaoba, inergeba siaxleni, magram faqtia, rom XX saukunis umniSvnelovanesi gamogonebebi ganxorcielda ara oligopoliebSi, aramed SedarebiT mcire firmebsa da, gansakuTrebiT, damoukidebel gamomgonebelTa TavebSi. kerZod, iseTi epoqaluri siaxleni, rogoricaa kondicioneri, sareleo marTva, burTuliani sawerkalami, celofani, reaqtiuli Zravi, qseroqsi, personaluri kompiuteri, Sveulmfreni da sxva mravali daibada damoukidebel gamomgonebelTa TavebSi. axla amiT davasruloT bazris ti pebis daxasiaTeba. kidev erTxel gavimeoroT da davimaxsovroT: mTavari, riTac bazris CamoTvlili ti pebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, _ esaa is meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba faswarmoqmna da ganisazRvreba ama Tu im produqtis warmoebis (miwodebis) moculoba.
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazris xarvezebi da antimonopoliuri politika. Tanamedrove sabazro

ekonomikis qveynebis meurneobis zogierT dargSi Zalze maRalia koncentraciis done. koncentrirebul dargebSi ki gabatonebulia monopoliuri Zala, romelic aferxebs jansaR konkurencias. saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa ekonomikaSi konkurenciis SenarCuneba . am mxriv yvelaze meti gamocdileba dagrovda aSS-Si, sadac XIX saukunis dasasruls Camoyalibda antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba . masSi igulisxmeba kanonTa paketi, romelic moicavs kanonebis, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa da samarTlebrivi normebis Zalze rTul da ganStoebul qsels, romelic amerikis istoriaSi Seiqmna ukanaskneli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi. istoriulad, amerikis ekonomika, romelic ZiriTadad iziarebda Tavisufali konkurenciis filosofias, uaryofiTad uyurebda monopoliebis aRmocenebas da ganviTarebas. amave dros am qveyanaSi aqcioneruli sazogadoebis swrafma zrdam mZlavri zemoqmedeba moaxdina `trestebis~ ganviTarebaze. samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi trestebi aRmocenda navTobis mrewvelobaSi, konservirebuli xorcis warmoebaSi, Saqris, tyviis, naxSiris, viskis da Tambaqos nawarmis warmoebasa da sxva dargebSi. isini TavianTi nebiT warmarTavdnen bazars. aman gamoiwvia fermerebisa da wvrili mewarmeebis, momxmareblebisa da profkavSirebis aRSfoTeba. ukmayofilebas ki mohyva politikuri xelisuflebis nabiji. man 1890 wels miiRo Sermanis antitrestuli kanoni , romlis Tanaxmad yoveli SeTanxmeba trestis an sxva formaSi, romlis mizani iyo warmoebis an vaWrobis SezRudva, CaiTvala ukanonod, xolo is piri, romelic daarRvevda am kanonis moTxovnebs, CaiTvleboda damnaSaved. am kanonis gviandel SesworebaSi (1974 w.) misi moTxovnebis darRveva kvalificirebulia rogorc `danaSauli~. Sermanis antitrestuli kanoni Seadgens aSS-is ekonomikur saqmianobaSi antimonopoliuri politikis birTvs. am kanonis Sesabamisad, federalur mTavrobas ufleba aqvs sasamarTloze
159

158

gadasces kanonis damrRvevi sawarmoebi. amasTan, sawarmoebze dawesebuli sasjeli Zalze mravalferovania: fuladi jarimidan _ dapatimrebamde. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda kanonis 1974 wlis Sesworebis Semdeg. damnaSave sawarmoebis mimarT sasamarTlos SeeZlo gamoetana maTi decentralizaciis ganaCeni, rogorc es ganxorcielda uzarmazari koncernis `amerikan telefon end telegrafis~ (AAT) mimarT. garda amisa, sasamarTlos SeeZlo damnaSave sawarmoebisaTvis daekisrebina samjeradi kompensacia yvela im mxaris sasargeblod, vinc izarala. 1914 wels miiRes kleitonis kanoni, romlis paragrafebs unda daezustebina Sermanis kanonis Sinaarsi. magaliTad, aikrZala myidvelTa fasismieri diskriminacia; aseve aikrZala gansakuTrebuli anu `iZulebiTi~ SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, mwarmoebeli raime saqonels myidvels im SemTxvevaSi miawodebda, Tuki momxmarebeli sxva saqonelsac amave mwarmoeblisagan SeiZenda; aikrZala sawarmoebis Serwyma konkurent sawarmoTa aqciebis SeZenis xarjze, Tuki aseTi moqmedeba Seasustebda konkurentul brZolas; aikrZala Tanamdebobis SeTavseba sxvadasxva sawarmos direqtorTa sabWoebSi, Tu mas Semdgom mohyveboda konkurenciis Semcireba. kleitonis kanoni cdilobda kanongareSe gamoecxadebina yvela is saSualeba, romlebic xels Seuwyobdnen monopoliebis ganviTarebas. misgan gansxvavebiT, Sermanis kanoni ufro metad mimarTuli iyo arsebuli monopoliebis winaaRmdeg. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aSS-Si miiRes ori mniSvnelovani antitrestuli kanoni. pirveli (1974 w.) exeboda demonopolizaciis proceduras da jarimebs. magaliTad, Sermanis kanonis darRveva zrdida sajarimo Tanxas asi aTas dolaramde individualuri sawarmosaTvis da 1 mln dolaramde korporaciisaTvis. garda amisa, am kanonis darRveva ganixileboda rogorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. meore kanoni miiRes 1976 wels, romelic kompaniebs avaldebulebda federaluri savaWro komisiisaTvis
160

ecnobebinaT mosalodneli Serwymis (gaerTianebis) Sesaxeb. 1982 da 1984 wlebSi iusticiis saministrom gamoaqveyna axali instruqciebi, romlebic gansazRvravdnen sawarmoTa Serwymis kanonierebis kriteriums. 1990 wels kongresma miiRo Sesworeba, romelSic antitrestuli jarimebi 1 mln dolaridan gaizarda 10 mln dolaramde. yovelive amas mravali xmauriani dava mohyva aSS-Si. saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis xelSewyobas, konkurenciuli garemos Seqmnas da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvas emsaxureba saqarTvelos kanoni `monopoliuri saqmianobis da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ (1999 w.). es kanoni gansazRvravs mewarme subieqtebis pasuxismgeblobas maT mier monopoliuri mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis, arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisa da sxva qmedebisaTvis, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios konkurenciis SezRudva an aRkveTa bazarze.

161

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi fuli warmoadgens: a. Rirebulebis sazoms; b. dazogvis saSualebas; g. gadaxdis saSualebas; d. yvela zemoTxsenebuls. 2. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan fasebis gazrdis Sedegad yvelaze metad mogebulni darCebian: a. fiqsirebuli Semosavlis mqoneni; b. obligaciaTa mflobelebi; g. sesxis amRebni; d. fulis gamsesxebelni. 3. saCeko angariSi fulad iTvleba, vinaidan: a. bankSi Cekis miReba advilia; b. Ceki sayovelTaod miiReba, rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis safasuri; g. Cekis Tan tareba ufro advilia, vidre liTonis monetebisa; d. Ceki garegnulad qaRaldis fuls waagavs. 4. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan brunvaSi arsebuli fulis yvelaze didi komponentia: a. qaRaldis fuli; b. monetebi; g. saCeko angariSebi; d. Semnaxveli angariSebi.

5. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqonelze moTxovna ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre miwodeba: a. fasebi izrdeba; b. arsebobs danaxarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli inflacia; g. adgili aqvs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Warb miwodebas; d. fasebi mcirdeba. 6 . q v em o T Ca m o T vl il T a g an m an q an eb is r e c x vi s momsaxurebis miwodebis mruds marjvniv ar gadaswevs: a. sawarmoTa mier ufro efeqtiani sarecxi da saSrobi mowyobilobis gamoyenebis dawyeba; b. manqanebis mrecxavebis mier saaTSi ufro meti manqanis garecxvis moxerxeba; g. wylis fasis gazrda; d. manqanebis mrecxav sawarmoTa ricxvis gadideba. 7. boulingis saTamaSo burTi fulad ver gamodgeba, radgan qvemoT CamoTvlil TvisebaTagan mas ar gaaCnia: a. stabiluroba; b. portatuloba; g. gamZleoba; d. sacnobeloba. 8. qvemoT dasaxelebuli faqtorebidan Zroxis xorcze moTxovnis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgilebas gamoiwvevs: a. Zroxis xorcze fasis Semcireba; b. Roris xorcze fasis gadideba; g. momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis Semcireba; d. Zroxis xorcis miwodebis gadideba. 9. im ESemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqonlis sabazro fasi izrdeba, masze moTxovna:
163

162

a. rCeba ucvleli; b. gadaaWarbebs miwodebas; g. izrdeba; d. mcirdeba.

10. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac giorgi gaerTianebul qarTul bankSi xsnis sadepozito angariSs, fuli asrulebs: a. Rirebulebis sazomis funqcias; b. mimoqcevis saSualebis funqcias; g. ganZis Seqmnis funqcias; d. danazogis (dagrovebis) funqcias. 11. qvemoT dasaxelebuli faqtorebidan televizorebis miwodebis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas gamoiwvevs: a. televizorebis warmoebisaTvis aucilebel masalebze fasebis gadideba; b. televizorebis damamzadebel sawarmoSi mwarmoeblurobis amaRleba; g. televizorebis fasis Semcireba; d. damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadideba. 12. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqonlis sabazro fasi mcirdeba, misi miwodeba: a. rCeba ucvleli; b. izrdeba; g. gadaaWarbebs moTxovnas; d. mcirdeba.

Tema

warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da fa qtorul i Sem osa vle bi

`adamianebi Tavisuflebi da araTanasworni ibadebian.~ grant aleni adamianTa saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad mravali saxeobis materialuri da sulieri dovlaTia saWiro. es dovlaTi, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi udidesi nawili mainc, bunebaSi mzamzareuli saxiT ar moi poveba, is adamianebma unda awarmoon da gamodis `ekonomikuri dovlaTis~ saxelwodebiT. amitom warmoeba sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis safuZvelia. ekonomikur resursebs, romlebic ekonomikuri dovlaTis warmoebaSi monawileoben, warmoebis faqtorebi ewodeba. zogadad Tu vityviT, warmoeba, anu Sromis procesi _ esaa bunebis nivTierebis gardaqmna da miTviseba adamianis mier. warmoeba zogadad _ es mecnieruli abstraqciaa, romelSic dafiqsirebulia is saerTo niSnebi, romlebic axasiaTebs warmoebas miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel epoqas da qveyanas miekuTvneba igi. sazogadoebrivi warmoeba _ esaa erToblioba im SromiTi procesebisa, romelTa Sedegad sazogadoeba Rebulobs misTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel dovlaTs. ekonomikuri mecniereba sazogadoebriv warmoebas ganixilavs
165

164

viwro da farTo gagebiT. viwro gagebiT, warmoebaSi igulisxmeba konkretuli dovlaTis Seqmnis procesi. farTo gagebiT , sazogadoebrivi warmoeba _ esaa sakuTriv warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis erTianoba. warmoeba, anu Sromis procesi _ esaa amosavali punqti, sadac iqmneba sasicocxlod aucilebeli dovlaTi. am procesSi xorcieldeba warmoebis faqtorTa uSualo SeerTeba; adamiani gardaqmnis ara marto Sromis sagans, aramed sakuTar Tavsac: agrovebs Sromis Cvevebsa da gamocdilebas, imaRlebs kvalifikacias. ganawileba _ esaa sazogadoebrivi produqtis moZraobis erT-erTi aucilebeli faza, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs warmoebas da moxmarebas. igi gulisxmobs, jer erTi, warmoebis resursebis ganawilebas warmoebis dargebs Soris, sawarmoebsa da regionebs Soris, sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris da, meore, warmoebuli produqtis ganawilebas sazogadoebaSi. Tu warmoebuli araa, raimes ganawilebaze laparakic zedmetia. magram problemaa ara marto is, Tu ra ganawildes, aramed isic, Tu rogor ganawildes, vis ra da ramdeni Sexvdeba Seqmnili dovlaTidan. produqtis ganawileba socialuri samarTlianobis erT-erTi umTavresi elementia. araswori, usamarTlo ganawileba warmoebis ganviTarebas aferxebs. magaliTad, gaTanabrebiTma ganawilebam, rac farTod iyo gavrcelebuli yofil ssr kavSirSi, Seasusta adamianTa SromiTi aqtivoba da, amdenad, xeli SeuSala ekonomikur progress. gacvla gulisxmobs, jer erTi, SromiTi saqmianobis gacvlas sawarmos SigniT da, meore, produqtTa gacvlas sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris. pirvel SemTxvevaSi TavianT Semoqmedebas da unars erTmaneTs ucvlian muSakebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian Sigasawarmoo Sromis danawilebiT. meore SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis realizacias, rac
166

xorcieldeba produqtebis gacvliT sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, sawarmoebs Soris, regionebsa da qveynebs Soris. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi gacvla xdeba fulis meSveobiT. gacvlas (vaWrobas) gaaCnia Sesabamisi organizaciuli formebi. kargad organizebuli gacvla xels uwyobs ekonomikur progress. moxmareba produqtis moZraobis damamTavrebeli fazaa. moxmareba ori saxisaa: sawarmoo da piradi. sawarmoo moxmareba _ esaa warmoebis faqtorebis (ekonomikuri resursebis) gamoyeneba axali produqtebis sawarmoeblad. am gagebiT, moxmareba da warmoeba erTmaneTs emTxveva. magaliTad, tyavis moxmareba imavdroulad fexsacmlis warmoebaa. piradi moxmareba aris saarsebo saSualebaTa gamoyeneba adamianis mier Tavisi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. am procesSi adamiani `awarmoebs~ sakuTar samuSao Zalas, anu Sromis unars. rogorc aRiniSna, sazogadoebrivi warmoeba, farTo gagebiT, esaa dovlaTis warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis erTianoba. saboloo moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili sazogadoebrivi produqti iqmneba warmoebis procesSi, romelSic xorcieldeba warmoebis faqtorTa SeerTeba da urTierTqmedeba. magram sanam saboloo moxmarebaSi Sevidodes, sazogadoebrivi produqti gaivlis ganawilebisa da gacvlis stadiebs. ganawilebis Sedegad igi iqceva ekonomikis subieqtTa Semosavlebad (faqtorul Semosavlebad). ra saxisaa warmoebis faqtorebi, rogor funqcionireben warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi, ra aris da ramdeni saxisaa faqtoruli Semosavali, rogor warmoiqmneba da ra meqanizmis saSualebiT xdeba TiToeuli maTganis miTviseba _ ai kiTxvebi, romlebsac pasuxi unda gavceT am Temis Seswavlisas.

167

leqcia 11. warmoebis faqtorTa arsi da saxeebi, maTi urTierTganpirobebuloba da urTierTqmedeba

`Sroma aris simdidris mama da gamdidrebis aqtiuri saSualeba, xolo miwa _ misi dedaa.~ uiliam peti `adamiani yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursia.~ li iakoka `kapitalis mniSvneloba ZiriTad ad mimdinare warmoebasa da momavali warmoebisaTvis dagrovebis unarSi mdgomareobs.~ a.marSali `mewarme _ ekonomikis mTavari Zravaa.~ i.Sumpeteri `bunebas rom imdeni kanoni hqondes, ramdenic saxelmwifos aqvs, maSin RmerTi mis marTvas ver SeZlebda.~ ludvig berne
warmoebis faqtorTa gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. adamianTa saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis

saWiro sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebam ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriuli gza ganvlo _ pirvelyofili adamianis mier elementaruli iaraRebiT sakvebis mopovebidan Tanamedrove teqnologiebis funqcionirebamde. miuxedavad amisa, yovelgvari warmoeba, maT Soris Tanamedrove, xasiaTdeba zogierTi saerTo niSniT. maT,
168

princi pSi, aqvT erTnairi ZiriTadi komponentebi, ramdenadac saboloo angariSiT, warmoeba aris bunebis sagnebsa da Zalebze adamianis zemoqmedebisa da maTi ama Tu im moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis misadagebis procesi. warmoeba yovelTvis gulisxmobs sami ZiriTadi faqtoris _ adamianis samuSao Zalis, Sromis sagnebisa da Sromis saSualebebis urTierTqmedebas. samuSao Zala adamianis fizikur da gonebriv SesaZleblobaTa erTobliobaa, Sromisadmi misi unaria da warmoadgens warmoebis mTavar pirobas nebismier sazogadoebaSi. igi gamodis rogorc warmoebis pirovnuli faqtori. Sromis sagania yvelaferi is, riskenac mimarTulia adamianis Sroma da rac Seadgens momavali produqtis materialur safuZvels. Sromis saSualebaa yovelive is, risi meSveobiTac adamiani zemoqmedebs Sromis sagnebze. Sromis sagnebi da Sromis saSualebebi erTobliobaSi Seadgenen warmoebis saSualebebs . samuSao Zalisagan gansxvavebiT, isini warmoqmnian warmoebis nivTobriv faqtors. magram warmoeba aRniSnuli martivi momentebis martooden meqanikuri SeerTeba rodia, is urTierTdamokidebulebisa da urTierTqmedebis rTuli sistemaa, romelic dakavSirebulia warmoebis organizaciasa da teqnologiasTan. teqnologia ki gamoxatavs rogorc warmoebis ZiriTad faqtorebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebas, ise Sromis sagnebze adamianTa zemoqmedebis xerxebs. aRniSnuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegia Sromis produqti, rac adamianis ama Tu im moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs, xolo Sroma ki gamodis rogorc mwarmoebluri Sroma. Sromis mwarmoebluroba Cveulebriv gaizomeba drois erTeulSi SromiT Seqmnili dovlaTis raodenobiT. am mtkicebis sisworeSi dagvarwmunebs Semdegi martivi magaliTi:
169

vTqvaT, ori muSa A da B erTsa da imave mowyobilobaze amzadebs erTgvarovan nakeTobas. amasTan, 40-saaTiani kviris ganmavlobaSi A muSa amzadebs 400 nakeTobas, B muSa ki _ 600 nakeTobas. A muSis mwarmoebluroba = 400 nakeToba = 10 nak./sT-Si 40 saaTi

B muSis mwarmoebluroba =

600 nakeToba = 15 nak./sT-Si 40 saaTi

es martivi magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa ori sidide: warmoebis moculoba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoebul nakeTobaTa raodenoba); danaxarjebi (mocemul SemTxvevaSi gamomuSavebuli saaTebis raodenoba). analogiurad gamoiangariSeba warmoebis nivTobrivi faqtoris mwarmoeblurobis maCvenebelic. amitom ubralod: mwarmoebluroba = produqtis moculoba danaxarjebi

amrigad, drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis gaangariSeba warmoebis romelime faqtoris mimarT aris am faqtoris mwarmoeblurobis Sefasebis erT-erTi meTodi. warmoebis saSualebebi RirebulebiTi gamoxatulebiT da maTi momsaxure muSakebis xelfasi kapitalis saxiT gvevlineba. magram kapitals rogorc ekonomikur kategorias
170

sxvadasxva ganmarteba aqvs _ klasobrivi da araklasobrivi. araklasobrivi ganmartebiT, kapitali zogadsakacobrio kategoriaa, anu warmoebis faqtoria. bevri cnobili ekonomistis azriT, kapitali aucilebelia nebismieri ekonomikisaTvis. klasobriv-marqsistuli gansazRvrebiT, kapitali nivTi ki ar aris, aramed sazogadoebrivi, eqsploataciis gamomxatveli urTierTobaa. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulia warmoebis faqtorTa marqsistuli interpretaciac. k.marqsis mixedviT, kapitalisti warmoebaSi abandebs fulis gansazRvrul Tanxas, romlis erTi nawili ixarjeba warmoebis saSualebaTa sayidlad, meore _ muSaTa dasaqiraveblad. magram warmoebis procesidan kapitalisti iRebs dabandebulze met Rirebulebas. es xdeba imitom, rom is samuSao Zalas yidulobs erTi RirebulebiT, xolo misi moxmarebis procesSi iqmneba imaze meti Rirebuleba, vidre mas aqvs, rac aunazRaurebeli Sromis Rirebulebis, anu zedmeti Rirebulebis saxiT gamodis. amis wyaroa is, rom samuSao Zalas, rogorc yovelgvar saqonels, aqvs Rirebuleba da saxmari Rirebuleba. pirveli ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sromis raodenobiT, rac aucilebelia misi kvlavwarmoebisaTvis. meore ki, e.i. samuSao Zalis saxmari Rirebuleba, aris unari Tavisi SromiT Seqmnas axali da Tanac meti Rirebuleba, vidre Tavisi Rirebulebaa. swored esaa zedmeti Rirebulebis wyaro, rac kapitalisturi warmoebis mizania. aseTi interpretaciiT, warmoebis nivTobrivi da pirovnuli faqtorebi, anu kapitalis Sesabamisi nawilebi araerTgvarovan rols asruleben Rirebulebisa da zedmeti Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi. maSin, roca warmoebis saSualebaTa Rirebuleba SromiT mxolod gadaitaneba mza produqtze, samuSao Zala qmnis axal Rirebulebas. kapitalis nawili, romelic ixarjeba warmoebis saSualebaTa SeZenaze, ar icvlis Tavis RirebulebiT sidides. amitom k.marqsma mas uwoda mudmivi kapitali. kapitalis meore nawili, daxarjuli samuSao Zalis SeZenaze, warmoebis procesSi icvlis Tavis sidides,
171

is izrdeba, ris gamoc mas cvalebadi kapitali ewodeba. kapitalis dayofa mudmiv da cvalebad kapitalad naTlad aCvenebs, rom zedmeti Rirebulebis Seqmnis wyaroa samuSao Zalis yidvaze avansebuli kapitali. magram igive kapitali, romelic monawileobs warmoebis procesSi, iyofa ZiriTad kapitalad da sabrunav kapitalad. kapitalis is nawili, romelic warmoebaSi xangrZlivad monawileobs da romlis Rirebulebac produqtze gadaitaneba ara erTbaSad, aramed TandaTanobiT, cveTis kvalobaze, ZiriTadi kapitalia (Senobebi, nagebobebi, mowyobilobebi da a.S.). kapitalis meore nawili, romlis Rirebulebac erTi sawarmoo ciklis manZilze mTlianad gadaitaneba produqtze, sabrunavi kapitalia (Sromis sagnebi). unda aRiniSnos, rom sabrunav kapitals miekuTvneba is nawilic, rasac kapitalisti xarjavs samuSao Zalis yidvaze. Tavisi moZraobis wesiT, cvalebadi kapitali ar gansxvavdeba sabrunavi kapitalis danarCeni elementebisagan _ samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis eqvivalenti mTlianad ubrundeba kapitalists warmoebuli produqtis realizaciis Sedegad. amasTan, kapitalisti iRebs zedmet Rirebulebas, muSa ki _ xelfass. magram es xelfasi samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis gardaqmnili formaa. saqme isaa, rom kapitalisti muSas qiraobs mTeli samuSao dRis manZilze gansazRvruli TanxiT. magram aq dafarulia saqmis realuri mxare: muSa samuSao dRis garkveul nawilSi qmnis Tavisi samuSao Zalis Rirebulebas, meore nawilSi _ ufasod muSaobs da qmnis zedmet Rirebulebas. es ki garegnulad ar Cans. garegnulad gamodis, rom is iRebs Sromis fass. amitom k.marqsma xelfass uwoda samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis (fasis) gardaqmnili forma. imis asaxsnelad, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad aRniSnul moCvenebiTobas, k.marqsma ganasxvava Sromisa da samuSao Zalis kategoriebi, romlebic praqtikaSi xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyenebian. Sroma adamiansa da bunebas Soris ganxorcielebuli procesia, riTac is
172

bunebis produqtebs Tavis moTxovnilebebs miusadagebs. sxvanairad, Sroma adamianis mizanSewonili saqmianobaa. amis igiveobrivi aris samuSao Zala. is Sromisadmi unaria, rasac muSa garkveuli droiT hyidis, xolo kapitalisti maqsimalurad iyenebs mas da masve ekuTvnis am droSi muSis mier warmoebuli produqtebi. magram muSis Sromis danaxarjebiT Seqmnili Rirebuleba imaze metia, rasac kapitalisti mas xelfasis saxiT uxdis. es zedmeti produqtia, rac mxolod kapitalizmis dros iqceva zedmet Rirebulebad, rogorc burJuaziis mier muSakTa qsploataciis Sedegi. aq warmoebis faqtorebi gadaiqcevian kapitalis elementebad da es xdeba ara maTi nivTobrivi bunebis gamo, aramed warmoebis saSualebaTa mesakuTre kapitalistebsa da amas moklebul daqiravebul muSaTa Soris Camoyalibebul urTierTobaTa gamo. magram es mxolod warsulia da ara Tanamedroveoba. postindustriul sazogadoebaze gadasvlam bevri axali ekonomikuri da socialuri problema wamoWra. mewarmeebi xarjaven did saxsrebs manqana-mowyobilobaTa SeZenaze da TiToeul muSaze sul zrdadi kapitali modis, warmoeba TiTqmis mTlianad avtomatizebulia da, Sesabamisad, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT `TeTrsayeloian~ muSakebs, Sromis rogorc subieqturi faqtoris rolic Semcirebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove ganawilebiTi Teoriis Suqze, muSaTa eqsploataciis marqsistuli doqtrinac yavlgasulia, xolo zedmeti Rirebulebis nacvlad mogebis kategoria figurirebs. mogebis, rogorc zedmeti Rirebulebis gardaqmnili formis Taviseburebaa is, rom mogeba ara mxolod cvalebadi, aramed mTeli avansebuli kapitalis funqcionirebis Sedegia. mogebis formirebaSi, met-naklebi zomiT, warmoebis yvela faqtori monawileobs, e.i. Rirebulebis wyaro mxolod cocxali Sroma ki ar aris, aramed, agreTve, warmoebis yvela sxva faqtoric. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi aseT SexedulebaSi asaxvas poulobs warmoebis ganviTarebis iseTi axali faqtorebi,
173

rogoricaa: mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, informacia, samewarmeo unari, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari da sxv. Sesabamisad, gansakuTrebiT dReisaTvis, savsebiT misaRebia warmoebis faqtorebisadmi ara klasobrivi, aramed zogadsakacobrio midgoma, dawyebuli warmoebis `samfaqtoriani~ TeoriiT (miwa, kapitali, Sroma) da damTavrebuli `xuTfaqtorianiT~ (miwa, kapitali, Sroma, samewarmeo unari, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari). ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.
miwa, rogorc warmoebis faqtori. miwa da masTan dakavSirebuli bunebrivi simdidreebi warmoebis bunebrivi faqtoria. miwa _ soflis meurneobaSi ZiriTadi warmoebis faqtori da, saerTod, yovelgvari warmoebis safuZveli _ raodenobrivad SezRudulia. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom dedamiwis zedapiris mxolod 30%-mdea gamosadegi adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis. amasTan, gamoyenebuli miwebis nawilic, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, mwyobridan gamodis, ramac zogierTi mkvlevari kacobriobis gardauvali ekonomikuri katastrofis mosalodnelobis pesimistur prognozebamde miiyvana, Tu kontrzomebi ar iqneboda miRebuli (malTusis Teoria). sabednierod, Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma dadebiTad gadaWra es problema; gamosayeneblad vargisi miwebis raodenobam ara Tu iklo, aramed aTvisebuli iqna axali miwebi. amasTan, Tanamedrove agronomiuli mecnierebis miRwevebisa da uaxlesi teqnologiebis danergviT ramdenjerme gaizarda miwis ekonomikuri nayofiereba (mwarmoebluroba). dRes miwasTan, rogorc warmoebis faqtorTan, dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi problema aris ara imdenad gamosayenebeli miwebis SezRuduloba, ramdenadac maTi optimaluri gamoyenebiTi struqturis dacva. amocana is aris, rom maqsimalurad gamoiricxos sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis aradaniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba, miwis erozia da a.S. Tu es ganxorcieldeba, aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom jer kidev

bevria auTvisebeli miwa da miwis nayofierebis zrdis mravali rezervi arsebobs, farTo gza exsneba maRalkaloriuli kvebis produqtebis warmoebas, Tamamad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobas (SimSilis garkveuli safrTxeebis miuxedavad) araviTari ekonomikuri katastrofis safrTxe ar emuqreba. miwasTan erTad saTuT mopyrobas da racionalur gamoyenebas saWiroebs sxva bunebrivi (wiaRiseuli, klimaturi, wylis, mcenareuli da faunisturi, atomuri da planetur-kosmosuri) resursebic. warmoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobda bunebrivi resursis elementebis ganuxreli zrda da misi struqturuli cvlileba. Sesabamisad, icvleba bunebrivi resursis calkeuli elementis sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobac. adamiani Tavisi ekonomikuri saqmianobiT zemoqmedebs bunebriv garemoze. es aisaxeba reliefze, hidrografiul qselze, mikroklimatur pirobebze, mcenareul da cxovelTa samyaroze. es zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos uSualo an SemovliTi, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi. magaliTad, tyis gaCexva uSualo da uaryofiTi movlenaa, Waobis daSroba ki uSualo da dadebiTi. samagierod, tyis gaCexviT gamowveuli niadagis Camorecxva aris SemovliTi da uaryofiTi Sedegi, xolo tyis gaSenebiT mewyerebisa da Rvarcofebis Sesusteba _ SemovliTi da dadebiTi. adamianma bunebrivi resursi SeiZleba gamoiyenos racionalurad an araracionalurad . bunebis racionaluri gamoyeneba gulisxmobs bunebrivi resursis gonivrul xarjvasa da bunebis dacvas. jerjerobiT ki adamianis, kacobriobis zemoqmedeba bunebaze uaryofiTia. bunebis ganadgureba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi. es aixsneba bunebrivi resursis gadaWarbebuli xarjviTa da msoflio mosaxleobis zrdiT. teqnologiurma progresma ganapiroba bunebrivi resursis intensiuri moxmareba. saxelwifoebrivad Camoyalibebuli yoveli eri ganlagebulia
175

174

gansazRvrul teritoriaze, romelic istoriulad ucvleli ar aris. aRvniSnavT, rom axlandeli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos teritoria 69.5 aTasi kv.km-a, xolo misi mosaxleoba Seadgens 4.4 mln kacs (2002 wlis aRweriT). am Semofarglul teritoriaze arsebobs warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli SezRuduli raodenobis bunebrivi resursi (wiaRiseuli, wyali, niadagi, mcenareuli, fauna, klimati...). teritoriuli SezRuduloba da gansxvavebuli bunebrivi resursi ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom warmoebis sawyisi etapi TiToeuli erisaTvis mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. am aspeqtSi saqarTvelo sakmaod maRali ekonomikuri potencialis mqone qveyanaa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mis bunebriv resurss. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos mcire teritoriaze mkveTrad gansxvavebuli havaa. es ZiriTadad aixsneba saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobiT da misi reliefis gansakuTrebulobiT. saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia Sav zRvas; es aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ganmsazRvreli qveynis geopolitikuri mdgomareobisa, romelic qmnis msofliosTan, gansakuTrebiT ki evropis qveynebTan, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToebis SesaZleblobas. Savi zRva saqarTvelos aqcevs mniSvnelovan satranzito qveynad, rac dakavSirebulia qveynis ekonomikur da politikur interesebTan. saqarTvelos zRvispireTs agreTve aqvs rekreaciuli daniSnuleba da igi qmnis saqarTvelos sanapiro zolSi saerTaSoriso sakruizo ti pis turizmis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, romelic iqneba qveynis savaluto Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro. saqarTvelos bunebriv resurss Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mineralur resurss, romlis maragi, nedleulis ZiriTadi ti pebis mixedviT, Sefasebulia 90 mlrd amerikul dolarad. yvelaze maRali geoekonomikuri SefasebiT gamoirCeva sawvavi da energoresursi (30.3 mlrd aSS dolari) da mineraluri da Termuli miwisqveSa wylebi (19.8 mlrd aSS
176

dolari). saqarTvelos aqvs sakmarisi mravali saxeobis energoresursi, magram aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar hqonda energetikis ganviTarebis erovnuli politika da arc misi damuSavebis gamocdileba. es mdgomareoba aisaxa kidevac seriozul energetikul krizisSi. es maSin, roca naxSiris prognozuli maragi aRemateba 700 mln tonas, xolo hidroenergetikuli resursebis sruli potenciali wliurad 159.4 mlrd kilovat/saaTia. saqarTvelos energoresursebis am or saxeobas Tavisuflad SeuZlia aanazRauros navTobisa da bunebrivi airis ukmarisoba. saWiroa mxolod gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces naxSiris mrewvelobis aRdgenasa da misi kompleqsurad gamoyenebis saxelmwifo programis damuSavebas. paralelurad unda damuSavdes hidroenergetikuli resursebisa da sxva saxeobis energoresursis (mzis, qaris, biomasis, geoTermuli...) efeqtiani aTvisebis programa. saqarTvelos mineralur simdidreTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia mineralur da Termul miwisqveSa wylebs. maT resursebze sagrZnoblad aris damokidebuli mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, agreTve mosaxleobis wyalmomarageba. isini energetikuli TvalsazrisiTac perspeqtiulia. mtknari miwisqveSa wylebis jamobrivi bunebrivi debeti sakmaod maRalia (560 m3/wm) da Seadgens saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosuli naleqebis 20%-s. didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva mineraluri wylebi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mineralur wylebSi, maT Soris navTobiani raionebisa, zogierTi iSviaTi elementis mopovebas. mineraluri da Termuli miwisqveSa wylebis racionaluri gamoyeneba saqarTvelos savaluto Semosavlis saimedo wyaro unda gaxdes.
kapitali, rogorc warmoebis faqtori. kapitalis

mravali ganmarteba arsebobs. a.smiti kapitals ganixilavda rogorc

177

dagrovil Sromas. d.rikardo miiCnevda, rom kapitali warmoebis saSualebaa. marqsistuli gansazRvrebiT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kapitali nivTi ki ara, aramed eqsploataciis gamomxatveli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobaa. Tanamedrove, zogadsakacobrio gagebiT, kapitalSi igulisxmeba ekonomikuri sistemis mier samomxmareblo saqonlis sawarmoeblad Seqmnili xangrZlivi moxmarebis dovlaTi*. es aris kapitalis wminda ekonomikuri gansazRvra. finansuri gansazRvriT, kapitalSi igulisxmeba sawarmos yvela aqtivi. realuri (fizikuri) kapitali iyofa or nawilad: ZiriTad da sabrunav kapitalad. ZiriTadi kapitali moicavs xangrZlivi sargeblobis materialur dovlaTs, romelic warmoebaSi monawileobs mravali warmoebrivi ciklis ganmavlobaSi. aseTia: Senoba-nagebobani, manqanebi, mowyobiloba da sxv. sabrunavi kapitali ewodeba kapitalis im nawils, romelic mTlianad ixarjeba warmoebis yoveli ciklis ganmavlobaSi. aseTia: nedleuli, saTbobi, energia, masalebi, naxevarfabrikatebi, dausrulebeli warmoeba. sawarmos danaxarjSi gaTvaliswinebulia wlis ganmavlobaSi gacveTili ZiriTadi kapitalis nawili yovelwliuri amortizaciuli anaricxebis saxiT. sabrunavi kapitalis Rirebuleba ki mTlianad Sedis sawarmos danaxarjSi. ZiriTadi kapitali icvleba investirebis anu kapitaldabandebis procesSi. investireba maSin xdeba, roca mimdinare warmoebis nawili gamoiyeneba ZiriTadi kapitalis gazrdi-

saTvis . finansuri gansazRvriT, investicia aris Semosavlis miRebis mizniT aqtivis CarTva ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. ekonomikurad ki investicia ase ganisazRvreba: es aris danaxarji ZiriTadi kapitalis Seqmnaze, gafarToebaze, rekonstruqciasa da teqnikur gadaiaraRebaze, agreTve, masTan dakavSirebuli sabrunavi kapitalis cvlilebaze. danaxarji kapitalur remontze investiciaSi ar igulisxmeba. kapitali aseve SeiZleba iyos arainvestirebuli fuladi resursebi. Sesabamisad, kapitali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad da momxmareblebze maT dasayvanad gamoyofili sainvesticio resursia. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT mTliani saxalxomeurneobrivi investiciebi, aRdgeniTi investiciebi da axali anu wminda investiciebi. mTliani investiciebis moculoba ganisazRvreba im kapitaldabandebaTa RirebulebiT, rasac adgili aqvs ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikaSi mTlianad*. aRdgeniTi investiciebi mTliani investiciebis is nawilia, romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi gacveTil ZiriTad saSualebaTa nawilis aRsadgenad (amortizaciis fondi). mTlian investiciebsa da aRdgeniT investiciebs Soris sxvaoba wminda investiciebia, rac kapitalis, rogorc warmoebis faqtoris zrdisken aris mimarTuli. swored wminda investiciebis odenobiT ganisazRvreba qveynis ekonomikis per-

* kapitalur Tu samomxmareblo saqonelze ama Tu im dovlaTis mikuTvnebas bevr SemTxvevaSi safuZvlad udevs Tavad maTi gamoyenebis wesi. magaliTad, Sin tansacmlis an sxva saojaxo nivTebis Sesakerad gamoyenebuli sakeravi manqana samomxmareblo saqonelia, magram Tu mas gamoiyeneben samkervalo fabrikaSi, igi ukve kapitalur saqonels miekuTvneba.

* ekonomikis kursSi sityva `investicia~ ar gulisxmobs safondo birJaze aqiebis SeZenas an Semnaxvel bankebSi fulis Setanas. es termini ixmareba realuri kapitaluri saqonlis warmoebis aRsaniSnavad. investireba xdeba maSin, roca iwarmoeba kapitaluri saqoneli. mTliani investiciebi _ esaa drois garkveul monakveTSi, vTqvaT, wlis ganmavlobaSi, kapitalur saqonelTa warmoebis saerTo moculoba.

178

179

speqtivebi. igi gviCvenebs Tu rogoria mocemuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kapitalis matebis zoma. momavali mwarmoeblurobis done mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia mimdinare periodis wminda investiciebis normaze. ama Tu im qveynis mTavroba arc Tu iSviaTad awydeba dilemas: rogori Tanafardoba iyos sainvesticio saqonlebsa da samomxmareblo saqonlebs Soris. Tu samomxmareblo saqonelTa warmoebas daeTmoba meti yuradReba, mas garkveulwilad `ewireba~ kapitalinvesticiebi da, piriqiT, kapitaluri saqonlis warmoeba potenciurad amcirebs samomxmareblo saqonlis gamoSvebas. Cven mzad varT daveTanxmoT mimdinare periodSi cxovrebis donis erTgvar Semcirebas kapitaluri saqonlis warmoebis sasargeblod mxolod imitom, rom momavalSi es ukanaskneli saSualebas mogvcems arsebiTad gavzardoT samomxmareblo saqonlis gamoSveba. kapitaliT warmoebis uzrunvelyofa bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu sazogadoeba mimdinare periodSi ramdenad aris mzad samomxmareblo saqonlis msxverplad gaRebisaTvis. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi `gadadebuli~ moxmareba Rebulobs dazogvis formas. dazogvis zogierTi saxeebi uzrunvelyofen kapitalur saqonelTa warmoebis dafinansebas.
Sroma, rogorc warmoebis faqtori. Sroma, rogorc

ebis meqanizacia da avtomatizacia, Sromisa da saerTod warmoebis progresuli organizacia, Sromisadmi qmediTi materialuri stimulebi.
samewarmeo unari, rogorc warmoebis faqtori.

mizanSewonili saqmianoba, gulisxmobs yovelgvari saxeobis fizikur Tu gonebriv, kvalificiur Tu arakvalificiur samuSaoTa Sesrulebas adamianTa mier. es faqtori, uwinares yovlisa, damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis da sakuTriv dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis raodenobaze. bunebrivia, muSakTa raodenobasTan erTad, Sromis rogorc warmoebis faqtoris funqcionirebisaTvis, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis efeqtian gamoyenebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobas. am ukanasknelze zemoqmedebs mravali faqtori, rogoricaa, magaliTad: warmo180

samewarmeo unari Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis ganuyreli nawilia. i.Sumpeteri mewarmed miiCnevs adamians, romelic xels hkidebs warmoebis faqtorTa axali kombinaciis organizacias da uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. mewarmeobis obieqtia warmoebis daxasiaTebuli sami faqtoris yvelaze efeqtiani kombinaciis ganxorcieleba Semosavlebis maqsimizaciis mizniT. saqme isaa, rom warmoebisaTvis aucilebel sam faqtors (miwa, kapitali, Sroma) TavisTavad, damoukideblad, TiTqmis arafris Seqmna ar SeuZlia. saWiroa gansazRvrul sawarmoo erTeulSi maTi Tavmoyra da organizacia; isini vinmem (mewarmem) unda SeaerTos da Camoayalibos sawarmoo erTeuli. amiT mewarme garkveul risks eweva warmoebis SedegisaTvis _ mogebis Tu zaralis miRebisaTvis. swored mis samewarmeo unarzea damokidebuli warmoebis efeqtianoba. Tu is zaraliT daamTavrebs warmoebis process, mainc valdebulia aanazRauros warmoebis faqtorTa xarjebi. maRali mogebis miRebisas ki riskis dadebiTi safasuri mniSvnelovania rogorc mewarmis, ise warmoebis sxva faqtorTa mflobelTaTvis. maSasadame, adamiani, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs miwis, kapitalisa da Sromis gamoyenebis pasuxismgeblobas da risks, aseve wyvets sakiTxs aRniSnuli resursebis gamoyenebis wesis Sesaxeb, iwodeba mewarmed. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom sanam saqmes mohkidebdes xels, mewarmem yovelnairad unda awon-dawonos Tavisi unari da SesaZleblobani, raTa warmoebis maRal efeqtianobas miaRwios, TviTonac moigos da sxva warmoebis faqtorTa mflobelebic jerovnad daakmayofilos. amitom samewarmeo unari miCneulia
181

warmoebis meoTxe faqtorad.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari, rogorc warmoebis faqtori. gansxvavebiT mewarmisagan, romelic erT sawarmoo

erTeulSi uyris Tavs warmoebis faqtorebs da organizacias ukeTebs warmoebis process, saxelmwifo* qveynis masStabiT uzrunvelyofs erovnuli meurneobis normalur funqcionirebas. is, uwinares yovlisa, qmnis mewarmeobisaTvis aucilebel sakanonmdeblo bazas, adgens ekonomikuri TamaSis wesebs da akontrolebs mis ganxorcielebas. amitom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris, rogorc warmoebis globaluri faqtoris, funqciaa qveynis ekonomikuri stabilizaciisaTvis xelSewyoba, optimaluri zemoqmedeba inflaciasa da umuSevrobaze da, saerTod, mxardaWera sabazro ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis. samewarmeo unarisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris arsebuli garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad, maT Soris Sinaganad mainc princi puli gansxvavebaa: mewarmes saqme rogorc materialur (miwa, kapitali), ise SromiT resursebTan aqvs, romelTac igi Tavs warmoebis erTian procesSi uyris. saxelmwifo ki erovnuli ekonomikis farglebSi mewarmeebs aerTianebs; biznesis warmarTvis procesSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT mewarme mocemuli konkretuli sawarmos saqmianobis kurss gansaz-

Rvravs. saxelmwifos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ki erovnuli ekonomikis Semadgeneli yvela sawarmos ganviTarebis strategiaze axdens gavlenas; mewarme, rogorc novatori, axali produqtebis warmoebis dawyebaze zrunavs; axali teqnologiebi, biznesis organizaciis axali formebi da meTodebi Semoaqvs. saxelmwifos, rogorc ekonomikaSi novators, axali safinanso-sakredito da sagadasaxado sistemebi (an am sistemebis axali elementebi) Semoaqvs, axal institucionalur struqturebs ayalibebs da a.S.; biznesis warmarTvis procesSi mewarme sakuTar Tavze risks da misi gamarTlebis Sesabamisad `jildosac~ iRebs; movlenaTa ganviTarebis yvelaze `savalalo~ varianti SeiZleba iyos misi gakotreba. erovnuli ekonomikis xelmZRvanelobisas risks Tavis Tavze saxelmwifoc iRebs, magram igi ramdenadme gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa: saxelmwifos amgvari `gakotrebis~ ufleba ara aqvs, radganac maSin mas TviTdaSla (Tumca istoriaSi aseTi SemTxvevebicaa cnobili) emuqreba. Tanac, Tu aRebuli dauzRveveli riskisaTvis mewarmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani jildo rac SeiZleba meti mogebis miRebaa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganmxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis jildo arCevnebSi gamarjveba, xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadis gagrZelebaa.
warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTganpirobebuloba da urTierTqmedeba. warmoebis faqtorTa ganxilvis Semdeg

* dasavlur ekonomikur literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, termin `saxelmwifos~ (`State~) nacvlad, rogorc wesi, termini `mTavroba~ (`Government~) ixmareba. Cvens mier gamoyenebuli termini `saxelmwifo~ `mTavrobas~ (aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas), rogorc mis Semadgenel nawils, moicavs.

upriania warmoebis procesis, rogorc warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTganpirobebulobisa da urTierTqmedebis ganxilva. termini `warmoeba~, rogorc aRvniSneT, Cveulebriv niSnavs ama Tu im materialuri dovlaTis warmoebas. magram misi Sinaarsi ufro farTo da tevadia. is, aRniSnulTan erTad, moicavs sawarmoo saqmianobis yvela saxeobas, romlis Sedegebic akmayofilebs adamianis sxvadasxva moTxovnilebas, e.i. momsaxurebasac. Sesabamisad, warmoebis
183

182

mizania adamianTa uzrunvelyofa saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT, romelic akmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs. ama Tu im qveynis sami didi seqtori moicavs mTel ekonomikur saqmianobas. esaa: pirveladi dargebi (soflis meurneoba, metyeveoba, nadiroba da meTevzeoba), romlebic uzrunvelyofen sawarmoo procesis pirvel etaps nedli masalebis warmoebiT; meoradi dargebi (mopovebiTi da gadamamuSavebeli dargebi), romlebic uzrunvelyofen sawarmoo procesis meore etaps _ nedleuls gardaqmnian mza produqciad an naxevarfabrikatebad; mesameuli dargebi (bankebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, transportis, kavSirgabmulobis, sabiTumo da sacalo vaWrobis sawarmoebi, ganaTleba, samedicino momsaxureba, sazogadoebrivi kveba, turizmi da a.S.), romlebic sxvadasxva saxeobis momsaxurebas uweven pirvelad da meorad dargebs da uSualod momxmareblebs. qveynis ekonomikis pirvelad, meorad da mesameul seqtorebSi dasaqmebul muSakTa raodenobis xvedriTi wili erTimeorisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom zog maRalganviTarebul qveyanaSi muSakTa naxevarze meti dasaqmebulia momsaxurebis sferoSi. kanonzomiereba ki isaa, rom aRniSnul seqtorebSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wili icvleba ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze: soflis meurneobidan mrewvelobaSi, mrewvelobidan _ momsaxurebis sferoSi. aseTia samuSao Zalis moZraobis progresuli tendencia. amis kvalobaze dinamikurad icvleba warmoebis faqtorebze moTxovnac, rac sawarmoo funqciis saxiT determindeba. yovel calkeul periodSi warmoebis faqtorTa SesaZlo mocemuli danaxarjebiT produqciis maqsimalur warmoebas sawarmoo funqcia ewodeba. sxvanairad, sawarmoo funqcia gamoxatavs produqciis SesaZlo maqsimalur warmoebasa da mocemul produqciaze yvela warmoebis faqtoris danaxarjebs Soris teqnologiur urTierTkavSirs. sawarmoo funqciis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba imiT, rom is avlens alternatiul SesaZleblobebs, romlis drosac
184

warmoebis faqtorTa sxvadasxva Sexameba produqciis erTi da igive moculobis gamoSvebas uzrunvelyofs, e.i. avlens warmoebis faqtorTa optimaluri Sexamebis variants. sawarmoo funqcia aCvenebs warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTSenacvlebis SesaZleblobas. warmoebis faqtorebze moTxovnis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia teqnologiuri procesis TaviseburebiT _ isini cal-calke ar gamoiyeneba. warmoebis moculoba warmoebis procesisaTvis yvela aucilebeli faqtoriT ganisazRvreba. Tavis mxriv, warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTkavSiri ganapirobebs TiToeul maTganze moTxovnis sididis yvela danarCenis fasze damokidebulebas. sawarmoo funqciis arsSi garkveva SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavigoT `damatebiTi produqtis~, anu zRvruli produqtis raoba. zRvruli produqti, warmoebis sxva faqtorebis ucvlelobisas, erTi romelime faqtoris gadidebis Sedegad miRebuli damatebiTi produqtia. zRvruli produqtis Teoriis avtoria j.klarki. sailustraciod ganvixiloT Sromis faqtori. Tu mTlian produqtad miviRebT wlis manZilze muSakTa gansazRvruli raodenobis mier warmoebuli produqtis mTlian moculobas, zRvruli produqti iqneba erT muSakze gaangariSebiT mTliani produqtis cvlileba dasaqmebulTa ricxvis cvlilebisas. magaliTad, Tu davuSvebT, rom dasaqmebul muSakTa raodenobis 4-dan 5-mde gadidebisas mTliani produqti 1000 laridan 1500 laramde izrdeba, mexuTe (damatebuli) muSakis zRvruli produqti 500 lari iqneba (1500-1000). es maSin, roca saSualo produqti (produqtis mTliani moculoba gayofili muSakTa raodenobaze) _ 300 lari (1500:5) mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba zRvrul produqts (500 lars). magram dasaqmebul muSakTa raodenobis zrdas garkveuli zRvari aqvs, romlis iqiT Sromis mwarmoebluroba ecema, Tumca, SeiZleba mTliani produqti izrdebodes. es xdeba imitom, rom warmoebis sxva faqtorebis ucvleli moculoba ukve aRaraa sakmarisi imisaTvis,
185

rom yvela muSaki sruli ukugebiT muSaobdes. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done dacemis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba aseve maSinac, roca saWiroze gacilebiT naklebi muSakia dasaqmebuli gansazRvruli raodenobis warmoebis sxva faqtorebis momsaxurebaze. es xdeba imitom, rom warmoebis sxva faqtorebi gamoiyeneba arasrulad, maTi momsaxurebisaTvis aucilebel muSakTa ukmarisobis gamo. is, rac iTqva Sromis, rogorc warmoebis erT-erTi faqtoris, zrdiT gamowveuli zRvruli produqtis gadidebis Sesaxeb, vrceldeba warmoebis sxva faqtorebzec. magaliTad, miwis zRvruli produqti, rac aseve saerTo produqtis moculobis nazrdia, miiReba mxolod damuSavebuli miwis farTobis gadidebiT, warmoebis yvela danarCeni faqtoris sididis ucvlelobisas. magram, Tu miwis nakveTis sidide ucvlelia da, mxolod Sromis raodenoba izrdeba, saerTo produqti sul ufro nela izrdeba, rac p.samuelsonis mixedviT, saboloo angariSiT, zRvruli produqtis kanonis saxiT vlindeba. dabolos, zRvrul sargeblianobasTan dakavSirebiT xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom is gamoiyeneba, jer erTi, mxolod warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTSenacvlebis pirobebSi da, meorec, roca warmoebaSi ama Tu im resursis CarTvis (an amoRebis) Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba SeiZleba moqnilad Seicvalos.

leqcia 12. warmoebis faqtorTa Semosavlebis formirebis sabazro meqanizmi

`TiToeuls kuTvnili, xolo sxvas _ sxvisi.~ emil krotki
Semosavlebis formirebisa da ganawilebis problema. Semosavlebis formirebis (ganawilebis) problemas didi

xnis istoria aqvs rogorc ekonomikur mecnierebaSi, ise filosofiaSi. ganawilebis Teoriam unda dagvanaxos, sworad pasuxobs Tu ara sazogadoeba sami mTavari kiTxvidan erT-erTs: `visTvis vawarmooT?~. Semosavali ewodeba fulad Tanxas, romelsac Rebulobs ekonomikuri subieqti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciisaTvis. principSi, naturaluri Semosavalic dasaSvebia, magram Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, es gamonaklisia. roca laparakia Semosavlebze, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba fuladi Semosavali. marTalia, yvelas surs _ rac SeiZleba meti iyos misi Semosavali, magram Semosavlis miRebisaTvis survili sakmarisi araa. Semosavlis miReba da misi sidide damokidebulia mraval obieqtur da subieqtur garemoebaze: unarze, mowadinebaze, saerTo stabilizaciaze da a.S. Semosavali bunebis wyaloba ki ara, aramed zemoT dasaxelebuli pirobebis Sedegia da icvleba am pirobebis SecvlasTan erTad. ekonomikuri mecniereba Semosavals miiCnevs miwodebisa da moTxovnis Sedegad, ufro zustad, ekonomikuri resursebisa da sawarmoo momsaxurebis miwodebisa da maTze moTxovnis Sedegad. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, warmoebuli produqtis ganawileba (Semosavlebad gadaqceva) damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis ekuTvnis da ra moculobisa da xarisxisaa resursebi, romelTa miwodeba
187

186

SeuZliaT ekonomikur subieqtebs. aqedan aSkarad ikveTeba kavSiri sakuTrebasa da Semosavlebs Soris . Semosavlis sidide, saboloo jamSi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu risi patroni xarT, ra SegiZliaT SesTavazoT sxvebs. rac ufro meti da maRali xarisxisaa is ekonomikuri resursebi da momsaxureba, romlebsac Tqven flobT, miT meti iqneba Tqveni Semosavalic. maSasadame, gamodis, rom dRevandeli Semosavlebis ganawileba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoraa ganawilebuli ekonomikuri resursebi. unda iTqvas, rom konkurenciul sabazro ekonomikaSi Semosavlebs aravin ar anawilebs. aseT ekonomikaSi Semosavlebi warmoiqmneba konkurenciuli meqanizmis moqmedebis Sedegad, xarjebisa da fasebis sabazro ryevebis Sedegad. ganawilebas, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, adgili aqvs centralizebulad marTul administraciulmbrZaneblur ekonomikaSi. pirdapir unda iTqvas isic, rom dRevandel sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebi metismetad uTanabrodaa ganawilebuli. ojaxebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawilebis analizis mizniT gamoiyeneba jinis koeficienti. igi aris Semosavlebis koncentraciis maCvenebeli, romelic gviCvenebs Semosvlebis faqtobrivi ganawilebis gadaxras maTi Tanabari ganawilebis xazidan. Tanabari ganawilebisas jinis indeqsi 0-is tolia, xolo absoluturi uTanabrobisas ki _ 1-is. jinis koeficienti, rogorc Semosavlebis uTanabro ganawilebis sazomi, iangariSeba Semdegnairad:

G=1+

1 2 - 2 - y = [y1+2y2+3y3+...+nyn], n n

sadac y1, ..., yn warmoadgens individis (ojaxis) Semosavlebs klebadi rigiT;

188

y _ saSualo Semosavals; n _ individebis (ojaxebis) raodenobas. jinis koeficienti saqarTveloSi regularulad yovelwliurad (kvartalurad) gaiangariSeba fuladi Semosavlebisa da mTliani Semosavlebis mixedviT. man 2003 wels saSualod Seadgina fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT 0,56, xolo mTliani Semosavlebis mixedviT _ 0,49. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom jinis koeficienti SedarebiTi sididea. amasTan, erTsa da imave SualedSi erTi ganawileba SeiZleba iyos ufro Tanabari, vidre meore, da naklebad Tanabari sxva romelime SualedSi, magram miuxedavad amisa, jinis koeficients SesaZlebelia mainc erTi da igive mniSvneloba mieniWos. jinis koeficients sxva SezRudvebic aqvs: rodesac mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis gaiangariSeba, is ar uCvenebs uTanabrobis saxes, anu imas, rom uTanabroba Rarib mosaxleobaSia ufro meti, Tu mdidar mosaxleobaSi. amdenad, mxolod jinis indeqsi ver gvawvdis amomwurav informacias mosaxleobis ekonomikur keTildReobaze. Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli uTanabrobis xarisxis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben e.w. lorencis mruds. am mizniT ojaxebs yofen ricxobrivad tol xuT jgufad (kvintilad), e.i. 5-jer 20%-ad. pirveli kvintili _ esaa ojaxebis pirveli 20% (yvelaze dabalSemosavlianebi), xolo mexuTe kvintili _ ukanaskneli 20% (yvelaze maRalSemosavlianebi). 2008 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi pirvelma kvintilma miiRo mTeli Semosavlebis 4,5%, meorem _ 10,8%, mesamem _ 16,9%, meoTxem _ 24,1% da mexuTem _ 43,7%. am monacemebis safuZvelze agebuli lorencis mrudi asaxulia 4.2 naxazze. Teoriulad rom dagveSva Semosavlebis absoluturad Tanabari ganawileba, maSin misi maCvenebeli mrudi daemTxveoda biseqtrisas. es imis maCvenebeli iqneboda, rom ojaxebis nebismieri procenti miiRebda imdenive procent Semosavals (ojaxebis 20%
189

nax. 4.2. lorencis mrudis praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTi

miiRebda Semosavlebis 20%-s, ojaxebis 40% _ Semosavlebis 40%-s da a.S.). magram realuri mdgomareoba sxvanairia: mrudi, romelic wamodgenilia naxazze, biseqtrisas ar emTxveva. masze A wertili gviCvenes, rom ojaxebis pirvelma 20%-ma miiRo Semosavlebis saerTo moculobis 4,5%. B wertili imas aRniSnavs, rom ojaxebis pirvelma 40%-ma miiRo Semosavlebis 15,3% (4,5+10,8) da a.S. are, romelic moqceulia biseqtrisasa da lorencis mruds Soris, gviCvenebs Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis xarisxs. rac ufro didia es are, miT metia uTanasworoba. Semosavlebis ganawilebis problema sabazro ekonomikis
190

damcvelTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa davaSi figurirebs, rogorc erTerTi mTavari argumenti. mecnierTa erTi nawili amtkicebs, rom Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi dRes metismetad didi uTanabrobaa, rac saSiSroebas Seicavs, mxolod ufro Tanabari ganawileba gadaarCens kacobriobas. meoreni, piriqiT, Tvlian, rom gaTanabrebiTi ganawileba daRupavs sazogadoebas. es ukanasknelni gamodian iqidan, rom ganawilebis wesi warmoebis gadidebis mZlavri faqtoria. isini msjeloben Semdegnairad: Semosavlebis gaTanabreba niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifom gadasaxadebis meSveobiT gamomuSavebis (mogebis) nawili waarTvas imas, vinc ukeT muSaobs (da amitom meti Semosavalic miiRo) da gadasces imas, vinc uaresad muSaobs (da amitom naklebi Semosavali miiRo). aseTi ganawileba ukeT muSaobis stimuls ukargavs yvelas. amrigad, polemika Semosavlebis ganawilebis garSemo gadaizarda polemikaSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSiria warmoebis efeqtianobasa da ganawilebis wess Soris. gamodis, rom arsenas princi pi (`mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs, RmerTi rodi waaxdensa~) efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia, sabazro ekonomikas ar Seesatyviseba. faqtia, bazari araa is adgili, sadac Tanasworoba sufevs. piriqiT, sabazro ekonomika, konkurencia ulmobelia: mas uZlebs mxolod is, vinc ufro efeqtianad muSaobs. bazarze mowyalebas ki ar unda elodo, aramed warmatebas unda miaRwio. swored esaa winsvlis safuZveli, sxvanairi cxovreba ar arsebobs.
faqtoruli Semosavlebis arsi da formirebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. rogorc ukve iTqva, Semosavals

Rebuloben ekonomikuri subieqtebi Tavis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis miwodebisaTvis. warmoebis yovel faqtors Seesabameba specifikuri Semosavali (faqtoruli Semosavali). sagulisxmoa, rom j.klarkis mier Camoyalibebuli zRvruli produqtis Teoria warmoebis sxvadasxva faqtorze sabazro fasis formirebis, misi meqanizmis funqcionirebis arsis gasaRebia. mogebis
191

maqsimizaciis mizniT, mwarmoeblebi urTierTkonkurenciaSi myof warmoebis faqtorTagan romelimes moTxovnas im pirobiT wauyeneben, Tu warmoebis procesSi misi CarTviT miiReba damatebiTi produqti. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi kanonzomiereba: warmoebaSi, mis faqtorTa damatebiT CarTvis Sedegad mwarmoeblis mogebis maqsimizaciis aucilebeli pirobaa is, rom warmoebis romelime faqtoris damatebiTi dabandebis Sedegad miRebuli zRvruli produqtis Semosavali am faqtoris sabazro fasis toli unda iyos. es ki imas niSnavs, rom warmoebis faqtorebi udanakargod gamoiyeneba da warmoeba efeqtiania. saerTod, warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebze faswarmoqmna mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi. is gansazRvravs sabazro ekonomikis TiToeuli subieqtis wvlils warmoebul produqtSi, Semosavlisa da keTildReobis doneSi da, saerTod, Semosavlebis gadanawilebaSi. sabazro sistemaSi ganawilebis ekonomikuri meqanizmia resursTa anu warmoebis faqtorTa fasebi, rac gansazRvravs momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis odenobas. warmoebis faqtorTa fasebi srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi ganisazRvreba moTxovnisa da miwodebis TanafardobiT. amasTan, xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom warmoebis faqtorebze moTxovna da maTi fasi samomxmareblo moTxovnaze damokidebulebiTaa warmoebuli. es bunebrivicaa, ramdenadac warmoebis faqtorebi aucilebelia piradi moxmarebisaTvis saWiro dovlaTis sawarmoeblad. maSasadame, warmoebis faqtorebze moTxovna yovelTvis warmoebuli moTxovnaa. sxvanairad, ekonomikur resursebze moTxovna meoradia da ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo saqonelze moTxovniT. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac maRalia samomxmareblo saqonelze moTxovna, miT metia resursebze moTxovnac. amasTan, warmoebis yvela faqtoris ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo, TiToeul faqtorze moTxovna maTsave faszea damokidebuli. amitomac, roca erTi faqtoris
192

fasi izrdeba, masze moTxovna mcirdeba, sxvaze ki _ izrdeba. maSasadame, aq gadamwyvet rols asrulebs faqtorTa urTierTSenacvlebis SesaZlebloba. konkurenciuli brZolis msvlelobaSi, moTxovnisa da miwodebis ryevis meSveobiT, saqonelTa fasebis cvlilebiT Semosavlebi nawildeba warmoebis faqtorTa mesakuTreebs Soris. Semosavlebis aseTi ganawileba xSirad xasiaTdeba arsebiTi uTanasworobiT, magram misi met-naklebi zomiT daZleva xdeba mTavrobis socialuri programebiT. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT ekonomikur resursTa anu warmoebis faqtorTa srulyofili da arasrulyofili bazrebi. warmoebis faqtorTa srulyofil bazarze funqcionirebs resursTa bevri, urTierTkonkurenciaSi myofi myidveli, romelTac resursebs awvdian aseTsave urTierTkonkurenciaSi myofi gamyidvelebi. amasTan, arcerT momxmarebels (resursTa myidvels) ar SeuZlia moixmaros (SeiZinos) miwodebuli resursebis imdeni wili, rom Secvalos sabazro moTxovna. igive mdgomareobaSi imyofebian resursTa gamyidvelebic, ris gamoc maT ar SeuZliaT Seqmnan warmoebis faqtorTa deficiti fasebze zemoqmedebis mizniT. yovelive es TavisTavad gulisxmobs resursTa bazarze myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa Sesvlisa da gamosvlis Tavisuflebas, agreTve imas, rom srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze resursTa fasebi met-naklebad `mocemulia~, SemoTavazebulia, wonasworobis fasia, rasac myidvelebic da gamyidvelebic unda miesadagon. srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi arsebobs TiToeuli tipis da xarisxis resursis calke bazari, sadac resursis esa Tu is saxeoba standartizebulia. ganvixiloT warmoebis faqtorTa ZiriTadi Semosavlebis formirebis sabazro meqanizmebi cal-calke.
renta, rogorc miwis faqtoruli Semosavali.

zogadad, rentul Semosavals Rebulobs ekonomikuri resursebis mflobeli, romelic TviTon ki ar iyenebs am resursebs, aramed
193

sxvas gadascems maTi gamoyenebis uflebas. Cveulebriv, es xdeba ijaris saxiT. rentuli Semosavlis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da ti piuri saxeobaa miwis renta. amitom mizanSewonilia rentis warmoqmnisa da miTvisebis meqanizmi ganvixiloT miwis rentis magaliTze. adamianis SromiTi saqmianoba yovelTvis miwasTanaa dakavSirebuli, soflis meurneobisaTvis ki miwa warmoebis umTavresi faqtoria. miwis farTobi bunebrivad gansazRvrulia. miwis nakveTebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia nayofierebisa da adgilmdebareobis mixedviT, rac imas ganapirobebs, rom erTi da imave kapitalis daxarjviT ukeTesi nayofierebisa da moxerxebuli mdebareobis nakveTebze miiReba damatebiTi Semosavali. aRniSnuli damatebiTi Semosavali fiqsirdeba, rogorc rentuli Semosavali, romelic ar warmoadgens imaT damsaxurebas, vinc am miwebs amuSavebs. is, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi warmoebrivi sivrcis Seqmna iTvaliswinebs mwarmoeblebis mier miwis gansazRvruli nawiliT sargeblobas, imas niSnavs, rom miwis bazari yovelTvis iTvleba umniSvnelovanes bazrad. am bazris normaluri funqcionireba im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, roca warmoebis am faqtorze sakuTrebis ufleba kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba. mis gareSe SeuZlebelia miwis yidva-gayidvis garigebis ganxorcieleba. amasTan, calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT, miwis bazris Camoyalibebis meqanizmebi gansxvavebulia. rogorc aRiniSna, warmoebis faqtorTa Soris miwa unikaluria, rac misi uZraobiT da ama Tu im adgilas raodenobrivi fiqsirebulobiT xasiaTdeba. sxvanairad, miwis saerTo miwodebas cotaT Tu bevrad buneba zRudavs da ar SeiZleba Seicvalos fasebis moZraobis gavleniT. es ara mxolod mimdinare periodis, aramed xangrZlivvadiani problemacaa, rac vlindeba fermeruli fasebisa da Semosavlebis CamorCenaSi mTlianad ekonomikaSi fasebisa da Semosavlebis cvlilebaTa tendenciebisagan. am problemis realuri suraTi dgindeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis instrumentebis
194

daxmarebiT, romelTa meSveobiTac vlindeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze moTxovnis araelastikuroba, rac aisaxeba drois monakveTSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudSi. saqme imaSia, rom ganviTarebul qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze moTxovnis fasobrivi elastikuroba dabalia. magaliTad, miaxloebiTi gaangariSebiT, aSS-is sasoflosameurneo produqtebisaTvis elastikurobis koeficienti 0,20dan 0,25-mde Seadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis fasebi 40-50%-iT unda Semcirebuliyo, raTa momxmareblebs TavianTi Sesyidvebi sul raRac 10%-iT gaedidebinaT. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze fasebis Zalian didi Semcirebaa saWiro moxmarebis (Sesabamisad, Sesyidvebis) Tundac mcire zrdisaTvis. mdidar sazogadoebaSi sasoflosameurneo produqtebze moTxovnis aseTi araelastikuroba aixsneba imiT, rom fasebis Semcirebis sapasuxod saojaxo meurneobebi ubralod ar gadadian samjeradidan xuTjerad an metjer kvebaze, e.i. sazogadoebis moTxovnileba am mxriv sakmaod gajerebulia da soflis meurneobis produqtebis damatebiTi warmoeba iwvevs zRvruli sargeblianobis swraf klebas. soflis meurneobis produqtebze araelastikuri moTxovnis daregulireba xdeba saxelmwifos e.w. fermeruli politikiT, romelSic mTavaria fermaTa produqciis fasebisa da Semosavlebis gadideba da stabiluroba. Sesabamisad, soflismeurneobrivi politikis qvakuTxedia soflis meurneobis regulirebis Sesaxeb 1933 wlis kanoniT gansazRvruli fasebis paritetis koncefcia. misi arsi isaa, rom yovel wels produqtebis warmoebis realurma moculobam fermerisaTvis yovelTvis erTi da igive realuri Semosavali uzrunvelyos. nominalur gamoxatulebaSi paritetis koncefcia gulisxmobs, rom Tanafardoba fermerTa produqciis fasebsa da maT mier moxmarebul saqonelTa da momsaxurebis fasebs Soris ucvlelia.
195

magaliTad, Tu perangis fasi gansazRvrul droSi 3-jer gaizarda, xorblis fasic 3-jer unda gaizardos. dReisaTvis fasebis paritetis koncefcia modificirdeba iqiTken, rom politika fermerTa Semosavlebis gadidebidan misi stabilizaciis amocanaze gadaerTos. bazarze orientirebuli Semosavlebis stabilizaciis amocanaa Seamciros fermeruli Semosavlebi da fasebis meryeoba wlebis mixedviT. swored aRniSnulis prizmiT unda ganvixiloT miwis, rogorc warmoebis faqtoris, bazris problema. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi miwa saqonlur formas iRebs _ is yidva-gayidvis obieqtia. miwis mesakuTre Tavis miwas mxolod gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT hyidis, kerZod maSin, Tu miwis gayidviT miRebuli Tanxa, bankSi moTavsebuli an sesxad gacemuli, mas procentis saxiT moutans imave miwis nakveTidan miRebuli rentis tol (an met) Semosavals. meore mxriv, sanam miwas iyidides, myidveli Seutolebs mis mier misaRebi miwis rentis Tanxas im procents, rasac is miiRebda Tavisi fulis bankSi moTavsebiT. Sesabamisad, miwis fasi aris kapitalizebuli renta. amrigad, 100 x renta bankis procentis normasTan

ekonomikuri kategoria, niSnavs ara ubralod warmoebis faqtorul Semosavals, aramed Semosavals warmoebis iseTi faqtorisagan, romlis miwodebac araelastikuria. miwa rom uZravi ar iyos, miwis mflobelebi mas saukeTeso adgilas ganalagebdnen da met rentas miiRebdnen, sxvadasxva adgilas miwis miwodeba da mis kvalobaze rentac gamoTanabrdeboda. magram es SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac miwa fiqsirebulia da ar SeiZleba misi gadaadgileba. miwis bazrisaTvis gansxvaveba miwis rentaSi wesia da ara gamonaklisi. TiToeul nakveTs Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT da nayofierebiT gaaCnia rentaze da, Sesabamisad, miwis fasze zemoqmedi unikaluri maxasiaTeblebi. rentis sididis Secvla ki mxolod miwaze moTxovnis Secvlas SeuZlia. magram miwis araelastikuroba rentis donis ganmsazRvreli erTi problemaa. sxva problema isaa, rom sasoflo-sameurneo miwaze moTxovna _ warmoebuli moTxovnaa (msgavsad sxva faqtorebisa). magaliTad, Tu meCaieobis produqciaze fasebi Semcirdeba, maSin Cais kulturis mosayvanad saWiro miwaze warmoebuli moTxovnac mcirdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, rentis Semcirebas ganapirobebs.
sargebeli, rogorc kapitalis faqtoruli Semosavali. ekonomikaSi dagrovili fizikuri kapitalis mTliani

miwis fasi =

miwis fasi sasesxo procentis ukuproporciuli da rentis pirdapirproporciulia. amrigad, rac ufro meti renta moaqvs nakveTs, miT ufro Zviria is sasesxo procentis mocemuli sididis pirobebSi. Tavis mxriv, miwis rentis sidide Camoyalibdeba miwaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobis wertilSi. miwa iqneba moTxovnaze naklebi, Tu rentis sidide Warbobs wonasworobis dones. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakuTriv renta, rogorc
196

maragi (kapitaluri dovlaTi) produqtis miwodebis aucilebeli pirobaa. magram kapitalis bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia ara ekonomikaSi arsebuli yvela fizikuri kapitali, aramed axali kapitalis nakadi, romelic momavalSi warmoebis gafarToebisa da, maSasadame, mogebis gazrdis SesaZleblobas iZleva. axali kapitalis mosazidad ki sawarmos fuli sWirdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sawarmoebis moTxovna arsebobs droebiT Tavisufal fulze, romelic saWiroa axali kapitaluri dovlaTis SesaZenad. nasesxebi fuli sawarmom unda daabrunos momavalSi investiciis Sedegad miRebuli mogebis nawilis xarjze. kapitalze Semosavlebi ganisazRvreba mogebis normiT, rac
197

drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erT weliwadSi) miRebuli wminda Semosavalia sargeblis saxiT. mTlian investiciebTan mimarTebiT fuliT gamoxatuli sargebeli faqtoruli Semosavalia. kapitali sargeblobs moTxovniT imitom, rom is mwarmoebluria, ramdenadac misi meSveobiT SeiZleba miRebul iqnas produqtis namati anu gaizardos Semosavali. ufro zustad, kapitals gaaCnia wminda mwarmoeblurobis unari, rac vlindeba imiT, rom warmoebaSi kapitalis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba miRebul iqnas damatebiTi produqti, rac rCeba amortizebuli fondebis yovelgvari anaricxebis Semdeg. kapitalis swored es wminda mwarmoebluroba, gamosaxuli procentobiT, warmoadgens damatebiT Semosavals, ris gamoc bazarze kapitalis fasi `kapitalizebuli Rirebulebis~ saxiT gamodis. rogorc cnobilia, kapitali xangrZlivi momsaxurebis resursia, romlis meSveobiTac saqonelTa da momsaxurebaTa gadidebuli raodenoba iwarmoeba. kapitalis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic sawarmoebs sWirdebaT kapitalis warmoebis danaxarjTa dafinansebis saSualebani. am saSualebebs, rasac isini xSirad sesxad iReben, xarjaven dRes, momaval mogebaze gaangariSebiT. gansazRvruli periodiT nasesxeb saSualebaTa sargeblobisaTvis isini kapitalis mflobelebs uxdian garkveul procents, rac srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze sasesxo sargeblis wonasworobiTi ganakveTis saxiT gamodis, romlis drosac SemoTavazebul sasesxo saSualebaTa moculoba utoldeba maTze gadaxdisunarian moTxovnas. konkurenciul bazarze kapitalis arc calkeul gamsesxeblebs da arc calkeul msesxeblebs ar SeuZliaT zemoqmedeba moaxdinon sasesxo procentis sabazro ganakveTze. isini aRiareben (iReben) bazarze arsebul fasebs, ramdenadac TiToeuli maTganis wili moTxovnasa da miwodebaSi SedarebiT umniSvneloa. da mainc, aq gadamwyvetia sasesxo kapitalze norma, rac aris gasesxebul kapitalze miRebuli Semosavlis Sefardeba aRniSnuli kapitalis odenobasTan, gamoxatuli procentobiT. magaliTad, Tu gasesxebulia
198

10000 lari, romelzec wliuri Semosavali 1000 lars Seadgens, maSin procentis norma iqneba:

100 x 1000 10000

= 10%

sabazro norma mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. investicia _ kapitaluri fondebis Sevsebis anu kapitalis damatebis procesia. investirebisas sawarmom unda gadawyvitos gansazRvrul droSi axali dabandebebi moitans Tu ara danaxarjebze met axal Rirebulebas. am mizniT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba diskontirebis proceduras, rac gamoixateba imiT, rom sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas aucilebelia erTimeores Seufarddes mimdinare (dRevandeli) danaxarjebisa da momavali Semosavlebis sidideebi. amisaTvis aucilebelia dadgindes momavlis fuladi Tanxis dRevandeli Rirebuleba, rasac diskontireba ewodeba da gamoisaxeba formuliT:

Vp =

V1 (1+r)t

sadac Vp _ momavali fuladi Tanxis dRevandeli Rirebulebaa; V1 _ dRevandeli Tanxis momavali Rirebuleba; t _ wlebis raodenoba; r _ procentis ganakveTi. diskontirebis procesi metad rTulia, magram misi gaiolebisaTvis arsebobs specialuri cxrilebi, romliTac SeiZleba swrafad gaangariSdes momavali Semosavlebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba da, Sesabamisad, miRebul iqnas optimaluri gadawyvetileba. amrigad, srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze kapitaluri resu199

rsebis (ZiriTadi fondebis) fasi ganisazRvreba drois garkveul monakveTSi maT mier Semosavlis motanis mimdinare da samomavlo unariT da sasesxo procentis sabazro ganakveTiT. kapitalis bazarze, srulyofili konkurenciiT, ZiriTadi kapitalis fasi maTi mimdinare Rirebulebis toli unda iyos. Tu ZiriTadi kapitalis sabazro fasi naklebia, vidre momavali Semosavlebis Rirebuleba, maSin maTi yidviT SesaZlebelia mogebis miReba. es adidebs moTxovnas ZiriTad fondebze da zrdis maTs fass mimdinare Rirebulebis tol sididemde. grZelvadiani planiT, ZiriTadi kapitalis fasi unda udrides maTs mimdinare Rirebulebasac da maTi warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebsac im varaudiT, rom kapitali iyideba konkurenciul bazarze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fasi warmoebis danaxarjebze dabali iqneba, axali ZiriTadi fondebis mwarmoeblebi ver dafaraven am kapitalur saqonelTa alternatiul Rirebulebas. Sedegad, kapitalur saqonelTa warmoeba Semcirdeba da fasebi gaizrdeba. analogiurad, Tu fasebi saSualo danaxarjebze maRali iqneba, axali sawarmoebi gazrdian kapitalur saqonelTa miwodebas da maTi fasebi kvlav daiwevs. da bolos, yvela ZiriTadi kapitalis fasi damokidebulia sasesxo sargeblis sabazro ganakveTze. rac maRalia es ukanaskneli, miT dabalia ZiriTadi kapitalis fasi da, piriqiT.
xelfasi, rogorc Sromis faqtoruli Semosavali. Sromis bazari aris samuSao Zalis moTxovnisa da miwodebis

Camoyalibebis sfero. Sromis bazarze iyideba adamianTa fizikuri da gonebrivi unari anu samuSao Zala. Sromis bazris roli TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikaSi Zalze didia. Sromis bazris Semadgeneli nawilebia Sromis miwodeba da Sromaze moTxovna . samuSao Zalis mflobelebi qmnian daqiravebul muSakTa jgufs. Sromis bazarze gamyidvelTa wre mravalferovania. sazogadoebas SromiT momsaxurebas sTavazobs:
200

damlagebeli, ministri, momRerali, mSenebeli, durgali, maswavlebeli da a.S. yvela isini Sromis bazarze myidvelebs (damqiraveblebs ) miawodeben sakuTar Sromas sxvadasxva fasSi. zogjer es fasi maRalia, zogjer ki _ sakmaod dabali. samuSao Zalis fasi ganisazRvreba Sromis miwodebisa da Sromaze moTxovnis TanafardobiT. Sromis fasSi arsebuli didi gansxvaveba imiT aixsneba, rom Sromis mimwodebel adamianTa SesaZlebloba Zalze gansxvavebuli da mravalferovania. marTlac, mecnierisa da damlageblis Sroma ar SeiZleba erTnairad Sefasdes. mecnieris SromiTi saqmianoba sakmaod rTulia, igi moicavs adamianis bunebriv talantTan erTad sakmaod xangrZliv dros da gansazRvruli raodenobis fulsac. damlageblis Sroma ki SedarebiT martivia. Sromis bazris warmatebiT funqcionireba ekonomikaSi damokidebulia samuSao Zalis mobilurobaze. ganasxvaveben profesiul da teritoriul mobilurobas. profesiul mobilurobaSi igulisxmeba adamianis unari ekonomikuri situaciis cvlilebis an ufro maRali Semosavlis misaRebad daeuflos sxvadasxva profesias an aimaRlos kvalifikacia. rac ufro swrafia profesiuli mobiluroba, miT ufro uadvildeba adamians samuSaos povna da, piriqiT. mraval industriulad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi profesias icvlian umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebic ki. analogiuri situacia Camoyalibda 90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi, rac dRemde grZeldeba. qveyanaSi Seiqmna ucxo enebis Semswavleli, kompiuteruli swavlebis, auditTa mravalricxovani mosamzadebeli kursebi, romelTa gavla sagrZnoblad aiolebs SedarebiT maRalSemosavliani samuSaos povnas. samuSao Zalis teritoriul mobilurobaSi igulisxmeba adamianis unari da mzadyofna samuSaos misaRebad an ufro Semosavliani samuSaos mosaZebnad Seicvalos sacxovrebeli adgili, qveynis SigniT teritoriulad gadaadgildes. Sroma, ise rogorc miwa da kapitali, warmoebis faqtoria.
201

mewarmis danaxarji mxolod daqiravebul muSakze xelfasis gacemiT ar amoiwureba. xelfasis sidide SemosazRvrulia mTliani Semosavlis moculobiT, xelfasis gazrda SeiZleba rentis an sargeblis sididis Semcirebis xarjze. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki xelfasis gazrda SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis, anda warmoebuli produqciis sabazro fasis zrdis SemTxvevaSi. Sromis bazarze miwodebis formireba dakavSirebulia mraval faqtorTan. Sromis miwodeba izrdeba xelfasis donis, agreTve Sromis prestiJulobisa da moraluri dakmayofilebis gavleniT. Sromis miwodebis kanonis Tanaxmad, rac ufro maRalia Sromis safasuri, miT ufro meti adamiani Seecdeba am samuSaos Sesrulebas . ra Tqma unda, es kanoni vlindeba mxolod sxva Tanabar pirobebSi. magaliTad, Zalze maRalia profesional fexburTelTa Sromis anazRaureba, magram ar arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom xvalve fexburTis TamaSis msurvelTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. es imiT aixsneba, rom fexburTelis maRali klasi dakavSirebulia rogorc bunebriv monacemebTan, aseve daxelovnebasTan, rasac fexburTelTa mxolod mcire raodenoba flobs da xelfasis maRal dones aq arafris Secvla ar SeuZlia. Sromisadmi interesis Sesustebis sxva faqtoria Sromis simZime. rac ufro damqancvelia Sroma, miT ufro meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro da adamianebic met anazRaurebas moiTxoven. Sromis miwodebaze gavlenas axdens agreTve Sromis sirTule. Sromis mravali saxis Sesasruleblad aucilebelia gansakuTrebuli unaris floba da xangrZlivi swavla (magaliTad, mecnieris Sroma). magram es unari yvela adamians rodi gaaCnia da arc yvelas aqvs xangrZlivi swavlis survili. erTi garemoebac unda gaviTvaliswinoT. marTalia, maRali xelfasi Sromis miwodebis zrdis mastimulirebelia, magram xelfasis arsebiTi zrdis pirobebSi Sromis miwodeba SeiZleba Semcirdes Semosavlis efeqtis gavleniT. es paradoqsi imiT aixsneba, rom
202

Semosavlis gajerebis kvalobaze sustdeba Sromisadmi interesi da Zlierdeba Tavisufali drois zrdis survili. Sromis bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTqmedeba eqvemdebareba zogad sabazro kanonzomierebas. xelfasis ganakveTi maSin aris Sromis wonasworobis fasi, roca xelfasis donis arsebul pirobebSi erTmaneTs emTxveva adamianTa raodenoba, romelic mzad aris Seasrulos gansazRvruli samuSao da damqiravebelTa mier miwodebuli samuSao adgilebi. Tu, vTqvaT, manqanebis saburavebze moTxovna gaizrdeba, maSin mosalodnelia saburavebis warmoebis gasafarToeblad meti adamianis daqiraveba. Tu Sromis bazarze damatebiTi muSaxeli arasakmarisia, am SemTxvevaSi saburavebis mwarmoebel sawarmoSi damatebiTi samuSao Zala SeiZleba sxvagan ukve dasaqmebulTa gadmobirebiT moxdes, Tu maT ufro maRal xelfass SesTavazeben. sawinaaRmdego mdgomareoba Seiqmneba saburavebze moTxovnis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi. am situaciaSi xelfasi, rogorc wesi, Semcirdeba, an warmoeba Seikveceba dasaqmebulTa nawilis ganTavisuflebis xarjze. xelfasi diferencirebulia qveynebis, regionebis, saqmianobis saxeebisa da calkeuli pirebis mixedviT. magaliTad, germaniaSi xelfasi ufro maRalia, vidre ungreTSi, ungreTSi ki ufro maRalia, vidre saqarTveloSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxvadasxva produqtis mwarmoeblebze. Tambaqos warmoebaSi xelfasis done ufro maRalia, vidre limonaTis warmoebaSi da a.S. xelfasis zogadi anu saSualo done moicavs xelfasis sxvadasxva konkretuli ganakveTebis farTo diapazons. qveynebisa da regionebis mixedviT xelfasis saSualo doneebs Soris gansxvaveba aixsneba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miRweuli doniT, xolo sxva Tanabar pirobebSi _ Sromaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis TanafardobiT. xelfasi aris Sromis fuladi anazRaureba. gamoiyofa: nominaluri xelfasi da realuri xelfasi fulSi gamosaxul muSakis Sromis anazRaurebas ewodeba nominaluri xelfasi. rac ufro maRalia muSakis nominaluri
203

xelfasi, miT ufro maRalia misi cxovrebis done. magram nominaluri xelfasi TavisTavad ar iZleva swor warmodgenas muSakis Sromis anazRaurebis faqtobriv mdgomareobaze. mTavaria nominaluri xelfasis yidviTunarianoba , misi realuri Sinaarsi. ukanaskneli gviCvenebs, Tu muSakis niminaluri xelfasiT ra raodenobis produqtis SeZena SeiZleba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad damokidebulia sabazro fasebsa da gadasaxadebis moculobaze. realuri xelfasi aris im produqtTa erToblioba, romlis SeZena SeuZlia muSaks Tavisi nominaluri xelfasiT. realuri xelfasi ganisazRvreba cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsiT. am mizniT nominaluri xelfasis indeqsi iyofa cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsze. cxovrebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasis doneze, gadasaxadebis moculobaze, saxelmwifo daxmarebis sidideze da sxv. Tu cxovrebis Rirebulebis zrda uswrebs nominaluri xelfasis zrdas, maSin adgili aqvs realuri xelfasis Semcirebas da, piriqiT. mraval qveyanaSi muSakebma cxovrebis miRweuli donis SesanarCuneblad xelfasis moZravi skala SemoiRes. igi iTvaliswinebs xelfasis avtomatur matebas cxovrebis Rirebulebis Sesabamisad. rac Seexeba Sromis anazRaurebis formebs, xelfass aqvs ori ZiriTadi forma: droiTi da sanardo. droiT formas safuZvlad udevs samuSao dro (saaTi, kvira, Tve). sanardo formaSi ki warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba daxarjuli Sromis gazomvis safuZvelia. xelfasis droiTi forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca mocemul warmoebaSi gaZnelebuli an SeuZlebelia calkeuli muSakis daxarjuli Sromis aRricxva (magaliTad, warmoebaSi konveieruli sistemis an avtomatizebuli sistemis gamoyenebis dros). droiT xelfass iReben agreTve warmoebis xelmZRvanelebi da sxva muSakebi Sromis anazRaurebisas. xelfasis sanardo forma gamoiyeneba warmoebis im sferoebSi, sadac Sroma normirebulia da SesaZlebelia TiToeuli muSakis Sromis aRricxva.
204

mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris xelfasSi gansxvaveba yovelTvis iarsebebs. xelfasis ganakveTi diferencirebulia muSakebis sxvadasxva kategoriisa da Sromis saxeobebis mixedviT. Sromis anazRaurebaSi gansxvaveba damokidebulia ara mxolod Sromis xarisxze, aramed imazec, Tu ramdenad sasurvelia mocemuli samuSaos Sesruleba. xarjebi xelfasze izrdeba, Tu saWiro xdeba muSakebis mozidva `araprestiJuli~ samuSaos Sesasruleblad. xelfasis sidideze moqmedebs muSakTa organizebulobis xarisxic. did sawarmoebSi, sadac Seqmnilia profkavSirebi, xelfasi, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT maRalia, vidre mcire sawarmoebSi. xelfasSi gansxvaveba ganpirobebulia agreTve TviT Sromis xasiaTis kompensirebis aucileblobiT, magaliTad, Ramis cvlaSi muSaobiT, zeganakveTuri samuSaos Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi da a.S. xelfasSi aseTi gansxvaveba unda aixsnas imiT, rom adamianebi dajildovebulni arian gansxvavebuli unariT da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli wvlili SeaqvT sawarmos SemosavalSi. xelfasSi gansxvavebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs warmoadgenen ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebis done. magaliTad, eqimebi, iuristebi, ekonomistebi didi raodenobis saxsrebsa da energias xarjaven TavianT ganaTlebaze. am saxis investicias momavalSi SeuZlia didi Semosavlis motana. bazari, srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, miiswrafvis iseTi wonasworobis damyarebisaken, romlis drosac erToblivi moTxovna Sromis TiToeul kategoriaze daemTxveva masze arsebul miwodebas. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiRweva zogadi wonasworoba, romelic ar warmoSobs xelfasis zrdis an Semcirebis tendenciebs. amrigad, xelfasis gansxvaveba warmoiSoba obieqturi faqtorebiT, magram aranaklebia subieqturi faqtorebis gavlenac. aseTi faqtorebia: erovneba, sqesi, religia, rasa. roca am niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba xelfasis ganakveTi, maSin saqme gvaqvs diskriminaciasTan. adamianTa garkveuli jgufebi gamoiyeneba
205

dabalkvalificiur SromaSi. diskriminaciis aRkveTis SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba am kategoriis muSakTa xelfasi mTliani Sida produqtis im nawilis xarjze, romelic Seiqmneba muSakTa ufro maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis Sedegad. resursebis sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Sromis bazari xasiaTdeba moTxovnasa (mwarmoeblebs) da miwodebas (daqiravebul muSakebs) Soris gansakuTrebuli urTierTobiT. kerZod, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi isini erTmaneTs mtrulad upirispirdebodnen da es dapirispireba arc XXI saukunis dasawyisSi damcxrala. es aixsneba mewarmeTa miswrafebiT, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, rac SeiZleba dabali xelfasi daaweson, maSin roca daqiravebulebi maqsimalurad maRali xelfasis miRebas cdiloben. istoriulad am or jgufs Soris dapirispireba warmoadgenda klasobriv brZolas, romelic xSirad SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi gadaizrdeboda. am brZolaSi muSebi da mewarmeebi sxvadasxva saSualebebs iyenebdnen. magaliTad, XVIII-XX saukuneebSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri muSebisaTvis mewarmeebi farTod iyenebdnen e.w. `Sav siebs~. am siaSi Seyvanili muSebi iSviaTad Tu axerxebdnen samuSaos povnas. damqiravebelTa erT-erTi strategia iyo mcire xniT sawarmos daxurva da saSimSilod ganwiruli muSebis `Wkuaze moyvana~. aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo Streik-breherebis sistemis danergva, romelic gaficuli muSebis sanacvlod droebiT sxva muSebis daqiravebas gulisxmobda. Sromis bazarze moTxovnis am strategias upirispirdeboda daqiravebul muSakTa sxvadasxva strategia: gaficva _ muSaobis Sewyveta xelfasis gazrdis an Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebis moTxovniT; muSaobis wesebis mkacri dacva _ am SemTxvevaSi muSebi formalurad agrZeleben muSaobas, magram moiTxoven Sromis pirobebis mkacr dacvas, Senelebulia muSaobis tempi da sxv.;
206

yvela es, erTad aRebuli, aqveiTebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobas da auaresebs warmoebuli produqtis konkurentunarianobas; politikuri partiebis Seqmna _ XIX saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi muSaTa partiebis erTdroulad warmoqmnisa da maTi gavlenis gaZlierebasTan erTad gaizarda sagaficvo brZolis masStabebi. muSaTa klasi ufro organizebuli gaxda, xolo ekonomikuri da politikuri moTxovnebi _ ufro mkacri; profesiuli kavSirebis organizaciebis Seqmna _ es organizaciebi Seiqmna kapitalistTa TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg muSaTa brZolis procesSi. Tavdapirvelad profesiul kavSirebs hqonda urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoebis xasiaTi, magram sul male Caebnen sagaficvo moZraobaSi. pirveli profkavSiri anu `tred-iunioni~ (ing. trade union) lankaSiris bambis feiqrebma Seqmnes 1792 wels. msgavsi organizacia (`winaaRmdegobis sazogadoeba~) Camoyalibda safrangeTSi. male am da msgavsma organizaciebma daiwyes aralegaluri saqmianoba. mewarmeebma sakanonmdeblo wesiT SeZles maTi saqmianobis akrZalva. aSS-Si profkavSiri, rogorc saidumlo organizacia, Seiqmna `Sromis raindebis~ saxelwodebiT. am organizaciaSi Sesvla ar SeeZloT `advokatebs, bankirebs, birJis an spirtis spekuliantebs da pinkertonis deteqtivebs~. saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc ruseTSi, profkavSirebi Camoyalibda XX saukunis dasawyisSi. Tavidanve masSi Zlieri iyo socialdemokratiuli ideologiis gavlena. dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac profkavSirebi aRmocenda muSaTa partiebis Seqmnamde, ruseTis imperiaSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTveloc Sedioda, profkavSirebis warmoSobas uswrebda social-demokratiuli partiebis Seqmna. 1905 wlis oqtombris gaficvis Semdeg (noemberdekemberi) TbilisSi e.w. `gamocxadebis wesiT~ muSaTa da mosamsaxureTa mitingebsa da krebebze gamohqondaT dadgenilebebi profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnaze, iqmneboda saorganizacio komisiebi,
207

irCevdnen kavSiris sabWoebs da sxva xelmZRvanel organoebs. 1905 wlis 6 noembers TbilisSi, xolo Semdeg quTaissa da baTumSi, Seiqmna sruliad ruseTis fosta-telegrafisa da telefonis muSakTa profkavSirebis saolqo biuroebi. mTavrobam gankarguleba gasca am profkavSirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc 15 noembridan kavSirma gaficva gamoacxada. TbilisSi ramdenjerme moewyo gaficulTa mitingi. dekembris dasawyisSi igi SeuerTda sruliad ruseTis sayovelTao politikur gaficvas, romelic SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. 1907 wlis maisSi aralegalurad Catarda Tbilisis profkavSirebis konferencia. es profkavSiri 35 profesiul kavSirs iTvlida da 10 aTas muSa-mosamsaxures aerTianebda. konferenciam gaiziara profkavSirebis Sesaxeb social-demokratiuli koncefcia (gaficvebis organizacia, 8-saaTiani samuSao dRis daweseba, xelfasis momateba, weliwadSi erTTviani anazRaurebuli Svebulebis micema, avadmyofobis dros 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi sruli xelfasis gacema, presis sruli Tavisufleba...). konferenciam airCia Tbilisis profkavSirTa centraluri biuro, romelmac 24 ivnisidan daiwyo yovelkvireuli gazeTis `axali qveyana~-s gamocema. ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revolucis damarcxebam Seaviwrova profkavSiruli moZraoba saqarTveloSi: daixura mravali kavSiri, daapatimres da gadaasaxles profesiuli moZraobis beladebi da aqtivistebi. es mdgomareoba 1912 wlis Semdeg Seicvala. 1917 wlis maisSi TbilisSi funqcionirebda 35 kavSiri, romlebic 10200 kacs aerTianebda. Tbilisis profkavSirebis centraluri sabWo Tavidanve gaemijna bolSevikebs da qarTvel social-demokratebs uWerda mxars. 1917 wlis 26-31 dekembers qarTvel socialdemokratTa xelmZRvanelobiT TbilisSi Catarda kavkasiis profkavSirebis I konferencia. damoukidebel saqarTveloSi (1918-1921 w.w.) 1919 wlis 1116 aprils TbilisSi Catarda saqarTvelos profkavSirebis I
208

yriloba. am dros saqarTveloSi moqmedebda 87 profkavSiruli organizacia (54701 wevriT). saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg (1921 w.) Zveli profkavSirebis nacvlad Seiqmna axali kavSirebi, romlebic mTlianad eqvemdebareboda komunisturi partiis direqtivebs. profkavSirebi saxelmwifo organizaciad gadaiqca da faqtobrivad dRemde ver ganTavisuflebula sabWouri ideologiisagan. yovel qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, saarsebo minimumisa da minimaluri xelfasis Tanafardobis sakiTxi metad aqtualuria. es imiTac aixsneba, rom TiToeul qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia inflaciuri procesebi, rac met-naklebad zrdis fulSi gamosaxuli saarsebo minimumis Rirebulebas. es ki moiTxovs minimaluri xelfasis gadasinjvis aucileblobas. Sromis bazris kidev erTi arsebiTi Taviseburebaa miwodebuli saqonlis _ samuSao Zalis fasis dacemis zRvris arseboba. marTlac, Tu romelime sxva saqonelze moTxovna Semcirdeba, misi mflobeli (gamyidveli) iZulebuli xdeba am saqonlis fasi manamde Seamciros, sanam igi ar gaiyideba. am SemTxvevaSi mewarmem, mogebis nacvlad, SeiZleba izaralos. aq fasis dacemis raime zRvari ar arsebobs. sul sxva mdgomareobaa Sromis bazarze. aq samuSao Zalis fasi (xelfasis ganakveTi) misi dacemis obieqturi zRvaria. am fasma unda uzrunvelyos muSis da misi ojaxis Senaxva anu samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoeba . fulad Semosavals, romelic uzrunvelyofs individisaTvis fiziologiuri normebiT gansazRvruli sursaTis SeZenas, agreTve tansacmliT, sacxovrebliT, transportis momsaxurebiT, sanitariisa da higienis sagnebiT aucilebeli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas, ewodeba saarsebo minimumi. saarsebo minimumis gansazRvra qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. es sxvadasxva mizeziT aixsneba. kerZod, siRaribis mijna sakmaod SefardebiTi cnebaa. is, rac erT qveyanaSi siRaribed miiCneva,
209

SeiZleba sxva qveynisaTvis sasurveli da misaRwevi done iyos. magaliTad, aSS-Si 1938 wlidan, roca miiRes kanoni daqiravebis samarTliani pirobebis Sesaxeb, arsebobs xelfasis federaluri minimumi. es minimumi meryeobs industriaSi Camoyalibebuli saSualo xelfasis 40-50%-is farglebSi. aSS-Si ki industriaSi saaTobrivi anazRaureba 18 dolaria. es imas niSnavs, rom aSS-Si xelfasis saaTobrivi anazRaurebis minimumi 7-9 dolaris farglebSi meryeobs, anu amerikeli moqalaqis kvireuli anazRaureba ar SeiZleba iyos 280-360 dolarze naklebi. damqiraveblebsa da profkavSirebs Soris gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra produqcia unda Seitanon saarsebo minimumSi (e.w. `samomxmareblo kalaTaSi~) da ra SeiZleba miviCnioT moxmarebis minimalur doned. saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebisas moxmarebis naturaluri normebi mravldeba maT mimdinare fasebze. es fasebi ki gansxvavebulia qveynis teritoriul WrilSi. yvela qveyanaSi Sromis Tanamedrove bazarze xelfasis minimaluri ganakveTis gansazRvris safuZvelia saarsebo minimumi. Sromis bazarze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris garigeba daideba SromiTi kontraqtebisa da SeTanxmebis formebSi. SromiTi kontraqti aris SeTanxmeba Sromis pirobebisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb . igi moicavs agreTve Sromis anazRaurebis sididesa da Sromis bazris or monawiles Soris urTierTvaldebulebebs. SromiTi kontraqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri, romelic SeiZleba vrceldebodes rogorc erT sawarmoze, aseve mTlian sferoze. aseTi SeTanxmebis umaRlesi formaa generaluri SeTanxmeba , romelSic monawileobs sami mxare: saxelmwifo, mewarmeTa gaerTianeba da profkavSirebi.
samewarmeo mogeba, rogorc samewarmeo unaris faqtoruli Semosavali. rogorc aRiniSna, adamians, romelic

Tavis Tavze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas miwis, kapitalisa da Sromis gamoyenebaze da wyvets rogor gankargos es resursebi, ewodeba mewarme. swored mewarme iRebs warmoebis procesze pasuxismgeblobas, eweva risks. riski ki gardauvalia, ramdenadac mewarmeni yiduloben da gamoiyeneben warmoebis faqtorebs, romelTa gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegebis sruli ganWvreta faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, mewarmeebs mxolod mogebis miRebis varaudi ubiZgebT ganaxorcielon warmoebis procesi. samewarmeo unari, romlis safuZvelzec mewarmeni Tavis Tavze iReben pasuxismgeblobas, aorganizeben da uZRvebian warmoebas, iTvleba warmoebis erT-erT faqtorad. sabazro meurneobaSi mogeba gasamrjeloa swored iseTi specifikuri faqtorisa, rogorc samewarmeo unaria. misi specifikuroba isaa, rom miwis Tu kapitalisagan gansxvavebiT mas ver Seexebi, aseve warmoebis sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebisagan gansxvavebiT, mogebas ver gansazRvravT, rogorc wonasworobis fass. mogeba Cveulebriv ganisazRvreba, rogorc sxvaoba sawarmos mTlian Semosavlebsa da srul danaxarjebs Soris. samewarmeo unari, miwis, kapitalisa da Sromis msgavsad, iSviaTi resursia da, Sesabamisad, mas aqvs Tavisi fasi. amitom warmoebis xarjebSi unda Sevides rogorc renta miwaze, sargebeli kapitalze da xelfasi Sromaze, aseve gadasaxdelebi mewarmeobisaTvis maT mier warmoebis organizaciis, warmoebis yvela faqtoris SeerTebisaTvis. mewarmis mier Sesrulebuli funqciisaTvis am gadasaxdels (Semosavals) ewodeba normaluri mogeba . Sesabamisad, saqoneli iwarmoeba mxolod maSin, roca mTliani Semosavali misi realizaciidan imdenad didia, rom SeiZleba gadaxdil iqnas renta, sargebeli, xelfasi da normaluri mogeba. Tuki saqonlis realizaciidan mTliani Semosavali aRemateba yvela sawarmoo danaxarjs normaluri mogebis CaTvliT, es nameti grovdeba mewarmesTan, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo riski da
211

210

Seasrula sawarmos operaciaTa ZiriTadi organizatoris funqcia. am namet Tanxas ewodeba wminda anu ekonomikuri mogeba . swored aseTi mogebiTaa dainteresebuli mewarme, rogorc warmoebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtori.
saxelmwifos mogeba, rogorc misi ekonomikuri unaris faqtoruli Semosavali. sayovelTaod miRebuli

mosazrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos saqmianoba bazris Sinagani Semadgeneli nawili ki araa, aramed mas avsebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos `daniSnuleba~ im ekonomikuri amocanebis gadawyvetaa, romelTa gadaWra bazars ar ZaluZs, ris gamoc saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianoba bazris iZulebiTi damatebis rolSi gamodis. Cveni mizani im dasabuTebis aRiarebaa, rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianoba bazris Sinagani imanenturi nawilis saxiTac SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli. sakiTxis aseTi dasmidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebisa da meTodebis problemis principulad gansxvavebuli gziT gadawyveta, roca isini ekonomikis sxva agentebis saqmianobis formebisa da meTodebisagan praqtikulad arafriT iqneba gansxvavebuli. es, Tavis mxriv, sabazro sistemaSi saxelmwifos rolze sayovelTaod miRebuli Sexedulebis nawilobriv gadasinjvas mainc moiTxovs. sabazro sistemaSi saxelmwifos rolis gadasinjvis mizniT, warmoebis faqtorebisa da faqtoruli Semosavlebis tradiciuli sqemis axleburi gaazrebaa saWiro. amJamad, arc erTi ekonomikuri skolis (marqsistebis gamoklebiT) warmomadgeneli sadaod ar xdis im Teziss, rom saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciiT miRebuli Semosavali am Semosavlis Semqmneli oTxi faqtoris (miwa, kapitali, Sroma, samewarmeo unari) mixedviT nawildeba. amasTan, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciiT miRebuli Semosavali ise nawildeba, rom warmoebis yovel
212

faqtors misi mflobelisaTvis Sesabamisi Semosavali (renta, sargebeli, xelfasi, samewarmeo mogeba) moaqvs. CamoTvlili faqtoruli Semosavlebis garda, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciiT miRebuli Semosavali biznesze arapirdapir gadasaxadebsa da gadasaxdelebs (damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, aqcizi, qonebis gadasaxadi, salicenzio da sabaJo gadasaxdelebi) Seicavs. es ukanasknelni literaturaSi saxelmwifos daumsaxurebel (gamoumuSavebel) Semosavlad iwodebian. es ki, Tavis mxriv, warmoebis faqtorebis Teoriis mTlianobas nawilobriv saeWvod xdis, romlis Tanaxmadac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasi faqtorul Semosavlebad iyofa. realurad ki, Semosavlis iseTi saxe (biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi da gadasaxdelebi) Cndeba, romelsac ekonomikuri dasabuTeba ar gaaCnia. am winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad saWiroa pasuxi gaeces Semdeg kiTxvas: warmoebis yvela faqtori da Sesabamisi Semosavlebi aris ki srulad gaTvaliswinebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi dadebiTi iqneboda, ekonomikur subieqtebs Soris yvela urTierToba rom Tavisufali bazrisa da wminda konkurenciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirobebiT ganisazRvrebodes, rac imavdroulad gulisxmobs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis saWiroebis ararsebobas, realurad ki saqme Semdegnairadaa: Tu mewarme saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebis erTian procesSi miwis, kapitalisa da Sromis CarTvas axorcielebs, maSin saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze erovnuli ekonomikis CarCoebSi mewarmeTa am saqmianobis regulirebis iniciativas Rebulobs; Tu mewarme garkveuli saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebas uZRveba, saxelmwifo erovnuli ekonomikis farglebSi ukeTebs organizacias saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTeli masis warmoebas; Tu mewarme ama Tu im gadawyvetilebas (magaliTad, riskis Tavis Tavze aRebis, Tu siaxleebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) sakuTari biznesis warmarTvis procesSi Rebulobs, saxelmwifo Tavis
213

gadawyvetilebebs mTeli erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis magistraluri gzebis Sesaxeb (ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebiT) Rebulobs. Tanamedrove ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebaSi bevri ram imazea damokidebuli, Tu xelisuflebis saTaveSi rogori politikuri Zalebia moqceuli. magaliTad, XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSS-sa da didi britaneTis xelisuflebaSi konservatorebis mosvlam am qveynebSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobis zrdas Seuwyo xeli, xolo yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi komunistebis 70-wlianma batonobam sabazro urTierTobebi iatakqveSeTSi arsebobisaTvis gawira da qveyana uRrmes krizisamde miiyvana. radgan saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari warmoebis faqtoria, man saxelmwifos garkveuli Semosavalic unda moutanos. swored esaa is Semosavali, rasac amJamad biznesze arapirdapir gadasaxadebsa da gadasaxdelebs uwodeben. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris warmoebis faqtorad aRiareba, Tavis mxriv, biznesze arapirdapir gadasaxadebsa da gadasaxdelebs, samewarmeo mogebis analogiiT, saxelmwifos mogebis statusis miRebis uflebas aniWebs. faqtorul Semosavlad biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebisa da gadasaxdelebis miCnevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb wamoiWras, rom saxelmwifo Tavisi ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod pirdapir gadasaxadebsac iRebs. sinamdvileSi es ukanaskneli sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis da maTgan, roca saxelmwifos xelSi gadadis, mxolod mas Semdgom gamoiqviTeba. pirdapirisagan gansxvavebiT, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi, zemoT ganxiluli momsaxurebis sanacvlod, saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi uSualod eqceva. biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi da gadasaxdelebi, sxva faqtorul SemosavlebTan erTad, pirveladi Semosavlebia, pirdapiri gadasaxadebi ki _ warmoebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom saxelmwifos mogebis, anu biznesis arapir214

dapiri dabegvrisagan miRebuli Semosavlis odenoba Sesabamisi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis doniT ganisazRvreba. es ganakveTebi saxelmwifos mogebis zrdaze gavlenas imis mixedviT axdenen, Tu legalur bizness ramdenad astimulireben an xels uSlian.
warmoebis `dominirebadi~ faqtorebis koncefcia da faqtoruli Semosavlebis dominirebadoba. warmo-

ebis faqtorebis Teorias sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs da man adam smiTisa da Jan batist seis droidan moyolebuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. warmoebis `dominirebadi~ faqtorebis koncefcia misi erT-erTi Tanamedrove versiaa. aRniSnuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, saqonlis yoveli konkretuli saxeobis warmoebaSi warmoebis yvela faqtori ki aris gamoyenebuli, magram warmoebis Sedegianobis zrdis ganmsazRvreli da, amdenad, `dominirebadi resursi~ mxolod erT-erTi maTgania. koncefciis avtorebi (s.eiloni, b.goldi da i.sezani) faqtorebis `dominirebidan~ gamomdinare, sami saxeobis warmoebas ganasxvaveben: `kapitaldominirebads~, `masaladominirebadsa~ da `Sromadominirebads~. aseTi midgomis Tanaxmad, warmoebis iseTi procesebia `kapitaldominirebadi~ (mas sxvanairad `manqanadominirebadsac~ uwodeben), romlebsac muSebi mxolod akontroleben da amiT manqanebisa da sxva ZiriTadi mowyobilobis funqcionirebas, teqnologiuri procesis dadgenil ritms uzrunvelyofen. `masaladominirebads~ warmoebis iseTi procesebi miekuTvneba, romlebSic warmoebrivi SesaZleblobebi nedleulsa da masalebze, miwaze da sxva bunebriv resursebzea damokidebuli, xolo Sroma, nagebobebi, manqanebi da mowyobiloba arsebuli warmoebrivi potencialis realizacias mxolod da mxolod xels uwyobs. `Sromadominirebadi~ warmoebis is procesebia, romlebSic xeliT Sromasa da muSebis kvalifikacias pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba
215

eniWeba, ris gamoc Carxebi, mowyobiloba da ZiriTadi kapitalis nebismieri sxva elementi muSebisaTvis damxmare funqcias asrulebs. ganxiluli koncefciis avtorebi `kapitaldominirebadi~ saxeobis warmoebas, magaliTad, eleqtrosadgurebs, cementis qarxnebsa da brZmedebs, `masaladominirebads~ _ soflis meurneobasa da TevzWeras, xolo `Sromadominirebads~ ki _ aguris wyobas, SekveTiT kervas da xuros samuSaos miakuTvneben. iseTi warmoebis magaliTebis moyvanis dros, romlebSic esa Tu is faqtori `dominirebs~, avtorebi angariSs imas uweven, rom arsebuli sinamdvilis didi mravalferovnebis gamo warmoebis ama Tu im faqtoris aSkarad gamoxatuli `dominirebis~ mqone ukiduresi variantebi Tanamedrove warmoebrivi procesebis SezRudul wres Seadgens. magram ukanasknelTa amgvar klasifikacias gamoyenebiTi analizis miznebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba mainc aqvs. cxadia, sanimuSod iseTi SemTxvevis ganxilvac SeiZleba, romelSic faqtorebis `dominirebadoba~ warmoebrivi procesis msvlelobaSi icvleba; kerZod, aseTi SemTxvevis magaliTi aviasatransporto gadazidvebia, roca afrenisa da dafrenis dros warmoebis procesi `Sromadominirebadia~, simaRlis aRebis Semdeg (avtopilotis gamoyenebis dros) ki igi ukve `kapitaldominirebadi~ xdeba. warmoebis `dominirebadi~ faqtorebis koncefciis am mokle daxasiaTebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia warmoebis sxva faqtorebis _ samewarmeo unarisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris _ gaTvaliswinebiT zogierTi ganzogadebis gakeTeba. warmoebis `mewarmedominirebad~ procesebs iseTebi unda mivakuTvnoT, romlebSic pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba im inovaciebs aqvT, romelTa ganxorcielebac, rogorc wesi, mewarmis iniciativasTanaa dakavSirebuli da warmoebis sxva faqtorebi mewarmis inovaciuri saqmianobis mimarT damxmare funqcias asruleben. konkretuli garemo xels uwyobs mocemuli konkretuli saxeobis inovaciebis gavrcelebas, ris Sedegadac maTi siaxle nivelirdeba da sxva
216

mniSvnelovani inovaciebis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi procesi `mewarmedominirebadobas~ kargavs da samewarmeo unaris `dominirebuli~ mdgomareoba warmoebis romelime sxva faqtoris `dominirebuli~ mdgomareobiT icvleba. warmoebis sxva faqtorebis analogiiT SesaZlebelia warmoebis iseTi procesebis gamoyofa, romlebSic saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari iqneba `dominirebuli~. `saxelmwifodominirebadi~ warmoebis is procesia, romelSic ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba saxelmwifos ekonomikur unars aqvs, xolo warmoebis yvela danarCeni faqtori masze daqvemdebarebul funqcias asrulebs. warmoebis `saxelmwifodominirebadi~ procesebis ricxvs, bunebrivia, sazogadoebrivi da kvazisazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoeba miekuTvneba. sagulisxmoa, rom komunisturi tipis ekonomikaSi warmoebis faqtorebs Soris samewarmeo unari mxolod `iatakqveSeTSi~ arsebobda. is legalurad saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unariT iyo Canacvlebuli, ris gamoc mewarmeTa nacvlad saqmosanTa kasta Camoyalibda. postkomunisturi ti pis ekonomikisaTvis ki saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris mizanmimarTuli SezRudvis pirobebSi samewarmeo unaris yovelmxrivi ganviTarebis xelSewyobaa damaxasiaTebeli. warmoebis romelime procesSi ama Tu im faqtoris `dominirebadoba~ am faqtoris mier motanili Semosavlis warmoebis sxva faqtorebis meSveobiT miRebul SemosavalTan SedarebiT `dominirebadobas~ gansazRvravs. kerZod, `kapitaldominirebad~ warmoebaSi `dominirebuli~ Semosavali _ sargebeli, `masaladominirebad~ warmoebaSi _ renta, `Sromadominirebad~ warmoebaSi _ xelfasi, `mewarmedominirebad~ warmoebaSi _ samewarmeo mogeba, xolo `saxelmwifodominirebad~ warmoebaSi _ saxelmwifos mogeba unda iyos.

217

?
1.

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

sazogadoebrivi warmoeba, farTo gagebiT, es aris: a. konkretuli dovlaTis Seqmnis procesi; b. bunebis nivTierebis gardaqmna da miTviseba adamianis

5. bankis saprocento ganakveTis mocemuli sididis pirobebSi miwis nakveTi miT ufro Zviria, rac ufro: a. patara zomisaa; b. didi zomisaa; g. meti renta moaqvs; d. meti subieqtis gankargulebaSia. 6. sargebeli, rogorc faqtoruli Semosavali, ekuTvnis: s. mewarmes; b. saxelmwifos; g. kapitalis mflobels; d. miwis mflobels. 7. konkurenciuli bazris pirobebSi sasesxo sargeblis sabazro ganakveTze zemoqmedebas axdenen: a. kapitalis calkeuli gamsesxeblebi; b. kapitalis calkeuli msesxeblebi; g. kapitalis calkeuli gamsesxeblebi da msesxeblebi; d. sasesxo kapitalze procentis norma. 8. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciiT miRebuli Semosavali nawildeba am Semosavlis Semqmneli: a. ori faqtoris mixedviT; b. sami faqtoris mixedviT; g. oTxi faqtoris mixedviT; d. xuTi faqtoris mixedviT. 9. `masaladominirebadi~ warmoebis iseTi procesebia, romlebSic pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba: a. xeliT Sromasa da muSakTa kvalifikacias; b. manqanebisa da sxva ZiriTadi mowyobilobebis
219

mier; g. sakuTriv warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis erTianoba; d. SromiTi saqmianobis gacvla sawarmos SigniT.

2. zRvruli produqtis Teoriis avtoria: a. goldi; b. klarki; g. Sumpeteri; d. eiloni. 3. Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli uTanabrobis xarisxis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben: a. laferis mruds; b. fili psis mruds; g. lorencis mruds; d. engelsis mruds. 4. rentas, rogorc faqtorul Semosavals, Rebulobs: a. samuSao Zalis mflobeli; b. miwis mflobeli; g. kapitalis mflobeli; d. mewarme.

218

funqcionirebas; g. nedleuls, miwasa da sxva bunebriv resursebs; d. mewarmis inovaciur saqmianobas.

10. `kapitaldominirebad~ warmoebaSi dominirebuli Semosavalia: a. renta; b. sargebeli; g. mogeba; d. biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi da gadasaxdelebi.

Tema
biznesis (sa me wa rm eo s aq mi an ob is ) e kon omi kur i sa fuZ v l eb i
`droeba biznesis humanizaciis mimarTulebiT icvleba. patiosani da urTierTsasargeblo garigeba _ Tanamedrove mewarmeobis mniSvnelovani funqciaa. sxva elementebTan SeerTebiT igi warmoadgens mewarmeobis filosofiis mniSvnelovan praqtikul gamoyenebas, romlis arsi sazogadoebis samsaxuria.~

j.peki
wina or TemaSi ganxiluli sabazro urTierTobebi da biznesi ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. sabazro kavSirebi istoriulad win uswrebda biznesmenTa samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebas, romelmac Tvisobrivad Secvala es urTierTobebi. amitom sabazro kavSirebis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs CavwvdeT biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikur safuZvlebs.
220 221

leqcia 13. biznesi da samewarmeo saqmianoba

`biznesi sabazro ekonomikis sulia.~ b. Carlzi `biznesi _ es aris momxmareblis Seqmna.~ h.drukeri `biznesi _ es aris TamaSi, udidesi TamaSi msoflioSi, _ Tu iciT, rogor iTamaSoT.~ T.uotsoni `mewarmeoba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sakvanZo fenomenia... mewarme _ ekonomikis mTavari Zravaa.~ i.Sumpeteri
biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) arsi da ganmsazRvreli niSnebi. biznesi ewodeba kanonieri gziT mogebis

miRebis mizniT warmarTul samewarmeo saqmianobas . biznesmeni inglisuri warmoSobis sityvaa da pirdapiri gagebiT `saqmian adamians~ niSnavs. sabazro urTierTobaTa sistemaSi biznesisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva arsebiTad erTnairia. biznesze msjelobisas samewarmeo saqmianoba igulisxmeba da, piriqiT, samewarmeo saqmianobaze msjelobisas _ biznesi. Tumca, movlenebis Rrmad gaanalizebisas SeiZleba gamoikveTos maT Soris gansxvaveba garkveul niuansebSi. magaliTad, aris iseTi samewarmeo
222

saqmianoba, romelic ar isaxavs miznad mogebis miRebas da, tradiciuli gagebiT, ar ganekuTvneba bizness. naTqvamis dasadastureblad aucilebelia samewarmeo saqmianobis arsis ganxilva. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad: `samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva marTlzomieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT, damoukideblad da organizebulad.~ ganmartebidan gamomdinare, unda ganvixiloT samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi: marTlzomiereba. aRniSnul niSanSi igulisxmeba, rom samewarmeo saqmianoba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes samarTlis moqmed normebs, zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul princi pebs da sajaro wesrigs; araerTjeradoba . samewarmeo saqmianoba unda xorcieldebodes sistematurad da profesionalurad. mravaljeradobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod moqmedebaTa raodenoba, aramed agreTve am moqmedebaTa umTavresi mizani _ mogebis miReba; organizebuloba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mewarme unda `moergos~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul erT-erT organizaciulsamarTlebriv formas, hqondes kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili marTvis organoebi da, rac mTavaria, iyos registrirebuli samewarmeo reestrSi; damoukidebloba. samewarmeo saqmianoba, rogorc damoukidebeli saqmianoba, sxva araferia, Tu ara kanonier, mewarmeTa nebaze damyarebul moqmedebaTa erToblioba. masSi igulisxmeba samarTlebrivi damoukidebloba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs qonebriv damoukideblobas (rac gancalkevebuli qonebis arsebobas niSnavs) da organizaciul damoukideblobas (rac mewarmis mier organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa da saqmianobis saxis Tavisuflad arCevas gulisxmobs); swrafva mogebis miRebis miznisaken . sabazro ekonomikis
223

pirobebSi samewarmeo saqmianobis mizans warmoadgens ara imdenad saqonlis (momsaxurebis) realuri warmoeba, ramdenadac am saqmianobiT mogebis miReba. magram mogebis miReba mewarmis saboloo mizani ar aris. misi saqmianobis mTavari misiaa ama Tu im geografiuli sazRvrebis mqone bazarze sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba. mxolod moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebiT SeiZleba marTlzomieri mogebis miReba. swored amaSi mdgomareobs samewarmeo saqmianobis Tavisebureba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samewarmeo saqmianobis warmateba igivea, rac bazarze konkurenciaSi warmateba. qvemoT motanil 5.1 naxazze sqematuradaa asaxuli samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi niSnebi. moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT legalizebulia samewarmeo saqmianobis mizani _ sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba da mis safuZvelze mogebis sistematiuri da profesionaluri miReba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikis nebismier sferoSi warmoebuli marTlzomieri saqmianoba, mimarTuli mogebis miRebisaken, aris samewarmeo saqmianoba . zogadad, samewarmeo saqmianoba sameurneo saqmianobis nairsaxeobaa. cneba _ `sameurneo saqmianoba~ _ praqtikaSi gacilebiT ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, vidre samewarmeo saqmianoba. sameurneo saqmianoba mimarTulia produqciis warmoebis, samuSaos Sesrulebis an momsaxurebis gawevisaken. mocemuli definiciidan Cans, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi igi sul ufro metad uaxlovdeba samewarmeo saqmianobis formulirebas, magram srulad ar axasiaTebs samewarmeo saqmianobis Cvens mier zemoT dasaxelebuli niSnebi. sameurneo saqmianoba SeiZleba iyos socialur-kulturuli, sazogadoebrivi, religiuri da sxva saxis arasamewarmeo xasiaTis saqmianoba, romelsac aqvs damxmare xasiaTi da emsaxureba Sesabamisi organizaciebis sawesdebo miznebis miRwevas. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad: `samewarmeo saqmianobad ar CaiTvleba fizikuri pirebis saxelovnebo, samecniero,
224

samewarmeo saqmianobis niSnebi

organizebuloba

gaiaros registracia

araerTjeradoba

iqonios kanoniT g a n s a zR v ru li marTvis organoebi

airCios erT-erTi org a n iza c i u lsamarTlebrivi forma

marTlzomie reba

nax. 5.1. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi niSnebis savaraudo sqema

225

mogebis miReba

d am ou k id e bloba

qonebrivi

org a n i za c i u li

samedicino, arqiteqturuli, saadvokato an sanotaro, saaudito, sakonsultacio (maT Soris, sagadasaxado konsultantTa), sasoflosameurneo an satyeo-sameurneo saqmianoba~. yuradsaRebia, rom Tu zemoT aRniSnuli saqmianoba ganxorcieldeba iuridiuli piris mier, maSin igi ganixileba samewarmeo saqmianobad. rac Seexeba sasoflo-sameurneo an satyeo-sameurneo saqmianobas, maTi registracia savaldebuloa, Tu warmoebaSi mudmivad dasaqmebulia ojaxis arawevri xuTi piri mainc. sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, zemoT aRniSnuli saqmianoba ganixileba, rogorc arasamewarmeo ekonomikuri saqmianoba.
mewarmeobis saxeebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis Sinaarsis

mixedviT ganasxvaveben mewarmeobis Semdeg saxeebs: sawarmoo, komerciuli, safinanso-sakredito, sadazRvevo da saSuamavlo. sawarmoo mewarmeobis safuZvelia nebismieri mimarTulebis sawarmoo saqmianoba. igi yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo da rTuli biznesia. mas ise swrafad ar moaqvs mogeba, rogorc biznesis sxva saxeebs. amitomac biznesmenebi samewarmeo saqmianobis am saxes naklebad etanebian. mas miekuTvneba samewarmeo saqmianoba mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, mSeneblobaSi, transportze, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebaSi da sxv. komerciul mewarmeobaSi biznesmeni, rogorc komersanti, gamodis Suamavlis rolSi mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Soris; igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba mwarmoebels, iZens misgan saqonels da yidis momxmarebelze. komerciuli mewarmeoba ufro martivia, vidre sawarmoo mewarmeoba. masze moqmedi faqtorebi SezRudulia, amitom riski naklebia, xolo Semosavali _ ufro stabiluri. amis gamo mravali mewarme cdilobs Caebas, upiratesad, komerciul saqmianobaSi. safinanso-sakredito mewarmeoba _ es aris biznesis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelSic yidva-gayidvis sagania fuli, sazRvar226

gareTis valuta da fasiani qaRaldebi. mewarmis mogeba iqmneba safinanso-sakredito resursebis ufro met fasSi gayidviT, vidre man igi SeiZina. sadazRvevo mewarmeobis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mewarme aZlevs damzRvevs garantias _ misi qonebis, faseulobis da sacxovreblis gauTvaliswinebeli zaralis SemTxvevaSi gasces garkveuli kompensacia. ufro metad gavrcelebulia sadazRvevo mewarmeobis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa qonebis dazRveva, sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dazRveva, riskisa da pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva. socialur dazRvevas ara aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri biznesTan. biznesi dakavSirebulia mxolod nebayoflobiT dazRvevasTan, romlis bazarze iyideba momsaxureba _ sadazRvevo dacva. aseTi samewarmeo saqmianoba SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT safinanso-sakredito mewarmeobis saxesxvaobas imdenad, ramdenadac mewarme Rebulobs sadazRvevo sawevros da ubrunebs mas mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi _ sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomisas. sxvaoba sadazRvevo Senatanebsa da mewarmis mier sadazRvevo SemTxvevaSi gacemul Tanxas Soris Seadgens mewarmis Semosavals. saSuamavlo mewarmeoba mWidrod ukaSirdeba samewarmeo saqmianobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa sawarmoo, komerciuli, safinansosakredito da sadazRvevo mewarmeoba. gansxvaveba isaa, rom Suamavali ar awarmoebs da ar vaWrobs saqonliT, fasiani qaRaldebiT, ar iZleva fulad kredits da sadazRvevo poliss. igi mxolod eweva saSuamavlo momsaxurebas saqonlis (momsaxurebis) mwarmoebelsa da myidvelebs Soris. Suamavali biznesmeni Rebulobs Tavisi mogebis wils imisaTvis, rom man moZebna da daakavSira erTmaneTTan saWiro adamianebi, Tumca misi roli meorexarisxovania. Suamavlis riski sakmaod didia, ramdenadac Sexvda ra myidveli da gamyidveli erTmaneTs, maTTvis ukve saWiro aRaraa Suamavali. nebismier momentSi maT SeuZliaT uari Tqvan SuamavlisaTvis informaciis anazRaurebaze, Tu igi dafiqsirebuli araa Sesabamisi xelSekrulebiT an kon227

traqtiT. samewarmeo saqmianobis yvela zemoT CamoTvlili saxeebi mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. sawarmoo mewarmeobas agrZelebs komerciuli mewarmeoba. Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis orive saWiroebs safinansosakredito mewarmeobas. zogjer erTmaneTSi erTdroulad Serwymulia mwarmoebeli, komersanti da finansisti (bankiri). sadazRvevo mewarmeoba ki SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT warmoebasa da momsaxurebas. samewarmeo saqmianobis aRniSnuli saxeebis SerwymiT warmoiSoba biznesis kombinirebuli saxeebi. samewarmeo saqmianobas warmarTavs mewarme* _ individi, romelic mogebis miRebis mizniT uZRveba saqmes.
mewarmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tvisebebi. cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom Rirseuli

biznesmeni (mewarme) yvela msurveli ver gaxdeba. bevri sxva saqmianobis analogiurad, esec erTgvari xelovnebaa da vinc uxvadaa dajildovebuli saamiso TvisebebiT, warmatebac mas eqneba. imisaTvis, raTa maRal doneze ganaxorcielos dasaxuli miznebi, mewarme (biznesmeni) unda iyos: iniciativiani, fxiani, komerciul niuansebSi safuZvlianad garkveuli. bazarze myarad imkvidrebs adgils is mewarme, romlis produqcia maRalxarisxovani, moduri, esTetikurad mimzidveli da iafia. Seunelebeli zrunva nawarmis momxmarebelTa gazrdili moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT miwodebisaTvis

* klasikuri gagebiT, `mewarme~ erTdroulad moicavs rogorc sawarmos mesakuTris, ise misi administratoris, mmarTvelis cnebas. Tumca, warmoebis ganviTareba-garTulebis Sedegad es ori funqcia gaiyo da Camoyalibda e.w. menejerTa anu mmarTvelTa fsiqologiurad gansxvavebuli fena.

mewarmis is arsebiTi Tvisebaa, romelic mas sxva Cveulebrivi meurnisagan ganasxvavebs; gabeduli, zomierad riskiani . biznesi (mewarmeoba) Tavisi bunebiT azartul TamaSs waagavs, sadac mosalodnelia ara marto mogeba, aramed wagebac. amitom biznesSi, Cveulebriv, warmatebas aRwevs is mewarme, romelic winaswar gaazrebulad SearCevs saqmianobas da ise gaakeTebs mis organizacias, rom riskis done ar aRematebodes gonivrulobis zRvars; mtkice nebisyofiani, dasaxuli miznis SesrulebisaTvis Seupovari mebrZoli . Cveulebriv, maRal warmatebebs aRwevs is mewarme, romelsac xasiaTsa da gunebas ki ar gaufuWebs funqcionirebis gzaze Sexvedrili pirvelive siZneleebi da dabrkolebebi, aramed ganawyobs mas iqiTken, rom maqsimaluri mobilizacia gaukeTos Tavis SesaZleblobebs da swrafad (magram auCqareblad) moiZios optimaluri gzebi da SesaZleblobani maT dasaZlevad. mewarme unda iyos bunebiT optimisti, organizebulad winmswrafi, Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis sasurvel saboloo SedegebSi imTaviTve darwmunebuli da TviTdajerebuli; gulwrfeli, patiosani da sando partniori . es iseTi Tvisebebia, romelTa gareSe ar arsebobs normaluri biznesi. ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi mewarmeebi xelmZRvaneloben ara marto dawerili, aramed dauwereli kanonebiTac, romelTac `TamaSis wesebs~ uwodeben. maT mSvenivrad ician, rom am wesebis darRvevas, gardauvlad mosdevs TamaSidan gaZeveba. klientebTan da partniorebTan saxelis gatexas, rogorc ityvian, Tavis gatexa sjobia. magaliTad, mewarmis mier sxva firmis saqonluri niSnis miTviseba, gadasaxadisagan Tavis arideba, Semosavlis gadamalva, xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, klientis motyueba da a.S. iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze did zneobriv da moqalaqeobriv codva-danaSaulad da isjeba rogorc biznesis samyaroSi prestiJis dakargviT, ise sisxlis samarTlis wesiT.
229

228

erTguli, saimedo da piriani kacis saxeli mewarmisaTvis yvelaze saukeTeso savizito baraTia. mewarmis sityva gacilebiT Zvirad fasobs, vidre nebismieri xelmowera, beWedi Tu Tamasuqi; dauzareli, Sromismoyvare. uSromelad, cxadia, arasdros arc erTi saqme ar gakeTebula, magram mewarmeoba mainc iseTi saqmianobaa, romelic warmoudgenelia titanuri Sromis gareSe. profesiuli specifikidan gamomdinare, mewarme unda iyos dauRalavi, sistematurad moZravi. sxvanairad misi biznes-saqmianoba normalurad ver warimarTeba; adamianebTan urTierTobaSi zomieri, Tavaziani da megobruli. biznesis warmatebaSi am Tvisebebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, lomis wili udevs. igulisxmeba mewarmis urTierToba mimwodeblebTan, klientebTan, partniorebTan, bankirebTan, saqmianobis mravali sxva sferos warmomadgenlebTan. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis floba biznesis yvela warmomadgenels moeTxoveba, magram gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia sawarmos xelZRvanelTaTvis, saerTod, SromiTi koleqtivis saqmianobis organizebulad warmarTvisaTvis. vinc dajildoebulia organizatoruli niWiT da amave dros dinji, taqtiani da adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovnebas dauflebulia, swored mas ZaluZs lideris rolis warmatebiT Sesruleba; qvelmoqmedi, gulmowyale . ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi mdidari biznesmeni, rogorc wesi, Tavmdabali, Rimiliani da qvelmoqmedia. amas is akeTebs ara iZulebiT, aramed nebayoflobiT, Tavisi Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinare. mokled rom vTqvaT, qvelmoqmedeba damokidebulia mewarmis ara marto materialur SesaZleblobaze, aramed sulier simdidrezec. amis naTeli magaliTia Cveni saxelovani Tanamemamulis d.sarajiSvilis mier qarTuli erovnuli universitetis mSeneblobaSi Setanili wvlili da didZali saxsrebis daxarjva niWieri qarTveli axalgazrdebis dasavleT evropis mecnierebisa da kulturis centrebSi codnis miRebis mizniT misavlineblad.
230

upovarTa da gaWirvebulTa mimarT gulmowyaleba srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom mewarme Tavis qonebas haiharad flangavdes. ai, ras wers amis Taobaze amerikeli miliardeli menejeri l. iakoka: `dagrovili fulidan TveSi milioni dolaric rom davxarjo, mTeli cxovreba meyofa, magram, axlac ver vitan mflangvelobas. SevZeli, aseTi cxovrebis wesi Semeswavlebina Cemi qaliSvilebisaTvisac, romlebic, vatyob, fuls aqeT-iqiT ar fantaven da saWiro nivTebs Camofasebuli saqonlis maRaziebSic yiduloben~; saidumloebis Semnaxveli . firmis saidumloeba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos mecnierul-teqnikur progresTan, teqnologiur procesebTan, marTvasTan, finansebTan, saqonlis realizaciasTan da a.S. imisaTvis, rom Tavi daicvas konkurentebisagan, mewarme ufrTxildeba agreTve ama Tu im saxeobis produqciis damzadebis originaluri teqnologiisa da qimiuri Semadgenlobis saidumloebas. amis sailustraciod sakmarisia Tundac mitrofane laRiZis _ am cnobili qarTveli mewarmis _ teqnologiiT damzadebuli sayovelTaod aRiarebuli `laRiZis wylebis~ dRemde Semonaxuli saidumloebis gaxseneba; mgrZnobiare da alRoiani . namdvili biznesmeni unda iyos araordinaruli, originaluri pirovneba. igi Tavis irgvliv myofebisagan gansxvavebulad unda iqceodes. roca bernard baruks hkiTxes, rogor miaRwie esoden didZal simdidresa da warmatebaso, man ase upasuxa: `es Zalian iolia. iyideT maSin, roca irgvliv yvela yidis da gayideT, roca yvelani mxolod yiduloben~. gaxsovdeT: namdvili mewarme cdilobs mivides iq, saidanac sxvebi gamorbian; Sromobs, roca sxvebs sZinavT; mgzavrobs, roca sxvebi sadilad sxedan; gegmavs, roca sxvebi erTobian. igi TiTqmis ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan samuSao da gamosasvlel dReebs Tu Tqven gadawyvetili gaqvT momavalSi biznesis sferoSi moRvaweoba, magram ar iciT, ramdenad pasuxobT mis moTxovnebs, mizanSewonilia gaiaroT testireba. misi Sinaarsi daaxloebiT aseTnairad SeiZleba warmovidginoT (ix. nax. 5.2).
231

Tv is ebebi iniciativianoba 5 gamorCeulad iniciativiani, mudam siaxlisaken mswrafi zusti, swrafi da gaazrebulad riskiani

qu le bi 4 zomierad iniciativiani 3 naklebad iniciativiani 2 uiniciativo

gabeduleba da riskianoba Seupovroba

gabeduli, magram frTxili

naklebad riskiani, gaubedavi saSualod Seupovari

metismetad frTxili, mSiSara mxdali, araTviTdajerebuli

maqsimalurad Seupovari, zomierad mtkiced Seupovari TviTdajerebuli unariani organizatori kompetenturi lideri davalebaTa normaluri Semsrulebeli `TamaSis wesebisadmi~ erTguli dauzareli, saqmis gulisxmierad mkeTebeli

organizatoruli eqstraklasis unari organizatori lideroba gamorCeuli lideri gansakuTrebuli TviTpasuxismgeblobis mqone

damakmayofile- susti beli organizatori organizatori saSualo arafriT ar donis lideri gamoirCeva kolegebisagan yovelTvis ver iCens jerovan pasuxismgeblobas ZiriTadad uRalato partniori dakisrebuli movaleobis Semsrulebeli xSirad gaurbis davalebaTa Sesrulebas sruli ndoba sariskoa

testirebis Sedegad qulebis maqsimaluri odenoba SeiZleba iyos 50, minimaluri _ 20. realurad, albaT, erTic gamoricxulia da meorec, ramdenadac iSviaTi iqneba ara marto iseTi adamiani, romelic testSi aRniSnul yvela Tvisebas maqsimalurad flobs, aramed iseTic, romelic yvela maTganisadmi mwyralad gamoiyureba. am momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirobiT, qulebis gansazRvrul odenobas SeiZleba Semdegnairi Sefaseba mivceT: saukeTeso(50-46), kargi(45_36), saSualo(35-26), cudi(25 da naklebi). testirebis safuZvelze, vTqvaT, aRmogaCndaT ramdenime susti Tviseba da miiReT dabali Sefaseba, magram mainc ar gsurT Tqveni gadawyvetilebis Secvla. am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs orgvari gamosavali: jer-erTi, intensiurad izrunoT am susti mxareebis dasaZlevad, da meore, SemoikriboT iseTi partniorebi romlebic Seavseben Tqvens naklovanebebs.
warmatebuli mewarmeebi amerikuli sinamdvilidan. biznesmeni (mewarme) SemoqmedebiTi da individualuri

pasuxismgebloba

gulwrfeloba da sayoelTaod patiosneba aRiarebuli saimedo partniori Sromisunarianoba da Sromismoyvareoba zedmiwevniT Sromismoyvare, uSreti energiis patroni Sinagani bunebiT kolegialuri sayovelTaod cnobili qvelmoqmedi

dabali Sromisunariani

kolegialoba

TanamosaqmeebTan adamianebTan Tavaziani da urTierTobaSi erTguli metwilad zomieri zomieri qvelmoqmedi da gulmowyale ar gaurbis qvelmoqmedebas

Znelad egueba koleqtivs

qvelmoqmedeba da gulmowyaleba

cdilobs Tavidan aicilos qvelmoqmedeba

nax. 5.2. mewarmeobrivi Tvisebebis gansazRvris testi 232

bunebis, kritikulad moazrovne piria, romelic ideebs saqonlad da momsaxurebad gardaqmnis. qvemoT motanilia zogierTi mewarmis ramdenime magaliTi da maTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi amerikuli sinamdvilidan. zogierTi mewarme : saqmianobas adreul asakSi iwyebs . skolaSi swavlis periodSi bad hedfilds Tavis sardafSi stamba hqonda mowyobili, romelsac `saojaxo axali ambebi~ uwoda, igi kardakar yidda sareklamo prospeqtebs, savizito baraTebs da sxv. saxis nabeWd produqcias. 1967 wels man daaarsa `kvik kopi~ da dRes ukve poligrafiuli korporaciebis msoflioSi udidesi aliansis Tavmjdomarea. Cveulebriv produqcias srulyofs da yidis . ed lou fiqrobda Tixis im granulebis axlebur gamoyenebaze, rasac benzingasamarT sadgurebze zeTisa da sapoxi nivTierebis absor233

birebisaTvis iyeneben. man `fisunias sagebis~ saxeliT daiwyo granulebis SefuTva da daaarsa axali kompania, romelic yovelwliurad milionobiT dolaris mogebas Rebulobs. saqonlis gayidvis axal gzebs miagnebs xolme . lein nemetma saganmanaTleblo saTamaSoebis gavrcelebisa da gayidvis unikalur meTods miagno. am qalbatonma aRmoaCina, rom amgvari saTamaSoebi yovelTvis rodi iyideba Cveulebrivi saTamaSoebis maRaziebSi. man ver moaxerxa sakuTari maRaziis gasaxsnelad sakmarisi Tanxis Segroveba da Tavis mier Seqmnil nimuSebs yidda saxlSi mowyobil `saTamaSoebis wveulebebze~, romlebsac misi megobrebi uZRvebodnen. nemetis firmas (`diskaveri toi~) amJamad aSS-Si aqvs amgvari samarketingo strategiiT moqmedi sakuTari savaWro agenturis farTo qseli. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa isic, rom maikl delma myidvelebs pirvelma SesTavaza kompiuteruli teqnika internetiT. axal bazrebs `aRmoaCens~ xolme da maTTvis axal produqcias qmnis . eqvsma dam, gvarad ieim yuradReba miaqcia imas, Tu raoden rTulia azieli qalebisaTvis maTi kanis Sesaferisi kosmetikis tonis SerCeva. ase daaarses maT firma `Jen kosmetiksi~. im ideaTa srulyofaze muSaobs, romlebsac wlobiT atarebda gulSi. jer kidev kolejSi swavlisas fred smiTs sjeroda, rom sahaero transportiT tvirTebis gadazidvis bizness SeeZlo warmatebiT emuSava msxvili aviakompaniebis gareSe. man daadgina erT RameSi werilebisa da mcire amanaTebis gadatanis bazari, daeyrdno sakuTar energiasa da SorsmWvretelobas da daaarsa firma `federal eqspresi~. ukve moqmed sawarmoebSi muSaoben . kompania `3m~-i, mkvlevarTa SemoqmedebiTi unaris gamovlenis wasaxaliseblad nebas rTavs Tavis muSakebs samuSao drois 15% saintereso proeqtebs dauTmon. art fraim _ `3m~-Si momuSave mecnierma gamoiyena Tavisi TanamSromlis uxarisxo webovani lenti, daaweba is qaRaldis
234

patar-patara furclebze da daiwyo maTi wignis saniSnad da baraTebis misawerad gamoyeneba. miRebul produqcias `post-iti~ ewoda da msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili saqoneli gaxda.
mewarmeTa strategiebi. mewarmeebs SemoqmedebiTi ideebis

mqone iRblian adamianebad Tvlian. diax, maT marTlac aqvT Wkvianuri ideebi da bevri maTgani iRblianicaa, magram, amave dros, isini Semdegi strategiuli gegmebis mixedviT moqmedeben: moulodnelad gamoCenili xelsayreli SesaZleblobebi. cxovelebisaTvis gankuTvnili medikamentebis msxvilma mwarmoebelma saqmianoba XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac adamianebisaTvis antibiotikebis mwarmoebel kompaniebs ar surdaT TavianTi produqcia veterinarebisaTvis mieyidaT. cvalebadi sabazro pirobebi. adamianebis zrunvam sakuTar janmrTelobaze xelsayreli sabazro SesaZleblobebi Seqmna kurortebisa da sanatoriumebis gansaviTareblad, savarjiSo trenaJorebis, xolo sul bolo xans, mcenareuli preparatebisa da vitaminebis warmoebisaTvis. garda amisa, saojaxo meurneobebis raodenobis zrdam gamoiwvia personaluri kompiuterebis reklamaciis gadideba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, iseTma kompaniebma, rogoricaa `kompuservi~, `emerika onlaini~ da `netskeip komunikeiSensi~, SeimuSaves momsaxurebis iseTi forma da programuli uzrunvelyofa, rac qmnis saSinao pirobebSi internetiTa da sxva operatiul, anu onlain reJimSi moqmedi momsaxurebiT sargeblobis saSualebas. produqciis an procesis gaumjobeseba . pirveli kamerebiT fotosuraTebis gadasaRebad Znelad saxmari da advilad msxvrevadi minis firfitebi iyo saWiro. kompania `istmen-kodakis~ TanamSromelma jorj istmenma SeimuSava iafi da msubuqi, magram mtkice celuloidis firi, romelmac mTlianad Secvala fotografia. cifruli fotografiis gamoCenasTan erTad ki Cven morigi siaxleebis momswreni vxdebiT.
235

 alternatiuli saqonlis an momsaxurebis miwodeba momxmareblisaTvis . `tailenoli~ da aspirinis sxva Semcvlelebi adamianTa im mcire jgufisaTvis Seiqmna, visac aspirinis gamoyeneba ar SeeZlo. dRes es alternatiuli medikamentebi `Tavis tkivilis wamlebis bazarze~ dominireben. zemoT xsenebuli `federal eqspresi~ da tvirTebis sahaero gadazidvebis biznesSi Cabmuli sxva firmebi (iu-pi-esi~, `di-eiC-eli~, `earborn eqspresi~ da a.S.) momxmarebels uzrunvelyofen momsaxurebiT, rac Tavis droze mxedvelobidan gamorCa aSS-is safosto samsaxurs _ paketebis adresatebisaTvis mitana erT RameSi. sazogadoebrivi tendenciebis gansazRvra . sazogadoebrivi tendenciebis cvlileba bevr axal xelsayrel SesaZleblobas qmnis. momuSave dedaTa ricxvis zrdam moiTxova meti baga-baRi. specialuri kontraqtis safuZvelze moqmed sawarmoTa jgufebi, rogoricaa `kinderkeari~ da sxv. amisi TvalsaCino magaliTia.
biznes-gegmis arsi, daniSnuleba da struqtura.

biznesi (samewarmeo saqmianoba), ise rogorc nebismieri sxva saqmianoba, moiTxovs winaswar gaazrebas, e.i. mewarmem Tavisi konkretuli saqmianobis dawyebamde mizanSewonilia Seqmnas Tavisi Canafiqris monaxazi. man winaswar qaRaldze unda asaxos, Tu risi gakeTeba surs da rogor apirebs amis ganxorcielebas. mxolod amis Semdeg unda Seudges igi Canafiqris praqtikul realizacias. rogorc okeaneSi mocurave gemisaTvisaa aucilebeli kompasi, ise sabazro ekonomikis oromtrialSi moqmedi sawarmosaTvis _ gegma. diax, biznes-gegma sWirdeba, uwinares yovlisa, TviT biznesmenebs, raTa imoqmedon ara stiqiurad, inerciiT, aramed gaazrebulad, mizanswrafulad. Semdeg, aseTi `gegma-scenari~ saWiroa kreditorisaTvis, vinc unda gasces sesxi mewarmis Canafiqris realizaciisaTvis, agreTve mocemuli sawarmos TanamSromlebisaTvis,
236

romelTac surT icodnen sakuTari sawarmos miznebi, amocanebi da perspeqtivebi. biznes-gegma, romelic, Cveulebriv, dgeba 3-5 wlis vadiT, moicavs Semdeg ZiriTad ganyofilebebs: reziume. masSi daxasiaTebulia SemoTavazebuli warmoebis mizani, siaxle, produqciis asortimenti, moculoba, amonagebi, danaxarjebi, mTliani mogeba, warmoebis rentabeloba da sxv.; saqoneli (momsaxureba). am ganyofilebaSi aRwerilia proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) samomxmareblo Tvisebebi, arsebiTi gansxvavebani konkurentebis nawarmisagan, mosalodneli danaxarjebi da fasis prognozi; gasaRebis bazari. igi biznes-gegmis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia da moicavs im bazris koniunqturis daxasiaTebas, sadac mocemuli firmis mier gamoSvebulma nawarmma unda ipovos myidveli; konkurencia. masSi ganisazRvreba mTavari konkurentebis produqciis realizaciis moculoba, Semosavali, axali modelebis danergvis perspeqtivebi, ZiriTadi nawarmis xarisxi da dizaini, agreTve fasebis politika da done; marketingis strategia . gegmis es nawili moicavs iseTi problemebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa: saqonlis gavrcelebis sqema, faswarmoqmna, reklama, realizaciis stimulirebis meTodebi, saqonlis gayidvis Semdgomi momsaxurebis organizacia, firmisa da saqonlis Taobaze sazogadoebrivi azris formireba; warmoebis gegma. misi mTavari amocanaa saTanado gaangariSebiT imis dasabuTeba, Tu mocemul firmas realurad risi, ranairi xarisxis, ra raodenobiT da rogor vadebSi SeuZlia warmoeba da momxmareblisaTvis miwodeba; organizaciuli gegma. masSi aRwerilia firmis saqmianobis marTvis organizaciis sistema. aqve miTiTebulia mocemuli firmis Statiani specialistebiT uzrunvelyofis wyaroebi, maTi da xelmZRvaneli muSakebis xelfasis done, StatgareSe eqspertebis
237

mozidvis SesaZleblobani; iuridiuli gegma. am ganyofilebaSi ganisazRvreba firmis organizaciis forma sakuTrebis TvalsazrisiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs mis samarTlebriv statuss. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad SemdgomSi muSavdeba dokumenti, romelic uzrunvelyofs firmis momavali saqmianobis regulirebas. samewarmeo saqmianobis ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeulia sawarmo . igi meurneobrivi subieqtia, romelic uzrunvelyofs warmoebis faqtorTa kombinirebis safuZvelze saqonlis (momsaxurebis) warmoebisa da gasaRebis meSveobiT sakuTari interesebis realizacias. sawarmos Sinaarsis identuri gagebiT xSirad moixsenieba firma. sinamdvileSi sawarmos aqvs safirmo saxelwodeba, romliTac igi funqcionirebs. ase, magaliTad, individualuri mewarmis safirmo saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos misi saxeli da gvari, sawarmos safirmo saxelwodeba ki SeiZleba misi saqmianobis specifikidanac SeirCes.

leqcia 14. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi

`gamdidrebis kargi saSualebaa amxanagobebi, Tu saqme gaqvs sando adamianebTan.~ f.bekoni
samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtebi arian fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebi, romlebsac TavianTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisa da regulirebis sferoSi aqvT garkveuli uflebebi da movaleobebi, amasTan, samewarmeo urTierTobebSi gamodian sakuTari saxeliT. fizikuri piria moqalaqe, romelic, iuridiuli piris statusis miuReblad, erTpirovnulad eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas. samewarmeo saqmianobis ufleba ZalaSi Sedis individualur mewarmed registraciis momentidan. iuridiuli piria, uwinares yovlisa, organizacia an gansazRvruli formiT organizebuli gaerTianeba, romelsac: aqvs gamocalkevebuli qoneba; SeuZlia am qonebiT pasuxi agos Tavis valdebulebebze; Tavisi saxeliT miiRos da ganaxorcielos qonebrivi da araqonebrivi uflebebi; ikisros valdebulebebi, aRZras sarCeli (an, piriqiT, mis winaaRmdeg aRiZras sarCeli) sasamarTloSi da xeli moaweros kontraqtebs; hqondes damoukidebeli balansi an xarjTaRricxva. mewarme subieqtis gansazRvrebas gvTavazobs saqarTvelos 2005 wlis kanoni `Tavisufali vaWrobis da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~. am kanonis Tanaxmad, ekonomikuri agenti (mewarme, subieqti) aris iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, romelic, ganurCevlad sawarmos organizaciul-samarTlebrivi da sakuTrebis formisa, eweva
239

238

samewarmeo saqmianobas. es termini moicavs agreTve mogebaze araorientirebul asociaciebs, fondebsa da sxva gaerTianebebs, romlebic warmoadgenen bazris monawileebs, an moqmedeben mewarmeebis, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebisa da profesiuli gaerTianebebis interesebis Sesabamisad. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi mocemulia samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebel organizaciul-samarTlebriv formaTa amomwuravi CamonaTvali. esenia: individualuri sawarmo, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da kooperativi. aqedan yvela, garda individualuri sawarmosi, iuridiuli piris statusiT sargeblobs. samarTlebrivi doqtrina pirobiTad sawarmoebs personaluri (amxanagobis) da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebad yofs. pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba da komandituri sazogadoeba, sadac pirovnul elements gacilebiT ufro prioritetuli adgili uWiravs. meore jgufs ki ekuTvnis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da kooperativi, sadac prioritetulia partniorTa mier Senatanebis ganxorcieleba. aseTi sazogadoebebis saqmianobis operatiul marTvasa da warmomadgenlobas axorcieleben amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili organoebi. marTalia, amgvar dayofas aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba, magram igi mainc pirobiTia, ramdenadac yoveli partnioris ukan yovelTvis dgas garkveuli moculobis kapitali. amxanagobisa da kapitaluri ti pis sazogadoebebs aqvs rogorc msgavsi, ise ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT, uwinares yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia rom nebismieri tipis sazogadoeba warmoadgens samewarmeo organizacias; maT gaaCniaT gankerZoebuli qoneba; dabolos, maTi dafuZneba monawileTa SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba maT Soris arsebul gansxvavebas, aRsaniSnavia
240

Semdegi: amxanagobis ti pis sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi moqmedi kanonmdebloba ar moiTxovs sawesdebo kapitalis arsebobas maSin, roca kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebisaTvis mkacrad ganisazRvreba sawesdebo kapitalis minimumi; amxanagobis ti pis sazogadoebis wevrs ufleba ara aqvs iyos sxva amxanagobis wevri (garda komanditisa), kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebis partniorTa mimarT ki aseTi SezRudva ar arsebobs (garda direqtorebisa, romlebzec vrceldeba konkurenciis akrZalva); yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba pasuxismgeblobis moculobaSia: kapitaluri ti pis sazogadoebaTa partniorebis pasuxismgebloba mxolod maT mier sawesdebo kapitalSi ganxorcielebuli Senatanis odenobiT ganisazRvreba maSin, roca amxanagobis ti pis sazogadoebaTa monawileni (garda komanditisa) pasuxs ageben mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod. qvemoT motanil 5.3 naxazze sqematurad warmodgenilia samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi. rig SemTxvevaSi samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtad SeiZleba gamovidnen iseTi iuridiuli pirebi, romelTa ZiriTadi mizania arakomerciuli saqmianoba, Tumca, sawesdebo miznis misaRwevad aseTi organizaciebi uflebamosilni arian ganaxorcielon samewarmeo saqmianoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini monawileoben samewarmeo urTierTobaSi da moqmedeben rogorc samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtebi (kavSirebi da fondebi). samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa Semdeg jgufs miekuTvneba subieqtebi, romlebic axorcieleben samewarmeo saqmianobis regulirebas, rig SemTxvevaSi _ kontrols. esenia: saxelmwifo da municipaluri organoebi, aseve, zogierT SemTxvevaSi _ TviT sawarmo. samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa dayofa samewarmeo saqmianobis warmmarTvelad da samewarmeo saqmianobis maregulireblad , ra Tqma unda, ar aris absoluturad zusti. zogierT SemTxvevaSi xdeba am ori funqciis Serwyma. magaliTad, saxelmwifos, romelic axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobis samarTlebriv
241

nax. 5.3. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli ZiriTadi subieqtebi

i u ri d i uli p i ri

k om a nd i turi sa zoga doeba

k oop e ra ti v i

regulirebas, SeuZlia Tavad ganaxorcielos samewarmeo saqmianoba. meore mxriv, sawarmo, aris ra samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqti, uflebamosilia hqondes Svilobili sawarmoebi da aregulirebdes maT saqmianobas. zemoT CamoTvlil subieqtTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania uSualod samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi (sawarmoebi), romlebic Sinaarsobrivad erTsa da imave saqmianobas axorcieleben, Tumca, maT regulirebaSi arsebobs zogierTi saxis gansxvavebebi.
sawarmos arsi da klasifikaciis ZiriTadi niSnebi. sawarmos cneba postsabWour qveynebSi mravali wlis

samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi

k a p i ta lu ri ti pis sa zoga doeba

ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT 1923 da 1927 wlis debulebebi `saxelmwifo samrewvelo trestebis Sesaxeb~. mogvianebiT, 1965 wels sakavSiro mTavrobis mier miRebul iqna debuleba `saxelmwifo samrewvelo sawarmoebis Sesaxeb~, 1987 wels ki _ kanoni `saxelmwifo sawarmoebis (gaerTianebebis) Sesaxeb~. sagulisxmoa, rom es iyo mcdeloba, ekonomikis sferos miuxedavad, yvela sawarmos saqmianobisaTvis daedginaT erTiani regulireba. ra Tqma unda, es exeboda mxolod saxelmwifo sawarmoebs, xolo kooperativebis saqmianoba ganisazRvreboda 1988 wlis kanoniT `kooperaciis Sesaxeb~. sabWoTa sistemis ngrevis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi jer 1991, Semdeg 1994 wels miRebul iqna sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebmac sawarmo kidev ufro meti srulyofilebiT warmogvidgina. sawarmos cneba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis erTerT fuZemdeblur cnebad iqca. am kanonis mixedviT, `sawarmo aris pirTa da qonebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri erTianoba. sawarmos miekuTvneba aseve sawarmoTa da muSa-mosamsaxureTa saqmianobac. garda amisa, mas ganekuTvneba aramaterialuri faseulobani, faqtobrivi urTierTobebi, sawarmoo saidumloebani. sawarmos cneba moicavs aseve materialur faseulobebsa da uflebebs, agreTve
243

amxanagobis ti pis sa zoga doeba

s o li d a ru li pasuxismgeblobis sa zoga doeba

242

i n d i v i d u a lu ri sawarmo

f izi ku ri p iri

S e z R u d u li pasuxismgeblobis sa zoga doeba

s aa q ci o sa zoga doeba

valdebulebebs~. sxva sityvebiT, sawarmo aris sawarmoo-sameurneo da socialuri sistema, romlis mTavar mizans warmoadgens gansazRvruli saxis saqonliT (samuSaoTi, momsaxurebiT) sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba da amis safuZvelze mogebis miReba, aseve samuSao adgilebis SeTavazeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, adamianTa materialuri uzrunvelyofis wyaros warmoadgens. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqti, rom termini `sawarmo~ ekonomikur Teoriasa da sameurneo praqtikaSi sxvadasxva gagebiT gamoiyeneba. erT SemTxvevaSi masSi moiazreba sazogadoeba (kompania, korporacia), anu aRniSnavs samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebel subieqts, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki masSi igulisxmeba sameurneo miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili sawarmoo-sameurneo erTeuli, rogorc materialuri saSualebebisa da adamianTa gansazRvruli erTianoba. klasikuri gagebiT, sawarmo aris garkveuli saxis produqciis warmoebis, samuSaoTa Sesrulebis an momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT Seqmnili damoukidebeli sameurneo erTeuli. sawarmoTa klasifikacias axdenen saqmianobis xasiaTis, sakuTrebis formebis, sididis, organizaciuli agebisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT. saqmianobis xasiaTis mixedviT gamoyofen: samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo, samSeneblo, satransporto, savaWro, komunaluri momsaxurebisa da sxva sawarmoebs; sakuTrebis formebis mixedviT arsebobs: kerZo, koleqtiuri, saxelmwifo da Sereuli sawarmoebi; sididis mixedviT ansxvaveben: msxvil, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebs. organizaciuli agebis mixedviT gamoiyofa sawarmoTa Semdegi ZiriTadi ti pebi: erTpirovnuli mflobeloba, amxanagoba (anu partnioroba) da korporacia. erTpirovnuli mflobeloba (individualuri sawarmo) _ esaa erTi piris damoukidebeli sawarmoo saqmianoba sakuTari
244

interesebis Sesabamisad: mflobels gaaCnia materialuri saSualebebi, rac saWiroa mocemuli saqmianobisaTvis, da uSualod TviTon akontrolebs sawarmoo process. samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciis am umartives tips gaaCnia Semdegi ZiriTadi upiratesobani: * misi organizeba (daarseba) advilia. amisaTvis araa saWiro wesdebis (debulebis) an sxva iuridiuli sabuTebis SemuSavebadamtkiceba. Tu amgvari wamowyeba grZelvadiania, maSin aucilebelia licenzia an patenti; * ramdenadac mflobeli TviTonaa Tavisi Tavis ufrosi, gamoirCeva TavisuflebiT, damoukideblobiT da moqmedebis operatiulobiT. gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis ar saWiroebs arc direqtorTa sabWosadmi mimarTvas da arc partniorebTan SeTanxmebas (aseTTa ararsebobis gamo). es forma gansakuTrebiT kargad esadageba mkveTrad gamokveTili individualisturi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebs; * ramdenadac mTeli Semosavali (mogeba) individualuri mewarmis sakuTrebaa, igi maqsimalurad dainteresebulia warmoebis maRali efeqtianobiT, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi iCens did sifrTxiles da gulmodgineT axorcielebs TviTkontrols. cdilobs, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, saqmiani operaciebis maqsimalurad gafarToebas; * erTpirovnuli mflobeloba firmis saidumloebaTa dacvis saukeTeso garantiaa; * erTob moqnili da mobiluria. mas, bazris koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlia swrafad Secvalos moqmedebis mimarTulebebi; * erTpirovnuli mflobeloba mewarmes aZlevs gamocdilebis SeZenis saSualebas, rac SemdgomSi SeiZleba man ufro didi samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis gamoiyenos. magram erTpirovnul mflobelobas gaaCnia seriozuli naklovanebebic : Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT iSviaT gamonaklisebs, erTpi245

rovnuli mewarmis finansuri SesaZleblobani SezRudulia. imis gamo, rom aseTi sawarmoebis gakotreba xSiria, bankebi maT ar aZleven msxvil da grZelvadian kredits, xolo sakuTari saxsrebi sakmarisi araa teqnikur-teqnologiur siaxleTa dasanergad. amis gamo samewarmeo saqmianobis masStabi ramdenadme SezRudulia; erTpirovnuli mewarme iZulebulia Seasrulos marTvis yvela funqcia, miiRos yvela gadawyvetileba (organizaciuli, finansuri, teqnikuri, komerciuli, sakredito da a.S.). amitom erTpirovnuli sawarmo moklebulia im sikeTes, romelsac iZleva marTvis specializacia; SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis gamo, didi zaralis dafarvam an valis gadaxdis saWiroebam SeiZleba individualur mewarmes daakargvinos mTeli piradi qoneba (saxli, miwis nakveTi, avtomanqana, danazogi da a.S.); erTpirovnuli biznesi SeiZleba Sewydes mflobelis dainvalidebis, dapatimrebis an gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. qoneba SeiZleba gadavides memkvidris xelSi da es ukanaskneli gaxdes moqmedi piri, magram iuridiulad (da realuradac) biznesi arsebiTad kvdeba mflobelTan erTad. amxanagoba (partnioroba) _ esaa samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciis iseTi forma, roca ori an meti piri SeTanxmdebian warmoebis erToblivi flobisa da marTvis Sesaxeb. Cveulebriv, isini aerTianeben TavianT finansur resursebs da saqmis gaZRolis unars. es imas niSnavs, rom isini inawileben risks, mogebas da zarals. monawileobis xasiaTis mixedviT partnioroba sxvadasxvagvaria: SeiZleba yvela partniori aqtiurad monawileobdes sawarmos saqmianobaSi, xolo zogierTi maTgani _ pasiur rols asrulebdes. amxanagobas gaaCnia Semdegi ZiriTadi upiratesobani: * erTpirovnul mflobelobaTa msgavsad, amxanagobebi advili Sesaqmnelia da arc specialuri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba. werilobiT SeTanxmebas partniorobis Sesaxeb, romelic yvela partniors Soris ideba, SeuZlia gaarkvios, Tu sakuTari droisa da energiis
246

ra nawils moaxmars sawarmos saqmianobas TiToeuli maTgani; * monawileTa simravle saSualebas iZleva moxdes marTvis specializacia, e.i. sawarmos saqmianobis yvela ubans saTaveSi Caudges am saqmis specialisti; * partniorTa simravlis gamo amxanagobis finansuri SesaZleblobani gacilebiT didia, vidre erTpirovnuli mflobelobisa. amxanagobis naklia Semdegi: amxanagobis marTvaSi monawileobs mravali partniori, ris gamoc araiSviaTad Tavs iCens interesTa da mosazrebaTa daumTxvevloba, rac aZnelebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas; amxanagobis arsebobis xangrZlivoba alalbedzea damokidebuli: romelime wevris gasvlam an gardacvalebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios partniorobis nawilobrivi an sruli reorganizacia, daSla; fuladi saxsrebis raodenoba, romlis mobilizebac amxanagobas SeuZlia, SezRudulia partniorTa simdidriTa da fulis sesxad aRebis SesaZleblobiT; SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba iseve emuqreba amxanagobas, rogorc erTpirovnul mflobelobas: faqtobrivad yvela partniori pasuxismgebelia ara marto sakuTari moqmedebis, aramed nebismieri sxva partnioris moqmedebis gamoc. calkeul gamonaklisebs Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, arc partniorobaze damyarebuli firmebis masStabebia didi da isini, erTpirovnul mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoebTan erTad, metwilad mcire biznesis sferos ganekuTvnebian. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi aRiarebulia mcire biznesis Semdegi aTi Rirseba: damoukidebloba moqmedebaSi . mcire firmebSi, rogorc wesi, mmarTvelobiTi ierarqia araa daculi, rac energiul da iniciativian mewarmeebs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas aZlevs; operatiuloba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi . msxvil firmebTan SedarebiT, mcire biznesSi gamartivebulia mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rac koniunqturul cvlilebebze
247

swrafi reagirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva; adgilobrivi pirobebis TaviseburebebTan adaptacia . mcire bizness SedarebiT eadvileba produqciis warmoebisa da realizaciis adgilobrivi specifikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswineba da maTTan Segueba, rac warmatebis mniSvnelovani garantiaa; sazogadoebrivi aRiareba . mcire biznesi, roca igi funqcionirebs `TamaSis wesebis~ dacviT, sazogadoebrivi azris Zlieri simpaTiebiT sargeblobs. es, nawilobriv, SeRavaTian dabegvraSic vlindeba; ekonomiuroba. SedarebiT mcirea danaxarjebi mowyobilobebze, gaTboba-ganaTebaze, mmarTvelobaze da a.S.; swrafSedegianoba . mcire biznesi (msxvil kapitalur dabandebebTan SedarebiT) ufro swrafad iZleva mogebas; xangrZlivvadianoba . biznes-saqmianobis normalurad warmarTvisas firmas SeuZlia xangrZlivad funqcionireba, realizaciis Sedegad sxvis xelSi gadasvlis Semdegac; profesiaTa SeTavsebadoba . mcire firmebSi dasaqmebuli biznesmeni erTsa da imave dros aris teqnologi, finansisti, menejeri da a.S., riTac mas mTeli Tavisi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis saSualeba eZleva; moqniloba da swrafi manevrirebis unarianoba . msxvil firmebTan SedarebiT, mcire firma maRali manevrirebis unarianobas iCens, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca bazari xasiaTdeba mkafiod gamokveTili sezonurobiT; mewarmuli suliskveTeba . rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, mcire firmebSi ufro mkveTrad vlindeba inovaciuri, mewarmuli suli. albaT, amitom Tu amboben aSS-Si, rom swored mcire mewarmeebs axasiaTebT odesRac ti piuri amerikuli mewarmeobisaTvis Cveuli romantizmi. mcire biznesis masobrivi xasiaTisa da firmebis saerTo ricxovnobaSi maRali xvedriTi wonis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebiT didia korporaciebis roli da mniSvneloba. magali248

Tad, amerikul korporaciebze, romlebic aSS-is sawarmoTa saerTo ricxovnobis mxolod 20%-s Seadgenen, warmoebuli mTliani erovnuli Semosavlis 90%-ze meti modis. erT-erTi amerikeli mkvlevaris xatovani gamoTqmiT, amerikis ekonomikis xerxemalia msxvili korporaciebi, xolo misi kunTebi _ mcire kompaniebi, romlebsac moZraobaSi mohyavT mcire biznesi. korporacia _ esaa samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciis iseTi forma, rodesac sawarmo gamoyofilia misi mflobelebisagan da mTavrobis mier miniWebuli aqvs iuridiuli piris statusi. korporacias gaaCnia sakuTari aqtivebi da ufleba aqvs SeiZinos resursebi, awarmoos da gayidos produqcia, aiRos da gasces kreditebi, aRZras sarCeli da sxv. erTpirovnul mlobelobasa da amxanagobasTan SedarebiT, korporacias gaaCnia Semdegi upiratesobani: * korporaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fuladi kapitalis mozidvis yvelaze unikaluri da efeqtiani wesi _ aqciebisa da obligaciebis gayidva. es saSualebas iZleva uamravi kerZo piris, organizaciis, sawarmos danazogTa `nakadulebi~ erT did mdinared iqces. garda amisa, korporaciebs bankebi kredits aZleven ufro iolad da meti xalisiT, vidre individualur da partniorul sawarmoebs: korporaciebi ufro konkurenciamedegni arian da amitom met ndobas imsaxureben bankebis mxriv; * korporaciis meore da arsebiTi upiratesobaa SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba. korporaciis mflobelebi (aqcionerebi) risks ewevian mxolod im TanxiT, rac aqciebis yidvisas gadaixades, gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi ki maTs sxva qonebas araviTari saSiSroeba ar emuqreba. kreditorebs SeuZliaT sarCeli aRZran korporaciis mimarT, magram ara aqcionerTa mimarT. swored esaa erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom korporaciaTa aqciebis gayidva problemas ar warmoadgens, rac maT uadvilebs fuladi kapitalis mozidvas; * fuladi kapitalis Tavmoyris unikaluri wesi korporaciebs saSualebas aZlevs gaafarToon warmoeba, danergon uaxlesi teqnika
249

da teqnologia, sruli zomiT isargeblon masiuri warmoebis upiratesobebiT. yovelive amis gamo korporacia ufro konkurentunariania, vidre sxva saxis sawarmoebi; * ramdenadac korporacia iuridiuli piria, igi arsebobs misi mflobelebisagan (aqcionerebisagan) damoukideblad: aqcionerTa mier aqciebis gayidva ar emuqreba mis arsebobas. amiT igi gansxvavdeba partniorobisagan, sadac romelime monawilis mier sakuTrebis uflebis sxvisTvis gadacema saSiSroebas uqmnis mis arsebobas. amgvarad, korporaciis upiratesobani aSkara da mniSvnelovania. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT araviTari nakli ar gaaCniaT. korporaciis naklovanebebia: korporaciis wesdebis registracia dakavSirebulia biurokratiul procedurasTan da moiTxovs iuridiuli momsaxurebis xarjebis gadaxdas; samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciis korporaciul formaSi Cadebulia zogierTi borotebis SesaZlebloba: arakeTilsindisier pirebs korporaciis safariT SeuZliaT Caidinon saeWvo sawarmoo saqmianoba (gamouSvan yalbi aqciebi da a. S.), xolo piradi pasuxismgebloba Tavidan aicilon; msxvil korporaciebSi, romelTa aqciebi gafantulia aTeul da aseul aTasobiT mesakuTreTa Soris, erTmaneTs scildeba mesakuTrisa da warmoebis saqmianobisadmi kontrolis funqciebi. aqciebis mflobelTa didi nawili ar iyenebs Tavis uflebas monawileoba miiRos marTvaSi. es korporaciis mmarTvelebs saSualebas aZlevs TavianTi Sexedulebis mixedviT gamoiyenon Tavmoyrili saxsrebi, xolo mmarTveli aparatisa da aqcionerTa interesebi yovelTvis rodi emTxveva erTmaneTs.
korporaciul gaerTianebaTa saxeebi. komerciuli xasiaTis organizaciebi, samewarmeo saqmianobis koordinaciis, saerTo qonebrivi da sxva strategiuli interesebis warmodgenisa da dacvis mizniT, xelSekrulebis safuZvelze erTiandebian sxvadasxva

korporaciul gaerTianebaSi. maTSi Tavmoyrili subieqtebi ZiriTadad inarCuneben avtonomiurobasa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis arCevis Tavisuflebas. gaerTianebis wevrTa urTierTobis mTavari principi Tavisufali nebis gamovlenaa, misi gamoxatulebis samarTlebrivi forma ki sadamfuZneblo xelSekruleba. msoflio praqtikaSi korporaciuli gaerTianebebis farTo speqtria warmodgenili, rac, Tavis mxriv, teqnikuri progresiTa da kapitalis koncentraciiTaa ganpirobebuli. qvemoT ganxilulia zogierTi maTgani. kavSirebi _ sawarmoTa dargobrivi, teritoriuli an sxva niSnis mixedviT Seqmnili gaerTianeba, romlis ZiriTad mizans masSi Tavmoyril subieqtTa saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso da sxva saxis organizaciebSi saerTo interesTa gatareba warmoadgens. kavSiris wevrebi ar ewevian erTobliv sameurneo saqmianobas. misi ZiriTadi funqciebia: ekonomikuri da iuridiuli xasiaTis prognozebis SemuSaveba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tematuri konferenciebis mowveva, mowinave gamocdilebis gaziareba-ganzogadeba, kavSiris wevrTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sagamomcemlo saqmianobis warmoeba. kavSiri uflebamosilia regionebSi Seqmnas Tavisi warmomadgenlobebi da specialuri fondebi. misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad sawevro Senatanebis da nebayoflobiTi Semowirulobebis xarjze xorcieldeba. sameurneo asociaciebi _ kavSirebis msgavsad, warmoadgenen TavianTi wevrebis interesebs saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso an sxva saxis organizaciebSi. asociaciebSi umTavresia ara warmomadgenlobiTi, aramed sawarmoo xasiaTis funqcia, romelSic asociaciis monawileTa Soris sawarmoo saqmianobis koordinaciis, maT Soris specializaciis gaRrmavebis, kooperaciis, gansazRvrul funqciaTa Sesrulebis centralizaciis da sxva saxis funqciebi moiazreba. asociaciis mTavari mizani axali sawarmoebis Seqmnaa. koncernebi _ gacilebiT centralizebuli struqturis mqone
251

250

gaerTianebebia. isini sawarmoo funqciebis, samecniero-teqnikuri politikis, investiciebis, safinanso da teqnikuri politikis, sagareoekonomikuri saqmianobis centralizaciis safuZvelze iqmnebian. koncerni, Seqmnili sistemis CarCoebSi, Tavis monawile subieqtebs gadascems sakuTari uflebamosilebisa da funqciebis mniSvnelovan nawils. koncerns axasiaTebs: kombinirebuli warmoebis princi pi, konkurentunariani produqciis gamoSvebis survili, axali teqnologiebisa da teqnikis danergva, samecniero potencialis koncentracia. koncerni erTgvarad monopolisturi gaerTianebaa, romelsac konglomeratisagan gansxvavebiT axasiaTebs sakuTrebisa da kontrolis erTianoba, monawile sawarmoTa Soris teqnologiuri da sawarmoo kavSirebis arseboba, naklebi diversifikacia. samarTlebrivi doqtrinidan gamomdinare, koncerni SeiZleba iyos vertikaluri da horizontaluri. vertikaluri rTuli struqturisaa da mrewvelobis sxvadasxva sferoSi dasaqmebul sawarmoebs aerTianebs. horizontaluri korcerni gacilebiT martivia da erT konkretul sferoSi dasaqmebul sawarmoTa gaerTianebas warmoadgens. qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, korcerni ar aris sawarmos organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma. koncerni aris faqtobrivi mdgomareoba, roca sawarmo flobs wilTa gansazRvrul nawils sxva sawarmoSi. koncerni ewodeba iseT faqtobriv mdgomareobas, rodesac erTi sawarmo flobs sxva sawarmos wilTa ormocdaaT procentze mets. aseT SemTxvevaSi ZiriTad sawarmos ekisreba ganacxados araZiriTad sawarmoSi monawileoba samewarmeo reestrSi registraciisaTvis. koncerni sawarmoTa kavSiris formaa. imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria es kavSiri, kanoni erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sawarmoTa urTierTkavSirebis ramdenime formas: 5%-iani monawileoba sxva sawarmoSi; 50%-ze meti wilobrivi monawileoba sxva sawarmoSi; 75%-ze metis monawileoba sxva sawarmoSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom koncernSi wilTa umravlesoba ZiriTadi
252

sawarmos xelSia, faqtobrivad xorcieldeba araZiriTadi sawarmos mimarT ZiriTadi sawarmos politika, Tumca mmarTvelobis organoebi iuridiulad damoukidebelia. ZiriTad sawarmos SeuZlia, rom misi wilis Sesabamisad daniSnos direqtorebi araZiriTad sawarmoSi, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. konsorciumi _ sapaio safuZvelze Seqmnili droebiTi kavSiria, romlis mizani erToblivi samewarmeo saqmianobis koordinaciaa, kerZod: sesxebis erToblivi ganTavseba, didi masStabis erToblivi finansuri da komerciuli operaciebis gatareba da a.S. konsorciumi, rogorc wesi, maSin iqmneba, roca gansaxorcielebeli globaluri proeqti erTi bankis finansuri SesaZleblobebis farglebs scdeba. aseTi gaerTianebis mizani xSirad konkretuli problemebis, proeqtebis, SekveTebis realizaciaa. konsorciumi zemoT aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis vadiT iqmneba. konsorciumis monawileTa interesebs saxelmwifo organoTa winaSe Tavad konsorciumi warmoadgens. es funqcia gaerTianebis aRmasrulebel organos ekuTvnis. monawileTa saqmianobis koordinacias konsorciumis `lideri~ axorcielebs, romelic, rogorc wesi, yvelaze msxvili samewarmeo struqturaa da danarCeni wevrebisagan garkveul anazRaurebas iRebs. igi warmoadgens konsorciumis yvela monawiles. misi funqciebi da uflebamosileba konsorciumis monawileTa mier miRebuli konsorcialuri SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreba. lideri iwvevs TaTbirebs yvela princi pialur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, akontrolebs da koordinacias uwevs monawileTa mier sakontraqto valdebulebaTa Sesrulebas. konsorciumis pasuxismgebloba SemkveTis winaSe solidarulia. rogorc wesi, gaerTianebis TiToeuli wevri qonebrivad pasuxismgebelia miRebuli SekveTidan misi wilis 8-10%-is moculobiT. Tanxebi, romlebic am farglebs scdeba, konsorciumis danarCen wevrebze maTi wilebis proporciulad nawildeba. konsorciumis Seqmna sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebiT formdeba. konsorciumis Seqmnis mTavari mizania masSi gaerTianebul sawarmoTa konkurentuna253

rianobis gazrda saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze. karteli _ sawarmoTa saxelSekrulebo gaerTianebaa produqciis gasaRebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa efeqturad gadasaWrelad. kartelis miznebia: gasaRebis bazrebis `dapyroba~, gavlenis sferoebis gamijvna, produqciis fasebis regulireba da a.S. praqtikaSi karteluri SeTanxmeba xSirad farulad arsebobs. kartelis monawileni inarCuneben finansur da sawarmoo damoukideblobas, gansazRvraven faswarmoqmnis politikas, awarmoeben patentebisa da teqnologiebis urTierTgacvlas. kartelis Seqmnis umTavresi mizani masSi gaerTianebul sawarmoTa Soris arsebuli konkurenciis aRmofxvra an misi reglamentirebaa. kartelSi, rogorc wesi, erTi da igive sferos warmomadgeneli sawarmoebi erTiandebian. kornerebi _ korporaciuli gaerTianebis martivi formaa, romlis mizania kapitalis akumulireba, rac konkretuli saqonlis mier gasaRebis bazris `dapyrobiskenaa~ mimarTuli. gaerTianebuli kapitali gamoiyeneba kornerisaTvis saintereso korporaciaTa aqciebis Sesasyidad, maTi Semdgomi gayidvis an aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT. konglomeratebi _ sawarmoTa gaerTianebaa, romelTac saerTo sawarmoo safuZveli ara aqvT, magram erTiandebian organizaciuli an finansuri kavSirebiT. konglomerati vertikaluri koncernis msgavsi gaerTianebaa, romlis ganmasxvavebeli niSania konglomeratis monawileTa farTo avtonomia. sxva sityvebiT, konglomerati _ es aris organizebuli warmonaqmni, romelSic erTiani finansuri kontroliT Tavmoyrilia sawarmoebi, romlebic teqnologiurad ar ukavSirdebian warmoebisa da gasaRebis, dazRvevis, samecnierokvleviT, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis, kinoindustriis da a.S. sferoebs. praqtikidan gamomdinare, konglomeratis Seqmnis procesi calkeul sawarmoTa reorganizacias, kerZod, Serwymas an SeerTebas ukavSirdeba, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba warmoiSvas axali warmonaqmni
254

axali saxelwodebiT, an im sawarmos saxeliT, romelmac miierTa danarCeni. rig SemTxvevebSi konglomeratis cnebis qveS igulisxmeba diversificirebuli, agreTve holdinguri kompaniebi. tresti _ sawarmoTa gaerTianebaa, romlis monawile subieqtebi garkveulwilad kargaven sawarmoo, komerciul da xSirad iuridiul damoukideblobas, radgan gaerTianeba maTi saqmianobis yvela parametrebiT xdeba. isini eqvemdebarebian erTian mmarTvelebs. tresti ekonomikuri da organizaciuli kavSirebis moqnilobiT xasiaTdeba. trestSi realuri Zalaufleba gamgeobis an saTao kompaniis xelSia Tavmoyrili. trestebis marTvis meqanizmis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva sawarmoTa aqcionerebi gadaandoben TavianT aqciebs ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs, sanacvlod aqciis serTifikats iReben, amasTan, xmis uflebaze uaris samagierod aqcionerebi ganagrZoben dividendebis aRebas. ramdenadac trestSi saerTo mogeba nawildeba wilobrivi monawileobis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre damoukideblad moqmed sawarmoebs Soris, igi SeiZleba miviCnioT iseTi gaerTianebebis winamorbedad, rogoricaa holdinguri kompania da korcerni. trestebma gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba erTgvarovani produqciis warmoebis sferoebSi hpova. sindikati _ sawarmoTa karteluri ti pis gaerTianebaa, romlis monawileni inarCuneben iuridiul da sawarmoo damoukideblobas, Tumca kartelisagan gansxvavebiT kargaven komerciul damoukideblobas. sindikatis Seqmnis mTavari mizani produqciis gasaRebis sakiTxis efeqturad gadaWraa. am amocanis Sesasruleblad mis struqturaSi savaWro amxanagobaTa mTeli qselia Seqmnili, Tumca, maTi saqmianoba mxolod sindikatis monawile sawarmoTa produqciis gasaRebiT ar Semoifargleba, maT nebismieri saxis samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT. franCaizebi (franCaizuli sistema) _ msxvili da mcire
255

mewarmeobis TanamSromlobis hibriduli formaa. sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze msxvili sawarmo iRebs valdebulebas mcire sawarmos sakuTari saqonliTa da teqnologiebiT momaragebaze, sareklamo momsaxurebaze, menejmentisa da marketingis sferoSi momsaxurebaze, rig SemTxvevebSi axorcielebs kapitalis investirebasac. yovelive es xels uwyobs sawarmoTaTvis vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis gawevis sferoSi marketinguli SesaZleblobebis unificirebasa da standartizacias. holdingi _ sawarmoTa ara imdenad nebayoflobiTi, ramdenadac iZulebiTi gaerTianebaa TviTgadarCenisa da bazarze konkurentunarianobis donis amaRlebis mizniT. rogorc wesi, holdingSi gaerTianebul subieqtebs operatiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas sakmarisi damoukidebloba aqvT. Tumca, iseTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, rogoricaa masalebze, saqonelze an momsaxurebaze faswarmoqmnis politikis gansazRvra, monawileni urTierTdaqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi arian. holdingis mizani masSi gaerTianebul sawarmoTa ganviTarebis saerTo strategiis SemuSavebaa. aSS-Si holdinguri kompaniebi ZiriTadad sabanko sferoSi iqmneba. postsabWour qveynebSi holdingis ukan xSirad mmarTvelobis organoebi dganan, Tumca, aseTi mdgomareoba garkveulwilad bunebrivia. amgvari holdingebis Seqmna sawarmoTa erTgvari reaqciaa saministroebis `ganadgurebaze~ da xorcieldeba `Ria zRvaSi~ gasvlis mizniT.
samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi. Tanamedrove ekono-

individualuri sawarmo
moqmedi kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs fizikuri piris mier, iuridiuli piris Seuqmnelad, samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 2.2 muxlis debulebiT, individualuri mewarme, rogorc indvidualuri sawarmos mflobeli, aris fizikuri piri, romlis samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis aucilebelia samewarmeo wesiT mowyobili organizacia, mowesrigebuli sakaso da sabuRaltro saqme. samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi igi gamodis Tavisi saxeliT. individualur mewarmed SesaZlebelia mogvevlinos nebismieri srulwlovani da sruli qmedunarianobis mqone piri. individualuri sawarmos registracias axorcielebs sagadasaxado organo, sadac individualuri mewarme an sawarmos warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili piri dazRveuli weriliT gzavnis an uSualod waradgens sanotaro wesiT damowmebul anketas or egzempliarad. anketa unda Seicavdes: safirmo saxelwodebas; organizaciul-samarTlebriv formas; individualuri mewarmis saxels, gvars, sacxovrebel adgils da piradobis mowmobis (pasportis) nomers; individualuri mewarmis xelmoweras. individualuri sawarmos registraciisaTvis ar gadaixdeba saxelmwifo baJi, mosakrebeli an sxva raime gadasaxdeli. moqmedi kanonmdebloba individualur mewarmeze avrcelebs sruli pasuxismgeblobis princips. sxva sityvebiT, igi samewarmeo saqmianobidan warmoSobili valdebulebebisaTvis mTeli Tavisi qonebiT piradad agebs pasuxs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samkvidro qonebas mikuTvnebuli individualuri sawarmos saqmianobas agrZeleben memkvidreebi, isini pasuxs ageben samkvidros damtoveblis im valdebulebebisaTvis, romelic warmoiSoba sawarmos saqmianobidan, Tu samkvidros miRebidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar gaaCereben sawarmos da adrindeli safirmo
257

mikuri mecniereba did mniSvnelobas aniWebs samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebel subieqtTa organizaciul-samarTlebriv daxasiaTebas. mewarmeobis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi yvela qveyanaSi zustad erTnairi rodia. amitom Cven maT saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze funqcionirebadi formebis mixedviT ganvixilavT.
256

saxelwodebis gamoyenebiT gaagrZeleben mis saqmianobas samemkvidreo urTierTobis aRmniSvneli damatebis darTviT an uimisod.

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (sps) amxanagobis ti pis sazogadoebaa. masSi ori an meti fizikuri piri erTiandeba, romelTac erToblivi mogebis survili, interesTa erTianoba da urTierTndoba akavSirebT. sps-is cnebas `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romelSic ramdenime fizikuri piri* erToblivad, erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva araerTjerad da damoukidebel mewarmeobas da partniorebi sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs ageben, rogorc solidaruli movaleebi _ uSualod, pirdapir, mTel valdebulebebze, SeuzRudavad mTeli Tavisi qonebiT ~ (muxli 20.1). sps-is Seqmnis dokumentad gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod sazogadoebis wesdebis savaldebuloba, magram sazogadoebis partniorebs survilisamebr SeuZliaT dadon sadamfuZneblo xelSekruleba (rogorc zepiri, ise werilobiTi formiT). sazogadoebis ZiriTad materialur bazas qmnis partniorTa Senatanebi. Senatanis moculoba partnioris wilis ganmsazRvrelia.

* saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT ruseTis, SvedeTis, germaniisa da safrangeTis kanonmdeblobiT sps-is partniori, garda fizikuri pirisa, SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli piric. am SemTxvevaSi monawile iuridiuli piris xelmZRvanels gaaCnia zustad is ufleba-movaleobebi, rac sps-is partnior fizikur pirs.

nebismieri partniori uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos rogorc sazogadoebis saqmianobis operatiuli marTva, ise misi warmomadgenloba. sps-is marTvis umaRlesi organoa wevr-partniorTa saerTo kreba. wesdebaSi SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, kreba uflebamosilia gadawyvetileba miiRos erTxmad. miuxedavad Senatanis moculobisa, partniorTa krebaze sazogadoebis yvela wevr-partniors TiTo xma aqvs. sazogadoebis partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis solidaruli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, misi xelmZRvanelobac solidarulia, Tumca, partniorTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba airCes lideri _ erTi an meti partniori, romelsac sazogadoebis marTva da warmomadgenloba daevaleba. mmarTvel partniors, danarCen partniorTa gancxadebisa da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze SeiZleba CamoerTvas sazogadoebis marTvis ufleba. es wesi gamoiyeneba mmarTvelis mier Tavisi uflebamosilebis uxeSi darRvevis an valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. sps-is partniorebze vrceldeba konkurenciis akrZalva, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT ara aqvT ufleba partniorebis Tanxmobis gareSe misdion imave saqmianobas, rasac misdevs sazogadoeba, an miiRon monawileoba msgavsi ti pis sxva sazogadoebaSi personalurad pasuxismgebeli partnioris an direqtoris saxiT. am Tanxmobas sps-Si partniorTa kreba gascems. sps-is, rogorc amxanagobis tipis sazogadoebis sasicocxlo nervi partniorTa gaZlierebuli pasuxismgeblobaa, rac Semdegi ori maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba: 1. pasuxismgeblobis moculobis mixedviT _ SeuzRudavi; 2. pasuxismgeblobis xasiaTis mixedviT _ solidaruli (erTi yvelasaTvis, yvela erTisaTvis). sazogadoebis partniori uflebamosilia gaasxvisos Tavisi wili sps-is qonebaSi. es procedura mkacrad kontroldeba da, sazogadoebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, yvela partnioris Tanxmobas moiTxovs. aRniSnuli Tanxmoba wilis daTmobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi fiqsirdeba da sanotaro damowmebas eqvemdebareba.
259

258

Tu partniori masze dakisrebul arsebiT movaleobebs ar asrulebs an xdeba movaleobaTa permanentuli gazrax uxeSi an gaufrTxileblobiT darRveva, danarCeni partniorebi uflebamosilni arian gancxadebiT mimarTon sasamarTlos da moiTxovon aseTi partnioris sazogadoebis Semadgenlobidan garicxva. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba. partnioris sazogadoebis Semadgenlobidan gasvlis an garicxvis SemTxvevaSi misi wili sazogadoebis qonebaSi daemateba sxva danarCen partniorebs. es ukanasknelni valdebuli arian sazogadoebidan gamsvleli an garicxuli partniori gaaTavisuflon sazogadoebis valebisagan da gadauxadon is, rasac igi sazogadoebis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi miiRebda. umemkvidreod darCenili partnioris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi misi wili sxva danarCen partniorebs emateba. xolo Tu gardacvlil partniors hyavs memkvidreebi, maSin yovel memkvidres SeuZlia sazogadoebaSi darCes imisda mixedviT, mieniWeba Tu ara mas komanditis statusi da CaeTvleba Tu ara samkvidros damtoveblis sawevro Senatanidan misi kuTvnili wili sakomandito Senatanad. sps-is gansakuTrebuli buneba misi likvidaciis safuZvlebSic ikveTeba. magaliTad, sazogadoebis wesdebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom partnioris gasvlam gamoiwvios sazogadoebis likvidacia, Tu sazogadoebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb ganacxadeben xmaTa 50%-ze metis mflobeli partniorebi. garda amisa, sazogadoebis likvidaciis safuZvlebia: im vadis gasvla, ra vadiTac igi Seiqmna; partniorTa gadawyvetileba; sazogadoebis mimarT gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis gaxsna; sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.

komandituri sazogadoeba
komandituri sazogadoeba (ks), solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebasTan erTad, amxanagobis ti pis gaerTianebaa. ks-is cnebas `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni Semdegnairad gamoxatavs: `sazogadoeba, romelSic ramdenime piri erTob260

livad erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva araerTjerad da damoukidebel mewarmeobas, aris komandituri sazogadoeba, Tu erTi an ramdenime partnioris pasuxismgebloba s a z o gad o eb is kr ed it o r eb is wi na S e ga ns a z R v r u li sagarantio Tanxis gadaxdiT Semoifargleba (komanditebi), xolo sxva partniorebis pasuxismgebloba SezRuduli ar aris (komplementarebi)~ (muxli 34). komandituri sazogadoeba sps-is modificirebuli nairsaxeobaa. miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebisa, arsebobs mTeli rigi gansxvavebebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ks-Si kapitalis mniSvnelovnad meti odenobiT koncentrirebas uwyobs xels. gacilebiT iolia im pirTa moZieba, romelic mzadaa mxolod winaswar gansazRvruli TanxiT gariskos, vidre im pirebisa, romlebic mTel Tavis qonebas erTgvarad sasworze deben. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ks gacilebiT rTuli organizaciaa, vidre sps, Tumca bevrad martivi, vidre kapitaluri ti pis sawarmoebi. ks-is erT-erTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani misi subieqturi Semadgenloba da am ukanasknelTa Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobaa. ks-is damfuZneblad gamodis minimum ori piri. aqedan erTi aucileblad komplementaria, romelic pasuxismgebelia jer Tavisi Senatanis moculobiT, xolo misi ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT (komplementaris samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba faqtobrivad igivea, rac sps-is partniorisa); meore _ komanditi, romelic sazogadoebis valdebulebebze mxolod mis mier winaswar gansazRvruli sagarantio TanxiTaa pasuxismgebeli (komanditis pasuxismgebloba Sps-is partnioris pasuxismgeblobis identuria). personalurad pasuxismgebeli partniorebi (komplementarebi) SeiZleba mxolod fizikuri pirebi iyvnen, komanditi ki _ rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri (saxelmwifos CaTvliT). aSkaraa, rom komandituri sazogadoeba personaluri (amxanagobis) da kapitaluri ti pis sazogadoebaTa elementebs aerTianebs da erTgvarad gardamaval formad gvevlineba. ks-s,
261

rogorc amxanagobis ti pis sazogadoebas, winaswar dadgenili myari sawesdebo kapitalis qona ar moeTxoveba, Tumca, rig SemTxvevebSi sazogadoebis wesdebiT arc esaa gamoricxuli. ks-is dafuZnebis procesi sps-is dafuZnebis identuria, ramdenadac orive amxanagobis ti pis saxelSekrulebo sazogadoebaa, romelSic ramdenime piri erToblivad, erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT araerTjerad da damoukidebel mewarmeobas eweva. amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ks-is mimarT, zogadi nawilis wesebTan erTad, sps-is maregulirebeli wesebic gamoiyeneba. ks-is marTvaSi partniorTa mdgomareoba araTanabaria. zogadi wesis mixedviT, komanditebi sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobaSi ar monawileoben. maT ar SeuZliaT gamovidnen personalurad pasuxismgebeli partniorebis qmedebis winaaRmdeg. wesdebiT maT SeiZleba mieniWoT amgvari uflebamosileba, oRond warmomadgenlobis uflebis gareSe. amasTan, zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, komanditze, komplementarisagan gansxvavebiT, ar vrceldeba konkurenciis akrZalva. gamonaklisia SemTxveva, roca komandits miniWebuli aqvs sawarmos Siga marTvis funqcia. sazogadoebis kreditorebis mimarT komanditis pasuxismgebloba samewarmeo reestrSi miTiTebuli sagarantio TanxiT ganisazRvreba. Tu komandits srulad ar aqvs Setanili sagarantio Tanxa, igi pasuxs agebs rogorc komplementari _ SeuzRudavad, pirdapir, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT. komplementarisagan gansxvavebiT, komanditis mier sakuTari wilis gasxviseba da memkvidreobiT gadacema ar moiTxovs partniorTa Tanxmobas (Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli). sazogadoebis wesdebiT SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebuli iyos gansxvavebuli wesi, magaliTad, wilis gasxviseba damokidebuli iyos partniorTa Tanxmobaze an maT hqondeT wilis upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, komanditis mier wilis gasxvisebasTan dakavSirebul xelSekrulebas sanotaro damowmeba esaWiroeba.
262

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps) kontinenturi evropis masStabiT yvelaze popularuli organizaciulsamarTlebrivi formaa. rac Seexeba Sps-is definicias, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni mas Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: `SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romlis pasuxismgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe Semoifargleba mTeli misi qonebiT. sazogadoebis partniori ar aris pasuxismgebeli sazogadoebis valdebulebebze~ (muxli 44). amasTan, Sps-is partniori Sesatanis saboloo Setanamde sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs mis mier Seutaneli Sesatanis odenobiT. maSasadame, Sps mTeli Tavisi qonebiT agebs pasuxs kreditorebis winaSe, xolo misi partniori pasuxismgebelia sawesdebo kapitalSi misi wilis odenobiT. aseTi sazogadoebis dafuZneba SeuZlia erT pirsac. amxanagobis ti pis sawarmosagan gansxvavebiT, Sps kapitalis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seqmnili sazogadoebaa. swored amitom Spsis partniori erTdroulad SeiZleba ramdenime sawarmos partniorad mogvevlinos. partnioris riski mxolod mis mier sawesdebo kapitalSi ganxorcielebuli SenataniT Semoifargleba. gansazRvrul garantiebs iReben kreditorebic, radgan pasuxismgeblobis xasiaTi da moculoba maTTvis Tavidanve cnobilia. Sps-is ZiriTad sadamfuZneblo dokuments wesdeba warmoadgens, romelic kanonTan erTad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis samarTlebriv statuss. wesdebis mixedviT regulirdeba sazogadoebis marTvis organoTa funqcia da kompetencia, sameurneo Sedegebis ganawilebis principebi, moqmedebis xangrZlivoba da likvidaciis pirobebi. Sps-is marTvis aucilebeli organoebia partniorTa saerTo kreba da direqcia (direqtori). rac Seexeba sameTvalyureo sabWos, aq igi fakultaturia, anu sazogadoebis wesdebaSi SeiZleba
263

gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sameTvalyureo sabWos Seqmna. amasTan, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi 2001 wlis 19 ivniss Sesuli cvlileba imperatiulad gansazRvravs: `saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnil sazogadoebebSi, sadac saxelmwifos wili 50%-ze metia, amasTan, sawesdebo kapitalis odenoba aRemateba 30000 lars da Tanxebis wliuri brunvis odenoba 100000 lars, sameTvalyureo sabWos Seqmna savaldebuloa~ (muxli 48). am SemTxvevaSi sameTvalyureo sabWo moqmedebs saaqcio sazogadoebis sameTvalyureo sabWosaTvis SemuSavebuli wesebiT. partniorTa saerTo kreba, rogorc sazogadoebis marTvis umaRlesi organo, tardeba sul cota weliwadSi erTxel mainc da igi iRebs gadawyvetilebebs wliuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb. kreba SeiZleba iyos riggareSec. yvela partniors ufleba aqvs daeswros partniorTa saerTo krebas, monawileoba miiRos dRis wesrigiT gansazRvrul sakiTxTa ganxilvaSi da xma misces gadawyvetilebis miRebas. partniorTa krebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba oqmis saxiT formdeba, romelsac xels awers Tavmjdomare. Sps kapitaluri ti pis sazogadoebaa. mas gaaCnia partniorTa mier windaTqmuli da kanonis Sesabamisad, wesdebiT gansazRvruli sawesdebo kapitali. sawesdebo kapitalis minimaluri odenoba 2000 laria. sawesdebo kapitali dayofilia partniorTa mier Setanili wilebis mixedviT. TiToeuli partnioris Sesatanis odenoba sawesdebo kapitalSi SeiZleba gansxvavebulad ganisazRvros. amasTan, igi aucileblad 10-ze unaSTod unda iyofodes. rogorc wesi, Sps-is wesdeba gansazRvravs TiToeuli partnioris minimaluri Sesatanis odenobas, rac pirdapir kavSirSia wilisa da partniorTa saerTo krebaze xmis odenobasTan. magaliTad, Sps `nikorwmindas~ wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebulia, rom sazogadoebis sawesdebo kapitalSi Senatanis 5% warmoSobs erT xmas, amasTan, sawesdebo kapitali ganisazRvreba 3000 lariT; maSin mocemuli magaliTis mixedviT, Sps `nikorwmindas~ minimaluri Sesatani 150 lariT ganisazRvreba.
264

sazogadoebis dafinansebis wyaro, garda partniorTa Senatanebisa, SeiZleba sasesxo kapitalic iyos. kanonmdebloba eyrdnoba sawesdebo kapitalisa da sasesxo kapitalis Tanafardobis gansazRvraSi Tavisuflebis princi ps, romlis Tanaxmad, arcTu iSviaTad dafinansebis mTavar wyaros faqtobrivad sasesxo kapitali warmoadgens, xolo sesxis gamcemad gamodian imave sazogadoebis partniorebi. sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas ganxorcielebuli Sesatanis gankargvis ufleba aqvs sazogadoebas; sazogadoeba xdeba am qonebis mesakuTre. amasTan, partniors SeuZlia wilis gasxviseba da memkvidreobiT gadacema. wilis gasxvisebis ufleba aqvs mxolod mis mesakuTres an misgan uflebamosil pirs, rac formdeba sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli saTanado xelSekrulebiT. partnioris gardacvalebisas misi wili Sedis samkvidro masaSi da gadadis memkvidreebze. Tu memkvidre ramdenimea, wili gadadis maT saerTo sakuTrebaSi. wili SeiZleba gasxvisdes ara mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv. wilis nawilobrivi gasxviseba SesaZlebelia mxolod sazogadoebis nebarTviT. sameurneo wlis bolos partniori uflebamosilia gamoiyenos Tavisi umTavresi ufleba, kerZod, moiTxovos Tavisi wili mogeba (dividendi), rac sawesdebo kapitalSi misi wilis proporciulia. partniorTa gadawyvetilebiT mogeba SeiZleba ar ganawildes da moxmardes warmoebis gafarToebas an gadairicxos sarezervo fondSi.

saaqcio sazogadoeba
saqarTveloSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareobis, aseve fulad da fiskalur politikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saaqcio sazogadoebas (ss), rogorc samewarmeo saqmianobis erT-erT yvelaze popularul subieqts, didi roli miuZRvis Cveni qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, sazRvargareTis qveynebTan kavSirebis gafarToebasa da, bolos, Cveni
265

sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri stabilurobis gaZlierebaSi. amitom misi samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvras didi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, `saaqcio sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romlis sawesdebo kapitali dayofilia erTi da imave nominaluri Rirebulebis mqone aqciebad. aqcia aris fasiani qaRaldi, romelic adasturebs saaqcio sazogadoebis valdebulebebs partnioris mimarT da aqcioneris uflebebs saaqcio sazogadoebaSi. saaqcio sazogadoebis pasuxismgebloba kreditorTa winaSe Semoifargleba mTeli misi qonebiT. saaqcio sazogadoebis aqcioneri pasuxs ar agebs saaqcio sazogadoebis valdebulebebze~ (muxli 51.1). saaqcio sazogadoebis partniori SeiZleba iyos fizikuri da/ an iuridiuli piri. misi Seqmnis ufleba erT pirsac aqvs. aqcionerTa uflebebi ori saxisaa: piradi (sazogadoebis aqcionerTa saerTo krebaze monawileobis ufleba, xmis ufleba, informaciis miRebis da sxva uflebebi) da qonebrivi (dividendis miRebis ufleba, sazogadoebis likvidaciisas qonebis ganawilebaSi monawileobis miRebis da sxva uflebebi). imis gamo, rom ss mkacrad kapitaluri xasiaTisaa, piradi uflebebi aq naklebad dominirebs, radgan piradi uflebebis realuri ganxorcielebis ufleba mxolod aqciaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis mflobel pirebs gaaCniaT. saaqcio sazogadoeba, Sps-is msgavsad, kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebaa. misi sawesdebo kapitalis minimaluri odenoba kanoniT mkacradaa gansazRvruli 15000 lariT. rac Seexeba komerciul bankebs, maTTvis erovnuli bankis 2005 wels gamocemuli brZanebiT, minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali 7,8 milioni lariT ganisazRvreba. saaqcio sazogadoebis yvela dokumenti aRiricxeba sazogadoebis wignSi. aqciaTa registracia warmoebs saaqcio sazogadoebis aqciaTa reestrSi, romelsac TviT sazogadoeba an damoukidebeli registratori awarmoebs. amasTan, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~
266

saqarTvelos kanonis 55.3 muxlis Tanaxmad, ss, romlis aqciaTa raodenobac 100-ze metia, valdebulia aqcionerTa reestri awarmoos damoukidebeli registratoris meSveobiT, masTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. moqmedi kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Ria da daxuruli ti pis saaqcio sazogadoebebs. Ria ti pis saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas gamoiyeneba aqciaTa SeZenis Ria da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi sistema. daxuruli ti pis saaqcio sazogadoebaSi ki aqciebi mxolod damfuZneblebze an winaswar gansazRvrul pirTa wreze nawildeba. aqciis upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebiT amave sazogadoebis aqcionerebi sargebloben. garda amisa, daxuruli ti pis ss ar aris valdebuli gamoaqveynos Tavisi saqmianobis Sedegebi. saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvis umaRlesi organoa aqcionerTa saerTo kreba _ moiwveva weliwadSi erTxel, sazogadoebis wliuri balansis Sedgenidan ori Tvis vadaSi. igi ixilavs informacias gasuli wlis saqmianobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb da gansazRvravs sazogadoebis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. riggareSe saerTo kreba tardeba aqcionerTa moTxovniT. saerTo krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb informacia unda gamoqveyndes presaSi. dRis wesrigi aqcionerebisaTvis winaswar unda iyos cnobili. kreba tardeba ss-is ukanasknel iuridiul misamarTze an nebismier sxva adgilze _ saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi. informacia krebis muSaobis Sesaxeb aisaxeba notariusis mier Sedgenil oqmSi. krebas xelmZRvanelobs sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare, misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi _ moadgile, misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi ki _ direqtori. saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvis mniSvnelovan da aucilebel organos warmoadgens sameTvalyureo sabWo , romelic Sedgeba sul mcire 3 da araumetes 21 wevrisagan. wevrTa raodenoba unaSTod unda iyofodes samze. wevrTa 2/3 airCeva saerTo krebis mier, xolo 1/3 SeiZleba airCes muSa-mosamsaxureTagan. amasTan,
267

sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa arCevisas aqcionerebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen xmebis akumulirebis meTodis gamoyenebaze, riTac SesaZlebelia aqcionerTa umciresobis interesebis optimaluri dacva. sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi airCevian oTxi wliT da damatebiT im vadiT, rac saWiroa vadis gasvlidan momdevno saerTo krebis mowvevamde. saerTo krebis mier mniSvnelovani safuZvlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaTavisufldes sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri. axali wevri unda airCes Zvelis gasvlidan eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. aRniSnulis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi axal wevrs niSnavs sasamarTlo. sameTvalyureo sabWos sxdomebi tardeba kvartalSi erTxel mainc. sabWo gadawyvetilebaunariania, Tu mas eswreba an warmodgenilia wevrTa naxevari mainc. sameTvalyureo sabWos kompetenciebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis direqtorTa daniSvna (xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT), kontroli maT saqmianobaze da direqtorTa gamowveva. saaqcio sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobasa da warmomadgenlobas axorcielebs direqcia (erTpirovnuli an kolegialuri organo). sazogadoebis SinaganawesiT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyos direqtorTa Soris funqciaTa ganawileba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis saxeliT dadebul yvela garigebas xels unda awerdnen direqtorebi. saaqcio sazogadoebis kompetenciaSi Sedis aqciaTa gamoSveba. `aqcia~ laTinuri sityvaa (actio) da gankargulebas, pretenzias niSnavs. materialuri TvalsazrisiT, aqcia dividenis miRebis, marTvaSi monawileobis, sazogadoebis likvidaciisas misi qonebis gayofaSi monawileobis miRebis uflebis mimniWebeli fasiani qaRaldia. formaluri gagebiT, aqcia saaqcio sazogadoebaSi monawileobis damadasturebelia. fasiani qaRaldebis klasikuri Teoria ganasxvavebs saxelobiT aqcias da sawarmdgenlo aqcias. saxelobiTi aqcia mimagre268

bulia garkveul aqcionerze sazogadoebis wignSi Caweris saSualebiT. sawarmdgenlo aqcia ekuTvnis mis faqtiur mflobels da mimagrebuli ar aris romelime konkretul pirovnebaze. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT daiSveba Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli aqciebis gamoSveba, romlebic 1999 wlis seqtembridan SeiZleba gaices mxolod saxelobiTi formiT (piradi fasiani qaRaldi). swored saxelobiT aqcias ganixilaven aramaterialuri fasiani qaRaldebis Teoriis sawyisad. kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, aramaterialuri saxiT mxolod piradi fasiani qaRaldi SeiZleba arsebobdes. privilegirebuli aqciebis nominaluri Rirebuleba ar unda aRematebodes Cveulebrivi aqciebis nominals. kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan mijnavs Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli aqciebis mflobel aqcionerTa uflebebs. Cveulebrivi aqciis mflobeli aqcioneri uflebamosilia monawileoba miiRos Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi sazogadoebis saerTo krebis muSaobaSi xmis uflebiT (TiTo aqcia TiTo xmis uflebiT sargeblobs), dividendis miRebaSi, xolo sazogadoebis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi _ qonebis ganawilebaSi. privilegirebuli aqciis mflobeli aqcionerebi ar sargebloben xmis uflebiT da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis marTvaSi ar monawileoben. am aqcionerTa privilegia ganisazRvreba dividendis dadgenili ganakveTis miRebiT, rac aqciis nominaluri Rirebulebis fiqsirebuli procentis saxiT xorcieldeba; masve SeiZleba hqondes salikvidacio qvotis upiratesi miRebis uflebac. garda amisa, likvidirebuli sazogadoebis qoneba, valebis dafarvis Semdeg, pirvel rigSi nawildeba privilegirebul aqciaTa mflobelebze, xolo Semdeg danarCen (Cveulebrivi aqciis mflobel) aqcionerebze. saaqcio sazogadoebis qonebis masaSi, sawesdebo kapitalis garda, Sedis sasesxo kapitalic, romlis Seqmnis safuZvelia obligacia. obligacia (obligation _ valdebuleba) fasiani qaRaldia, romelic adasturebs misi mflobelis uflebas obligaciaSi
269

gamoxatuli nominaluri Rirebulebis miRebis Sesaxeb. masSi dafiqsirebuli valdebuleba sasesxo kapitalis dabrunebis Taobaze SeiZleba iyos rogorc procentiani, ise uprocento; aseve, rogorc saxelobiTi, ise sawarmdgenlo. obligaciaSi SeiZleba aisaxos sesxis sxvadasxva forma, romelic misi aqciad gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas iZleva. aqciad gardaqmnis pirobebi SeiZleba aRiniSnos rogorc TviT fasian qaRaldze, ise sazogadoebis wignSi. saaqcio sazogadoebis mier obligaciis gamoSvebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, erovnul bankTan SeTanxmebiT, Rebulobs sazogadoebis saerTo kreba an sameTvalyureo sabWo. gadawyvetilebaSi unda aRiniSnos obligaciis forma, misi dafarvis konkretuli pirobebi da vadebi. klasikuri obligacia _ es aris sasesxo mowmoba, romelic moicavs emitentis Semdeg or ZiriTad valdebulebas: a) windaTqmuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg daubrunos obligaciis mflobels nominaluri Rirebuleba; b) obligaciis mflobels regularulad gadauxados fiqsirebuli Semosavali obligaciaze miTiTebuli nominaluri Rirebulebis procentis saxiT. princi puli gansxvaveba aqciasa da obligacias Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aqciis yidvisas investori xdeba saaqcio sazogadoebis aqcioneri (partniori), obligaciis SeZenisas ki _ kreditori. sazogadoebis mier gamoSvebul obligaciaTa nominalur RirebulebaTa jami ar unda aRematebodes sazogadoebis sawesdebo kapitalis odenobas. amasTan, obligaciis gamoSveba mxolod mas Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli, roca sawesdebo kapitalis formireba dasrulebulia. saaqcio sazogadoeba, rig SemTxvevaSi, obligaciis garda, uflebamosilia gamosces sxva saxis fasiani qaRaldebic (Ceki, Tamasuqi da a.S.). CekSi aRiniSneba misi gamcemis gankarguleba Cekis mflobelze
270

dokumentSi aRniSnuli Tanxis gacemis Taobaze. Ceki saxelobiTi fasiani qaRaldia, romelTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebSi sami piri monawileobs: misi gamcemi, mimRebi da gamnaRdebeli. Tamasuqi abstraqtuli fuladi valdebulebis Semcveli fasiani qaRaldia, savalo dokumentis nairsaxeobaa. igi SeiZleba iyos martivi da rTuli anu gadacemiTi. martivia Tamasuqi, roca masSi saxelobiT aris miTiTebuli, Tu vin gasca Tamasuqi da vin unda miiRos fuladi Tanxa. gadacemiTi Tamasuqi aris saordero fasiani qaRaldi, romlis mflobels yovelTvis SeuZlia TamasuqiT gaTvaliswinebuli misi uflebebi gadasces sxva pirs saTanado warweriT (indosamentiT). piri, vinc aseTi warweriT gadasca ufleba sxva pirs, pasuxismgebelia TamasuqiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis, Tu am warweraSi pirdapir ar aris miTiTebuli sxva piroba. dReisaTvis msoflio masStabiT SeimCneva saaqcio sazogadoebaTa ganviTarebis tendencia, rasac, bunebrivia, masSi akumulirebuli msxvili Tanxebis brunvaunarianobis maRali maCvenebeli ganapirobebs.

kooperativi
kooperativi samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli erTerTi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formaa, romlis regulireba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT, `samomxmareblo kooperaciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT da sxva Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT xorcieldeba. ufro konkretulad, kooperativi aris wevrTa SromiT saqmianobaze dafuZnebuli an wevrTa meurneobis ganviTarebisa da Semosavlis gadidebis mizniT Seqmnili sazogadoeba, romlis amocanaa wevrTa interesebis dakmayofileba da igi mimarTuli araa upiratesad mogebis miRebaze . rogorc Cans, kooperativis saqmianoba, uwinares yovlisa, mimarTulia misi wevrebis interesebis dakmayofilebaze da ara
271

kooperativis, rogorc damoukidebeli sameurneo erTeulis, mier mogebis miRebaze. es niSani kooperativis wevrebisaTvis arsebiTi ekonomikuri da iuridiuli garantiaa. amasTan, es ar gamoricxavs kooperativis mier mogebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, kooperativis wevri SeiZleba iyos rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri. kooperativis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis minimum ori piri, xolo wevrTa maqsimaluri raodenoba kanoniT ar ganisazRvreba. kooperativis wevrobis aucilebeli pirobaa masSi gaerTianebul pirTa piradi SromiTi an sxvagvari monawileoba kooperativSi, ris gamoc mas xSirad artels uwodeben. kanoni kooperativis wevrobis warmoSobis or gzas icnobs: 1. kooperativis wevrobas damfuZneblis saxiT da 2. kooperativis wevrad miRebas kooperativis dafuZnebis Semdeg. kooperativis saqmianoba ZiriTadad TviTdaxmarebis, TviTmmarTvelobis da sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis princi pebs emyareba. TviTdaxmarebaSi igulisxmeba is, rom kooperativi Tavis wevrebs xels uwyobs im amocanaTa SesrulebaSi, rac calkeuli individis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. kooperativis meSveobiT individi inarCunebs meurneobriv arsebobas da ar izRudeba misi samewarmeo Tavisufleba. TviTmmarTveloba gulisxmobs imas, rom kooperativi avtonomiuri warmonaqmnia. mas Tavad kooperativi marTavs, maszevea delegirebuli kontrolis uflebac. sakuTar pasuxismgeblobaSi igulisxmeba is, rom kooperativis valdebulebebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, pasuxs ar ageben kooperativis wevrebi, pasuxismgebelia Tavad kooperativi, rogorc sameurneo erTeuli. kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ CamoTvlis Semdegi Svidi saxis kooperativs: nedleulis mompovebeli kooperativebi, romlebic am formiT
272

nedleuls moipoveben sakuTari wevrebisaTvis; sasoflo-sameurneo an sarewao produqciis erToblivi gasaRebis kooperativebi; sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoebeli da sxvadasxva sagnebis damamzadebeli da erToblivi xarjebiT maTi realizaciis kooperativebi (sasoflo-sameurneo da sawarmoo kooperativebi); masobrivi moxmarebis saqonlis sabiTumo wesiT SemZeni da sacalo vaWrobiT maTi sarealizacio kooperativebi; sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis an sarewebisaTvis aucilebeli materialur-teqnikuri resursebis SeZena-warmoebisa da maTi erToblivi gamoyenebis kooperativebi; sasoflo-sakredito kooperativebi; samomxmareblo (mravaldargovani) kooperativebi, romelTa samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri da socialuri safuZvlebi regulirdeba saqarTvelos 1997 wlis 15 maisis kanoniT `samomxmareblo kooperaciis Sesaxeb~. kooperativis wevrebs SeaqvT sapaio Senatanebi, rac erTobliobaSi sawarmos qonebas warmoadgens. kooperativis wevris minimaluri pais odenoba damfuZneblis mier ganisazRvreba. yoveli pai unaSTod unda iyofodes 50-ze. kooperativis erT wevrs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime pai. kooperativis marTvis organoebia: mepaieTa saerTo kreba, kanoniT an wesdebiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi _ warmomadgenelTa kreba, sameTvalyureo sabWo da gamgeoba. aqve aRsaniSnavia erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba kooperativis direqtoris arCevasTan dakavSirebiT. ss-is direqtorebisagan gansxvavebiT (romelsac niSnavs sameTvalyureo sabWo), kooperativSi direqtorebs irCevs saerTo an warmomadgenlebis kreba, oTxi sameurneo wlis vadiT. kooperativis gamgeoba Sedgeba aranakleb ori direqtorisagan. direqtorebi SeiZleba ar iyvnen kooperativis wevrebi. wesdeba SeiZleba sxva pirobebsac iTvaliswinebdes.
273

rac Seexeba mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebas kooperativSi, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 68-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom wliuri angariSis damtkicebisas kooperativis wevrebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli sameurneo wlis mogeba an zarali unawildebaT kooperativis wevrebs. pirveli sameurneo wlisaTvis ganawileba xdeba maT mier Sesrulebuli Senatanebis proporciulad, yoveli momdevno wlisaTvis ki _ mogebis mimatebiTa da zaralis Camoweris gziT, wina sameurneo wlis bolosaTvis arsebuli pais saerTo Tanxis proporciulad. mogebis mimateba grZeldeba manam, sanam ar iqneba miRweuli pais odenoba. amasTan, wesdeba SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebis sxva wesebs. sanam ar miiRweva zaralis gamo Semcirebuli pais odenoba, mogeba ar nawildeba. wesdeba an saerTo krebis dadgenileba SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes, rom mogeba mTlianad an nawilobriv daericxos rezervs. aseT SemTxvevaSi kooperativis wevrs miecema mxolod Sromis sazRauri. kanoni iTvaliswinebs kooperativis wevrobidan gasvlis Semdeg safuZvlebs: piradi gancxadebiT, kooperativis mier saqmianobis Secvlis, kooperativis wevrobidan garicxvisa da kooperativis wevris gardacvalebis gamo (muxli 62). amasTan, wesdebiT SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sxva safuZvelic.

leqcia 15. sawarmos danaxarji da mogeba

`danaxarjebis kalkulacia _ sicocxlis kalkulaciaa.~ f.haieki `mravali saukunis manZilze kacobriobam ver ipova efeqtianobis sxva kriteriumi, garda mogebisa.~ n.Smeliovi `ganviTarebis gareSe ar aris samewarmeo mogeba, am ukanasknelis gareSe ar aris ganviTareba.~ i.Sumpeteri
sawarmos danaxarjis arsi da zogadi saxeebi.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom ekonomisti sagnebsa da movlenebs ganixilavs `danaxarji-Sedegis~ princi piT. nebismieri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba moiTxovs ekonomikuri resursebis xarjvas. am resursebs ki Rirebuleba da fasi gaaCnia. samagierod, resursebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili saqoneli da momsaxurebac unda gaiyidos gansazRvrul fasSi. am fasebis urTierTSedareba gviCvenebs, xelsayrelia Tu ara biznes-saqmianoba, romelsac xeli movkideT. zogadad, ekonomikuri danaxarjebis gageba efuZneba imis aRiarebas, rom, jer erTi, ekonomikuri resursebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iSviaToba (SezRuduloba) da, meorec, arsebobs resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. ekonomikuri danaxarjebi dakavSirebulia resursebis iSviaTobasTan. saqme isaa, rom resursebis iSviaTobis gamo sazogadoebas
275

274

ar SeuZlia erTdroulad gaadidos misTvis saWiro yvela saqonlis warmoeba. rodesac resursebs viyenebT ama Tu im saqonlis warmoebisaTvis, xeli unda aviRoT (uari unda vTqvaT) romeliRac sxva saqonlis warmoebaze, e.i. xelidan unda gavuSvaT Semosavali, romelic SegveZlo migveRo resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebisas. amitom sruliad samarTlianad SeniSnavs p.xeine: `biznesis namdvili xarji xelidan gaSvebuli Semosavalia~ . yvelaferi, rac aq iTqva, ekonomikuri danaxarjebis zogadi gagebaa, Tu maT ganvixilavT mTeli sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu sakiTxs mivudgebiT ama Tu im sawarmos poziciebidan, misi ekonomikuri danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaiyos orad: aSkara (buRaltrul) da farul danaxarjebad. danaxarjebis aseTi dayofa dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom, rogorc wesi, sawarmo iyenebs rogorc sxvebisagan SeZenil, ise sakuTar resursebs. aSkara danaxarjebi is alternatiuli danaxarjebia, romelic aSkara (fuladi) gadasaxdelis formas iRebs da xmardeba resursebis momwodeblebs. mas miekuTvneba: muSebis xelfasi, menejerTa Sromis anazRaureba, savaWro sawarmoTa sakomisio gadasaxdelebi, sabanko da safinanso momsaxurebis mimwodebelTa Sromis anazRaureba, satransporto xarjebis ganaRdeba da a.S. es danaxarjebi aisaxeba sawarmos buRaltrul wignSi da amitom mas buRaltrul danaxarjebsac uwodeben. faruli danaxarjebi aris warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebuli sawarmos kuTvnili ekonomikuri resursebi, romlebzec igi fuls ar ixdis. faruli danaxarjebi utoldeba im fulad Semosavals, romelsac mocemuli sawarmo miiRebda sxva sawarmoze am resursis gayidvis an ijariT gacemis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, individualuri mewarmis daxarjuli samuSao drois alternatiuli Rirebulebaa is xelfasi, romelsac igi miiRebda sxva sawarmoSi daxarjuli Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT. SeiZleba sxva magaliTis motanac: sawarmo iyenebs mis kuTvnil Senobas, romelSic igi fuls ar ixdis. magram mas rom es Senoba ijariT gaeca, uTuod
276

miiRebda gansazRvrul Semosavals saijaro qiris saxiT. faruli xarjebi, rogorc wesi, sawarmos buRaltrul wignSi ar aisaxeba.
sawarmos ekonomikuri (wminda) da buRaltruli mogeba. aSkara da farul danaxarjebs Soris gansxvavebis dadgena

aucilebelia sawarmos funqcionirebis miznis _ mogebis asaxsnelad. sawarmos mTliani Semosavlidan aSkara da faruli danaxarjebis (mTliani danaxarjis) gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCenili Tanxa aris ekonomikuri (wminda) mogeba . am ukanasknelisagan biznesis samyaroSi xSirad ganasxvaveben buRaltrul mogebas , romelic miiReba sawarmos mTliani Semosavlidan aSkara danaxarjebis gamoklebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanafardoba am or mogebas Soris Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:

ekonomikuri (wminda) mogeba

buRaltruli mogeba

faruli danaxarji

anu

buRaltruli mogeba

ekonomikuri (wminda) mogeba

faruli danaxarji

sawarmos danaxarji moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi. danaxarjebis analizisaTvis saWiroa maTi

dayofa mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad. amasTan dakavSirebiT, warmoebis TeoriaSi gamoiyofa ori periodi _ moklevadiani da grZelvadiani.
277

rogorc viciT, warmoebis procesSi gamoiyeneba warmoebis sxvadasxva faqtori. zogierTi maTgani (magaliTad, miwa) SeiZleba ucvleli darCes xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi ki (magaliTad, Sroma) _ icvlebodes drois mcire monakveTSi. pirvels ewodeba warmoebis mudmivi faqtorebi, meores _ cvalebadi faqtorebi. warmoebis mudmiv faqtorebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, mewarmis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli an ijariT aRebuli Senoba, teqnologia, satransporto saSualebebi da sxv., romelTa raodenoba ar icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. warmoebis cvalebadi faqtorebi ki sawarmoSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva odenobiT drois gansazRvrul momentSi (magaliTad, nedleuli). maTi raodenoba icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. warmoebis moklevadiani periodi ewodeba drois im monakveTs, romlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli warmoebis faqtorebis Tundac erTi elementi mudmivi rCeba, maSin, roca warmoebis sxva faqtorebi (Tundac erTi) cvalebadia). es imas niSnavs, rom warmoebis moklevadian periodSi erTdroulad monawileoben warmoebis rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvalebadi faqtorebi. moklevadiani periodisagan gansxvavebiT, grZelvadian periodSi warmoebis procesSi monawileoben mxolod warmoebis cvalebadi faqtorebi, anu am SemTxvevaSi raodenobrivad icvleba warmoebis rogorc cvalebadi, aseve mudmivi faqtorebi. warmoebis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani periodebi erTimeorisagan ar gansxvavdeba drois xangrZlivobis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tu sawarmo erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi raodenobrivad cvlis warmoebis yvela faqtors, maSin es erTi Tve iqneba misTvis grZelvadiani periodi. meore mxriv, moklevadian periodad xuTi welic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, Tu am periodSi raodenobrivad ucvleli rCeba warmoebis Tundac erTi faqtori mainc. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT mudmivi da cvalebadi
278

danaxarjebi, romlebsac sawarmo gaiRebs warmoebis moklevadian periodSi. rac Seexeba grZelvadian periods, aq yvela danaxarji cvalebadia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi raodenobrivad icvleba warmoebis rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvalebadi faqtorebi. moklevadian periodSi sawarmos danaxarjebis klasifikacia mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad gamowveulia im garemoebiT, rom warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba damokidebulia am danaxarjTa moculobis cvalebadobaze. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mewarmes SeuZlia zogierTi danaxarji maSinve Secvalos, xolo zogierTi danaxarjis Secvla damokidebulia sawarmos finansur SesaZleblobasa da ufro xangrZliv droze. mudmivi danaxarjebi ( FC) ewodeba iseT danaxarjebs, romlebic araa dakavSirebuli warmoebis moculobis cvlilebebTan da TiTqmis imave odenobiT gaiweva maSinac, roca sawarmo gaCerebulia da saerTod arafers ar awarmoebs. maT miekuTvneba: rentuli gadasaxdeli, sesxze sargebeli, saijaro qira, sadazRvevo Senatanebi, amortizaciuli anaricxebis nawili, marTvis aparatis muSakTa xelfasi, ganaTebis xarjebi da sxv. cvalebadi danaxarjebi ( VC) iseTi danaxarjebia, romelTa sidide icvleba warmoebis moculobis proporciulad. roca warmoeba gaCerdeba, es danaxarjic qreba. aseTia danaxarjebi nedleulze, masalebze, saTbobze, warmoebis muSakTa xelfasze da a.S. igi, rogorc wesi, gaiangariSeba produqciis erTeulze. aq xazi unda gaesvas erT arsebiT moments: warmoebis garkveuli mijnis iqiT cvalebadi danaxarjebi ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre produqciis moculoba, e.i. produqciis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze danaxarjebi izrdeba, anu cvalebadi danaxarjebis yoveli damatebiTi erTeuli nakleb produqcias iZleva. samewarmeo saqmianobis analizisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania mTliani da saSualo danaxarjebis gansazRvra. mTliani danaxarjebi (TC) aris mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebis ariTmetikuli
279

jami. saSualo danaxarjebi ( AC), anu danaxarjebi produqciis erTeulze udris mTliani danaxarjebis jams gayofils warmoebuli produqciis moculobaze. formuliT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

AC =

TC Q

sadac AC aris saSualo danaxarji; TC _ mTliani danaxarji; QQ_ gamoSvebuli produqciis moculoba. saSualo danaxarji aCvenebs, Tu ra ujdeba mewarmes saSualod produqciis yoveli erTeulis gamoSveba. moklevadian periodSi sawarmos danaxarji iyofa mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia saSualo mudmivi da saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis gaangariSeba. saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi ( AFC) gaiangariSeba mudmivi danaxarjebis gayofiT warmoebuli produqciis raodenobaze. formuliT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

Zalze didia. samagierod, warmoebis moculobis gadideba amcirebs mudmivi danaxarjis wils produqciis erTeulze, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mTliani mudmivi danaxarji Tanabrad nawildeba produqciis erTeulebze. rac Seexeba saSualo cvalebad danaxarjs, dasawyisSi produqciis moculobis gadidebis gamo igi mcirdeba, Semdeg ki iwyebs zrdas. danaxarjebis yovelmxrivi analizisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovania zRvrul (sazRvriT) danaxarjSi garkveva. sawarmom SeiZleba maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos warmoebis moculobis gansazRvrul anu warmoebis optimaluri moculobis pirobebSi. amitom mewarmes ufro metad ainteresebs gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi danaxarjis problema, vidre produqciis erTeulze gaRebuli saSualo danaxarji. damatebiTi danaxarjebi ekonomikur literaturaSi cnobilia zRvruli (sazRvriTi) danaxarjebis (MC) saxelwodebiT. es is danaxarjebia, romlebic saWiroa produqciis sazRvriTi erTeulis, e.i. gansazRvruli moculobis zeviT produqciis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebisaTvis. am danaxarjis gaangariSeba Zalze martivia da gamoisaxeba formuliT:

AFC =

FC Q

MC =

TC Q

saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis ( AVC) gaangariSeba xdeba cvalebadi xarjebis gayofiT warmoebuli produqciis raodenobaze. formuliT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

sadac MC aris zRvruli danaxarji; TC _ mTliani danaxarjis mateba; Q _ gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis cvlileba. zRvruli danaxarji ganisazRvreba mxolod cvalebadi danaxarjis gadidebiT, rac imiT aixsneba, rom mudmivi danaxarji ar icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvalebadobis Sesabamisad. maSasadame, zRvruli danaxarji SeiZleba gamoiTvalos Semdegi formulis daxmarebiTac:
281

AVC =

VC Q

sagulisxmoa, rom rodesac warmoebuli produqciis moculoba mcirea, mudmivi danaxarji mZime tvirTad awveba produqciis TiToeul erTeuls, radgan produqciis erTeulis Rirebuleba
280

 VC MC = Q
sadac VC asaxavs cvalebadi danaxarjis matebas. sawarmosaTvis zRvrul danaxarjebs, saSualo danaxarjebisagan gansxvavebiT, aqvs strategiuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan iZleva im danaxarjebis gansazRvris saSualebas, romelsac sawarmo uSualod akontrolebs. kerZod, igi avlens im danaxarjebs, romlebsac sawarmo gaiRebs produqciis bolo erTeulis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi da im danaxarjebsac, romelTa `dazogvac~ SesaZlebelia am bolo erTeuliT warmoebis moculobis Sekvecis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, zRvruli danaxarjebi gamoxatavs cvlilebebs im danaxarjebSi, romelic iwvevs warmoebis moculobis Semcirebas an gadidebas erTi erTeuliT. imis gamo, rom mudmivi danaxarjebis sidide damokidebuli araa warmoebuli produqciis moculobaze, produqciis gamoSvebis gadidebasTan erTad produqciis erTeulze gaweuli mudmivi danaxarjebi anu saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi mcirdeba. saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis gaangariSeba ufro rTulia, vinaidan igi produqciis moculobis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba da, garda amisa, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi klebadi ukugebis kanonis moqmedeba.
klebadi ukugebis kanoni da sawarmos optimaluri sidide. evropelma da amerikelma ekonomistebma didi

xania SeniSnes, rom rodesac warmoebis romelime faqtoris danaxarjs Tanmimdevrulad vadidebT, xolo danarCen faqtorebs ucvlelad vtovebT, gansazRvruli mijnis iqiT am faqtoris zRvruli (sazRvriTi) produqti Semcirebas iwyebs, e.i. cvalebadi faqtoris yoveli damatebiTi erTeuli nakleb produqcias iZleva. danaxarjebisa da Sedegis am urTierTdamokidebulebas ewoda klebadi ukugebis kanoni .
282

amrigad, gairkva, rom produqciis moculobis gadidebisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjis absolutur moculobas, aramed maTs Tanafardobasac. saqme isaa, rom warmoebis faqtorebi erTmaneTTan kavSirSia da gansazRvrul farglebSi urTierTSenacvlebadia. magram faqtorTa urTierTSenacvlebas sazRvari aqvs, romlis iqiT efeqti mcirdeba. magaliTad, Tu muSaxelis raodenobas ucvlelad davtovebT, xolo Carxebis ricxvs TandaTanobiT gavadidebT, dadgeba momenti, romlis iqiT damatebiTi Carxis gamoyeneba klebad efeqts mogvcems, e.i. Carxebis SeZenaze gaweuli danaxarjis zRvruli (sazRvriTi) nayofiereba klebas daiwyebs. igive Sedegs miviRebT maSinac, rodesac Carxebis raodenobas ucvlelad davtovebT da muSaTa ricxvs gavzrdiT. pirvel xanebSi, Carxebis srul datvirTvamde, produqciis gamoSveba gaizrdeba, magram Tu kidev gavagrZelebT damatebiTi muSakebis daqiravebas, maTi nawili zedmeti aRmoCndeba, erTmaneTs xels SeuSlian da zRvruli produqti klebas daiwyebs, e.i. yoveli damatebiT daqiravebuli muSaki nakleb produqcias Seqmnis. amrigad, klebadi ukugebis kanons Zala aqvs maSin, rodesac warmoebis erTi romelime faqtoris danaxarji Tanmimdevrulad izrdeba, xolo danarCeni faqtorebi ucvlelia. warmoebis yvela faqtoris danaxarjis erTdrouli gadidebisa da teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi aRniSnuli kanoni ar moqmedebs. erT-erTi pirveli da mTavari sakiTxi, romelic unda gadawyvitos mewarmem Tavisi momavali saqmianobis dawyebisas, es aris sawarmos sididis gansazRvra. cxadia, man unda airCios is optimaluri sidide, romelic moutans yvelaze met mogebas. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom es zoma yovelTvis ar daemTxveva warmoebis maRal dones. Tu sawarmom momxmarebels pirvel dRes SesTavaza 500 nayini, meore dRes _ 800, mesame dRes _ 1000, xolo mogeba miiRo: pirvel dRes _ 100 lari, meore dRes _ 180 da mesame dRes _ 150 lari. es imaze metyvelebs, rom yvelaze optimaluria nayinis yoveldRiuri warmoeba 800 calis odenobiT.
283

sanam damatebiTi produqciis warmoebas damatebiTi Semosavali moaqvs, am procesis gagrZelebas aqvs azri. produqciis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebisaTvis miRebuli Semosavali ekonomikur enaze zRvrul (sazRvriT) Semosavals warmoadgens. zRvrul Semosavals Tu gamovaklebT zRvrul danaxarjebs, miviRebT zRvrul (sazRvriT) mogebas . zRvruli danaxarjebi sawarmos danaxarjebia produqciis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze. warmoebis zrdis kvalobaze zRvruli danaxarjebi Tavdapirvelad mcirdeba, magram Semdeg iwyebs zrdas. es imis Sedegia, rom sawarmos maqsimaluri efeqtianobis wertili imyofeba produqciis gamoSvebis maqsimalur da minimalur doneebs Soris. rodesac produqciis gamoSveba matulobs, magram am wertilamde jer ar miuRwevia, produqciis TiToeuli damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze zRvruli danaxarjebi mcirdeba. maqsimaluri efeqtianobis wertilis miRwevis Semdeg ZalaSi Sedis klebadi ukugebis kanoni da zRvruli danaxarjebi izrdeba (ix. nax. 5.4.).
MR.MC MR 4 3 2 A 1
sa zR vr iT i s argeblianobis wertili sazRv riTi m ogeba sa zR vr iT i da na xar je bi

zRvruli mogeba, rogorc vTqviT, zRvrul Semosavalsa da zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris sxvaobaa. sanam produqciis (Cvens magaliTSi, nayinis) damatebiTi warmoeba iwvevs, danaxarjebis zrdasTan SedarebiT, mTliani Semosavlis ufro metad zrdas, sawarmom unda gaafarToos misi warmoeba. magram, rogorc ki produqciis damatebiTi warmoeba gamoiwvevs SemosavalTan SedarebiT, danaxarjebis ufro metad gazrdas, piriqiT, sawarmom warmoebis gafarToeba unda Sewyvitos. sawarmom produqciis warmoeba unda gazardos manam, sanam zRvruli Semosavali gautoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs, xolo mogeba _ nuls. sawarmos optimaluri zomis gansazRvrisa da, saerTod, biznessaqmianobis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli samsaxuri.

MC

nax. 5.4. sazRvriTi wonasworobis grafiki 284 285

leqcia 16. marketingi sawarmos biznes-saqmianobaSi

`marketingi niSnavs... rigi amocanebis Sesrulebas imisaTvis, rom ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva bazrebze produqciis gasaRebaSi sasurveli Sedegebis miRweva.~ f.kotleri
marketingis arsi da oTxi Semadgeneli nawili.

marketingi warmodgeba inglisuri sityvisagan _ market da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT bazars, gasaRebas niSnavs. Tu gamovricxavT arakomerciul sferos, marketingi aris sawarmos biznessaqmianobis warmarTvis integrirebul RonisZiebaTa sistema, romelic moTxovnis formireba-cvalebadobis detaluri gamokvleva-gaangariSebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs warmoebriv-gasaRebiTi programis SemuSaveba-realizacias da orientirebulia mogebis maqsimizaciaze . marketingis ZiriTadi devizia iwarmoos is, rac iyideba (rac momxmarebels surs) da ara gaiyidos is, rac iwarmoeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sawarmom, sanam awarmoebs, gulmodgined unda Seiswavlos konkretul momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi, miRebuli monacemebiT daazustos nomenklatura da mxolod amis Semdeg SesTavazos momxmarebels saqoneli da ara piriqiT: awarmoos saqoneli da misi realizaciis dros dadges seriozuli siZneleebis winaSe. sagulisxmoa, rom Tu warmoebaze orientirebis pirobebSi gasaRebis sakiTxze gapirovnebul muSaks sawarmoSi SedarebiT meorexarisxovani poziciebi ekava da misi funqciebi arsebiTad sawarmosaTvis SekveTebis miRebiT Semoifargleboda, marketingul sistemaze orientaciis pirobebSi igi ukve iqceva erT-erT cent286

ralur figurad, ramdenadac mis kompetenciaSi Sedis bazris saqonliT gajerebis gamo garTulebul pirobebSi sawarmos Seuferxebeli da efeqtiani funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa. marketingis koncefcia oTx safexurs, anu rogorc maT uwodeben, marketingis oTx P-s (maTi inglisuri saxelwodebis mixedviT) moicavs: produqti, fasi, promouSeni da adgili. produqti ( produqt). upirveles yovlisa, produqti momxmarebels unda sWirdebodes. mas iseTi Tvisebebi da xarisxi unda hqondes, rogorsac momxmarebeli moelis gadaxdil fasad. fasi ( price). sawarmom unda miagnos iseT fass, roca maqsimalur mogebas miiRebs. es imas niSnavs, rom fasma unda aanazRauros mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebi. Semdeg sawarmo am danaxarjebs Tavisi nulovani mogebis wertilis gasaangariSeblad iyenebs. es is wertilia, roca realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebis tolia. am wertilis erT mxares sawarmo zaralSi iqneba, meore mxares ki _ mogebaSi. promouSeni ( promotion). promouSeni produqtis gayidvis xelSewyobas gulisxmobs. am gziT sawarmoebi momxmareblebs Setyobinebas ugzavnian. Setyobineba SeiZleba agreTve reklamiT, pirdapiri fostiT da uSualo kontaqtiT. ra Tqma unda, Tu momxmarebels araferi ecodineba produqtis Sesaxeb, igi mas ar SeiZens. reklamis meSveobiT sawarmoebi momxmareblebs arsebuli saqonlis Sesaxeb atyobineben. reklama maT yidvis sababsac ki aZlevs. adgili ( place). imisaTvis, rom produqti sargebliani iyos, igi unda gamoCndes maSin da iq, sadac mas momxmareblebi SeiZenen. cudad SerCeuli adgilis gamo mraval sawarmos ganucdia kraxi. Tumca, dRes adgili ukve aRar niSnavs raime konkretul teritorias, ramdenadac sul ufro meti produqciis reklama da gayidva warmoebs internetis saSualebiT. saqonlis fostiT gamosaweri katalogebi uaRresad qmediTi saSualebaa sxvadasxva saxis saqonlis
287

gasayidad, tansacmliT dawyebuli da samzareulo mowyobilobiT damTavrebuli. sawarmos biznes-saqmianobaSi marketingis gansakuTrebul rolsa da mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom mis danaxarjebze (magaliTad, aSS-Si) modis saqonlis gasayidi fasis 50-60%-mde. es danaxarjebi savsebiT amarTlebs Tavis daniSnulebas da mosalodnelia momavalSi gaizardos kidec. es dakavSirebulia or ZiriTad momentTan: jer erTi, momsaxurebaze moTxovnis amaRlebasTan da, meore, sawarmoebs Soris konkurenciuli brZolis gaaqtiurebasTan. marketinguli danaxarjebi ZiriTadad xmardeba produqciis saukeTeso dizainis Seqmnas, faswarmoqmnas, reklamis srulyofas, saqonlis gayidviswina da gayidvisSemdgom momsaxurebas da a.S.
marketingis ZiriTadi princi pebi da funqciebi.

marketingis fuZemdebluri debulebebi, anu ZiriTadi princi pebia: produqciis warmoebis organizacia moTxovnis, bazris koniunqturisa da sawarmos SesaZleblobaTa zust codnasa da urTierTSejerebaze damyarebiT; bazris segmentacia _ konkurent-sawarmoebTan upiratesobis mopovebis, moqmedebis mizanswrafulobisa da maRali efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofis, konkurentebTan pirdapiri dajaxebis Tavidan acilebisa da kvleva-Ziebis xarjebis dazogvis mizniT, sawarmos mier mis profilTan da SesaZleblobebTan yvelaze ufro morgebul momxmarebelTa konkretuli jgufis SerCeva; inovacia _ saqonlis asortimentis sistemuri srulyofa, modificireba da ganaxleba, saqonlis axali nimuSebis Seqmna, axali teqnologiebisa da mecnierul-kvleviT da sakonstruqtoro samuSaoTa axali mimarTulebebis damuSaveba; didi mogebis uzrunvelsayofad momxmarebelTa moTxovnis srulad dakmayofileba;
288

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis programiT gansazRvruli odenobiT winaswar dadgenil vadebsa da moniSnul bazarze realizaciis uzrunvelyofa, rac saWiroebs saTanado poziciis SerCevas (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sarealizaciod miwodebas iq da maSin, sadac da ra drosac mas realurad hyavs myidveli); sawarmos biznes-saqmianobis stabiluri maRalefeqtianoba; mwarmoebelTa qcevis strategiisa da taqtikis adaptireba momxmarebelTa cvalebad moTxovnilebebTan da, imavdroulad, moTxovnilebebis Camoyalibebasa da stimulirebaze zemoqmedeba. sawarmoSi specialuri qvedanayofis saxiT iqmneba marketingis samsaxuri, romelic marketingis princi pebisa da meTodebis safuZvelze moqmedebs. mis kompetenciaSi Sedis: koniunqturis Rrma analizi da xelsayreli bazris SerCeva; bazris prognozi da axali produqciis gamoSvebis Taobaze rekomendaciebis momzadeba; marketingis strategiisa da taqtikis, agreTve marketingis programebis damuSaveba da realizacia; saqonelze moTxovnis formirebis, faswarmoqmnis, reklamisa da produqciis gasaRebis programebis gansazRvra. marketingis ZiriTadi funqciebia : gasaRebis bazris kompleqsuri gamokvleva . igi moicavs saWiro informaciis mopovebas, marketinguli garemos gamokvlevas, bazris koniunqturis Seswavla-analizsa da prognozebis gansazRvras, gasaRebis formebisa da meTodebis analizs; sawarmos warmoebriv-gasaRebiTi SesaZleblobebis analizi. amis gareSe SeuZlebelia bazris konkretuli segmentis SerCeva; marketingis strategiis, taqtikisa da programebis SemuSaveba. marketingis strategia emyareba bazris koniunqturisa da momxmarebelTa moTxovnis grZelvadian prognozebs da gulisxmobs sawarmos warmoebriv-gasaRebiTi SesaZleblobebis bazris situaciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas perspeqtivaSi. marketingis
289

taqtika gamoxatavs sawarmoSi produqciis arsebul nomenklaturaze moTxovnis formirebis koniunqturul principebs. igi ganisazRvreba mokle (Cveulebriv, erT wlamde) vadiT da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi operatiulad koreqtirdeba. marketingis taqtika xels uwyobs sawarmos biznes-saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas. marketingis programa warmoadgens urTierTdakavSirebul RonisZiebaTa sistemas, romelic gansazRvravs sawarmos biznes-saqmianobas (drois mocemul monakveTSi) marketingis yvela blokSi. igi SeiZleba iyos moklevadiani da grZelvadiani. marketingis programa dgeba bazris koniunqturis kompleqsuri gamokvlevis, momxmarebelTa moTxovnis gansazRvrisa da marketingis strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebis safuZvelze, rac uzrunvelyofs sawarmos yvela qvedanayofis SeTanxmebul Tanamoqmedebas; saqonlis (momsaxurebis) warmoebis dagegmva . igi, iseve rogorc marketingis momdevno sami funqcia, warmoadgens marketingis programis specialur ganyofilebas da mimarTulia sawarmos konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaken, konkretulad exeba sawarmos produqciis samomxmareblo Tvisebebs, axali saxeobisa da asortimentis saqonlis SemuSavebas da miznad isaxavs efeqtiani gasaRebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT misi xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis momxmarebelTa konkretul moTxovnebTan misadagebas; saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasis dagegmva . moicavs bazarze sawarmos qcevis fasTan dakavSirebuli strategiis gansazRvras xangrZlivi periodisaTvis da taqtikis gansazRvras mokle periodisaTvis saqonlis TiToeuli jgufisa da saxeobis mixedviT. igi gulisxmobs ekonomikuri koniunqturis, saqonlis sasicocxlo ciklis fazebis, alternatiuli Rirebulebisa da sxva faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT fasebis donis gansazRvras; saqonlis (momsaxurebis) gasaRebis dagegmva . mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sawarmos nawarmis gasaRebis arxebis dagegmva da formireba pirdapiri da arapirdapiri meTodebiT. pirdapir meTodSi
290

igulisxmeba TviT sawarmos mier filialebis, gasaRebis punqtebisa da sawyobebis, sademonstracio darbazebis, teqnikuri momsaxurebis sadgurebisa da centrebis organizacia, e.i. realizacia gasaRebis sakuTari, damoukidebeli qselis meSveobiT. arapirdapiri meTodi ki niSnavs nawarmis realizacias damoukidebeli Suamavlebis meSveobiT. arsebobs nawarmis kombinirebuli, anu Sereuli meTodiT gasaRebac; komunikaciuri politikis ganxorcieleba . aq vgulisxmobT saqonlis pirdapir anu personalur gayidvas, finansuri saSualebebis meSveobiT gasaRebis stimulirebas, nawarmis gayidvamde da gayidvis Semdgom momsaxurebas, gamoyenebas, bazrobebs, saqonlur niSnebsa da stils, SefuTvas, suvenirebs, teqmomsaxurebas, servisul politikas da a.S. marketinguli saqmianobis organizacia . igulisxmeba sawarmos warmoebriv-gasaRebiTi da mecnierul-teqnikuri saqmianobis sistemaSi specialuri struqturebis Seqmna, romlebic, Cveulebriv, agebulia sami ZiriTadi princi piT: saqonluri, regionuli da momxmarebelTa jgufebis mixedviT. SeiZleba maTi kombinirebac. garda amisa, daSvebulia moqnili droebiTi muSa jgufebis Seqmna, romelTac SeuZliaT marketinguli Zalisxmeva koncentrirebulad mimarTon gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mimarTulebiT da swrafi reagireba moaxdinon makro- da mikro garemos cvlilebebze; marketinguli saqmianobis kontroli . igi xorcieldeba sawarmos biznes-saqmianobis efeqtianobis analizis mizniT da tardeba strategiul, taqtikur da operatiul doneze. gaTvaliswinebul marketingul RonisZiebaTa realizaciis mimdinare kontroli (monitoringi) SesaZlebels xdis msvlelobis procesSive iqnas Setanili garkveuli koreqtivebi marketingul saqmianobaSi, rac xels uwyobs warmoebisa da gasaRebis mxriv SemuSavebuli programis saerTo Sedegianobis amaRlebas. kontrolSi igulisxmeba realizaciis gegmis Sesruleba,
291

gasaRebis SesaZleblobaTa analizi, marketinguli danaxarjebisa da momgebianobis analizi, marketingis strategiuli kontroli da revizia. marketingis kontrolis kompetenciaSi Sedis agreTve gayiduli saqonlis reklamaciisa da dabrunebis analizi da konkretul winadadebaTa SemuSaveba msgavsi SemTxvevebis aRmosafxvrelad; marketinguli saqmianobis marTva . marketingi sawarmos marTvis sistemis Semadgeneli nawilia, amasTan, igi TviTonac eqvemdebareba marTvas. marketingis marTvaSi igulisxmeba im RonisZiebaTa (informaciis mopoveba, bazris gamokvleva, momsaxurebis, gasaRebis operaciebisa da reklamis organizacia) analizi, dagegmva, cxovrebaSi gatareba da kontroli, romlebic mimarTulia miznobriv myidvelTan kontaqtebis dasamyareblad, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas sawarmos produqciis gasaRebis moculobis gazrda da minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri ekonomikuri efeqtis miReba. marketingis marTva arsebiTad momxmarebelTa moTxovnis marTvaa.
saqonlis realizaciis xelSewyoba (gadaadgilebis daCqareba). rogorc cnobilia, marketingis oTxi ZiriTadi

Semadgeneli nawilidan saqonlis realizaciis sistemaSi misi gadaadgilebis daCqareba erT-erTi mniSvnelovania. gadaadgilebaSi win waweva gulisxmobs iseTi meTodebisa da RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, romelic momxmarebels daarwmunebs da miaRebinebs gadawyevtilebas, rom, saxeldobr, esa Tu is saqoneli SeiZinos, e.i. gaakeTos konkretuli arCevani bazarze gamotanili saqonlis mravalferovnebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi myidvelze zemoqmedebis meTodebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc uSualo, e.i. myidvelTan pirispir kontaqti, ise arapirdapiri _ masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis farTo SesaZleblobis gamoyenebis gziT. yvela am saSualebis gamoyenebas sami ZiriTadi amocana aqvs: informaciis miwodeba, darwmuneba da Sexseneba.
292

Tu myidvels aseTi informacia ar eqneba, gauWirdeba arCevanis gakeTeba. es informacia imdenad damajerebeli unda iyos, rom myidvelma swori arCevani gaakeTos _ darwmundes arCevanis motivaciaSi, imaSi, Tu ramdenad daakmayofilebs arCeuli saqoneli mis moTxovnilebas da ramdenad xelmisawvdomia misTvis saqonlis fasi. rac adre da zustad miiRebs myidveli am informacias, miT ufro kargad darwmundeba saqonlis saWiroebaSi da daaCqarebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas. saqonlis Sesaxeb sajaro Sexseneba, damatebiTi informaciis miwodeba da misi ganmeoreba damatebiTi moTxovnis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa, romelic myidvels ara marto Seaxsenebs aseTi saqonlis arsebobis Sesaxeb, aramed miuTiTebs misi SeZenis adgils da axal fasebs, miT ufro, Tu am saqonels raime axali samomxmareblo Tvisebac daemata. amrigad, saqonlis sabazro arxebis mixedviT gadaadgilebaSi daCqareba (win waweva) ara marto arsebuli momxmareblisaTvis saqonlis droze miwodebas gulisxmobs, aramed xels uwyobs damatebiTi momxmareblebis mozidvas, maT darwmunebas arCevanis miRebaSi. saqonlis realizaciis procesis daCqarebas da amisaTvis saTanado informaciis gavrcelebas, myidvelis darwmuneba-SexsenebisaTvis damatebiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas sasurveli Sedegi moaqvs da sasargebloa rogorc mwarmoeblisaTvis, ise momxmareblisaTvis. amasTan, es RonisZiebebi da, saerTod, saqonlis Sesaxeb informaciuli sistema efeqtiania mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am procesSi daculia eTikis normebi, keTilsindisiereba da informaciis saimedooba. saqonlis mwarmoeblidan momxmareblamde gadaadgilebis daCqarebis RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebis mizniT aucilebelia SemuSavdes daCqarebis RonisZiebaTa struqtura, romelSic ZiriTadad oTxi Semadgeneli Sedis: piradi gayidva (e.i. gamyidvelisa da myidvelis
293

piradi kontaqtebis gziT gayidvis procesis daCqareba), reklama, kavSirisa da kontaqtebis sazogadoebrivi formebis gamoyeneba da daCqarebis stimulireba. am elementebidan romelimes sworad SerCevas an maT urTierTSexamebiT kompleqsurad gamoyenebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gayidvebis gafarToebasa da daCqarebaSi. mza produqciis realizaciis procesSi piradi gayidvis forma ufro metad mcire biznesSia gamoyenebuli. misi upiratesobaa garigebisa da gayidvis procesis mokle droSi ganxorcieleba da mwarmoeblis mier konkretul momxmarebelTan piradi kontaqtiT misTvis misaRebi produqciis advilad SerCeva. mwarmoeblis mier saqonlis piradi gayidvis pirobebSi SedarebiT metia danaxarjebi, magram gayidvis procesis daCqarebis wyalobiT es danaxarjebi umetes SemTxvevaSi kompensirebulia.
reklamis arsi da roli saqonlis realizaciis procesis daCqarebaSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi realizaciis

procesis daCqarebisaTvis sawarmoTa umravlesoba mimarTavs reklamis sxvadasxva formebs. gayidvebSi reklamis gamoyeneba xels uwyobs ara marto saqonlis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebas, aramed myidvelTa farTo masebis mozidvasa da dainteresebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom reklamis pirobebSi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba ukukavSirebi da reklamis zogierTi saxe maRal danaxarjebs iwvevs, misi gamoyeneba mTel rig upiratesobebs aniWebs im sawarmoebs, romlebic mas iyeneben da afinanseben. gayidvis procesis daCqarebis mizniT, zogierTi sawarmo mimarTavs momxmareblebTan kavSirisa da maTi dainteresebis ama Tu im formebs, sazogadoebrivi kavSiris sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebis gziT. am dros mniSvnelovnad farTovdeba momxmarebelTa auditoria da informaciis gavrcelebis masStabebi. dasasruls, realizaciis procesis daCqarebaSi garkveul mniSvnelobas iZens gayidvebis stimulirebis sxvadasxva formebis
294

gamoyeneba. es forma ZiriTadad gamiznulia momxmarebelTa dainteresebis amaRlebisaken, saxeldobr, gayidvis daCqarebisaken SeRavaTebis sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebiT (rogoricaa: fasdakleba, ufaso damatebiTi momsaxureba da sxv.). amrigad, realizaciis daCqarebis RonisZiebaTa struqturaSi yovel elements aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxare. mwarmoebelma sworad unda gansazRvros da awon-dawonos yoveli maTgani. yoveli sawarmo realizaciis daCqarebis sakuTar strategias SeimuSavebs, romelic mWidrod unda daukavSirdes rogorc marketingul miznebs, ise realizaciis daCqarebis RonisZiebebs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tanamedrove pirobebSi mza nawarmis ganawilebisa da realizaciis procesis daCqarebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania reklama. reklamis masStabebi da nairferovneba Tanamedrove biznesis damaxasiaTebel niSnad iqca. reklama mniSvnelovania ara marto erovnul bazrebze, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabiTac _ msoflio ekonomikaSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis integraciisa da internacionalizaciis pirobebSi. reklamis roli da masStabebi dRiTidRe izrdeba da farTovdeba. ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebiT cnobilia, rom sawarmoTa xarjebi reklamaze daaxloebiT 4-5-jer gaizarda. amasTan, msxvili sawarmoebis xarjebi Semosavlebidan SedarebiT ufro mcire _ daaxloebiT 1%-is farglebSia, xolo ufro mets _ 2,5%-s reklamaze mcire sawarmoebi xarjaven. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba metad mravalferovani sareklamo RonisZiebebi, romlebic TavianTi daniSnulebis mixedviT SeiZleba Semdegnairad dajgufdes: sasaqonlo reklama, instituciuri reklama, propaganduli reklama da sakonkurencio reklama. yoveli maTganis gamoyenebas konkretuli pirobebi da amocanebi ganapirobebs. sasaqonlo reklama Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea. sasaqonlo reklamis mTavari daniSnulebaa daCqardes ama Tu im konkretuli saxis saqonlis gayidva. reklama
295

xorcieldeba saqonlis samomxmareblo Tvisebebis aRweriTa da fasis miTiTebiT. instituciuri reklamiT xdeba mwarmoeblis sasurveli iersaxis gacnoba da myidvelTa farTo wreSi keTili ganwyobis Camoyalibeba. e.i. aq reklamirebis obieqtia ara marto saqoneli, aramed misi mwarmoebeli, misi avtoriteti da imiji. am reklamis erT-erTi mizania, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi investiciebis mozidvac, radgan kreditorebi sawarmos gadaxdisunarianobas maTi avtoritetiTac afaseben. propagandul reklamas mimarTaven maSin, rodesac sajarod gamoaqvT iseTi problemebi, romlebic sazogadoebas awuxebs da maTi gadawyveta diskusiiT an azrTa gaziarebis gziT xdeba. xSirad am movlenebs sawarmoebi iyeneben sakuTari produqciis reklamisaTvis. reklamas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs konkurenciul brZolaSi. sawarmo reklamis saSualebiT cdilobs daarwmunos momxmareblebi maTi produqciis upiratesobaSi da amiT Seasustos konkurentis gavlenis sfero. sakonkurencio reklama sakmaod gavrcelebulia farTo moxmarebis saqonlis realizaciis procesSi, rodesac bazarze gamotanilia erTi da imave daniSnulebis ramdenime dasaxelebis saqoneli. am SemTxvevaSi sakonkurencio reklama mimarTulia bazarze ama Tu im sawarmos gavlenis sferos gafarToebisaken. reklamis gavlenis gaZlierebis mizniT mimarTaven sxvadasxva xerxebs. erT-erTi aseTi xerxia reklamaSi cnobili pirebis monawileoba, rodesac sayovelTaod cnobili piri _ upiratesad msaxiobebi, xelovnebis muSakebi da sportsmenebi mouwodeben potenciur myidvelebs ama Tu im sawarmos romelime konkretuli saxis produqciis SeZenas. xSirad sportsmenebs sportul formaze ukeTeben sareklamo gancxadebebs, an kidev aCveneben, Tu rogori interesiT iyenebs cnobili pirovneba ama Tu im saxis saqonels.
296

reklamaSi farTod gamoiyeneba fotomodelebis mier Sesrulebuli sareklamo fotoreproduqcia, romelic gamiznulia adamianTa mgrZnobiarobis gaZlierebiT garkveuli saxis saqonlis mimarT yuradRebis gamaxvilebisaken. xSiria sanaxaobiTi dawesebulebebisa da Sou-programebis gamoyeneba produqciis reklamirebis mizniT da sxv. sareklamo gancxadeba ZiriTadad ori komponentisagan Sedgeba _ teqstisa da mxatvruli gaformebisagan. pirveli komponenti reklamis sityvieri nawilia da garkveul Sinaarss moicavs, xolo meore gamiznulia vizualur efeqtze. xSirad es orive komponenti erTmaneTTan Sexamebulia da garkveulad aZlierebs STabeWdilebas. reklamis sainformacio saSualebebidan ZiriTadia: gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, telexedva, radio, safosto gzavnilebi da sxv. reklamirebis mizniT xSirad mimarTaven pres-konferenciebis gamarTvas, qalaqebsa da mWidrod dasaxlebul adgilebSi mxatvrulad gaformebuli sareklamo farebis saSualebiT sareklamo gancxadebebs, moZrav satransporto saSualebebze damagrebul sareklamo saSualebebs da sxv. yvela saxis sareklamo RonisZiebis farTod gamoyeneba erT ZiriTad amocanas _ realizaciis daCqarebas emsaxureba. amrigad, marketingi biznes-saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. mis racionalur gamoyenebaze didadaa damokidebuli nebismieri sawarmos funqcionirebis efeqtianoba.

297

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva: a. marTlzomieri da erTjeradi saqmianoba; b. nebismieri saxis momgebiani saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba ekonomikurad damoukideblad; g. marTlzomieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT, damoukideblad da organizebulad; d. nebismieri marTlzomieri saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba damoukideblad da organizebulad. 2. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, samewarmeo saqmianobis miznad aRiarebulia: a. momavali Taobis aRzrda; b. mogebis maqsimizacia; g. qvelmoqmedeba; d. sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba da mogebis miReba. 3. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia: a. mxolod iuridiul pirs; b. mxolod fizikur pirs; g. rogorc iuridiul, ise fizikur pirs; d. mxolod rezident iuridiul pirs. 4. qvemoT moyvanili gancxadebebidan, mcire biznesis Sesaxeb aSS-is ekonomikaSi, sinamdviles ar Seesabameba: a. mcire sawarmoebi ufro xSirad kotrdebian, vidre SedarebiT msxvili sawarmoebi; b. qveyanaSi axali samuSao adgilebis umravlesobas
298

SedarebiT ufro mcire sawarmoebi qmnian; g. amerikul mcire biznesze modis qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis 60%-ze meti; d. mcire sawarmoebs, rogorc wesi, cvlilebebTan adaptaciis meti unari aqvT, vidre msxvil sawarmoebs.

5. amxanagobis ti pis sazogadoebebs miekuTvneba: a. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba; b. komandituri sazogadoeba da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba; g. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba da komandituri sazogadoeba; d. komandituri sazogadoeba da saaqcio sazogadoeba. 6. amxanagobis erT-erTi upiratesoba is aris, rom: a. yovel partniors SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba akisria; b. SezRudulia partniorTa simdidriT da fulis sesxad aRebis SesaZleblobiT; g. partniorebi, ueWvelia, iolad SeTanxmdebian saqmian gadawyvetilebaTa Taobaze; d. sawarmo arsebobas erT-erTi partnioris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic ganagrZobs. 7. msxvil korporaciaSi (saaqcio sazogadoebaSi): a. marTvis funqciebs aqcionerebi asruleben; b. mflobelebi direqtorebi arian; g. floba da xelmZRvaneloba gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan; d. ar arsebobs aranairi aqciebi. 8. Tu Tqven korporaciis aqcias SeiZenT, maSin: a. Tqveni fulis dakargvis riski ar gemuqrebaT;
299

b. garantirebuli geqnebaT, rom imaze meti fuli dagibrundebaT, vidre aqciaSi CadeT; g. Tqven ar geqnebaT kompaniis momavali mogebis wili; d. Tqven ver dakargavT imaze met fuls, vidre aqciaSi CadeT.

g. individualuri sawarmo, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da kooperativi; d. individualuri sawarmo, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da munici paluri sawarmo.

9. mcire da msxvili sawarmoebis TanamSromlobas, romlis drosac msxvili sawarmo iRebs valdebulebas mcire sawarmos sakuTari saqonliTa da teqnologiebiT momaragebaze, sareklamo momsaxurebaze, menejmentis da marketingis sferoSi momsaxurebaze, ewodeba: a. koncerni; b. holdingi; g. tresti; d. franCaizi. 10. Tu sawarmo iuridiuli piria, es imas niSnavs, rom: a. misi daarseba Znelia da did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli; b. mas kapitalis mxolod gansazRvruli odenobis mobilizeba SeuZlia; g. igi biznesis organizaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa; d. mas SeuZlia sasamarTloSi gamovides mosarCelis da mopasuxis saxiT, dados xelSekrulebebi da gadaixados gadasaxadebi. 11. `mewarmeT Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad, samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli organizaciulsamarTlebrivi formebia: a. individualuri sawarmo, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da erToblivi sawarmo; b. erTi piris sawarmo, komandituri sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba, kooperativi da komandituri sazogadoeba;
300

12. giorgim am cota xnis win iyida maRazia, romelic qveyanaSi kargad cnobili nayinis mwarmoebeli kompaniis saxels atarebs. Tu giorgi mowyobilobasa da sasaqonlo marags aRniSnuli kompaniisagan iyidis da misi saxelis gamoyenebis sanacvlod fuls gadaixdis, maSin misi sawarmo warmoadgens magaliTs: a. kooperativisa; b. franCaizisa; g. holdingisa; d. kornerisa.

301

Tema
ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi

leqcia 17. ojaxis adgili da roli sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

`ojaxi _ es aris miniaturuli sazogad oeb a, rom lis m Tlianobaze (erTianobaze) damokidebulia mTeli didi adamianuri sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba.~ f.adleri
ojaxis Camoyalibeba da arsi. ojaxi aris qorwi-

`bednieria is, vinc bednieria Tavis saxlSi.~ l. tolstoi `yoveli ojaxi mini-fabrikaa, romelic sawarmoo faqtorebis... saSualebiT qmnis keTildReobis safuZvlebs.~ g.bekeri wina TemaSi davaxasiaTeT ekonomikis sferoSi adamianTa mravalferovani biznes-saqmianoba. yovelive amas Sedegad mosdevs sazogadoebis wevrTa mudmivad mzard moTxovnilebaTa sul ufro srulad dakmayofileba, ojaxebis cxovrebis donis amaRleba. am procesis erTi romelime maCvenebliT gamoxatva SeuZlebelia. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba socialur-ekonomikur maCvenebelTa mTeli sistema, romlis calkeuli komponentebi am rTuli kategoriis mxolod calkeul mxareebs hfenen naTels, yvela erTad ki, urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTganpirobebulobaSi, mis met-naklebad srul suraTs iZleva. ojaxis cxovrebis donis kompleqsuri problemis zogierT moments wina TemebSic SevexeT (iq ganxiluli sakiTxebis aspeqtiT), magram misi sistemuri gaSuqeba sxva konteqstSi maT aq CarTvasac moiTxovs, ris gamoc mcireodeni ganmeorebebi SeiZleba Tavidan ver aviciloT.
302

nebis Tu naTesaobis safuZvelze Seqmnili mcire socialuri jgufi, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian yofa-cxovrebis erTianobiT, urTierTmxardaWeriT, moraluri pasuxismgeblobiT da saerTo meurneobiT. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, swored es ukanasknelia yvelaze niSandoblivi ojaxisaTvis. Tanamedrove formiT, ojaxi yovelTvis ar arsebobda. misi Camoyalibeba amJamindeli saxiT, Cvens xelT arsebuli istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: uwesrigo sqesobrivi urTierTobani kacobriobis formirebis gariJraJze _ jgufuri qorwineba _ wyviladi ojaxi, warmodgenili Tavdapirvelad dediseuli (matriarqati), SemdgomSi ki mamiseuli (patriarqati) formiT. patriarqaluri ojaxi (swored aseTi formiTaa damkvidrebuli ojaxi amJamad), Zvel romSi mas uwodebdnen familia-s, niSnavs saxls, agreTve individTa jgufs, romelic ekuTvnis ama Tu im saxls (an monaTmflobelis gankargulebaSi myofi monebis garkveuli odenoba) da eweva sameurneo saqmianobas.
ojaxis moTxovnilebis jgufebi. ojaxi uzrunvel-

yofs misi wevrebis mravali socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. ganasxvaveben ojaxis moTxov303

nilebaTa sam jgufs: materialurs, suliersa da socialurs. materialuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi igulisxmeba ojaxis wevrTa uzrunvelyofa kvebis produqtebiT, tansacmliT, sacxovrebeli farTiT, sanitarul-higienuri pirobebiT da a.S. sulier moTxovnilebaSi igulisxmeba ganaTlebis miReba, kulturuli, saxelovnebo da saliteraturo faseulobebis SeTviseba. maTgan gansxvavebiT, socialuri xasiaTis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba gulisxmobs Tavisufali drois gonivrul gamoyenebas, aqtiur monawileobas sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. aRniSnul moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba xorcieldeba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: uSualod saojaxo meurneobaSi . aq moTxovnilebis garkveuli nawili kmayofildeba. ase, magaliTad, yurZnis mwarmoebeli fermeri miRebuli mosavlis nawils Tavadve moixmars, e.i. ikmayofilebs moTxovnilebas kvebis am produqtze. zogierTi adamiani TviTon ikeravs tansacmels, zogierTi Tavad aremontebs sakuTar binasa Tu avtomobils da a.S. sazogadoebrivi warmoebis procesSi adamianis monawileobis safuZvelze. Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis igi gansazRvruli raodenobis fulad anazRaurebas Rebulobs da misi meSveobiT ikmayofilebs sxvadasxva moTxovnilebas: SeiZens kvebis produqtebs, tansacmels, wignebs, kinos bileTebs, agarakze midis dasasveneblad da a.S.
ojaxis funqciebi. ojaxis ekonomikuri roli misi mwarmoebluri da samomxmareblo funqciebiT vlindeba. ojaxis mwarmoebluri funqciis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia gamovyoT Sualeduri rgoli, romelic, erTi mxriv, ganekuTvneba sazogadoebriv warmoebas, meore mxriv, ki warmoadgens saojaxo meurneobas. aseTebad gvevlineba piradi damxmare meurneoba, saojaxo ferma, saojaxo kooperativi, individualuri SromiTi saqmianoba (namcxvris damzadeba, samkervalo saqmianoba). am SemTx-

vevaSi miRebuli Sromis Sedegi nawilobriv gamoiyeneba uSualod ojaxis wevrebis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad, nawilobriv ki gadis bazarze saqonlis saxiT da gankuTvnilia sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis analogiur moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad. amrigad, moTxovnilebebi aiZulebs nebismier individs mimarTos SromiT saqmianobas da am gziT Caebas sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. amasTanave, TviT adamianis moTxovnilebebis Sinaarsi, moculoba, struqtura mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis xasiaTs. aRsaniSnavia ojaxis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba individis samomxmareblo rolis SesrulebaSi. sakiTxi metad mtkivneulia ekonomikuri urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan individebis erTobliobis moTxovnilebaTa safuZvelze ganisazRvreba bazarze erToblivi moTxovnis moculoba da Semadgenloba, rac sabazro urTierTobebis erTi nawilia. rac Seexeba meore nawils _ miwodebas, misi moculoba ganisazRvreba garkveulwilad adamianis SromiTi aqtivobiT da Sromisadmi misi damokidebulebiT. amrigad, swored ojaxis wiaRSi eyreba safuZveli sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebisaTvis or iseT mniSvnelovan faqtors, rogoric aris: gonivruli moxmarebis kulturis gamomuSaveba (individis Camoyalibeba momxmareblis rolis SesrulebisaTvis) da SemoqmedebiTi SromiTi saqmianobis Cvevebis SeZena (individis momzadeba sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi monawileobisaTvis).
ojaxis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis principebi. yovel ojaxSi moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gansazRvruli

wesi unda damkvidrdes, romelic Semdeg princi pebs daefuZneba: ojaxis wevrebma unda gansazRvron maTTvis misaReb moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis Tanmimdevroba, anu rodis ra SeiZinon. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxis yvela wevri cdilobs gonivrulad gamoiyenos ojaxis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuladi resursebi da zrunavs pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi305

304

lebisaTvis. magaliTad, zamTris sezonis moaxloebasTan erTad, isini SeiZenen Tbil tansacmels, imarageben saTbob-sawvav masalas. moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis Tanmimdevrobasa da xasiaTs gansazRvravs ojaxis Semosavlebis sidide. TiToeul ojaxs moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mkveTrad gamoxatuli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs: erT SemTxvevaSi wina planze wamoiweva avtomobilis, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ tansacmlis SeZena; SeiZinon ara nebismieri maRalxarisxovani nivTi, aramed mxolod is, rac ojaxisaTvisaa aucilebeli . samwuxarod, aRniSnuli martivi princi pi praqtikulad ar xorcieldeba, ris Sedegadac Cveni qveynis mraval ojaxSi SeimCneva ama Tu im dasaxelebis nivTebis siWarbe; ojaxSi arsebuli yvela nivTi gonivrulad da yairaTianad gamoiyenon . samwuxarod, aRniSnuli princi pis ganxorcieleba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria Cveni qveynis ojaxebisaTvis, sadac yairaTianobisaken mimarTuli yoveli mowodeba sazogadoebis ZiriTad nawilSi iwvevs ironiul Rimils.
adamianis modelebi (ti pebi) da maTi gavlena ojaxze. imis mixedviT, ra motiviT xelmZRvanelobs sameurneo

saqmianobaSi konkretuli individi, ekonomikur literaturaSi ganasxvaveben adamianis Semdeg modelebs (ti pebs): jer kidev klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTma mamamTavarma adam smiTma Camoayaliba `ekonomikuri adamianis~ modeli (homo economicus), romlis Sesabamisadac individi momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis rolSic avlens racionalizms da miiswrafvis materialuri sikeTis moxmarebisagan miRebuli siamovnebis maqsimizaciisaken, yairaTianad eweva warmoebas, aRricxavs da iTvlis yvela gaweul xarjs; a.smiTis modeli gaakritika t.veblenma, romelmac ar gaiziara mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos nebismieri adamiani Tavis saqmianobaSi xelmZRvanelobs sakuTari gamorCenis mizniT da aRricxavs yovelgvar
306

Semosavals an danakargs. misi azriT, adamianis moqmedeba ganisazRvreba instiqtiT, CvevebiT da mSromeli adamianisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia maRalnayofieri muSaobis instiqti ; amerikelma mecnierma h.saimonma Camoayaliba `administraciuli adamianis~ modeli. aseT adamians, misi azriT, gaaCnia survili miiRos racionaluri gadawyvetilebebi, magram ver flobs Sesabamis informacias, ara aqvs saTanado dro. mecnieris mier warmoCenili adamianis modeli srulad miesadageba Cvens sazogadoebaSi sakmaod gavrcelebul biurokratis ti ps, romelsac, Tumca, gaaCnia racionaluri xelmZRvanelobis survili, magram ara aqvs saTanado dro, ris Sedegadac verc arsebul informacias flobs; dasavleTis ekonomikur literaturaSi farTod moikida fexi amerikeli mecnieris makgregoris, e.w. X da Y Teoriebma. X Teoriis Tanaxmad, saSualo adamiani bunebiT zarmacia, Tavs aridebs pasuxismgeblobas, ewinaaRmdegeba yovelgvar gardaqmnebs, advilad emorCileba demagogebis gavlenas. aseTi individis saqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis, makgregoris azriT, umjobesia `maTraxisa da Taflakveris~ politikis gamoyeneba. daxasiaTebuli adamianis ti pis sawinaaRmdegod, Y Teoriis mixedviT, individi bunebiT aqtiuria, avlens iniciativas SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi. aseTi pirovnebisaTvis yvelaze misaRebia muSaobis iseTi pirobebi, rodesac wina planze wamoiwevs sakuTari saqmianobis TviTkontrolis SesaZlebloba. msgavsi individis nairsaxeobas Cveulebrivad Segnebul adamians vuwodebT. sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi (iseve rogorc nebismier ojaxSi), Tanabrad aris warmodgenili adamianis yvela ganxiluli ti pi, rac ganapirobebs rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT ekonomikur Sedegebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia ojaxSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebis sistematiurad Semowmeba, calkeuli ojaxebis samomxmareblo biujetis Sedgenis, SemdgomSi misi calkeuli monacemebis yovelmxrivi Seswavlisa da ganxilvis safuZvelze.
307

leqcia 18. ojaxis samomxmareblo biujeti

`dazogva didi Semosavalia.~ ciceroni `dazogva dazogvisaTvis friad sazizRari saqmea, Tundac fuli patiosani gziT iyos naSovni... dagroveba mxolod imisaTvis, rom gsiamovnebs iyo mdidari, SezRuduli Wkuisa da dabali sulis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.~ s.smailsi
ojaxis samomxmareblo biujetis arsi, daniSnuleba da struqtura. biujeti, rogorc ekonomikuri movlenebis

warmarTvisa da kontrolis mZlavri meTodi, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas nebismieri donis ekonomikur sistemaSi, maT Soris saojaxo meurneobaSic. ojaxis samomxmareblo biujetSi aisaxeba saojaxo meurneobis Semosaval-gasavlis absoluturi monacemebi (fuladi gamoxatulebiT) da maT Soris Tanafardoba (%-obiT) drois garkveuli monakveTisaTvis. igi ori nawilisagan _ Semosavlebisa da xarjebisagan Sedgeba. ekonomikur literaturasa da sameurneo praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba ojaxis biujetis iseTi forma, romelSic mocemulia saojaxo meurneobis wliuri Semosaval-gasavlis struqtura mTeli mosaxleobisa da misi calkeuli kategoriebis (muSebi, mosamsaxureebi, fermerebi) mixedviT; saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosaval-gasavlis struqtura mTeli wlisa da misi calkeuli kvartalebis mixedviT; saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosavalgasavlis struqtura qalaq-soflisa da regionebis WrilSi.
308

miuxedavad mravali dadebiTi momentisa, ojaxis samomxmareblo biujetis mxolod amgvari saxiT Seswavlas gaaCnia erTi uaryofiTi mxare _ igi iZleva realuri mdgomareobis statistikur suraTs da SeuZlebeli xdeba Sesabamisi zomebis droulad gatareba uaryofiTi faqtorebis gamosaricxad. magaliTad, biujetis saSualebiT wlis (kvartlis) bolos davadgineT, rom kvebisaTvis gankuTvnili xarjebis odenoba mkveTrad gaizarda wina welTan (kvartalTan) SedarebiT. am SemTxvevaSi miRebuli monacemebi asrulebs `fuWi gasrolis~ rols, magram analogiuri informaciis droulad (yovelTviurad an yovelkvireulad) miRebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi koreqtivebis Setana. swored amasTan dakavSirebiT aris aucilebeli calkeul ojaxebSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebis dokumenturi asaxva, anu aRricxva, romlis mizanSewonilobaze jer kidev bibliaSi miuTiTebda mefe solomoni. mefe savaWro operaciebis warmoebisas gvirCevs gacemuli saqonlis zust daTvlas da Sefasebas. xolo cnoba miRebuli faseulobis Sesaxeb, misi azriT, unda aisaxos werilobiT. garda amisa, cnobilia mravali istoriuli faqti, romelic metyvelebs sameurneo operaciebis aRricxvis aqtualobis Sesaxeb. TurqmeneTis samxreTSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis procesSi aRmoaCines Tixis firfita, romelzedac amobeWdilia Cvens welTaRricxvamde I saukunisdroindeli sameurneo operaciis amsaxveli sabuTi. masSi miTiTebulia cixesimagreSi puris fqvilis Semozidvis faqti. sameurneo xasiaTis operaciebi egvipteSi sruldeboda papirusze, xolo babilonSi _ Tixis firfitebze. pouloben monacemebs gacemuli xelfasis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis kargad aris cnobili, rom hamurabis specialuri kanonmdebloba avaldebulebda vaWrebs CaeweraT gacvliTi operaciebi. imave kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxebis gadacema specialuri xelwerilis gareSe iTvleboda arakanonierad. berZeni istorikosis _ herodotes cnobiT, heopsis piramidaze amokveTili
309

iyo mSenebeli monebis kvebisaTvis gacemuli nioris, xaxvis, bolokis da a.S. produqtebis odenoba. amis safuZvelze istorikosma gaweuli samuSaoebis Rirebuleba Seafasa 40 tona vercxlis fasad. gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT xorcieldeboda fuladi saSualebebis Senaxva. Zvel saberZneTSi fuli inaxeboda Tixis specialur qoTnebSi. yoveli dasaxelebis xarjebisaTvis gankuTvnili iyo konkretuli qoTani. salaros gasaRebi inaxeboda erT moxelesTan, xolo mTlianad Senobis gasaRebi, sadac moTavsebuli iyo agreTve saaRricxvo dokumentebi _ meore moxelesTan. gasaRebis gacvla moxeleebs Soris sastikad iyo akrZaluli. miuxedavad aRricxvis aseTi Rrma istoriuli fesvebisa, amJamad adamianis praqtikuli saqmianobis iseTi mniSvnelovani sfero, rogoricaa aRricxva, xSirad xelovnurad aris gadaweuli ukana planze, ris gamoc sazogadoebrivi azri uaryofiTia. specialuri sameurneo wignebis an misi Semcvleli sabuTis warmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia sistematuri kontrolis daweseba ojaxis Semosaval-gasavalze. nebismier ojaxSi SesaZlebelia SemoRebul iqnas Jurnali, romelSic mocemuli iqneba sameurneo xasiaTis yvela ganxorcielebuli operacia. amasTan, sasurvelia, rom yvela saxis Semosavlisa da gasavlisaTvis gaixsnas specialuri saqaRalde. Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnikis farTod gamoyeneba sul ufro amartivebs aRniSnuli dokumentebis warmoebis process. aRricxvis Sesaxeb saubrisas SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT balansis cnebas. nebismieri sameurneo saqmianoba, maT Soris saojaxo ekonomikac, SeiZleba gamoisaxos balansis meSveobiT. balansi franguli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs wonasworobas. Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi balansis meSveobiT unda damyardes wonasworoba ojaxis gankargulebaSi arsebul Semosavlebsa da mis mier gasawev xarjebs Soris. ojaxis biujeti dabalansebulia, rodesac Semosavlebi da xarjebi Tanabaria. rodesac Semosavlebi aRemateba xarjebs, maSin biujeti aqtiuria.
310

marTalia, biujetis Sedgenis mravali xerxi arsebobs, magram, Cveulebriv, ojaxis biujetis Sedgenis procesi moicavs sam fazas: finansuri miznebis dasaxva . fuladi Semosavlis didi nawili SesaZloa mimdinare moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad ixarjebodes. magram, drodadro warmoiSoba im saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZenis saWiroeba, romlis yidvas erTi Tvis Semosavali ar yofnis. es ki moiTxovs fuladi Semosavlis nawilis dazogvas, romlis sidide damokidebulia Semosavlis moculobaze. am miznis misaRwevad saWiroa fuladi danazogis gegmis Sedgena; mosalodneli Semosavlis wyaroebis dadgena . ojaxis biujetis Sedgenis momdevno etapze adgenen Semosavlis wyaroebis nusxas. aq igulisxmeba Sromidan da simdidridan miRebuli fuladi Semosavali, agreTve transfertebi (sxvadasxva saxis fuladi daxmarebebi); xarjebis dagegmva. da bolos, adgenen ojaxis savaraudo mimdinare navaWrisa da sxva xarjebis nusxas (plius danazogis Tanxa, riTac miiRweva grZelvadiani miznebi). maSasadame, am gegmaSi aisaxeba yvela mosalodneli xarji rogorc mimdinare, aseve perspeqtiuli. es saSualebas iZleva ojaxis moTxovnilebebi dajgufdes maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT. SeiZleba nusxidan amoRebul iqnas iseTi moTxovnilebebi, romelTa dakmayofilebac mwiri biujetiT amjerad SeuZlebelia. am dros dgeba alternatiuli Rirebulebis problema. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SemosavliT yvela sasurveli SenaZenis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia, maSin biujetidan Seusyidveli saqoneli (momsaxureba) warmoadgens alternatiul Rirebulebas. rogoria ojaxis Semosavlebis wyaroebi da ojaxis xarjebis struqtura? sakiTxis arsSi gasarkvevad mivmarToT ojaxis samomxmareblo funqcias. momxmarebelia yvela, vinc saqonels am momsaxurebas SeiZens raime moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. yvela adamiani da, Sesabamisad, saojaxo meurneoba momxmarebelia. momxmarebelTa
311

xarjebi Seadgens mocemuli qveynis ekonomikaSi gaweuli yvela xarjis mniSvnelovan nawils. magaliTad, aSS-is mokle statistikuri mimoxilvis mixedviT, 2006 wels momxmarebelTa xarjebma Seadgina daaxloebiT 5,8 trilioni dolari, anu im wels saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gaweuli mTeli xarjebis 68 procenti. saojaxo meurneobaTa xarjebis donis mcire cvlilebac ki sagrZnoblad zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze. marTlac, sawarmoebi cdiloben saojaxo meurneobebi uzrunvelyon maTTvis saWiro saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT. rodesac saojaxo meurneobaTa samomxmareblo xarjebi (moTxovna) izrdeba, maSin sawarmoebi afarToeben warmoebis moculobas masSi damatebiTi resursebis CarTviT. es iwvevs warmoebis moculobis, dasaqmebisa da mogebis zrdas. misi logikuri Sedegia ekonomikuri zrda da saojaxo Semosavlis mateba. samomxmareblo xarjebis Semcirebisas ki sawinaaRmdego procesebi iwyeba: ekonomika gadadis krizisul mdgomareobaSi da mcirdeba ojaxis Semosavali. rodesac saojaxo meurneoba fuls xarjavs, igi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarSi monawileobs. me-2 TemaSi naCvenebi iyo, Tu rogor aris es bazari CarTuli sabazro ekonomikis wrebrunvis modelSi. iqve iyo axsnili, rom sanam momxmarebeli gaxdeba, saojaxo meurneobam unda moi povos Semosavali.
ojaxis Semosavlis wyaroebi. ojaxis Semosavlis

cxrili 6.1.
saSualoTviuri SromiTi Semosavlebi, samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT, aSS-Si (2006 w.) profesia farmacevti inJiner-eleqtrikosi programisti ekonomisti arqiteqtori di plomirebuli medda buxhalteri policieli fostalioni santeqnikosi durgali uZravi qonebis agenti avtomeqanikosi reportiori avtobusis mZRoli mdivani fotografi bankis mosamsaxure damlagebeli sacalo vaWrobis muSaki taqsis mZRoli fermis muSa molare oficianti aSS dolari 5519 5188 4130 4028 3976 3390 3155 3142 2903 2889 2395 2335 2281 2170 2031 1962 1745 1433 1328 1319 1297 1281 1141 1014

umTavresi wyaroa misi wevrebis mier daxarjuli Sromis sanacvlod miRebuli xelfasi an sargo. sargo (wage) _ es aris saaTobrivad an produqciis erTeulis mixedviT gadaxdili anazRaureba, xelfasi (salary) ki aris yovelkvireuli an yovelTviuri anazRaureba. is, Tu ramdens gamoimuSavebs ojaxi, damokidebulia mis dasaqmebul wevrTa ostatobaze, ganaTlebaze, energiaze, samewarmeo unarze, samuSaos xasiaTze, Sromis Sedegebsa da sxva faqtorebze. 6.1 cxrilSi asaxulia samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT, saSualoTviuri SromiTi Semosavlebis Sesaxeb aSS-is 2006 wlis monacemebi. aSS312

Si daqiravebuli muSakebis xelfasi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos ojaxis mTliani Semosavlis 65%-s Seadgenda. saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli gacilebiT naklebia (33%).
313

314
lari
1998
67.5 27.5 9.2 85.3 52.8 54.9 171.7 141.1 119.3 99.3 187.0 147.1 29.7 22.1 110.4 33.2 43.0 147.7 153.8 120.8 212.1 145.9 72 .3 94. 6

cxrili 6.2.
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi, saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w.
2000 2002 2003
1 1 3. 5 72.2 37.5 167.6 192.2 143.4 214.9 176.1

2004
125.9 47.6 46.2 184.4 218.7 152.5 250.2 206.2

37.6 24.9 83.9 251.3 55.8 84.9 44.1 34.9 54.9

47.0 40.4 103.4 513.4 74.3 88.5 45.5 32.1 66.9

57.4 50.1 141.1 428.7 88.2 105.9 45.5 45.6 75.3

72.8 51.5 171.7 429.6 92.0 141.2 56.5 55.6 82.1

85.5 56.6 191.1 530.5 110.3 132.0 68.5 78.8 72.2

sul soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da metyeveoba TevzWera mrewveloba, sul samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba da karierebis damuSaveba damamuSavebeli mrewveloba eleqtroenergia, gazi da wyalmomarageba mSenebloba sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba, avtomobilebis, motociklebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa da piradi moxmarebis nivTebis remonti sastumroebi da restornebi transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba da kavSirgabmuloba safinanso Suamavloba operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da komerciuli saqmianoba saxelmwifo marTva da Tavdacva, savaldebulo socialuri dazRveva ganaTleba janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri momsaxureba sxva komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxureba

cxrili 6.3.
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi, sqesisa da saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w. lari
1998
qali kaci

2000
qali kaci

2002
qali kaci

2003
qali kaci

2004
qali kaci

5 2. 1 5 9 . 9 11.1 26.1 14.4 23.7 78.9 124.9 99.9 122.9 68.8 116.2 116.6 142.9 81.8 139.0

6 3. 5 1 25 . 2 25.4 37.2 27.0 46.9 111.1 164.0 153.0 156.6 82.7 141.5 205.9 213.9 112.8 149.2

7 5 . 5 1 50. 1 36.9 44.5 22.8 41.3 126.1 185.2 167.5 199.5 101.6 165.1 198.0 219.7 120.5 181.9

8 5 . 7 1 6 3. 0 45.1 48.3 25.2 54.3 138.6 203.3 192.4 226.2 108.4 174.9 226.2 257.0 124.3 215.4

40.4 33.5

53.8 49.1 108.5 135.9 431.0 495.2 55.5 78.6 41.3 31.2 48.7 89.2 94.5 57.4 35.4 90.4

50.6 45.7

63.7 54.8 113.7 151.9 382.6 488.9 65.4 73.7 43.5 42.5 53.0 107.0 125.0 52.5 58.1 104.9

60.1 46.1

84.4 57.6 137.2 185.3 381.6 492.3 70.0 113.7 99.1 163.0 52.0 71.1 51.7 59.1 72.0 114.3

72.6 41.1

97.5 63.0 145.6 208.3 473.3 607.6 83.3 93.9 62.7 135.0 151.5 86.7 69.0 106.0 53.6 99.0

s u l 47. 4 90. 9 soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da metyeveoba, 23.2 29.7 TevzWera 14.2 8.8 mrewveloba, sul 62.7 97.6 samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba da karierebis damuSaveba 53.0 67.2 damamuSavebeli mrewveloba 63.3 98.7 eleqtroenergia, gazi da wyalmomarageba 116.2 397.2 mSenebloba 72.9 149.3 sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba, avtomobilebis, motociklebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa da piradi moxmarebis nivTebis remonti 29.2 41.8 sastumroebi da restornebi 26.2 34.7 transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba da kavSirgabmuloba 91.0 113.2 safinanso Suamavloba 247.0 397.2 operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da komerciuli saqmianoba 57.0 83.1 saxelmwifo marTva da Tavdacva, savaldebulo socialuri dazRveva 69.0 95.7 ganaTleba 40.0 54.9 janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri momsaxureba 28.5 50.3 sxva komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxureba 47.1 72.2

315

sul

q.Tbilisi

aWara

guria

imereTi

kaxeTi

samcxejavaxeTi

1 74 .4 116.3 73.0 9 4 . 7 74 .8 92.8 62.1 92.3 30.3 _ 47.9 _ _ 248.8 128.0 110.5 132.7 37.9 48.0 177.3 238.2 75.0 125.8 119.7 59.5 159.9 117.3 47.5 128.4 236.8

8 3. 4 1 01 . 1 1 31 . 2 85 . 0 31.2 29.7 44.4 44.4 50.0 31.7 60.1 _ 158.2 83.7 218.9 124.5 32.3 31.6 597.9 79.6 168.7 84.2 186.9 127.5 338.9 149.3 187.4 179.4 106.7 139.2 82.1 129.9 114.3 257.1 269.4 70.5 197.6 142.9 137.2 114.3 185.7 135.2

101.8 81.5 68.9 62.9

43.3 8.2

52.7 38.7

41.7 62.1

52.1 27.6

sammegrelozemo svaneTi qvemo qarTli 73.2 44.6 107.7 32.9 121.6 158.9 94.4 173.5 137.5 69.7 134.2 45.2 56.1 136.1 56.5 112.7 68.9 59.5 39.5 62.1 69.2 56.8 51.1 45.8 54.6 78.5 48.5 45.5 39.2 54.5 67.7 63.3 57.3 42.8 84.3 73.7 65.3 53.5 81.2 77.6 83.3 61.2 48.0 54.4 s u l 125.9 soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da metyeveoba 47.6 TevzWera 46.2 mrewveloba. sul 188.1 samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba da karierebis damuSaveba 218.7 damamuSavebeli mrewveloba 152.5 eleqtroenergia, gazi da wyalmomarageba 250.2 mSenebloba 206.2 sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba, avtomobilebis, motociklebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa da piradi moxmarebis nivTebis remonti 85.5 sastumroebi da restornebi 56.6 transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba da kavSirgabmuloba 181.1 safinanso Suamavloba 530.5 operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da komerciuli saqmianoba 110.3 saxelmwifo marTva da Tavdacva, savaldebulo socialuri dazRveva 132.0 ganaTleba 68.5 janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri momsaxureba 76.8 sxva komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxureba 72.2

194.0 246.0 112.9 153.5 83.2 72.6 225.3 150.3 195.1 782.2 415.6 338.7 193.7 230.9 339.8 305.8 308.6 426.3 50.8 83.9 53.6 41.2 18.9

Sida qarTli 34.8 29.5

316

cxrili 6.4.
s a qa rT v e lo s ek on om i k a S i da s a qm e bu lT a s a Su a l oT v i u r i no m i na lu ri xelfas i , s eqtorebi sa da sa qm ia nobis s a xeobebis m ixedv iT, 1 998-2004 w .w . s a x e l m w i fo s e q t or i 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 64.5 35.5 _ 80.1 104.6 118.8 138.2 143.9 126.8 145.4 156.4 201.3 148.4 152.8 190.8 140.4 95.4 164.5 187.4 230.4 123.5 145.6 155.4 75.4 75.5 302.0 141.0 25.0 52.6 35.7 _ 40.8 29.1 42.4 40.6 20.1 9.2 8.3 20.0 71.3 101.7 66.6 8 5 . 7 1 04 . 1 1 1 4 . 5 8 2. 5

lari

a ra sa xelmw ifo s eqtori 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 9 4 . 8 1 23 . 5 1 45 . 1 1 67 . 1 29.5 43.0 44.3 39.3 69.3 47.5 73.6 227.7 139.5 118.4 141.7 140.1 95.4 427.2 417.6 420.0 135.4 144.9 187.7 211.8

38.9 36.0 109.9 110.6 563.6 587.2 69.8 84.9 43.6 33.0 52.6 558.1 69.3 88.4 45.1 31.8 68.0 _

36.1 39.2

63.3 16.1

65.2 66.0

66.9 91.6

39.7 30.6

48.9 40.7

56.8 42.5

73.5 47.0

87.0 49.5 101.9 165.5 165.5 207.3 233.2 232.0 353.6 236.8 213.9 313.7

134.2 160.6 179.8 724.6 808.4 802.4 67.3 105.7 43.4 45.1 71.9 _ 69.3 83.1 141.3 132.1 54.6 67.2 55.5 76.1 _ 64.5 57.8 _

106.8 127.4 53.9 33.2 53.4 456.2

118.7 132.8 54.1 39.7 60.3 _

144.8 141.0 173.2 161.4 80.4 49.7 87.0 _ 113.0 84.3 57.3 111.8 _ 17.1 86.2 165.3 148.4 _

sul soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da metyeveoba TevzWera samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba da karierebis damuSaveba damamuSavebeli mrewveloba eleqtroenergia, gazi da wyalmomarageba mSenebloba sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba, avtomobilebis, motociklebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa da piradi moxmarebis nivTebis remonti sastumroebi da restornebi transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba da kavSirgabmuloba safinanso Suamavloba operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da komerciuli saqmianoba saxelmwifo marTva da Tavdacva, savaldebulo socialuri dazRveva ganaTleba janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri momsaxureba sxva komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxureba eqsteritoriuli orgnizaciebi da organoebi

cxrili 6.5.
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi, regionebisa da saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w.

lari

317

zemoT motanili 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 da 6.5 cxrilebi warmodgenas gviqmnis saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasis Sesaxeb saqmianobis saxeobebis, sqesis, seqtorebisa da regionebis mixedviT. rogorc cxrilebidan Cans, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi 2004 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT 1,9-jer gaizarda da 125,9 lari Seadgina. yvelaze maRali saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi calkeuli saqmianobis mixedviT 2004 wels aRiniSna safinanso SuamavlobaSi _ 530,5 lari, Semdegia eleqtroenergia, gazi da wyalmomarageba _ 250,2 lari, mSeneblobaSi _ 206,2 lari, yvelaze dabalia saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi sastumroebsa da restornebSi _ 56,6 lari, ganaTlebaSi _ 68,5 lari, janmrTelobasa da socialur momsaxurebaSi _ 76,8 lari. 2004 wels erTnaxevarjer metia arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi (167,1 lari), vidre saxelmwifo seqtorSi (114,5 lari). 2004 wels TiTqmis orjer metia mamakacebis saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi (163,0 lari), vidre qalebis (85,7 lari). qveynis saSualoTviur nominalur xelfasze (125,9 lari) maRali xelfasi aRiniSna q.TbilisSi (174,4 lari) da qvemo qarTlSi (131,2 lari). iseve rogorc qveynis masStabiT, calkeuli regionebis mixedviT yvelaze maRalia saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi safinanso Suamavlobasa da eleqtroenergiaSi. magram, rogorc me-4 TemaSic aRiniSna, ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa nominaluri xelfasi ver iZleva naTel warmodgenas misi mimRebi muSakis cxovrebis doneze. am TvalsazrisiT, ufro praqtikuli mniSvnelobisaa realuri xelfasi. mis Sinaarss gansazRvravs materialuri dovlaTisa da momsaxurebaTa masa, romlis SeZenac SeiZleba nominaluri xelfasis saxiT miRebuli TanxiT. realuri xelfasis doneSi momxdar cvlilebaTa dasadgenad
318

saangariSo periodSi nominaluri xelfasis indeqsi unda gaiyos saqonlis fasebisa da momsaxurebis tarifebis indeqsze da gamravldes 100-ze. yvelaze idealuri variantia nominaluri xelfasis zrda da imavdroulad saqonelze sacalo fasebisa da momsaxurebis tarifebis Semcireba, ramdenadac, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, misi gardauvali Sedegia realuri xelfasis swrafi da ganuxreli mateba (xelfasis saxiT miRebuli TanxiT, winandel periodTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena). realuri xelfasi SeiZleba ramdenadme amaRldes sacalo fasebisa da tarifebis zrdis SemTxvevaSic, Tuki nominaluri xelfasi imdenad moimatebs, rom gaZvirebis miuxedavad, momxmarebels saSualeba miecema ufro meti saqoneli da momsaxureba SeiZinos, vidre manamde iZenda. yvelaze cudi variantia nominaluri xelfasis kleba da sacalo fasebisa da tarifebis zrda, vinaidan igi uciloblad gansazRvravs cxovrebis pirobebis gauaresebas. cxovrebis done ecema maSinac, rodesac nominaluri xelfasi izrdeba, magram masze ufro swrafi tempiT matulobs saqonelze sacalo fasebi da momsaxurebis tarifebi. swored aseTi viTareba Seiqmna saqarTveloSi 1991-1994 w.w., romelmac ukiduresad gaauaresa mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebi. 6.6 cxrilSi asaxulia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa realuri xelfasis indeqsis cvlileba 1998-2004 w.w. saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT. rogorc cxrilSi motanili monacemebidan Cans, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri realuri xelfasi, fasebis indeqsis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2004 wels wina welTan SedarebiT 5,8%-iT gaizarda. realuri xelfasi (rom araferi vTqvaT nominalur xelfasze) srul warmodgenas ver iZleva ojaxis fulad Semosavalsa da, miT ufro, mis erTobliv Semosavalze. es ukanaskneli, garda xelfasis saxiT miRebuli fuladi Semosavlisa, Sedgeba: mewarmeobrivi (TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli) Semosavlebisagan, simdidridan (sakuTrebidan) miRebuli Semosavlisagan (renta, sargebeli, divi319

dendi, saarendo Semosavali), saxelmwifo transfertuli Semosavlebisagan (pensiebi, sti pendiebi, daxmarebebi, ufaso momsaxureba janmrTelobis dacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi), sxva wyaroebidan (memkvidreoba, anderZi, Cuqeba da sxv.) miRebuli Semosavlisagan. maSasadame, ojaxi Semosavlebs Rebulobs ara mxolod gaweuli SromiT, aramed agreTve warmoebis sxva faqtorebis flobiTac. zemoT aRniSnul mtkicebas adasturebs XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis aSS-is saojaxo Semosavlebis struqtura, romelic Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: daqiravebuli muSakebis xelfasi da sxva saxis anazRaureba iyo mTeli Semosavlebis 65%, satransferto gadaricxvebi _ 10,9%, sargebeli _ 12%, firmebis erTpirovnuli mflobelebis Semosavali _ 8%, dividendebi _ 4%, renta _ 0,1%. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi sruliad sawinaaRmdego situacia iyo. imis gamo, rom kapitalsa da miwaze kerZo sakuTreba ar arsebobda, saojaxo Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros saxelmwifo seqtorSi Sroma da misi xelfasis saxiT anazRaureba Seadgenda. qvemoT motanil 6.7 da 6.8 cxrilebSi da 6.1 diagramaze asaxulia erTi saojaxo meurneobis (Sinameurneobis) Semosavlebis dinamika da struqtura saqarTveloSi, Semosavlebis ZiriTadi jgufebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w. saqarTveloSi erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebi 2004 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT TiTqmis 2,0-jer gaizarda da 168,2 lari Seadgina. Semosavlebis struqturaSi 2004 wels yvelaze maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeoda Semosavlebi daqiravebuli Sromidan (21,2%), Semdeg modioda Semosavlebi TviTdasaqmebidan (11,5%), fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba (11,4%), Semosavlebi soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan (10,1%) da a.S. rogorc Cans, fulis sesxeba (krediti) da danazogis gamoyeneba saojaxo Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. saojaxo Semosavlis erTi nawiliT iqmneba danazogi, romlis gamoyeneba, Tavis mxriv, ojaxis biujetis Sevsebis erT-erTi wya321

cxrili 6.6.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa realuri xelfasis indeqsis cvlileba 1998-2004 w.w., saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT, procentobiT wina welTan

2004

1 05. 8

112.0 104.9

106.2 117.8

107.5 117.5

114.4

108.8 101.4 111.1 111.7

89.2 115.6 131.8 126.2 117.6 115.4 100.2 99.2 88.5 107.9 79.7 113.9 114.3 95.5 135.7

113.6

120.4 82.6

120.0 97.3

2003

124.9

106.8 185.9

130.4 79.7

2000

2002

1 03 . 0

118.5 196.4

173.8 217.7 104.7 100.2

120.2 156.0

103.8 231.0

128.0

1 02 . 2

122.7 72.6

87.2 83.7 126.0 104.7

146.0 58.9

1998

90.7 177.0

138.5

320

sul soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da metyeveoba TevzWera samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba da karierebis damuSaveba damamuSavebeli mrewveloba eleqtroenergia, gazi da wyalmomarageba mSenebloba sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba, avtomobilebis, motociklebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa da piradi moxmarebis nivTebis remonti sastumroebi da restornebi transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba da kavSirgabmuloba safinanso Suamavloba operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da komerciuli saqmianoba saxelmwifo marTva da Tavdacva, savaldebulo socialuri dazRveva ganaTleba janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri momsaxureba sxva komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxureba

113.2

117.2

107.5

116.1 123.1 108.3 94.7

116.6 118.4

113.4

103.2

115.2 94.9

112.4 118.4 95.9 114.3

98.8

83.9

322

cxrili 6.7.
saqarTvelos erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebis dinamika 1998-2004 w.w. lari
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

mimdinare fasebSi
fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi daqiravebuli Sromidan TviTdasaqmebidan soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan) pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli 16.9 0.2 7.8 1.5 2.2 79.7 165.3 11.9 5.0 6.9 97.5 177.2 60.4 163.6 23.9 10.1 13.8 127.1 187.5 20.5 0.6 9.4 4.1 6.0 26.6 1.2 7.8 5.4 6.7 75.3 181.0 22.2 6.4 15.8 128.0 203.3 arafuladi Semosavlebi Semosavlebi, sul sxva fuladi saxsrebi qonebis gayidva fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba fuladi saxsrebi, sul fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul 8 5.6 31.8 25.4 103.2 40.9 21.8 10 5.8 43.1 15.0 108 .1 130.5 152.1 168 .2 43.9 52.7 57.5 59.6 21.6 24.3 28.9 32.1 20.9 1.3 8.5 3.8 8.2 76.4 184.5 26.9 6.9 20.0 135.0 211.4 21.4 1.6 12.3 8.5 9.6 74.2 28.9 1.0 12.2 10.8 12.8 73.9 28.3 1.6 8.7 19.9 18.0 72.4 204.7 226.0 240.6 18.6 7.0 11.5 149.0 44.4 8.8 35.6 196.5 223.3 270.4 41.0 8.5 32.5 209.2 281.6

6.7. cxrilis gagrZeleba

1998 wlis mudmiv fasebSi
fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi daqiravebuli Sromidan TviTdasaqmebidan soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan) pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli arafuladi Semosavlebi Semosavlebi, sul sxva fuladi saxsrebi qonebis gayidva fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba fuladi saxsrebi, sul fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul 8 5.6 31.8 25.4 16.9 0.2 7.8 1.5 2.2 79.7 165.3 11.9 5.0 6.9 97.5 117.2 99 .6 39.5 21.0 19.8 0.6 9.0 4.0 5.7 58.3 157.9 23.1 9.7 13.3 122.7 181.0 8 5 .8 34.9 12.1 21.6 1.0 6.3 4.4 5.5 61.0 146.7 18.0 5.2 12.8 103.7 164.7 84.2 34.2 16.8 16.3 1.0 6.6 2.9 6.4 59.5 143.7 20.9 5.4 15.5 105.2 164.7 9 7.1 39.2 18.1 15.9 1.2 9.2 6.3 7.2 55.2 152.3 13.8 5.2 8.6 110.9 166.1 10 7.2 1 1 3.1 40.6 40.1 20.3 21.6 20.3 0.7 8.6 7.6 9.9 52.1 159.2 31.3 6.2 25.1 138.5 190.5 19.0 1.1 5.8 13.4 12.1 48.7 161.8 27.6 5.7 21.8 140.7 189.4

323

324

cxrili 6.8.
saqarTvelos erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebis struqtura 1998-2004 w.w.
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

mimdinare fasebSi
fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi 4 8 .3 daqiravebuli Sromidan 17.9 TviTdasaqmebidan 14.3 soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan 9.5 qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan) 0.1 pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi 4.4 ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi 0.8 axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli 1.2 10.9 0.3 5.0 2.2 3.2 32.2 87.2 6.7 2.8 3.9 55.0 100 12.8 5.4 7.4 67.8 100 13.1 0.6 3.9 2.7 3.3 37.1 89.1 10.9 3.2 7.8 63.0 100 arafuladi Semosavlebi Semosavlebi, sul sxva fuladi saxsrebi qonebis gayidva fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba fuladi saxsrebi, sul fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul 45.0 93.3 5 5 .0 21.8 11.6 52.1 21.2 7.4 51.1 20.8 10.2 9.9 0.6 4.0 1.8 3.9 36.1 87.3 12.7 3.3 9.4 63.9 100 5 8 .4 23.6 10.9 9.6 0.7 5.5 3.8 4.3 33.3 91.7 8.3 3.1 5.2 66.7 100 56.2 21.3 10.7 10.7 0.4 4.5 4.0 4.7 27.3 83.6 16.4 3.2 13.2 72.7 100 59 .7 21.2 11.5 10.1 0.6 3.1 7.1 6.4 25.7 85.4 14.6 3.0 11.4 74.3 100

erTi Sinameurneobis Semosavlebis dinamika Semosavlebis ZiriTadi jgufebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w. (lari/TveSi)

1) 2) 3) 4) fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi; fuladi saxsrebi, sul; Semosavlebi, sul; fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul.

diagrama 6.1.

roa. danazogis warmoSobis ramdenime piroba arsebobs, romelTagan umTavresia: Semosavali. Semosavlis donis zrdasTan erTad ti piur saojaxo meurneobas ufro meti danazogi aqvs da metis investirebas axdens; xangrZlivi moxmarebisa da ZviradRirebuli saqon325

lis SeZena. am mizniT ojaxis fuladi Semosavlis nawili gadainaxeba, radgan mimdinare Semosavali arasakmarisia am saqonlis SesaZenad; molodini. rodesac ojaxs perspeqtiuli momavlis imedi aqvs, igi, rogorc wesi, mets xarjavs da naklebs zogavs. magram Tu momavali arasaimedoa, igi am fuls ara xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlis SesaZenad an investiciebisaTvis zogavs, aramed `Savi dRisaTvis~ (umuSevroba, avadmyofoba da a.S.) inaxavs; strategiuli miznis ganxorcieleba . saojaxo Semosavlis nawilis dazogvis erT-erTi mizani SeiZleba iyos momavalSi bavSvebisaTvis prestiJuli ganaTlebis micema an sxva geografiul regionSi sacxovreblad gadasvlis ganzraxva; anabarze sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTi . rac ufro maRalia anabarze sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTi, miT ufro metia daxarjvasaTan SedarebiT saojaxo Semosavlis dazogvis stimuli. ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi danazogebis meti wili inaxeba komerciul bankebsa da sxvadasxva ti pis Semnaxvel dawesebulebebSi. simdidris zrda, Tavis mxriv, adidebs danazogis moculobas. mosaxerxebelia danazogis moTavseba sabanko-sakredito dawesebulebebSi. aq fuli daculia xanZris, gaZarcvisa da sxva saSiSroebisagan. Tanac, Senaxuli fuli sargeblis momtania da ar ufasurdeba. axla davuSvaT, rom ojaxs ar surs daelodos sakmarisi fulis dagrovebas sasurveli saqonlis SesaZenad. am SemTxvevaSi mas mouxdeba samomxmareblo kreditis aReba. es krediti saSualebas miscems ojaxs axlave miiRos naRdi fuli saqonlis SesaZenad im pirobiT, rom momavalSi vals gaistumrebs. arsebobs samomxmareblo kreditis ori saxeoba: kreditisesxi da savaWro krediti. krediti-sesxi saSualebas gaZlevT fuli isesxoT SenaZenis dasafinanseblad, savaWro krediti saSualebas gaZlevT saqoneli da momsaxureba iyidoT axla, maTi
326

safasuri ki mogvianebiT gadaixadoT. qvemoT motanilia am saxis kreditis magaliTebi: uZravi qonebis dagiraveba saxlis SesaZenad . es aris grZelvadiani sesxi, sakuTari saxlis an mravalbinian saxlSi binis SesaZenad. bankebi da Semnaxvel-gamsesxebeli dawesebulebebi uZravi qonebis dagiravebiT aRebuli sesxebis farTod gavrcelebuli wyaroebia. saxlis SesaZenad uZravi qonebis dagiravebiT aRebul sesxebs ixdian procentiT, yovelTviuri Tanabari Senatanebis saxiT, sesxis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi. sesxebi uZravi qonebis garantiiT gaicema 15-dan 30 wlamde vadiT. avtomanqanis SesaZenad da sxva samomxmareblo miznebisaTvis aRebuli sesxebi . sesxebs konkretuli saqonlis (magaliTad, avtomanqanis) SesaZenad gascemen bankebi da Semnaxvelgamsesxebeli dawesebulebebi. am sesxebis dafarva, Tanabari yovelTviuri Senatanebis saxiT xdeba, rogorc wesi, 3-dan 7 wlamde vadaSi. kreditebi Ria angariSze . kreditebi Ria angariSze gansazRvruli Tanxis farglebSi saqonlis SeZenis saSualebas iZleva naRdi fulis gadauxdelad. Tu Tvis balansi sruladaa gadaxdili, gadasaxads angariSiT sargeblobisaTvis, Cveulebriv, aRar axdevineben. procenti iricxeba gadauxdel balansebze. sakredito baraTebi. es aris Ria sakredito angariSis nairsaxeoba, romelic mis mflobels sayidlebis sxvadasxva adgilas SeZenis uflebas aZlevs. `masterkardi~, `viza~, `emeriken eqspresi~, `diskaveri~ da `dainers klabi~ xuTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli sakredito baraTia. sakredito baraTebis kompaniebi nayidi saqonlis safasuris gadasaxdelad angariSebs warudgenen sakredito baraTebis mflobelebs. Ria sakredito angariSebis msgavsad, es kompaniebi baraTebis mflobelebs procentebs ar dauricxaven, Tu es ukanasknelni yovelTviurad wardgenil angariSebs srulad dafaraven. saerTod, Tu Tqven sakredito baraTis gadasaxdeli angariSis
327

yovelTviurad gasworebas apirebT, maSin SeecadeT monaxoT iseTi baraTi, romelsac dabali an nulovani yovelwliuri gadasaxadi aqvs. xolo Tu Tqven balansis anazRaurebis Tvidan Tveze gadatanas apirebT, gijobT arCevani dabali saprocento ganakveTis mqone baraTze SeaCeroT. marTalia, krediti ojaxis finansur SesaZleblobebs zrdis, magram ar SeiZleba misi zedmeti `eqsploatacia~, gansakuTrebiT gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebis dros. gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebisagan Tavis dasacavad arsebobs ojaxis biujetis dagegmvis, fuliT uzrunvelyofis ukeTesi gza _ dazRveva. yvelaze ufro gavrclebulia sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, qonebisa da moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva. arsebobs sicocxlis dazRvevis sami mTavari saxeoba: vadiani dazRveva (dazRvevis vadis damTavrebasTan erTad mTavrdeba dazRvevis Tanxis gadaxdis garantia); samudamo dazRveva (adgili aqvs fulis dagrovebas) da dazRveva-anabari (dazRvevis moqnili saxeobaa, romelic dazRvevis Tanxis koreqtirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva). sicocxlis dazRvevisagan gansxvavebiT, janmrTelobis dazRveva SesaZleblobas iZleva avadmyofobis an ubeduri SemTxvevis dros Tavidan aicilon finansuri problemebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tanxis gadamxdelia Sesabamisi sadazRvevo kompania. dazRvevis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa qonebisa da moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva. qonebis dazRveva mesakuTres icavs qonebis dakargvis, dazianebis an ganadgurebisagan. moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva ki moqalaqeebs im danakargis Rirebulebis gadaxdisagan icavs, romelic maT sxva pirs an piris qonebas miayenes. amrigad, dazRveva ojaxebs moulodneli riskisagan icavs. am mizniT gadanaxuli Tanxa gauTvaliswinebeli danaxarjis dafarvas iTvaliswinebs, ris gamoc dazRveva nebismieri ojaxis biujetis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia. ojaxis Semosavlebis sidide ara mxolod miRebuli fulis
328

raodenobazea damokidebuli, aramed am fulis yidviTunarianobazec, anu imaze, Tu ra raodenobis saqonlis SeZena da gaweuli momsaxurebis anazRaurebaa am fuliT SesaZlebeli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ganasxvaveben ojaxis nominalur da realur Semosavals. nominaluri Semosavali aris fuladi Tanxa, romelsac ojaxis wevrebi iReben drois garkveul periodSi. realuri Semosavali aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is moculoba, romlis SeZenac ojaxs nominaluri SemosavliT SeuZlia. realuri Semosavlis cvlilileba martivi formuliT daaxloebiT Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamovsaxoT: realuri Semosavlis cvlilebebi=nominaluri Semosavlis cvlilebebi (%-obiT) minus cvlilebebi fasebisa da tarifebis doneSi (%-obiT). magaliTad, Tu Tqveni ojaxis nominaluri Semosavali mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi gaizrdeba 20%-iT (100dan 120 laramde), xolo fasebis done (indeqsi) _ 10%-iT (100dan 110 laramde), maSin realuri Semosavali gaizrdeba 9%-iT (120:110) da, piriqiT, nominaluri Semosavlis 10%-iani gadideba 20%-iani inflaciis pirobebSi, Tqveni ojaxis realur Semosavals Seamcirebs daaxloebiT 10%-iT. unda daimaxsovroT, rom TviT inflaciis faqti _ laris msyidvelobiTunarianobis dacema anu im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobis Semcireba, romelic lariT SeiZleba SeiZinoT, aucileblad ar gamoiwvevs Tqveni ojaxis realuri Semosavlis Semcirebas an cxovrebis donis dacemas. marTalia, inflacia Seamcirebs laris msyidvelobiT unars, magram Tqveni ojaxis realuri Semosavali da, Sesabamisad, cxovrebis done Semcirdeba mxolod maSin, Tu Tqveni nominaluri Semosavlis zrda CamorCeba inflacias. nominaluri Semosavali, rogorc aRvniSneT, ojaxis erToblivi Semosavalia, magram sanam am maCvenebels realuri Semosavlis gasaTvlelad gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia mas gamovakloT gadasaxadebi (e.i. is nawili, romelic realurad ver iqneba gamoyenebuli moxmarebis sagnebisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad). am
329

koreqtivis gareSe gaangariSebuli realuri Semosavali mniSvnelovanwilad ararealur safuZvelze iqneba damyarebuli da swori daskvnebis gasakeTeblad ver gamodgeba.
ojaxis danaxarjebis struqtura. moTxovnilebis saxeebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis gzebze saubrisas, ojaxis samomxmareblo xarjebis sakiTxs nawilobriv ukve SevexeT. amjerad ramdenime momentze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. pirveli, ojaxis yovelwliuri danaxarjebi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdens gamoimuSaveben misi wevrebi. ojaxis Semosavlisa da samomxmareblo xarjebis struqturas Soris arsebul kavSirs jer kidev XX saukuneSi miaqcia yuradReba cnobilma germanelma statistikosma engelma. man daadgina Semosavlis donis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis moculobis funqcionaluri damokidebulebis cvalebadoba da daaskvna: ojaxis Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad (garkveuli momentidan), masSi mcirdeba pirveladi aucileblobis sagnebze (ZiriTadad kvebis produqtebze) xarjebis xvedriTi wona; SedarebiT stabiluri rCeba sacxovrebel binaze, tansacmelze, gaTboba-ganaTebaze xarjebis xvedriTi wona da matulobs fufunebis sagnebze xarjebis xvedriTi wona. marTlac, friad angariSgasawevi mosazrebaa da ekonomikur mecnierebaSi man amitomac daimkvidra adgili engelis kanonis saxelwodebiT. ufro gvian aRmoaCines moxmarebis sxva empiriuli kanonebi. magaliTad, Svabes kanoni (rac ufro Raribia ojaxi, miT ufro maRalia sacxovrebel binaze xarjis wili), raitis kanoni (rac ufro maRalia Semosavali, miT maRalia mTlian xarjSi danazogis done da wili), Jinis kanoni (Tu sasursaTo saqonelze xarji ariTmetikuli progresiiT izrdeba an ecema, maSin xarjis sxva saxe icvleba ukumimarTulebiT, magram geometriuli progresiiT). Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria uaryofs `empiriuli kanonebis~

kategoriul xasiaTs, ramdenadac naTeli gaxda, rom Semosavlis garda, xarjebis struqturaze sxva faqtoric, kerZod, aramaterialuri, moqmedebs. magaliTad, amerikelma i. diuzenberma gaakritika Sexeduleba _ TiTqos arsebobs cxovrebis iseTi done, romlis drosac ojaxi dazogavs am donis zeviT miRebul Semosavals, Sesabamisad ki gaizrdeba danazogis jamic. diuzenberis gamokvleviT, miuxedavad omebisa da koniunqturuli ryevebisa, danazogis sidide yovelTvis imyofeba eqvsi procentis farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, igi askvnis, rom ar arsebobs cxovrebis iseTi done, romelic SeiZleba damakmayofileblad da komfortabelurad CaiTvalos. diuzenberma wina planze wamowia socialuri fsiqologiis faqtori, romelmac ganapiroba moxmarebis TeoriaSi axali Teoriuli koncefciebis (`momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoria~, `SerCevis Teoria~, `fsiqologiuri Teoria~...) Setana. meore, saojaxo danaxarjebis gawevisas momxmarebelTa asaksa da gemovnebasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, Tu moswavle totalizatorSi 10 lars moigebs, mas sul sxvanairad daxarjavs, vidre misi mSobeli. mesame, ekonomikuri koniunqtura iaffasiani saqonlis SesaZenad gaweul xarjebze did zegavlenas ar axdens, magram ZviradRirebuli saqonlis realizaciaze igi mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, rac ufro mdidaria qveyana, ojaxis Semosavlis ufro naklebi nawili gamoiyeneba kvebis produqtebis, tansacmlisa da sxva savaldebulo xarjebis asanazRaureblad da, piriqiT. magaliTad, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosaTvis aSS-isa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris saojaxo xarjebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom aSS-Si sakveb produqtebsa da tansacmelze gaweuli danaxarjebi gacilebiT naklebi iyo sabWoTa kavSiris analogiur maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. igi Seadgenda Sesabamisad kvebaze _ 16%-sa da 30%-s, tansacmelze _ 6%-sa da 16%-s.
331

330

saqarTvelos erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri xarjebis dinamika, 1998-2004 w.w.

arasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi sasoflo-sameurneo xarjebi transfertebze dazogvaze an gasesxebaze qonebis SeZenaze

samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi sursaTze, sasmelze, Tambaqos nawarmze tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze janmrTelobis dacvaze saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze transportze ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi

arafuladi xarjebi samomxmareblo xarjebi, sul

332

fuladi xarjebi, sul xarjebi, sul

saqarTveloSi 1970-1990 w.w. kvebaze ixarjeboda saojaxo Semosavlebis 40-43%, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki (TqvenTvis kargad cnobili mizezebis gamo) _ mTeli saojaxo Semosavali da isic mxolod nawilobriv faravda kvebasTan dakavSirebul kolosalur xarjebs. cxadia, es mosaxleobis yvela fenas erTnairad ar Sexebia. 1995 wels saojaxo xarjebis saerTo moculobaSi kvebis danaxarjebi mosaxleobis SeZlebul 10%-s 2-jer da metad naklebi hqonda, xolo arasasursaTo saqonlis SeZenaze _ 3-jer meti, vidre uRaribes 10%-s. qvemoT motanil 6.9 da 6.10 cxrilebSi da 6.2 diagramaze asaxulia erTi saojaxo meurneobis (Sinameurneobis) xarjebis dinamika da struqtura saqarTveloSi, xarjebis ZiriTadi muxlebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w. saqarTveloSi erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri xarjebi 2004 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT 24,4%-iT gaizarda da 328,6 lari Seadgina. xarjebis struqturaSi 2004 wels yvelaze maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeoda danaxarjebi sursaTze, sasmelze da Tambaqos nawarmze (33,9%), Semdeg modioda danaxarjebi dazogvaze an gasesxebaze (7,4%), transportze (6,6%), saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze (5,7%), janmrTelobis dacvaze (4,2%), tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze (3,7%), transfertebze (2,8%), saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze (2,2%) da a.S. maSasadame, sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi ekonomikurma siZneleebma saqarTveloSi ojaxis danaxarjebis metad araracionaluri struqturis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.

cxrili 6.9.

1 97 .0 2 0 1 . 8 2 1 6 . 7 2 0 9 .0 100.9 106.7 113.0 111.4 12.7 12.2 12.2 12.4 27.1 25.6 7.2 7.6 10.2 11.5 13.8 15.7 15.8 17.1 20.0 18.6 13.6 12.4 21.8 25.7 7.0 7.3 13.3 5.8 9.7 9.2 18.2 9.1

2003 2004

lari

74.2 73.9 276.0 290.6

2001

17 9.7 102.4 11.8 21.0 6.3 12.5 11.2 5.2 9.3

2000

171.3 162.3 97.8 93.9 10.3 10.9 17.4 18.3 6.0 4.7 12.2 11.9 13.4 11.4 5.3 5.2 9.0 6.0

60.2 222.4

mimdinare fasebSi

185.5 264.2

79.7 251.0

1998

13.2 4.3 0.8 8.1 _

181.1 242.4

1999

18.8 3.4 0.6 14.8 _

196.2 271.7

75.4 255.2

16.5 4.2 0.4 11.9 _

223.0 228.9 266.8 299.4 303.2 340.7

2002

76.4 273.5

26.0 5.6 0.4 20.0 _

27.2 5.8 0.7 20.6 _

50.1 7.1 5.7 23.2 14.2

256.2 328.6

72.4 281.4

47.1 7.3 9.2 24.4 6.2

333

334

6.9. cxrilis gagrZeleba

1999 wlis mudmiv fasebSi
samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi sursaTze, sasmelze, Tambaqos nawarmze tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze janmrTelobis dacvaze saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze transportze ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi arafuladi xarjebi samomxmareblo xarjebi, sul arasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi sasoflo-sameurneo xarjebi transfertebze dazogvaze an gasesxebaze qonebis SeZenaze fuladi xarjebi, sul xarjebi, sul 13.2 4.3 0.8 8.1 _ 185.5 264.2 79.7 251.0 58.1 214.7 18.2 3.3 0.6 14.3 _ 174.8 233.9 61.1 206.8 13.4 3.4 0.3 9.7 _ 159.0 220.1 59.5 213.0 20.2 4.3 0.3 15.5 _ 171.3 156.6 145.6 97.8 83.0 90.7 10.3 9.5 10.5 17.4 17.6 17.1 6.0 5.1 4.5 12.2 11.5 10.1 13.4 9.1 11.0 5.3 5.0 4.2 9.0 7.6 5.8 153.4 1 50 .1 152.7 1 40 .6 78.6 79.4 79.6 74.9 9.9 9.1 8.8 8.2 21.1 19.1 5.3 4.9 8.0 8.5 11.1 9.3 12.3 12.7 14.1 12.5 10.6 9.2 18.1 14.6 5.4 5.4 9.3 3.9 7.5 6.8 6.4 12.3 55.2 52.1 205.4 204.8 20.2 4.3 0.6 15.3 _ 35.3 5.0 4.0 16.3 10.0 173.7 170.3 188.0 233.2 225.6 240.1 48.7 189.3 31.7 4.9 6.2 16.4 4.2 172.3 221.0

cxrili 6.10.
saqarTvelos erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri xarjebis struqtura, 1998-2004 w.w.
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

mimdinare fasebSi
samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi sursaTze, sasmelze, Tambaqos nawarmze tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze janmrTelobis dacvaze saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze transportze ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi arafuladi xarjebi samomxmareblo xarjebi, sul arasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi sasoflo-sameurneo xarjebi transfertebze dazogvaze an gasesxebaze qonebis SeZenaze fuladi xarjebi, sul xarjebi, sul 6 4 .9 37.0 3.9 6.6. 2.3 4.6 5.1 2.0 3.4 30.2 95.0 5.0 1.6 0.3 3.1 _ 69.8 100 6 6 .9 38.8 4.5 7.5 1.9 4.9 4.7 2.2 2.5 24.8 91.8 7.8 1.4 0.2 6.1 _ 74.7 100 66.2 37.7 4.3 7.7 2.3 4.6 4.1 1.9 3.4 27.8 93.9 6.1 1.6 0.1 4.4 _ 72.2 100 65.8 33.7 4.2 9.1 3.4 5.3 4.6 2.3 3.2 25.5 91.3 8.7 1.9 0.1 6.7 _ 75.5 100 66.5 35.2 4.0 8.4 3.8 5.6 4.1 2.4 3.0 24.5 91.0 9.0 1.9 0.2 6.8 _ 75.5 100 63.6 33.2 3.7 2.2 4.6 5.9 7.5 3.9 2.7 21.7 85.7 14.3 2.1 1.7 6.8 4.2 78.3 100 63.6 33.9 3.7 2.2 4.2 5.7 6.6 1.8 5.5 22.0 85.7 14.3 2.2 2.8 7.4 1.9 78.0 100

335

diagrama 6.2.
erTi Sinameurneobis xarjebis dinamika xarjebis ZiriTadi jgufebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w. (lari/TveSi)

leqcia 19. ojaxis Semosavlebis uTanasworoba da siRaribesTan brZolis gzebi

`dauSvebelia gansxvavebis mTlianad aRmofxvra ojaxis Semosavlebisa da simdidris doneebSi, magram saxelmwifom Tavidan unda aicilos ekonomikuri uTanasworobis metismeti gaZliereba da ganaxorcielos uRaribesi moqalaqeebis daxmarebis socialuri programebi.~ i.lipsici
ojaxis Semosavlebis uTanasworobis warmoSobis mizezebi. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi adgili aqvs oja-

1) 2) 3) 4)

samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi; mTliani moxmareba; fuladi xarjebi; mTliani xarjebi.

xebis Semosavlebis uTanasworobas. uTanasworobis problema xangrZlivi da winaaRmdegobrivi istoriis mqonea. SemosavlebSi uTanasworobis warmoSobis mizezebs Soris sayuradReboa: qonebrivi gansxvaveba . simdidris floba Tu uqonloba uTanasworobis warmoSobis ZiriTadi mizezia. arsebobs damokidebuleba simdidresa da Semosavals Soris. erTi mxriv, axlandeli Taobis simdidre wina Taobebis dagrovili Semosavlis Sedegia (naRdi fuli, fasiani qaRaldebi, miwa, saxli, sawarmoebi, Zvirfaseuloba da sxv.); meore mxriv, ojaxis gankargulebaSi arsebuli moZravi qoneba gansazRvruli Semosavlis (renta, mogeba, dividendi, sargebeli) miRebis wyaroa; adamianis Tandayolili niWi . SeuZlebelia pirovneba diriJori gaxdes, Tu mas Tandayolili absoluturi niWi ar gaaCnia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas momRerlebze, mxatvrebsa Tu mwerlebze. amitom am adamianTa Sromis anazRaureba Zalze maRalia;
337

336

gansxvaveba Sromis mwarmoeblurobaSi . ufro mwarmoebluri Sroma met produqts qmnis. amitom rac ufro kvalificiuria warmoebaSi CarTuli muSaki, miT ufro maRalia misi piradi Semosavali da, piriqiT. ganviTarebul da, gansakuTrebiT ki, ekonomikurad CamorCenil qveynebSi Semosavali metad araTanabrad nawildeba. es sazogadoebaSi socialur daZabulobas qmnis. saxelmwifos amocanaa am daZabulobis Seneleba, cxovrebis doneTa Soris gansxvavebis Semcireba da siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZola. siRaribe SedarebiTi cnebaa da mas TiToeul qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli done aqvs. magaliTad, aSS imdenad mdidari qveyanaa, rom iqauri dabalSemosavliani moqalaqeebi, sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT, SeZlebuladac ki SeiZleba mogveCvenos.
siRaribe da misi maCveneblebi. siRaribis gansazRvris

sxvadasxva definicia arsebobs. zogjer mas ganmartaven rogorc Semosavlis iseT dones, romelic adamianis arsebobisaTvis aradamakmayofilebelia. siRaribis zRvari, saarsebo minimumTan erTad, yovelwliurad icvleba. igi aseve damokidebulia ojaxis sididesa da misi wevrebis wlovanebaze. saqarTveloSi siRaribis maCveneblebi Sefasebulia siRaribis Semdegi sami zRvris mimarT: saarsebo minimumi; medianuri moxmarebis 60%; medianuri moxmarebis 40%. saarsebo minimumi siRaribis absoluturi zRvaria. saarsebo minimumad miCneulia Sromisunariani asakis (15-dan 65 wlamde) mamakacis saarsebo minimumi. medianuri moxmarebis 60% da medianuri moxmarebis 40% siRaribis fardobiTi zRvrebia, romlebic mTliani moxmarebis
338

mixedviT mosaxleobis ganawilebis medianidan aiTvleba. moxmarebis mixedviT mosaxleobis ganawilebis mediana moxmarebis iseTi sididea, rom mosaxleobis naxevari (50%) masze naklebs, xolo meore naxevari masze mets moixmars. siRaribis maCveneblebi Sefasebulia sojaxo meurneobebis mTliani moxmarebis safuZvelze, Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis ekvivalentur erT wevrze gadaangariSebiT da erTblivi moxmarebis (Tanacxovrebis) efeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. siRaribis zemoT CamoTvlili sami zRvris mimarT siRaribis samgvari maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba: siRaribis done, anu sxvagvarad, Raribebis raodenobis indeqsi (Raribi mosaxleobis wili mTel mosaxleobaSi); siRaribis siRrme (Raribi mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvramde daSorebis wili mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvris doneze jamuri moxmarebidan); siRaribis simwvave (Rarib ojaxTa Soris siRaribis uTanabrobis maCvenebeli), romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT moicavs rogorc siRaribis siRrmes, ise RaribTa Soris uTanabrobas. qvemoT motanil 6.11. cxrilSi asaxulia siRaribis absoluturi da fardobiTi maCveneblebis dinamika siRaribis absoluturi da fardobiTi zRvrebis mimarT saqarTveloSi. saqarTveloSi 2004 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT siRaribis done gaizarda: saarsebo minimumis mimarT _ 46,2-dan 54,5%-mde, medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT _ 25,0%-dan 56,9%-mde, medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT _ 10,8-dan 55,7%-mde; siRaribis siRrme gaizarda: saarsebo minimumis mimarT _ 17,3-dan 20,8%-mde, medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT _ 8,1-dan 22,7%-mde, medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT _ 3,3-dan 21,9%-mde; siRaribis simwvave gaizarda: saarsebo minimumis mimarT _ 8,9-dan 10,8%-mde, medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT _ 3,9-dan 12,3%-mde, medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT _ 1,6-dan 9,7%-mde.
339

siRaribesTan brZolis gzebi. uwinares yovlisa, es aris Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa . siRaribis donis Semcirebis efeqtiani saSualebaa ekonomikuri zrda, RaribTa ganaTlebisa da profesiuli donis amaRleba, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gaiafeba da sxv. transfertuli gadasaxdelebic siRaribesTan brZolis erT-erTi gzaa. es aris pirdapiri daxmareba gaWirvebulTaTvis maTi mimdinare saarsebo moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. igi biujetis xarjze xorcieldeba. saxelmwifo daxmareba arafuladi formiTac xorcieldeba. magaliTad, mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisaTvis kvebis produqtebis SesaZenad dabal fasebSi talonebis an kuponebis micema. aSS-is yovel StatSi miRebulia socialuri uzrunvelyofis gaTvaliswineba, romelic gaWirvebulebs naturalur daxmarebas (kvebis produqtebs, tansacmelsa da sacxovrebel binebs) sTavazobs. daxmarebis kidev erTi formaa bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis Semweobis programa , romelic CvilbavSvian mSoblebs moicavs. daxmarebis swrafad ganviTarebadi programaa `medikeidi~, romelic dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis samedicino momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs. siRaribesTan brZolis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gzaa maRali Semosavlebis mqone pirebisagan dabali Semosavlebis mqone pirebis sasargeblod Semosavlebis gadanawilebis programebi . dabalSemosavliani moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi, saSemosavlo gadasaxads ar ixdian. isini ki, visi Semosavalic maRalia, Cveulebriv, progresul gadasaxads ixdian (e.i. gadasaxadis ganakveTi izrdeba Semosavlebis zrdis Sesabamisad). mosaxleobis uRaribesi fenebisaTvis socialuri daxmarebis programebis ganxorcielebis mravali gza arsebobs, Tumca, TiToeulma qveyanam, kulturuli tradiciebidan da ekonomikuri siZlieridan gamomdinare, Tavisi sakuTari gza unda airCios.

cxrili 6.11.

22.7

20.8

56.9

54.5

55.7

21.9

12.3 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.9 medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT 4.1

10.8 10.3 9.9 10.7 10.9 10.4 8.9 saarsebo minimumis mimarT

siRaribis absoluturi da fardobiTi maCveneblebis dinamika siRaribis absoluturi da fardobiTi zRvrebis mimarT saqarTveloSi, 1998-2004 w.w. (%-obiT)

2004

19.8

52.1

21.8

2003

9.7

3.0

7.1

19.3

6.8

2002

21.6

51.1

8.9

2.8

20.2

7.6

23.0

2001

10.2

51.8

3.2

23.6

20.5

7.7

2000

10.2

51.8

3.3

19.5

50.2

23.3

1999

10.7

3.6

8.1

siRaribis simwvave

siRaribis siRrme

siRaribis done

1998

46.2

25.0

17.3

10.8

3.3

8.1

medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT

medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT

medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT

medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT

340

medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT

saarsebo minimumis mimarT

saarsebo minimumis mimarT

1.6

1.9

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.5

9.7

341

dabalSemosavlianTa socialuri dacvis mizanSewoniloba da aucilebloba marto humanurobis prici piT ar ganisazRvreba. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom sxvadasxva fenis cxovrebis doniT mkveTrad gansxvavebul (kontrastul) sazogadoebaSi TviT yvelaze uzrunvelyofili nawilic ver igrZnobs Tavs bednierad. rogorc irkveva, SemTxveviT ar hqvia meore msoflio omiT gapartaxebul germaniaSi ekonomikuri `saocrebis~ avtoris ludvig erhardis wigns `keTildReoba yvelasaTvis~. masSi sagangebod gatarebulia azri imis Taobaze, rom calkeuli individebi an sazogadoebis nawili ver icxovrebs namdvilad kargad, Tu mTel sazogadoebas ar Seeqmna keTildReobis miRwevis saSualeba. swored am mimarTulebiT unda iRvawos saxelmwifom, raTa SeZlebisdagvarad gamoaTanabros SesaZleblobebi da yovel moqalaqes misces Sansi Tavisi niWisa da unaris gamosavlenad. magram yovelive es unda gakeTdes civilizebuli meTodebiT. rac ufro swrafad amoqmeddeba Semosavlis gadanawilebis gonivrulad SemuSavebuli meqanizmi da moqnili, mizanswrafuli gaxdeba saxelmwifos socialuri politika, miT ufro swrafad gamoTanabrdeba sazogadoebis wevrTa Semosavali da daCqardeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis procesi. cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba sagrZnoblad gazrdis sazogadoebis Sromisunariani nawilis aqtiurobas qveynis meurneobriv saqmianobaSi da xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis aRmavlobas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Seqmnis Zlier ekonomikur bazas da axal impulss miscems kidev ufro masStabiani socialuri politikis ganxorcielebas. aseTia am umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis dialeqtikuri urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba.

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. ojaxis socialuri xasiaTis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi igulisxmeba: a. ganaTlebis miReba; b. kulturuli, saxelovnebo da saliteraturo faseulobebis SeTviseba; g. Tavisufali drois gonivruli gamoyeneba, aqtiuri monawileoba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi; d. ojaxis wevrTa uzrunvelyofa sanitarul-higienuri pirobebiT. 2. samecniero brunvaSi `ekonomikuri adamianis~ ( homo economicus) modeli Semoitana: a. veblenma; b. smiTma; g. saimonma; d. samuelsonma. 3. saqarTvelos saojaxo meurneobaTa SemosavlebSi yvelaze maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeva: a. Semosavali daqiravebuli Sromidan; b. Semosavali TviTdasaqmebidan; g. fulis sesxeba an dazogvis gamoyeneba; d. Semosavali soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan. 4. Semosavlis donis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis moculobis funqcionaluri damokidebulebis cvalebadoba pirvelma da-

342

343

adgina:
a. kenem; b. engelma; g. marqsma; d. engelsma.

5. saqarTvelos saojaxo meurneobaTa xarjebSi yvelaze maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeva danaxarjebi: a. transportze; b. saTbobsa da eleqtoenergiaze; g. sursaTze, sasmelsa da Tambaqos nawarmze; d. saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze. 6. siRaribis done, anu Raribebis raodenobis indeqsi aris: a. Raribi mosaxleobis wili mTel mosaxleobaSi; b. Raribi mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvramde daSorebis wili mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis doneze jamuri moxmarebidan; g. Rarib ojaxTa Soris siRaribis uTanasworobis maCvenebeli; d. Raribi mosaxleobis absoluturi ricxvi.

344

ganyofileba III makroekonomikis safuZvlebi

Tema

qv ey ni s m akroekonomi ku ri struqtura da erovnul an ga ri STa s is te ma

`sazogadoebis ekonomikuri mowyoba Seicavs aranakleb warmtac problemebsa da gamocanebs, vidre buneba~.
T. malTusi

`Tu mTlian erovnul produqts guldasmiT gaviangariSebT... aRm oCndeba, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi qalebi awarmoeben mis naxevarze mets~.
e.hanseni

345

mocemuli TemiT SesaZlebloba ixsneba yuradRebiT ganvixiloT sazogadoebis ekonomika `didi simaRlidan`, raTa movicvaT erovnuli meurneoba mTlianad. es SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs Tanmimdevrulad avxsnaT Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi: romeli nawilebisagan Sedgeba sazogadoebis ekonomika; rogor mimdinareobs mTeli erovnuli meurneobis zrda da ganviTareba; ratom warmoiSoba makroekonomikaSi arastabilu-ri da stabiluri mdgomareoba; vin da rogor aregulirebs ekonomikur urTierTobaTa mTel erTobliobas; rogor rols asrulebs amJamad safinanso-sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito sistemebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi; ra instrumentebiT xorcieldeba qveyanaSi fiskaluri da fulad-sakredito anu monetaruli politika. am Temis SeswavliT studenti SeZlebs ukeT gaigos, Tu is sawarmo an organizacia, romelSic mas mouwevs muSaoba, ganuyofeli ekonomikuri kvanZebiT rogoraa dakavSirebuli erovnuli meurneobis yvela msxvil qvedanayofTan.

leqcia 20. qveynis makroekonomikuri sistema da mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika

`makroekonomika _ es aris msxvilmasStabiani sameurneo saqm iano ba, rom elic aerTianebs erovnul ekonomikas mTlianad.~
e.borisovi

` m akro eko nom ika m o icavs ekonomikur sistemas, sadac xorcieldeba erTiani ekonomikuri politika mTeli sazogadoebis interesebisaTvis.~
gr.menqiu

makroekonomikis arsi da Taviseburebani. Tu mikroekonomikis safuZvlebis Seswavli-

sas Cven saqme gvqonda saojaxo meurneobebTan da calkeul sawarmoebTan, axla ukve CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ganzogadoebuli warmodgenis miReba am sameurneo erTeulTa mTeli erTobliobis Sesaxeb. imavdroulad, unda aRmovaCinoT sameurneo saqmianobis iseTi formebi, romlebic moicaven da erTad kraven mTel erovnul ekonomikas. makroekonomika _ es aris qveyanaSi arsebuli meurneobriobis yvela, formis erToblioba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali qveyana mravalerovnulia, maTi sameurneo saqmianobis formebic iseve
347

346

erTiandeba makroekonomikis masStabiT, rogorc erTi eriT warmodgenil saxelmwifoSi. amitom `erovnul ekonomikas` Cven pirobiTad vuwodebT nebismieri mravalerovnuli qveynis meurneobas. farTo gagebiT, makroekonomika moicavs mTel erovnul ekonomikas; viwro gagebiT ki, makroekonomika warmoadgens saxelmwifo seqtors , romelic aerTianebs da warmarTavs erovnuli ekonomikis, rogorc erTiani mTelis ganviTarebas. sagulisxmoa, rom XIX-XX saukuneebSi saxelmwifos roli erovnul ekonomikaSi sistematurad izrdeboda. XIX saukunemde saxelmwifo metwilad kmayofildeboda Tavisi upirvelesi funqciebis ganxorcielebiT: 1. daecva qveyana Siga uwesrigobisa da sxva qveynebis mxridan Tavdasxmisagan; 2. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi Tavisi qveynisaTvis mieerTebina axali teritoriebi; 3. gaezarda Tavisi qveynis saerTaSoriso prestiJi da avtoriteti. am funqciebis realizacias emsaxureboda jari, policia da sasamarTlo. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saxelmwifos roli ekonomikaSi gazarda industrializaciis procesis dawyebam, rac ganpirobebuli iyo ucxoeTis konkurenciisagan samamulo warmoebis dacvis aucileblobiT. Semdeg mas daemata erovnuli ekonomikis dinamizaciisa da modernizaciis (sagzao da satransporto qselis Seqmna da ganviTareba, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis mxardaWera, sabanko sistemis srulyofa...) amocana. XX saukuneSi dasavleTis qveynebSi saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereoda ekonomikaSi, TavisTvis winaswar Seqmna ra sameurneo saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli seqtori. es
348

seqtori saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is specifikuri ekonomikuri bazaa, romelic mowodebulia uzrunvelyos saerToerovnuli moTxovnilebebi da interesebi. masSi Sedis: saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis erToblioba; sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoeba da maTi koleqtiuri moxmarebis organizacia; saerToerovnuli sawarmoo da socialuri infrastruqtura. aseT ekonomikur bazaze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo moqmedebs gansakuTrebulad: igi aTanxmebs, koordinacias uwevs da aregulirebs mTel sameurneo saqmianobas makroekonomikis masStabiT. meurneobriobis makroekonomikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi elementebi: saxelmwifo sakuTrebis formiT warmodgenili saerTo erToblivi miTviseba , romelic, rogorc cnobilia, Tvisobrivad da raodenobrivad gansxvavdeba kerZo da saerTo wilobrivi miTvisebisagan. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis damkvidreba xSirad xorcieldeba nacionalizaciis (miwis, sawarmoebis, bankebis, transportis da sxva qonebis kerZo da saerTo wilobrivi sakuTrebidan saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi gadasvlis) gziT; saerTo erToblivi miTvisebis xasiaTi ganapirobebs saxelmwifo organoTa qcevis sruliad sxvagvar ti ps, imasTan SedarebiT, riTi xelmZRvanelobasac SeCveuli iyo kerZo mesakuTre. kidev meti, saxelmwifo sakuTreba da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mier dadgenili iuridiuli normebi arsebiTad zRudaven erTpirovnuli mflobe349

lobis qcevis winaT dadgenil wesebs. is unda daeqvemdebaros mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs; qveynis saxalxomeurneobrivi mTlianoba efuZneba Sromis saerTo (erovnul) danawilebas , romelic urTierTdamokidebuls xdis yvela msxvil sferos, warmoebis dargs da qveynis ekonomikur regions. mtkice urTierTkavSirebi Sromis saerTo danawilebis rgolebs Soris qmnis makrosistemas, romelic iwodeba saxalxomeurneobriv kompleqsad. is organulad aerTianebs materialur da aramaterialur warmoebas; meurneobis makroekonomikuri centralizaciisa da Sromis erovnuli kooperaciis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa ierarqiuli wyoba _ mTelis elementebis ganlageba zemodan qvemoT, maTi daqvemdebarebis rigiT (saxelmwifodan sawarmomde); makrosistema moaswavebs erovnuli ekonomikis gadasvlas misi realuri gansazogadoebis yvelaze maRal safexurze. makroekonom ikas aqvs er o v n ul i ekonomikuri integraciis mkveTrad gamoxatuli xasiaTi. aseT integracias (mTelad gaerTianebas) erovnuli meurneobis doneze saxelmwifo axdens, rodesac aucilebelia, magaliTad, insfrastruqturis dargTa saqmianobis mowesrigeba makroekonomika qmnis erTian ekonomikur sivrces, romelic mtkicdeba saerTo fuladi sistemiT. am sivrces aqvs ori `gamaerTianebeli`: 1. erovnuli bazari; 2. saxelmwifo seqtori, sadac xelisufleba moqalaqeebs sTavazobs ufaso materialur dovlaTs da momsaxurebas.

erovnuli meurneobis mTlianobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamovlenaa saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri politikis gatareba mTeli sazogadoebis interesebis uzrunvelyofiT.
m Ta vr ob is e ko no m ik ur i po li ti ka .

ekonomikuri politika tardeba mTavrobis mier saxelmwifos saxeliT. is warmoadgens mTavrobis moqmedebis mTavar xazs warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis, dagrovebisa da sxva qveynebTan ekonomikuri kavSirebis sferoSi. ekonomikur politikaSi gamoiyofa Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeebi: struqturuli (ekonomikis Semadgenel nawilTa kavSiris cvlilebebi), samecniero-teqnikuri, sainvesticio, safinanso-sabiujeto (fiskaluri), fulad-sakredito (monetaruli), sagareo-ekonomikuri. ekonomikuri politika _ es aris mTavrobis mmarTvelobiTi moqmedeba, romelic makroekonomikas aniWebs gansazRvrul mimarTulebas saxelmwifos interesebisa da miznebis Sesabamisad. ekonomikuri politika tardeba imisaTvis, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli Tavisufali bazris monawileTa stiqiuri, umarTavi qmedebebi. aseTi qmedebebi xSirad uaryofiTad aisaxeba qveynis mTel sameurneo saqmianobaze: ekonomikis zrdis nacvlad mimdinareobs warmoebis dacema, muSakTa dasaqmebis gafarToeba icvleba umuSevarTa ricxvis gadidebiT, fulis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis amaRleba adgils uTmobs mis gaufasurebas. am da sxva msgavs SemTxvevebSi ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom: sameurneo saqmianobas mianiWos saWiro organizebuloba;
351

350

 moawesrigos ekonomikur subieqtTa qceva; uzrunvelyos sameurneo saqmianobis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis dacva; daicvas saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi interesebi. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad miznebs miekuTvneba: erovnuli meurneobis mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa; Sromisunariani mosaxleobis maqsimaluri dasaqmebis miRweva; fuladi mimoqcevis ganmtkiceba. mecnieruli midgoma ekonomikuri politikisadmi ar Semoifargleba mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis miznebis dadgeniT. aq mniSvnelovania aixsnas erovnuli meurneobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs Soris obieqturad arsebuli kanonzomieri urTierTdamokidebulebebi. ekonomikurma mecnierebam daadgina makroekonomikaSi arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebis amsaxveli Semdegi maCveneblebi. urTierTSemavsebeli maCveneblebi. maT Soris yalibdeba pirdapirproporciuli damokidebulieba. ase, magaliTad, rac ufro maRalia ekonomikuri zrdis tempi, miT metia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmeba; urTierTSemcvleli maCveneblebi. maT Soris arsebobs ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba. swored asea urTierTdakavSirebuli, vTqvaT, umuSevroba da inflacia; neitraluri maCveneblebi. am SemTxvevaSi erTi maCveneblis cvlileba aranair gavlenas ar axdens meoreze. albaT, rTulia aRmovaCinoT urTierTqmedeba iseTi
352

procesebisa, rogoricaa, magaliTad, umuSevroba da saqonlis gatana. XX saukunis meore naxevarsa da XXI saukuneSi ekonomikis mdgomareobaze saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba ar Semoifargleba mxolod zemoaRniSnuli mniSvnelovani maCveneblebiT. amJamad mxedvelobaSi miiReba agreTve qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqarebis maCveneblebic.
qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba ni-

Snavs misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis iseT dones, romelic uzrunvelyofs erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis realizacias, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis Rirseuli pirobebis Seqmnas da win aRudgeba ekonomikis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis Semaferxebel muqarebs. erovnuli ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqaris qveS igulisxmeba is pirobebi da faqtorebi, romlebic zarals ayeneben saerToerovnul interesebs da arRveven qveynis ekonomikas. ganasxvaveben ekonomikuri usafTxoebis Sinagan da garegan muqarebs. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis Sinagan muqarebs qmnis: ekonomikuri krizisebi (warmoebis vardna); masobrivi umuSevroba; qveynis mniSvnelovani CamorCena uaxlesi mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis aTvisebasa da ganviTarebaSi; mosaxleobis dabali uzrunvelyofa sursaTiT, samkurnalo da samedicino preparatebiT; adamianTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauareseba da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcireba; gare samyaros dabinZurebis saxifaTo done da bevri sxva arakeTilsasurveli piroba da faqtori.
353

adamianebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis muqaris droulad aRmosaCenad saxelmwifo organoebma ganuwyveteli dakvirveba unda awarmoon makroekonomikis mdgomareobaze. amasTan, mniSvnelovania dadgindes, Tu arakeTilsasurveli procesebi (magaliTad, atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba) rodis aRwevs eris usafrTxoebis muqaris Sesaxeb damadasturebel zRvrulad dasaSveb sidides. es SesaZleblobas iZleva dauyovnebliv aRmoifxvras adamianTa sicocxlisunarianobis normaluri pirobebidan gadaxris mizezebi. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis garegan muqarebs miekuTvneba saxelmwifos sameurneo Zalebis wyaroebis rRveva. amis axsna SeiZleba Semdegi magaliTiT. Cveulebriv, yoveli qveyana sesxulobs ucxour valutas sazRvargareT aucilebeli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad. aseTi fuladi sesxebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos sesxis amRebi saxelmwifos SesaZleblobasTan-eqsportis xarjze uzrunvelyos sagareo valis drouli momsaxureba. magram, praqtikulad, es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sesxis Tanxa mravaljer aRemateba misi momsaxurebis SesaZleblobebs, maSin iqmneba saSiSroeba movale qveynisaTvis. is SeiZleba aRmoCndes ucxoeli kreditorebisagan ekonomikur da politikur damokidebulebaSi. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba misi maCveneblebis (parametrebis) zRvrul mniSvnelobebs, romelTa qvemoT iwyeba negatiuri procesebi da safrTxis qveS dgeba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis normaluri arseboba da
354

ganviTareba. umaRlesi xarisxis ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba miiRweva maSin, rodesac yvela maCvenebeli dasaSveb sazRvrebSia. Tu romelime maCvenebeli zRvars aWarbebs, muqara izrdeba. muqara metia, rac ufro izrdeba dasaSveb zRvars miRma arsebuli maCveneblebis raodenoba. am dros pirovneba da sazogadoeba, moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT, instiqturad mimarTavs Crdilovan urTierTobebsa da korufcias, riTac kidev ufro zrdis muqarebis albaTobas. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis donis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli yvela ZiriTadi maCveneblis mixedviT, amJamad saqarTvelo aWarbebs ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis kritikul parametrebs. aseT pirobebSi SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis normaluri ganviTareba civiluri samarTlebrivi da eTikuri normebis Sesabamisad.* saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis miRweva prevenciuli politikis ganxorcielebas moiTxovs, romelic istoriuli gamowvevebis, ekonomikuri muqarebis, usafrTxoebis zRvruli sidideebis gansazRvrasa da realizacias gulisxmobs. ekonomikis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebisaTvis yvelaze ufro mTavaria qveynis mzadyofna istoriuli gamowvevebisa da konkretuli muqarebis sapasuxod. istoriuli gamowvevebidan mTavaria: sayovelTao globalizaciis procesTan dakavSi-

* r.oTinaSvili, ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba. analizis antikriminaluri aspeqtebi. _ Tb., 2005, gv. 302.

355

rebuli gamowveva, im uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan acileba, rac SeiZleba mas Tan sdevdes. aucilebelia qveynis sulieri, ideologiuri, fsiqologiuri, inteleqtualuri, kulturuli, instituciuri, teqnologiuri mzadyofna saqarTvelos erovnuli identurobis, saxelmwifoebriobis, mosaxleobis cxovrebis maRali xarisxis, msoflio meurneobaSi integraciis uzrunvelsayofad; sayovelTao lokalizaciis procesTan dakavSirebuli gamowveva. igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi, regionul ekonomikur gaerTianebebSi integracia. aucilebelia kavkasiis regionSi saqarTvelos poziciebis Sesustebis tendenciis daZleva da tradiciulad wamyvani poziciebis damkvidreba, saqarTvelos teritoriaze dezintegraciuli da separatistuli tendenciebis aRmofxvra; mecnierul-teqnologiur revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli gamowveva. msoflio meurneobaSi qveynis monawileoba misi inteleqtualuri, mecnierul-teqnologiuri potencialiT, msoflio bazrebze konkurentunarianobis xarisxiT izomeba. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba komunikaciur-informaciuli da biologiuri revoluciebis dauflebaze, inovaciuri mewarmeobisa da menejmentis ganviTarebis xarisxzea damokidebuli. saqarTvelos umTavresi amocanaa upasuxos am istoriul gamowvevebs. jerjerobiT, samwuxarod, saqarTvelo taqtikurad da strategiulad arasaTanadod momzadebuli Sexvda am gamowvevebs. sakmarisad ar aris gaTviTcnobierebuli, rom globalizaciis procesSi gadarCenis mTavari piroba qveynis mdgrad da usafrTxo ganviTarebaze gadasvlaa, postindustriuli sazogadoebis Sesa356

bamisi ekonomikis damkvidrebaa. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze realurad gamoikveTa Sinagani da garegani muqarebi, romelTa daZleva, prevencia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. Sinagani muqarebidan aRsaniSnavia: inteleqtualuri, saganmanaTleblo, inovaciuri potencialis CamorCeniloba; mosaxleobis socialuri diferenciaciis gaRrmaveba da siRaribis maRali done; instituciuri mowyobisa da wesrigis sisuste, sakanonmdeblo bazis arasrulyofileba; ekonomikis struqturuli deformacia, rac warmoebis efeqtianobis, produqciis konkurentunarianobis, msoflio meurneobaSi monawileobis dabali doniT gamoixateba; qveynis energetikuli uzrunvelyofis aramdgradoba; sawarmoo potencialis Semcireba ZiriTadi fondebis maRali cveTis Sedegad; biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xlsayreli sainvesticio klimatis uqonloba; dabali inovaciuri da investiciuri aqtivoba; finansuri usafrTxoebis dabali done; qveynis regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali done da misi gamoTanabrebis tendenciis uqonloba; sazogadoebisa da sameurneo saqmianobis mzardi kriminalizacia. garegani muqarebidan gamosayofia:
357

qveynis susti monawileoba saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi, msoflio Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi; qveynis ekonomikis dabali mimzidveloba da konkurentunarianoba saerTaSoriso bazrebze; samuSao Zalisa da inteleqtualuri potencialis migraciis maRali tempi; didi garRveva sagareo valis sididesa da misi momsaxurebis SesaZleblobas Soris; sazRvrebis daucveloba da kontrabandis didi masStabebi; teqnologiuri, menejmenturi da instituciuri SeuTavsebloba saerTaSoriso bazrebis moTxovnebTan; saqarTvelos Siga bazris aTviseba sazRvargareTuli firmebis mier farTo moxmarebis mravali saxeobis saqonlis mixedviT, maT Soris sursaTisa da energiis importze qveynis Zlieri damokidebuleba. am muqarebis prevencia da daZleva saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa rogorc mimdinare, ise grZelvadian periodSi. erovnuli meurneobis warmatebiT regulirebisaTvis saxelmwifom unda gamoiyenos Tanamedrove, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli monacemebi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis Sesaxeb da amis safuZvelze gansazRvros qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri progresis perspeqtivebi.

leqcia 21. ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi da erovnuli angariSwarmoeba

`amerikuli andaza ambobs, `vaSlsa da forToxals ver Sekrebo`, magram mTliani Siga produqti zustad ase iqceva~.
gr.menqiu

istoriulad, Tavdapirvelad makroekonomikis gamzomad gamodioda mxolod materialuri warmoebis sferos ganviTarebis masStabebis maxasiaTebeli maCveneblebi. es iyo savsebiT bunebrivi industriamdeli da industriuli ekonomikisaTvis, sadac fasdeboda mxolod sasargeblo nivTebis damzadebaze daxarjuli Sroma. sawarmoo sferos ganviTarebis gasazomad gamoiyeneboda erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqtis maCvenebeli. igi moicavda garkveuli periodis (Cveulebriv wlis) ganmavlobaSi Seqmnil materialuri warmoebis yvela nakeTobas. amis safuZvelze dRemde gaiangariSeba qveyanaSi dagrovili erovnuli simdidris maCvenebeli. erovnuli simdidre (es) yvelaze zogadi makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia. masSi igulisxmeba materialuri dovlaTi, romelsac flobs mocemuli qveyana gansazRvruli TariRisaTvis da, romelic Seqmnilia mravali Taobis SromiTYmTeli ganvlili drois manZilze. farTo gagebiT, erovnul simdidreSi, adamianis SromiT Seqmnil materialur dovlaTTan erTad, Sedis kvlavwarmoebis procesSi CarTuli bunebrivi resursebic.
359

358

statistikuri organoebis mier aRricxuli erovnuli simdidris mTavari elementebia: warmoebrivi ZiriTadi da sabrunavi fondebi, materialuri maragebi da rezervebi, arawarmoebrivi ZiriTadi fondebi (saxelmwifo da kerZo sabinao fondi, socialur-kulturuli daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobebi, xangrZlivi gamoyenebis samomxmareblo daniSnulebis sagnebi: aveji, macivrebi, televizorebi, magnitofonebi, kompiuterebi da sxv.), meurneobriv brunvaSi CarTuli bunebrivi resursebi (am ukanasknelSi SeaqvT dazverili bunebrivi resursebic, romelic uaxloes periodSi SeiZleba CarTul iqnas meurneobriv brunvaSi). ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze mizanSewonilad miiCneven erovnul simdidreSi iseTi axali elementis Setanas, rogoricaa informacia da es arcaa gasakviri. igi xom gadawyvetilebaTa (iqneba es ekonomikuri Tu politikuri xasiaTisa) miRebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa. misi ekonomikuri faseuloba sakmaod mravalferovania. igi ekonomikaSi kontrolis instrumentad gamoiyeneba da, Tanac, marTvis safuZvelia. kargad damuSavebuli informaciis gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove ekonomikis potencialis srulad realizeba. ai, ratomaa gamarTlebuli erovnul simdidreSi misi Setana. Tumca, amis praqtikulad ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia informaciis fuladi Sefasebis meTodikis damuSaveba. erovnuli simdidre sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZveli da yvelaze zogadi makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia. magram igi realurad ver asaxavs sazogadoebis keTildReobis dones da ver gamodgeba qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis xarisxis saerTaSoriso SefasebisaTvis.

makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa axali ti pi da misi Taviseburebani. axali

drois Secvlil pirobebTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa axali sistemis SemuSaveba, romelSic maqsimalurad aisaxeboda makroekonomikuri analizis Taviseburebani. am saqmis dawyebas mZlavri biZgi misca 1929-1933 wlebis msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma, romelmac aCvena, rom sabazro ekonomikas ar ZaluZs TviTregulirebis bazaze ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva. aucilebeli gaxda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaZliereba. es uCveulo movlena iyo msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelmac ekonomistebi aiZula moeZebnaT agregirebuli* maCveneblebi. amerikelma mecnierma s.kuznecma (1901-1985) 1933 wels kongress warudgina 1929-1932 wlebis aSS-is erovnuli Semosavlis monacemebi, romelSic asaxuli iyo amerikuli ekonomikis umZimesi mdgomareoba. erovnuli Semosavlis gasaangariSeblad man Seqmna erovnuli angariSebis sistema, romelSic igulisxmeba statistikur maCvenebelTa erToblioba, romliTac izomeba qveynis mTliani warmoeba da misi komponentebi. aman safuZveli daudo axali makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaangariSebas. makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa axali ti pi gaCnda XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, postindustriul sazoga-

* agregireba aris mravalricxovani individualuri mikroekonomikuri maCveneblebis statistikuri dajamebis procesi erT mTlian maCvenebelSi.

360

361

doebaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT. maCvenebelTa am tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani: erovnuli meurneobis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba ara mxolod materialuri warmoebis ganviTarebis xarisxi, aramed momsaxurebis sferos cvlilebebic. da es aucileblobad iqca, ramdenadac dasavleTis qveynebSi axali Rirebulebis daaxloebiT 2/3 iqmneba momsaxurebis sferoSi; axali makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi Zvelisagan sxva niSniTac gamoirCevian. maTSi gamoiricxeba Sualeduri produqtebis Rirebulebis meoradi aRricxva da gaiTvaliswineba mxolod axali (damatebuli) Rirebuleba.
mTliani erovnuli produqti. sazoga-

savali sazRvargareTidan, Tuki sazRvargareT muSaoben an ucxouri firmebis aqciebs floben. Semosavlis es nawili mocemuli qveynis mep-Si aRiricxeba. maSasadame, mep aris Semosavlebis is erToblioba, romelsac iReben mocemuli qveynis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi imis miuxedavad, es Semosavali samamulo ekonomikaSi miiReba Tu sazRvargareTulSi.
mTliani Sida produqti. arsebobs sa-

doebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis amsaxvel makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa Soris pirveladia mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep). igi ganisazRvreba rogorc erovnuli warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze drois garkveul periodSi (Cveulebriv wlis ganmavlobaSi) warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebuleba. mep-is gaangariSebisas ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT erT metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: nebismieri qveynis ekonomikaSi warmoebis faqtorebis garkveuli nawili ucxoel moqalaqeTa sakuTrebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, Semosavlebis is nawili, romelic miRebulia maTi kapitalis gamoyenebiT, faqtobrivad maT ekuTvniT da mocemuli qveynis mep-Si ar aRiricxeba. meore mxriv, qveynis fizikur da iuridiul pirebs aseve SeuZliaT miiRon Semo362

zogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis amsaxveli meore, ufro martivi maCvenebeli _ mTliani Sida produqti (mSp), romelic erovnuli angariSebis sistemaSi gaeros mier rekomendirebulia mTavar makroekonomikur maCveneblad. mep-isagan gansxvavebiT, mSp aris drois garkveul periodSi (Cveulebriv kvartlis, wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis SigniT warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebuleba. ufro naTlad rom warmovidginoT am ori terminis Sinaarsi da maT Soris gansxvaveba, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom mTliani erovnuli produqti aris, vTqvaT, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqis erToblivi Semosavali, maT Soris isic, romelic miRebulia sazRvargareT maTi kuTvnili warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT an, rac igivea, saqarTvelos erToblivi danaxarji saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze rogorc qveynis teritoriaze, aseve sazRvargareT. rac Seexeba mTlian Sida produqts , masSi igulisxmeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebuli erToblivi Semosavali, maT Soris im faqtorebis xarjzedac, romelic ucxoelTa sakuTrebaSia an, rac igivea, mSp aris saqarTvelos teritoriaze
363

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze gaRebuli danaxarjebis erToblioba. roca gansxvaveba mep-sa da mSp-s Soris umniSvneloa, igi miuTiTebs, rom qarTvelTa Semosavali sazRvargareT daaxloebiT emTxveva ucxoelTa gamomuSavebul Semosavals saqarTveloSi. rogorc gansazRvrebidan Cans, mep da mSp yvela warmoebuli produqciis Rirebulebas ki ar zomavs, aramed saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, anu im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, romelic namdvilad SeiZineba moxmarebisaTvis an gaTvaliswinebulia eqsportisaTvis. mSp-is zemoT motanili formulireba gansazRvravs am fenomenis arss sakmaod martivad, magram sinamdvileSi misi gaangariSebisas Cndeba erTi SexedviT SeumCneveli mravali problema. amitom saWiroa dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT gansazRvrebis calkeuli nawilebi. `mSp aris drois garkveul periodSi (Cveulebriv wlis an kvartlis ganmavlobaSi)...`. mSp asaxavs drois konkretul monakveTSi, Cveulebriv wlis an kvartlis ganmavlobaSi, warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobas. xSirad warmoiSoba kvartaluri periodulobiT ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebis analizis saWiroeba. amitom mTavroba sistematurad aqveynebs mSp-is rogorc wliur, aseve kvartalur monacemebs. amave dros, ekonomikaSi sxvadasxva obieqturad arsebuli faqtorebis (klimaturi pirobebi, nedleulis miwodeba, winasadResaswaulo bumi, rodesac mosaxleobis danaxarjebi aRwevs umaRles niSnuls da sxv.) gamo kvartalebs Soris yovelTvis arsebobs am faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveu364

li gansxvavebebi. am gansxvavebebis gamo mSp-is kvartaluri maCveneblebi wina da momdevno kvartalebis maCveneblebTan Sesadarisi ar aris. am problemis gaawyvetisaTvis saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba mSp-is kvartaluri maCveneblebis droiTi mwkrivebis statistikuri analizis safuZvelze sezonuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli gadaxrebis maRali sizustiT Sefasebisa da am SefasebebiT `sezonuri Sesworebebis` ganxorcieleba. sezonuri Sesworebebis Sedegad miRebuli axali droiTi mwkrivebis maCveneblebi ukve sakmarisi sizustiT gamosadegi xdeba kvartaluri maCveneblebis urTierTSedarebisaTvis. `...qveynis SigniT...`. mSp moicavs konkretuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas. Tu saqarTvelos moqalaqe droebiT muSaobs germaniaSi, maSin misi Sromis Sedegi iqceva germaniis mSp-is nawilad. rodesac germaneli flobs kompanias saqarTveloSi, misi produqcia Sedis saqarTvelos da ara germaniis mSp-Si. amrigad, mSp-Si CairTveba mis teritoriaze warmoebuli yvela saqoneli da momsaxureba, maTi mwarmoeblis moqalaqeobis miuxedavad. `...warmoebuli...`. mSp-Si CairTveba yvela axlad warmoebuli saqoneli da momsaxureba da misgan gamoiricxeba saqoneli, romelic gaiyida gansaxilvel periodSi, magram warmoebulia winaT. ase, magaliTad, Tu korporacia General Motors-i amzadebs da yidis axal avtomobils, misi fasi Seva mSp-Si, magram Tu erTi adamiani Tavis naxmar avtomobils mihyidis meores, garigebis Tanxa ar CairTveba mSp-Si. maSasadame, mSp moicavs mxolod `mimdinare warmoebas`, e.i. masSi ar Sedis adre warmoebuli
365

produqciis xelaxali gayidva. `...yvela...`. mSp-Si SeZlebisdagvarad unda CairTos kanonierad warmoebuli da gayiduli yvela saqoneli da momsaxureba, vaSlidan da forToxlidan wignsa da kinobileTamde, parikmaxeris mier Sesrulebuli Tmis SeWridan eqimisa da advokatis konsultaciamde. arsebobs saqonelTa garkveuli jgufebi, romelTa Rirebuleba ar gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si misi gansazRvris sirTulis gamo. maT miekuTvneba aradeklarirebul, `Crdilovan ekonomikaSi` arakanonieri gziT warmoebuli da gayiduli saqoneli (magaliTad, narkotikebi) an saojaxo meurneobaTa mier Sidasaojaxo moxmarebisaTvis warmoebuli produqtebi. amitom maRaziaSi SeZenili bostneuli gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si, sakuTar nakveTSi moyvanili da ojaxSi moxmarebuli ki _ ara. msgavs gamoricxvebs zogjer paradoqsul situaciebamde mivyavarT. Tu gazons kreWT da amaSi fuls gixdian, Tqveni gasamrjelo mSp-Si Seva da Tqveni Sromis Sedegi (momsaxureba) qveynis saerTo warmoebis nawilad iqceva, magram Tu Tqven Tqvensave sakuTar gazons kreWT, Tqveni Sroma mSp-is gamoTvlisas gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ojaxzec, romelic momvlelis ayvanis nacvlad amjobinebs skolamdeli asakis bavSvebs ojaxis pirobebSi mouaros. Cveni sakuTari Svilebis movla mSp-Si ar Sedis. `...saboloo...`. erTi da imave produqtis orjer an metjer aRricxviT mSp-is sididis arasworad Sefasebis Tavidan asacileblad, masSi mxolod saboloo produqti Seitaneba. rodesac kompania International Peper-i awarmoebs qaRalds, romelic gamoiyeneba firma Hallmark-is mier misaloci baraTebis dasamzadeblad, qaRaldi iTv366

leba Sualedur produqtad, misaloci baraTebi ki _ saboloo produqtad. mSp-Si Sedis mxolod saboloo produqtebis Rirebuleba, ramdenadac maTSi ukve CarTulia Sualeduri produqtebis fasebi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi mSp-Si gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba mxolod misaloci baraTebi, ramdenadac maTi fasi ukve moicavs qaRaldis Rirebulebas. axla davuSvaT, rom velosi pedebis mwarmoebeli firma erTi velosi pedis dasamzadeblad saWiro nawilebsa da SromaSi ixdis 300 lars. firma velosi peds 400 larad mihyidis sportuli saqonlis maRazias. maRazia velosi peds 550 larad gayidis. ramdeniT gazarda erTi velosi pedis warmoebam qveynis mSp? radganac aRiricxeba mxolod saboloo produqti, pasuxi 550 lari iqneba. velosi pedis nawilebisa da Sromis momwodeblisaTvis gadaxdili 300 lari da mwarmoeblisaTvis gadaxdili 400 lari saboloo jamSi aRar Sedis, radgan 550 lari ukve moicavs am xarjebs. am wesidan gamonaklisi keTdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sualeduri produqti Semdgom teqnologiur ciklSi CairTveba ara erTbaSad, aramed firmis balansze rCeba Semdgomi gadayidvis an warmoebaSi gamoyenebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi drois garkveul momentSi igi ganixileba rogorc saboloo da gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si. magram Semdgom, rodesac firma hpovebs mis gamoyenebas, misi aqtivebi Semcirdeba da imave sididiT Semcirdeba mSp-is moculoba. `...saqonlisa da momsaxurebis...`. mSp-Si CairTveba rogorc warmoebuli materialuri dovlaTi (kvebis produqtebi, tansacmeli, avtomobili), ise gaweuli momsaxureba (binis dalageba, eqimis konsultacia). rodesac
367

Tqven yidulobT sayvareli rok-jgufis kompaqt-disks, SeiZenT sabazro saqonels da misi Rirebuleba gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si. xolo rodesac Tqven yidulobT bileTs am jgufis koncertze dasaswrebad, anazRaurebT momsaxurebas da am SemTxvevaSic misi Rirebuleba Sedis mSp-Si. `...sabazro Rirebuleba`. TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia gamonaTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikaSi, ariTmetikisagan gansxvavebiT, `SeuZlebelia vaSlisa da forToxlis Sekreba`. magram mSp-is gaangariSebisas swored msgavsi ram xdeba, _ erTian ekonomikur maCvenebelSi jamdeba mravali sruliad sxvadasxvagvari saqoneli. amaSi gvexmareba sabazro fasebis gamoyeneba. Tu erTi vaSli Rirs forToxalze orjer ufro Zviri, maSin vaSlis wili mSp-Si orjer meti iqneba. aSkaraa, rom mSp ekonomikuri aqtivobis Sefasebis rTuli maCvenebelia, magram misi sityvasityviTi gansazRvrebis yovel nawils Tavisi Rrma da saintereso azri gaaCnia.
mSp-is gaangariSebis meTodebi. mSp-is gaangariSeba xorcieldeba sami meTodiT: warmoebis meTodiT mSp ganisazRvreba rezidenti ekonomikuri erTeulebis mier sawarmoo saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebebis* SejamebiT. maSasadame, mSp warmodgenilia rogorc
* mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba aris sxvaoba warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas (mTlian gamoSvebasa) da Sualedur moxmarebas Soris. termini `mTliani` niSnavs, rom maCvenebeli moicavs warmoebis procesSi monawile ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmarebas (fizikur da moralur cveTas).

qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze drois Sesabamis monakveTSi ekonomikis rezidenti erTeulebis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxeobebSi Seqmnili mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebebis jami. gamoyenebis (xarjebis) meTodiT gaangariSebuli mSp warmoadgens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo moxmarebis xarjebis, mTliani dagrovebisa da wminda eqsportis jams. maSasadame, mSp warmodgenilia rogorc qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze danaxarjebis jami, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa danaxarjebad individualur da koleqtiur moxmarebaze da danaxarjebad kapitalisa da sabrunavi saSualebebis maragebze (investiciebze), Sesworebuli wminda eqsportiT. Semosavlebis meTodiT mSp ganisazRvreba rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis procesSi monawile rezidenti erTeulebis pirveladi Semosavlebis (Sromis anazRaurebis, produqciasa da importze wminda gadasaxadebis*, mTliani mogebisa** da mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebis***) jami. maSasadame, mSp warmod-

* maT miekuTvneba: damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, aqcizi da sabaJo gadasaxadi. termini `wminda` niSnavs, rom gadasaxadebi naCvenebia Sesabamisi subsidiebis gamoklebiT. ** mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebis nawili, romelic rCebaT mwarmoeblebs (kompaniebs) Sromis anazRaurebisa da warmoebaze wminda gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg. *** saojaxo meurneobebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arakorporaciuli sawarmoebisaTvis, sadac saojaxo meurneobebs SeuZliaT awarmoon gadauxdeli SromiTi danaxarjebi. igi moicavs rogorc saojaxo meurneobaTa Sromis anazRaurebas, ise am sawarmoTa mogebas.

368

369

genilia, rogorc ekonomikuri aqtivobis Sedegad daricxuli Semosavlebis jami. ufro konkretulad, mSp-is gaangariSebebi xorcieldeba Semdegi ZiriTadi sqemebiT: mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba warmoebis mixedviT: saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT produqciis (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) mTliani gamoSveba sabaziso fasebSi _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gamoSvebisaTvis gamoyenebuli Sualeduri moxmareba = mTliani Sida produqti sabaziso fasebSi + wminda gadasaxadebi saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze da importze = mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi. mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba xarjebis mixedviT: mosaxleobis samomxmareblo xarjebi + Sinameurneobebis momsaxure arakomerciuli organizaciebis mier gaweuli momsaxureba + saxelmwifo marTvis organoebis mier gaweuli koleqtiuri (saxelmwifos marTva, Tavdacva, wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis dacva) da personaluri (ganaTlebis, jandacvisa da socialuri momsaxurebis sferoebSi) momsaxureba
370

+ ZiriTadi kapitalis mTliani formireba + materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis maragebis cvlileba = mTliani Sida xarjebi sabazro fasebSi + saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi = mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi. mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba Semosavlebis mixedviT: Semosavali dasaqmebidan daricxuli xelfasisa da danamatebis saxiT, xelfasze daricxuli gadasaxadebis CaTvliT + TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Sereuli Semosavali + kompaniebis mier saqmianobidan miRebuli mTliani mogeba + qonebis gaqiravebidan daricxuli renta + gadasaxadebi warmoebasa da importze = mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi. saqarTveloSi mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba
371

cxrili 7.1 mTliani Sida produqtis agregatebi saqarTveloSi 1996-2003 wlebSi

3756.9 4285.4 4781.7 5341.7 5648.6 6.211.9 6961.2 8039.0 158.1 319.5 300.4 397.0 422.8 490.1 550.4 578.3 50.0 60.0 70.0 56.0 54.1 55.0 56.1 46.5 111.6 269.5 240.4 327.0 366.8 436.0 495.4 522.2

nominaluri da realuri mSp. rogorc

warmoebis mixedviT mTliani gamoSveba (sabaziso fasebSi) Sualeduri moxmareba damatebuli Rirebuleba sabaziso fasebSi gadasaxadebi produqciaze subsidiebi produqciaze wminda gadasaxadebi produqciaze mTliani Sida poduqti sabazro fasebSi

372

Semosavlebis formirebis mixedviT Sromis anazRaureba xelfasi socialuri anaricxebi

aRvniSneT, mSp iTvaliswinebs drois garkveul periodSi qveynis SigniT warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebulebas. Tu maTi moxmarebis maCvenebeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gaizarda, amas SeiZleba mieces oris axsna: 1. ekonomikaSi SeiniSneba warmoebis gadideba; 2. saqoneli da momsaxureba gaZvirda. mSp-is zrdis gaanalizebisas ekonomistebi cdiloben orive mizezis gavlenis gansxvavebas da imis gansazRvras, Tu sinamdvileSi ramdenad gaizarda warmoeba fasTa zrdisagan damoukideblad. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba realuri mSp-is maCvenebeli, romelic SesaZleblobas iZleva vupasuxoT hi poTezur kiTxvas: `rogori iqneba am wels warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, Tu Cven mas gaviangariSebT wina wlebis fasebSi?` msgavsi midgoma iZleva konkretuli periodisaTvis ekonomikuri zrdis SedarebiTi analizis Catarebis SesaZleblobas. imisaTvis, raTa ukeTesad gavigoT Tu rogor ganisazRvreba realuri mSp, ganvixilo ricxobrivi magaliTi.

mimdinare fasebSi, mln lari

3868.5 4554.9 5022.1 5668.7 6015.4 6647.9 7456.6 8561.2

1997 1998

eas kateg. 1996

B.1g D.21 D.31 D.21-D.31

B.1g

D.1 D.11 D.12

P.1 P.2

891.2 716.1 175.1

1137.2 1396.4 1509.1 1794.9 1816.4 1787.3 1921.0 963.7 1147.8 1257.3 1510.8 1507.6 1493.7 1513.0 173.5 248.6 251.8 284.0 308.8 293.7 408.0

1999 2000 2001

mimdinareobs erovnul angariSTa eas-1993 sistemis Sesabamisad, kvartaluri periodulobiT. 7.1 cxrilSi asaxulia mTliani Sida produqtis agregatebis cifrobrivi monacemebi saqarTveloSi 19962003 wlebisaTvis. sxvadasxva meTodiT gaangariSebuli mSp-is moculobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs ar emTxveodes, radganac maTi informaciuli wyaroebi gansxvavebulia.

6396.0 7468.7 7986.8 9032.5 9628.2 10707.5 12104.7 14001.8 2527.5 2913.7 2966.7 3363.8 3612.8 4059.7 4648.1 5440.7

2002 2003

373

cxrili 7.1-is gagrZeleba

1252.2 1919.6 1863.6 2159.6 2397.1 2594.1 3161.3 2975.4

826.6 1080.2 1389.6 1632.6 2179.3 2726.7

4372.0 5110.6 4781.3 5203.2 5940.2 5878.1 6594.4 7791.6 713.0 840.8 961.9 1222.7 1214.8 1378.2 1576.8 2005.0 81.2 13.9 68.5 70.0 70.0 64.4 39.7 -28.3

3868.5 4554.9 5022.1 5668.7 6015.4 6647.9 7456.6 8561.2

3868.5 4554.9 5022.1 5668.7 6015.4 6647.9 7456.6 8561.2

1999 2000 2001

327.0 397.0 70.0 2343.2 2254.1

366.8 422.8 56.0 2299.2 2204.5

qvemoT motanili 7.2 cxrili asaxavs hi poTezuri ekonomikis muSaobis Sedegebs, romelSic iwarmoeba mxolod ori saxis saqoneli _ Rvezeli da nayini. cxrilSi motanilia monacemebi maTi gamoSvebis moculobisa da saqonlis erTeulis gayidvis fasebis Sesaxeb 2001, 2002 da 2003 wlebSi. gamoSvebuli saqonlis SesaZenad saWiro danaxarjebis saerTo sididis gamosaTvlelad unda movZebnoT
cxrili 7.2 nominaluri da realuri mSp
fasebi da warmoebis moculoba wlebi Rvezelis Rvezelis warfasi moebis mocul. (lari) (cali) 1 2 3 100 150 200 nayinis fasi (lari) 2 3 4 nayinis warmoebis mocul. (cali) 50 100 150

2002 2003 mimdinare fasebSi, mln lari 1997 1998

269.5 319.5 50.0 2376.0 2295.9

240.4 300.4 60.0 2435.6 2354.5

436.0 490.1 54.1 2520.1 2415.0

495.4 550.4 55.0 2559.4 2452.5

522.2 578.3 56.1 3050.6 2931.3

111.6 158.1 46.5 2273.0 2193.7

1996

515.5

711.0

D.21-D.31 D.21 D.31 B.2 B.3

eas kateg.

B.1g

B.1g

P.3 P.51 P.52

P.6

P.7

2001 2002 2003

saboloo gamoyenebis mixedviT saboloo moxmarebis xarjebi ZiriTadi kapitalis formireba maragebis cvlileba (+) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti (-) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi

produqciasa da importze gadasaxadebs minus subsidiebi gadasaxadebi subsidiebi mTliani Sereuli Semosavali Sereuli Semosavali, wminda mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi

nominaluri mSp-is gaangariSeba 2001 (1lari X 100Rvezeli) + (2lari X 50nayini)=200 lari 2002 (2lari X 150Rvezeli) + (3lari X 100nayini)=600 lari 2003 (3lari X 200Rvezeli) + (4lari X 150nayini)=1200 lari realuri mSp-is gaangariSeba 2001 (1lari X 100Rvezeli) + (2lari X 50nayini)=200 lari 2002 (1lari X 150Rvezeli) + (2lari X 100nayini)=350 lari 2003 (1lari X 200Rvezeli) + (2lari X 150nayini)=500 lari mSp-is deflatoris gaangariSeba 2001 (200 lari : 200 lari) X 100 = 100% 2002 (600 lari : 350 lari) X 100 = 171% 2003 (1200 lari : 500 lari) X 100 = 240%

374

375

yoveli saxeobis produqciis warmoebis moculoba da erTeulis Rirebuleba. rogorc cxrilidan Cans, 2001 wels warmoebuli iyo 100 Rvezeli da 50 nayini, romlebic iyideboda Sesabamisad cali 1 da 2 larad. mosaxleobis danaxarjebma maT SeZenaze Seadgina 200 lari. warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebis aseTi maCvenebeli, gamoxatuli mimdinare fasebSi, iwodeba nominalur mSp-d . cxrilSi motanilia monacemebi nominaluri mSp-is zrdis Sesaxeb 2001 wlis 200 laridan 600 laramde 2002 wels da 1200 laramde 2003 wels. nominaluri mSp-is zrdis gansazRvruli nawili ganpirobebulia produqciis gamoSvebis gadidebiT, xolo nawili _ fasebis cvlilebebiT. fasTa donisagan damoukideblad, warmoebuli produqciis moculobis SefasebisaTvis Cven gamoviyenebT realur mSp-is cnebas, romelic asaxavs Seqmnili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas gaangariSebuls drois gansazRvruli periodis (sabaziso periodis) mudmiv fasebSi. sabaziso periodis fasis gamoyeneba SesaZleblobas iZleva vawarmooT sxvadasxva wlebis produqciis moculobaTa raodenobrivi Sedareba. Cvens magaliTSi sabaziso periodad varCevT 2001 wels da misi fasebis Rvezelisa da nayinis gamoSvebis Sesabamis moculobebze gamravlebiT vRebulobT realuri mSp-is mniSvnelobebs 2001, 2002 da 2003 wlebSi. Sedegad Cven aRmovaCenT mSp-is realur zrdas 2001 wlis 200 laridan 2002 wlis 350 laramde da 500 laramde 2003 wels, rac mowmobs produqciis gamoSvebis moculobaTa saerTo gadidebaze, ramdenadac gaTvlebi tarde376

boda erTi da imave fasebiT. amrigad, nominaluri mSp asaxavs warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo Rirebulebas mimdinare fasebSi, xolo realuri mSp _ sabaziso periodis fasebSi. ramdenadac realuri mSp-is mniSvneloba ar ganicdis safaso ryevebis gavlenas, is SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas warmoebis zrdis gasazomad. Cven gamovTvaleT mSp-is sxvadasxva saxe ekonomikis efeqtianobis xarisxis gansazRvris mizniT. ramdenadac realuri mSp-is maCvenebeli asaxavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis faqtiur moculobas, igi nominalur mSp-sTan SedarebiT ufro metad gviCvenebs ekonomikis SesaZleblobas _ daakmayofilos mosaxleobis moTxovnilebani. xolo roca saubaria warmoebis gazomvis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba wina periodTan SedarebiT realuri mSp-is cvlilebis maCvenebeli procentul gamoxatulebaSi. nominaluri da realuri mSp-is meSveobiT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli _ mSp-is deflatori, romelic asaxavs Tanafardobas mimdinare fasebis donesa da sabaziso periodis fasebis dones Soris. sxva sityvebiT, mSp-is deflatori axasiaTebs ekonomikaSi fasebis da ara warmoebis moculobis SefardebiT cvlilebas. is gaiangariSeba Semdegnairad: mSp-is deflatori = nominaluri mSp realuri mSp X 100.

formulidan cxadi xdeba, Tu mSp-is deflatori ratom asaxavs swored fasobriv variaciebs _ saqon377

lisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebis nebismieri cvlileba, maTi warmoebis moculobis Seucvlelad, gavlenas axdens mxolod nominaluri da ara realuri mSp-is maCvenebelze. Cvens magaliTSi mSp-is deflatoris gaangariSeba moyvanilia 7.2 cxrilSi. 2001 wels is toli iyo 100%is, 2002 wels _ 171%-is, 2003 wels ki _ 240^%-isa, saidanac Cans, rom gansaxilvel periodSi fasebi gaizarda 2,4-jer. mSp-is deflatorTan erTad arsebobs fasebis zrdis gazomvis sxva maCvenebelic, e.w. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi. igi gamoiTvleba mimdinare wlis fasebis sabaziso periodis fasebze gayofiT. am maCveneblis daxmarebiT realuri mSp gaiangariSeba Semdegnairad: realuri mSp = nominaluri mSp fasebis indeqsi .1

mSp-is gazomva dinamikaSi. ekonomikis ga-

zomva saWiroa ara marto statikaSi, aramed dinamikaSic. amas sazogadebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis donis cvalebadobis gasazomad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. mTliani Sida produqtis cvalebadobis gazomva da am cvalebadobis gamomwvevi faqtorebis gaanalizeba dinamikis indeqsebis gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli. dinamikaSi mSp-is cvalebadobis gasazomi indeqsi, zogadi formiT, SegviZlia Semdegnairad warmovidginoT:

wlebis (periodebis) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri moculoba; p1 da p0,_Sesabamisad, saangariSo da sabaziso wlebSi (periodebSi) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erTeulebis sabazro fasi; _ sigma (Sejamebis simbolo). zemoT moyvanili indeqsis mricxvelSi gvaqvs saangariSo periodis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri moculobisa da erTeulis sabazro fasebis namravlTa jami, anu mSp-is saerTo Rirebuleba saangariSo periodSi, mniSvnelSi ki _ Sesabamisi maCveneblebi sabaziso periodSi. maSasadame, mSp-is moculobas rogorc saangariSo, ise sabaziso periodSi, ori maCvenebeli (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri moculoba da erTeulis fasi) gansazRvravs. amitom sainteresoa vicodeT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina mSp-is dinamikaze TiToeulma faqtorma calcalke. amisaTvis SeiZleba gaangariSebuli iqnas mSp-is fizikuri moculobis indeqsi:

Iq =
fasebis indeqsi:

q1 p 0 q0 p 0 q1 p 1 q1 p 0

Ip =

I=

q1 p 1 , q0 p 0

sadac: I aris mSp-is saerTo indeqsi; q1 da q0 _ Sesabamisad, saangariSo da sabaziso

378

rogorc Cans, TiToeul indeqsSi erTi faqtori cvalebadia (romlis gavlenac gvsurs gavigoT), xolo meore _ ucvlelia (mricxvelSic da mniSvnelSic). fizikuri moculobis indeqsisa da fasebis indeqsis namrav379

li udris mSp-is saerTo Rirebulebis indeqss:

q1 p 1 = q0 p 0

q1 p 0 q0 p 0

q1 p 1 q1 p 0

cxrili 7.3 nominaluri mSp-is moculoba, zrdis tempebi da struqtura, ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi 2003 da 2004 wlebSi
mimdinare zrdis struqtura fasebSi tempi (procenti) (mln lari) (procenti) 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da metyeveoba, TevzWera mrewveloba samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba da kareierebis damuSaveba damamuSavebeli mrewveloba eleqtroenergia, airi da wyalmomarageba Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSaveba sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis an gasayidad mSenebloba sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa da piradi sargeblobis nivTebis remonti sastumroebi da restornebi transporti da sasawyobo meurneoba

Iqp = Iq ? Ip.
tolobis sami elementidan Tu viciT romelime ori maTgani, SegviZlia gavigoT mesamec. magaliTad, Tu qveynis ganviTarebis indikaturi gegmiT 2007 wlisaTvis 2006 wlis mimarT, mSp-is mateba 20%-iT (Iqp=120%) da inflaciis wliuri tempidan gamomdinare, fasebis mateba 10%-iTaa (Ip=110%) gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin mSp-is fiikuri moculoba 9,1%-iT (Iq=Iqp/Ip=(120/110)x100=109,1%) unda gaizardos. ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT saqarTvelos nominaluri mSp-is moculobis, realuri zrdisa da struqturis maCveneblebi 2003 da 2004 wlebisaTvis asaxulia 7.3 cxrilSi. wliuri struqturuli statistikuri gamokvlevis monacemebis safuZvelze dazustebuli monacemebiT 2003 wels mSp-is moculoba 8560,1 mln laris, xolo wliuri realuri zrdis tempi 111,1%-is toli iyo. aRsaniSnavia 2004 wels produqciaze gadasaxadebis mkveTri zrda (realuri sididiT TiTqmis 1,5-jer) wina welTan SedarebiT. es maCvenebeli axasiaTebs 2004 wels samewarmeo seqtoris saqmianobisa da importis legalizaciasa da sagadasaxado administrirebis Tvisebriv gaumjobesebas. am cvlilebebis Sedegad sabazro fasebSi mSp-is
380

1649.1 1589.7 110.3 1145.3 1298.3 108.3

93.3 112.2

19.3 13.4

16.2 13.2

75.3

80.4

97.9

84.9 120.1

0.9 8.7 3.8

0.8 9.2 3.2

746.1 900.2 109.5

323.9 317.7 109.2 100.4

370.0 373.6 104.7 547.4 630.6 146.6

98.0 107.5

4.3 6.4

3.8 6.4

1137.6 1312.6 112.1 244.9 267.0 114.2 880.6 955.7 104.4

109.5 103.7 105.8

13.3 2.9 10.3

13.4 2.7 9.8

381

cxrili 7.3-is gagrZeleba

mimdinare zrdis struqtura fasebSi tempi (procenti) (mln lari) (procenti) kavSirgabmuloba safinanso Suamavloba operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da komerciuli saqmianoba saxelmwifos marTva da Tavdacva ganaTleba janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri momsaxureba sxva komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxureba SinameurneobebSi daqiravebuli momsaxureba finansuri Suamavlobis momsaxurebis gamoyenebis arapirdapiri Sefaseba mSp sabaziso fasebSi gadasaxadebi produqciaze subsidiebi produqciaze mSp sabazro fasebSi mSp-s deflatori wina wlis saSualo fasebis mimarT, procenti mSp erT sulze, lari mSp erT sulze, aSS dolari 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 306.9 409.3 136.5 125.5 3.6 4.2 126.0 131.3 118.1 108.7 1.5 1.3 512.5 125.2 97.7 101.6 106.3 104.8 100.9 6.0 3.6 3.2 5.2 5.4 3.5

517.1

307.6 532.3 277.8 345.7 346.2 335.0

101.7

101.0

4.0

3.4

saerTo ekonomikuri zrdis TiTqmis naxevari produqciaze daricxuli gadasaxadebis amoRebasa da sabiujeto seqtoris Semosavlebis matebaSi aisaxa. momdevno 7.4 cxrilSi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos 2000-2004 wlebis realuri mSp-is kvartaluri maCveneblebis saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT Sesworebuli droiTi mwkrivi. sezonuri Sesworebebis gaTvaliswinebiT 2004 wels mSp-is moculoba kvartalebSi wina kvartalTan SedarebiT realuri sididiT saSualod 3,3%-iT izrdeboda. qvemoT motanil 7.1 diagramaze naTlad Cans mSp-is kvartaluri maCveneblebis sezonuri Sesworebis gareSe da sezonuri SesworebebiT miRebul droiT mwkrivebs
cxrili 7.4 saqarTvelos 2000-2004 wlebis realuri mSpis kvartaluri maCveneblebi sezonuri Sesworebis gareSe da sezonuri SesworebebiT (1996 w. fasebSi; mln. lari)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

249.8 337.5 9.2

119.4 96.1

111.7 100.6

2.9 0.1

3.4 0.1

9.4

-77.8 -75.0 104.5 8037.9 8965.3 112.3

91.0 104.8

-0.9 93.9 6.8

-0.8 91.5 9.1 I kvart. II kvart. III kvart. IV kvart. 1057 1100 1215 1247

sezonuri Sesworebis gareSe 1102 1234 1233 1271 1160 1238 1337 1371 1225 1385 1475 1584 1342 1535 1553 1719

578.3 892.1 100.4 146.8 -56.1 -57.3 97.3 8560.1 9800.0 111.1 X 103.2 X 1879.1 2160.8 X 876.5 1135.3 X 97.3 108.4 105.9 X X

-0.7 -0.6 100.0 100.0 X X X X X X

I kvart. II kvart. III kvart. IV kvart.

1166 1100 1168 1186

sezonuri SesworebebiT 1210 1271 1342 1236 1239 1384 1188 1296 1438 1207 1297 1494

1471 1533 1516 1618

382

383

1 _ sezonuri Sesworebis gareSe 2 _ sezonuri SesworebiT

mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba sabaziso fasebSi 1675.7 gadasaxadebi produqciaze 141.1 subsidiebi produqciaze -11.3 mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi 1805.6 mTliani Sida produqtis gamoyeneba xarjebi saboloo moxmarebaze 1648.0 Sinameurneobebi 1479.1 Sinameurneobebis momsaxure arakomerciuli organizaciebi 16.2 saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi 152.6

Soris urTierTgansxvaveba da saerTo tendencia. da bolos, 7.5 cxrilSi asaxulia saqarTvelos 2003-2004 wlebis mSp-is gamoyenebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi xarjebis kategoriebis mixedviT cxrilSi motanili monacemebidan Cans, rom xarjebis (gamoyenebis) kategoriebis mixedviT gaangariSebuli mSp-is struqturaSi saboloo moxmarebis xarjebi, maTgan ki Sinameurneobebis samomxmareblo xarjebi yvelaze msxvili elementia. ganviTarebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani parametria saqonlisa da momsaxurebis wminda eqsportis sidide. misi saldo ki uaryofiTia, rac qveynidan sazRvargareT finansuri resursebis gawovis da valdebulebebis zr-

384
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

cxrili 7.5 saqarTvelos mSp-is gamoyenebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi xarjebis kategoriebis mixedviT 2003-2004 wlebSi (mimdinare fasebSi; mln. lari)
2003 I kv. IIkv. IIIkv. IVkv. weli su l I kv. IIkv. 2004 weli IIIkv. IVkv. su l

diagrama 7.1 saqarTvelos mSp mudmiv (1996 wlis) fasebSi 2000-2004 wlebSi (mln. lari)

1 2

1975.9 145.4 -12.7 2108.5

2098.0 2288.3 8037.9 1972.5 2220.3 2240.8 2531.8 8965.3 164.8 127.0 578.3 143.1 214.3 254.7 280.0 892.1 -16.2 -15.9 -56.1 -11.5 -12.9 -16.7 -16.2 -57.3 2246.6 2399.4 8560.1 2104.0 2421.6 2478.8 2795.6 9800.0

1533.8 1331.2

1530.5 1887.3 6599.6 1930.2 1989.1 2218.3 2324.1 8461.7 1318.4 1621.4 5750.1 1644.5 1642.6 1856.1 1866.8 7010.0

15.1

15.7

15.7

62.8

16.0

15.3

15.2

15.2

61.8

385

187.5

196.3

250.2

786.6

269.7

331.2

346.9

442.1 1390.0

cxrili 7.5-is gagrZeleba 2004 weli weli I kv. IIkv. IIIkv. IVkv. su l IVkv. su l

2246.6 2399.4 8560.1 2104.0 2421.6 2478.8 2795.6 9800.0

717.7 2552.9

1120.1 1144.4 3975.4 958.1 1164.6 1226.9 1104.6 4454.2 890.6 930.7 3142.0 752.2 929.2 981.1 888.7 3551.2 229.5 213.7 833.3 205.9 236.4 245.8 215.9 902.9

684.1 2476.3 33.6 76.6 _ _

129.0 140.7

565.7 2066.0 562.2

772.8 2726.7 576.3 536.7 1777.4 340.8 236.1 949.3 235.5

548.7 2003.8 549.1 62.2 13.1 17.0 _ _ _

362.3 424.4

1143.1

-6.5

dis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. sagareo vaWrobis deficits nawilobriv faravs wminda transferebi sazRvargareTidan. dafinansebis ufro did wyarod ki ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebi gvevlineba. yvela instituciuri seqtoris mixedviT gaangariSebuli kapitalis mTliani formirebis wili gamoyenebis mimarTulebebis mixedviT mSp-is 26,0%-ia, rac ganviTarebadi ekonomikisaTvis Sesafer maRal maCveneblad unda CaiTvalos da igi ekonomikuri zrdis karg safuZvels qmnis.
mSp-is done da ekonomikuri keTildReoba. dasawyisSi Cven mSp davaxasiaTeT rogorc sa-

194.5 655.7 247.6 734.3

753.1 2951.1 519.9 1968.0 233.2 983.1

602.2 640.9 14.5 15.4 _ _

779.8 493.8 286.0

656.3

163.6 183.3

842.0 613.5 228.4

616.7

168.5 162.7

138.4

51.3

105.3

288.5

individualuri saqoneli da momsaxureba 89.8 koleqtiuri momsaxureba 62.8 (+) mTliani kapitalis formireba 456.6 ZiriTadi saSualebebis mTliani formireba 442.9 maragebis cvlileba 13.8 faseulobebis SeZena _ (+) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti 463.0 saqonlis eqsporti 260.8 momsaxurebis eqsporti 202.3 (_) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi 781.6 saqonlis importi 594.0 momsaxurebis importi 187.6 (+) statistikuri cdomileba 19.6 (=) mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi 1805.6

zogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis saukeTeso maCvenebeli. axla, rodesac detalurad varT gacnobili am fenomens, SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevafasoT msgavsi poziciis samarTlianoba. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom mSp asaxavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebis saerTo jams da maT anazRaurebaze danaxarjebis saerTo jams. amrigad, mSp-is sidide mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT axasiaTebs qveynis abstraqtuli mcxovrebis gasaSualebul Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs da warmoadgens misi keTildReobis sazoms. magram zogierTi sadaod xdis msgavsi midgomis samarTlianobas. magaliTad, senatori robert kenedi Tavisi winasaarCevno saprezidento kampaniis dros 1968 wels gamovida sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis merkantiluri Sefasebis aseTi emociuri kritikiT: `igi (mSp) ar iTvaliswinebs Tqveni bavSvebis jan387

97.5 152.7

877.8 600.2 277.6

IIIkv.

2003

423.8 381.8

534.6

93.6 102.8

518.5 16.1 _

318.0

386

I kv.

2108.5

929.3 726.8 202.4

613.1 379.7 233.3

IIkv.

81.4 106.0

509.1

483.8 15.3 _

mrTelobis mdgomareobas, skolis niSnebs, sixarulsa da mxiarulebas. masSi ar Sedis poeziis silamaze, ojaxuri urTierTobebis simtkice, politikuri diskusiebis inteleqtualuri done an saxelmwifo moxeleTa patiosneba. masSi araferia Cveni gabedulebidan, sibrZnidan da samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebidan. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs yvelafers, garda imisa, rac Cvens cxovrebas amSvenebs da yvelafers mogviTxrobs amerikis Sesaxeb, garda imisa, Tu ratom vamayobT imiT, rom amerikelebi varT`. ra Tqma unda, bevr rameSi robert kenedi marTali iyo. magram maSin ratomaa CvenTvis esoden mniSvnelovani mSp-is maCvenebeli? saqme imaSia, rom maRali mSp SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gaviumjobesoT Cveni cxovreba. marTalia, is ar iTvaliswinebs Cveni bavSvebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobas an maTi swavlebis xarisxs, magram qveyanas mSp-is maRali doniT eZleva saSualeba mniSvnelovnad meti xarjebi gaiRos janmrTelobis dacvasa da ganaTlebaze. mSp aranairad ar asaxavs Cvens kulturas, patiosnebas, gabedulebas, sibrZnes an samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebas, magram am Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba bevrad ufro advilia, rodesac adamiani naklebadaa dakavebuli yoveldRiuri materialuri problemebis gadawyvetiT. ra Tqma unda, mSp-s ar SeuZlia Seafasos is, rac Cvens cxovrebas xdis mdgrads, magram is asaxavs Cveni cxovrebis Rirseulad warmarTvis SesaZleblobebs (ix. CanarTi 7.1). unda davamatoT, rom mSp-s, rogorc qveynis ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis gamzoms, gaaCnia sxva naklovanebebic. uwinares yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia is, rom mSp ar iTval388

CanarTi 7.1 mSp-isa da cxovrebis xarisxis kavSiri sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

mSp-is maCvenebeli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ekonomikuri keTildReobis doneTa Sedarebis moxerxebuli instrumentia, ramdenadac mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebSi mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT SeiZleba arsebiTad gansxvavdebodes. TiToeuli qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, rac ufro maRalia es maCvenebeli, miT maRalia misi moqalaqeebis cxovrebis xarisxi. saerTod, Semosavlebis dabali donis qveynebad Tvlian im qveynebs, romelTaTvisac mSp-is moculoba, mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT, weliwadSi 785 aSS dolars ar aRemateba, saSualo donis Semosavlebis qveyanaSi es maCvenebeli 786-dan 9655-mde aSS dolaris farglebSi meryeobs, xolo maRali donis Semosavlebis qveynebSi _ 9656 aSS dolarze maRalia. qvemoT motanil 7.6 cxrilSi warmodgenilia mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebulobis maCveneblebi msoflios 13 qveynis mixedviT. es monacemebi TvalsaCino demonstrirebas akeTebs imisas, rom iseT mdidar qveynebSi, rogoricaa aSS, iaponia da germania, adamianebi cocxloben saSualod 75 welze ufro met xans da maTSi miRweulia TiTqmis sayovelTao (99%-iani) ganaTlebuloba. Rarib qveynebSi (nigeria, bangladeSi, indoeTi, pakistani) ki sicocxlis saSualo 389

xangrZlivoba Seadgens daaxloebiT 60 wels da maTi mozrdili mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT naxevarma icis wera da kiTxva. cxrilSi moyvanili qveynebidan am mxriv gamonaklisia saqarTvelo, sadac, mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi ma Cv enebl is yv ela ze da ba li do nis ( 877 a SS dolari) miuxedavad, sakmaod maRalia mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba (72 weli)

cxrili 7.6 mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi moculobis, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebulobis maCveneblebi msoflios 13 qveynisaTvis (2002 w.)
realuri sicocxl is mosaxleobis mS p saSualo ganaTlebuloba, mosaxleobis erT sulze, xangrZlivoba, % aSS dolari weli 29010 24070 21260 8370 6480 4370 3490 3130 1670 1560 1050 920 877 77 80 77 72 67 67 65 70 63 64 58 50 72 99 99 99 99 84 99 85 83 53 41 39 59 99

qveyana

da ganaTlebuloba (99,7%). Tumca, cxrilSi ar aris CarTuli monacemebi cxovrebis xarisxis sxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb, magram, rogorc wesi, isini dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos ekonomikur keTildReobasTan. qvynebSi, sadac dabalia mSp-is maCvenebeli erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, ufro meti bavSvebi ibadeba arasakmarisi woniT, maRalia bavSvTa da dedaTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli, xSirad Cndeba produqtebisa da sasmeli wylis deficitis problema, skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis naklebi raodenoba dadis skolaSi, isini ki, vinc swavloben, iZulebulni arian imecadinon gadavsebul klasebSi. Rarib qveynebSi savalaloa gzebis mdgomareoba, dabalia eleqtrofikaciisa da telefonizaciis done. ase rom, problemis saerTaSoriso masStabiT analizi eWvs ar gvitovebs mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi moculobisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis pirdapir kavSirSi.

aSS iaponia germania meqsika brazilia ruseTi indonezia CineTi indoeTi pakistani bangladeSi nigeria saqarTvelo

iswinebs Tavisufali drois problemas. wuTierad warmovidginoT situacia, rodesac mTeli Sromisunariani mosaxleoba muSaobs kviris Svidive dRes. eWvgareSea, rom es gamoiwvevda saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gadidebas da mSp-is zrdas, magram saeWvoa, rom gaaumjobesebda Cvens cxovrebas, ramdenadac Tavisufali drois SezRudvis uaryofiTi Sedegebi gadaametebda yvela materialur SenaZens.
391

390

ramdenadac mSp-is gaangariSebisas gamoiyeneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebi, is moicavs mxolod bazriT gaSualebuli Sromis Sedegebs da ver gamoxatavs realur socialur faseulobebs. bavSvebis aRzrda da moxaliseTa saqmianoba, usityvod, didi wvlilia sazogadoebis keTildReobaSi, magram isini ver hpoveben adekvatur asaxvas ekonomikis mTlian maCveneblebSi da maT Soris mSp-Si. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli gadawyvets Seamciros samuSao kvira, raTa meti dro gaataros bavSvTan, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba Semcirdeba, rac aisaxeba mSp-is sidideze, magram gardauvlad ar gamoiwvevs ojaxis cxovrebis xarisxis dacemas. mSp verc sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar ekologiur problemebs iTvaliswinebs. rogorc cnobilia, mravali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba dakavSirebulia garemos dabinZurebasTan, ris gamoc sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi izrdeba. mSp-Si aisaxeba mxolod warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebi, maSin rodesac misi WeSmariti realuri faseuloba unda gamoiTvalos rogorc sxvaoba am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fassa da garemos dabinZurebasTan dakavSirebul socialur danaxarjebs Soris. imis gamo, rom mSpis aRricxvisas aRniSnuli garemoeba gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, es maCvenebeli srulad ver asaxavs sazogadoebis keTildReobis dones. mSp sazogadoebis keTildReobis arasruli maCvenebelia imitomac, rom masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mocemuli qveynis Semosavlebis doneTa uTanabroba. rodesac mSp qveynis mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs Soris uTanabrod aris ganawilebuli, qveyanaSi social392

ur keTildReobaze laparaki zedmetia da socialuri viTarebac Zalze daZabulia. mSp-is Tanabari moculobis pirobebSi sazogadoebis keTildReoba damokidebulia saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebis doneze. Tu aviRebT or iseT qveyanas, romelTa saSualo suladobrivi mSp erTnairi moculobisaa, magram fasebis done gansxvavebuli, im qveyanaSi, sadac fasebi SedarebiT dabalia, sazogadoebis realuri keTildReobis done ufro maRali iqneba da, piriqiT. da bolos, erTxel kidev unda aRiniSnos rom, Tumca mSp adekvaturad asaxavs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis mraval aspeqts, magram igi ar iTvaliswinebs cxovrebis donis zogierT mniSvnelovan Tvisobriv Semadgenels da es arasodes unda iqnas daviwyebuli. mTliani erovnuli produqti da mTliani Sida produqti qmnis bazas sxva agregirebuli makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaangariSebisaTvis.
wminda erovnuli produqti. mep-isa da

mSp-is maCveneblebis erT-erTi arsebiTi naklia is, rom isini moicaven ara marto im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, romelic gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, aramed imasac, romelic gamoiyeneba gacveTili ZiriTadi kapitalis (Senobanagebobebis, manqana-mowyobilobebis) aRsadgenad. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis amaRlebisaTvis gamosayenebeli saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis namdvili sididis dasadgenad wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli kapitaluri saqonlis moculobas unda gamovakloT
393

is nawili, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia gacveTili ZiriTadi kapitalis Sesacvlelad (amortizacia). erovnul angariSTa sistemaSi saamortizacio anaricxebi figurirebs rogorc `ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba`. Tu meps gamoakldeba amortizacia, miviRebT wminda erovnul produqts (wep) , anu saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im nawils, romelic realurad emateba erovnul ekonomikas.
erovnuli Semosavali. Tu wminda erovnul

da gamovaklebT mimdinare transferebis gacemas sazRvargareT, miviRebT wminda erovnul gankargvad Semosavals.
piradi Semosavali. erovnuli Semosavali

produqts davumatebT pirveladi Semosavlebis miRebas danarCeni msofliodan da gamovaklebT pirveladi Semosavlebis gadaxdas danarCeni msofliosaTvis, miviRebT mTlian erovnul Semosavals (meS). meS-Si Sedis saxelmwifos mier dadgenili arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi (gadasaxadi damatebul Rirebulebaze, aqcizi, sabaJo gadasaxadi da sxv.). arapirdapiri gadasaxadi gadasaxadebis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelic emateba sawarmoebis mier dadgenil fasebs. ase, magaliTad, aSS-Si isini Seadgenen meS-is 10%-s. aseT gadasaxadebs ixdian momxmareblebi, am nawiliT kargaven ra TavianT Semosavlebs, romelsac Rebulobs saxelmwifo. Tu meS-idan gamovricxavT arapirdapir gadasaxadebs, miviRebT wminda erovnuli Semosavlis (weS) maCvenebels , anu materialuri warmoebisa da aramaterialuri momsaxurebis sferoebis yvela monawilis Semosavlebis (renta, xelfasi, sargebeli, samewarmeo mogeba) erTobliobas. Tavis mxriv, Tu wminda erovnul Semosavals davumatebT mimdinare transferebis miRebas sazRvargareTidan
394

gansxvavdeba piradi Semosavlisagan. es imiT aixsneba, rom gamomuSavebuli Semosavlis nawili (Senatanebi socialur dazRvevaze, gadasaxadi sawarmos mogebaze da sawarmos gaunawilebeli mogeba) faqtobrivad ar xvdeba saojaxo meurneobis pirad moxmarebaSi. piriqiT, saojaxo meurneobaSi moxvedrili Semosavlis nawili (transferuli gadasaxdelebi) ar warmoadgens SromiTi saqmianobis Sedegs. erovnuli Semosavlisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic gamomuSavebuli Semosavlis maCvenebelia, piradi Semosavali faqtobrivad miRebuli Semosavalia. mTliani piradi Semosavlis (mpS) gaangariSebisaTvis saWiroa erovnul Semosavals daakldes SromiT gamomuSavebuli, magram miuRebeli Semosavali (socialuri dazRvevis anaricxebi, mogebis gadasaxadi, gaunawilebeli mogebis naSTi) da daematos Semosavali, romelic araa dakavSirebuli mimdinare SromiTi saqmianobis SedegTan _ saxelmwifo transferuli gadasaxdelebi (pensiebi da daxmarebebi sazogadoebis garkveuli fenebisaTvis). Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, moqalaqeTa piradi Semosavalic ibegreba sxvadasxva gadasaxadebiT, romelTa Soris mTavaria saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. ai, ratomaa, rom individTa srul gankargulebaSi gadadis mTliani piradi Semosavlis mxolod is nawili, romelic rCeba yvela individualuri gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg. aseT maCve395

nebels ekonomikaSi wminda pirad gankargvad Semosavals (wpgS) uwodeben. aSS-Si piradi gankargvadi Semosavali Seadgens mep-is daaxloebiT 70%-s. mis xarjze xorcieldeba samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena (daaxloebiT 95%) da piradi danazogis Camoyalibeba. amrigad, adamianebi maT gankargulebaSi arsebul Semosavals yofen or nawilad: Semosavlis erTi nawili moixmareba (moxmarebis fondi), meore nawili ki daizogeba (danazogis fondi) . sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, moxmarebis sidide pirdapir damokidebulia wminda piradi gankargvadi Semosavlis moculobaze. rac ufro metia es ukanaskneli, miT metia moxmarebis sidide da, piriqiT. es damokidebuleba maTematikurad Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: c=c(r ? t) , sadac c aris moxmareba, r _ ekonomikaSi warmoebuli produqti, t _ gadasaxadi. es gantoleba miuTiTebs, rom moxmareba aris wminda piradi gankargvadi Semosavlis funqcia. moxmarebisa da wminda piradi gankargvadi Semosavlis aseTi damokidebuleba ekonomikaSi cnobilia moxmarebis funqciis saxelwodebiT. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis Tanafardoba sqematuradaa warmodgenili 7.1 naxazze. 7.7 cxrilSi ki asaxulia saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqtisa da TanmimdevrobiT misgan miRebuli erovnuli angariSebis sxva ganzogadebuli agregatebis maCveneblebi 1996-2003 wlebSi.

mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) + ucxoelTa sakuTrebaSi arsebuli warmoebis faqtorebiT mocemuli qveynis sazRvrebSi Seqmnili saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba _ erovnuli warmoebis faqtorebiT sazRvargareT Seqmnili saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba

= =

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)

_ ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba (amortizacia)

wminda erovnuli produqti (wep)

+ pirveladi Semosavlebis miReba danarCeni msofliodan _ pirveladi Semosavlebis gadaxda danarCeni msofliosaTvis

= = =

mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (meS)

_ arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi
wminda erovnuli Semosavali (weS)

+ mimdinare transferebis miReba sazRvargareTidan _ mimdinare transferebis gacema sazRvargareT

wminda erovnuli gankargvadi Semosavali (wegS)

+ saxelmwifo transferuli gadasaxdelebi _ SromiT gamomuSavebuli, magram miuRebeli Semosavali

(soc. dazRvevis anaricxebi da sxv.)

= =

mTliani piradi Semosavali (mpS)

_ moqalaqeTa individualuri gadasaxadebi

wminda piradi gankargvadi Semosavali (wpgS)

nax. 7.1. makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa Tanafardoba

397

396

398
(mimdinare fasebSi, mln lari) eas kateg. 1996 1997 1998 B.1g D.1-D.4 7.0 242.1 338.8 422.4 1999 2000 2001 mTliani Sida produqti (+) pirveladi Semosavlebis miReba danarCeni msofliodan (-) pirveladi Semosavlebis gadaxda danarCeni msofliosaTvis
(=) mTliani erovnuli Semosavali

cxrili 7.7 mTliani Sida produqtisa da erovnul angariSTa sistemis sxva agregatuli maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi 1996-2003 wlebSi

2002 2003

3868.5 4554.9 5022.1 5668.7 6015.4 6647.9 7456.6 8561.2 352.4 202.7 364.6 384.7

(-)ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba

(=) wminda erovnuli Semosavali

D.1-D.4 95.9 76.8 72.4 B.5g 3779.6 4720.3 5288.5 K.1 304.5 383.6 516.4 B.5n 3475.1 4446.7 4772.1 D.5-D.7 106.1 0.0 D.5-D.7 266.6 11.7 305.0 16.4

128.4 5962.8 661.6 5301.2 463.0 65.9

120.6 6247.3 630.6 5616.7 322.4 55.9

135.4 6715.2 706.0 6009.2 510.7 36.2

279.3 7541.9 770.7 6771.2

311.1 8634.7 898.1 7736.7 539.4 467.6 75.8 88.6

(+)mimdinare transferebis miReba sazRvargareTidan (-) mimdinare transferebis gacema sazRvargareTidan

(=) wminda erovnuli ga nk ar gva di S emo sa va li

(-) saboloo moxmareba ( =) wminda danazogi

B.6n P.3 B.8

3581.2 4591.6 5060.7 5698.2 5883.1 6482.7 7234.8 8115.7 4373.0 5110.6 4781.3 5203.2 5940.2 6199.4 7110.7 7948.0 -790.8 -519.0 279.4 495.0 -57.1 283.3 124.0 167.7

cxrili 7.7-is gagrZeleba

mimdinare fasebSi, mln lari eas kateg. 1996 D.9 D.9 58.5 0.0 1997 1998 0.0 8.4 0.0 -8.4 1999 2000 2001 0.0 14.2 0.0 9.4 0.0 10.7 2002 2003 59.4 19.0 59.9 17.2

B.8+D.9 P.51 K.1 K.2

-732.3 -527.4 287.8 480.8 -66.5 272.6 164.5 210.3 752.7 812.5 1043.1 1236.6 1283.3 1448.2 1646.8 2069.4 304.5 383.6 516.4 661.6 630.6 706.0 770.7 898.1 0.0 0.0 -519.9 -159.6 B.9 -661.0 -706.6 0.0 234.7 -473 0.0 0.0 0.0 308.3 -200.6 -38.2 -402.5 -518 0.0 0.0 -318.9 -207.6 -431.3 -392.7 -753.3

(+) kapitaluri transferebis miReba sazRvargareTidan (-) kapitaluri transferebis gacema sazRvargareT (=) kapitalis wminda Rirebulebis cvlileba danazogebisa da kapitaluri transferebis Sedegad (-) mTliani kapitalis formireba (+) ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba (-) arawarmoebuli arafinansuri aqtivebis wminda Sesyidva (-) statistikuri gansxvaveba (=) wminda dakrediteba (+), wminda sesxeba (-)

399

w mi nda e ko nom i ku r i k e Ti l dR e o ba .

ekonomikur mecnierebasa da sameurneo praqtikaSi SedarebiT axali makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia wminda ekonomikuri keTildReoba (wek) . igi, uwinares yovlisa, emyareba monacemebs wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi Seqmnili mSp-is Sesaxeb. magram, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es ukanaskneli srulad ver asaxavs realur mdgomareobas. magaliTad, masSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi saqmianobis Sedegebi, rogoricaa: moxucebis, avadmyofebisa da bavSvebis movla ojaxis pirobebSi; ojaxis keTilmowyoba; repetitoroba da Semosavlis sxva analogiuri wyaroebi; sakuTari ZalebiT Sesrulebuli binis remonti, sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebis SekeTeba, romelic aumjobesebs cxovrebis pirobebs; Crdilovani ekonomikis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa garTobis aralegaluri saxeobebi, reketi, narkotikebis warmoeba-gasaReba da a.S., rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs sazogadoebis keTildReobaze. mSp-Si araa asaxuli warmoebis ganviTareba-gafarToebis mravali negatiuri Sedegic: resursebis gamofitva, warmoebis narCenebiTa da gamonabolqvi airebiT garemos dabinZureba da sxv., rac aseve auaresebs sazogadoebis cxovrebis pirobebs. am maCvenebelSi ara marto ar aris asaxuli, aramed gaangariSebis meTodikac araa SemuSavebuli sazogadoebis keTildReobis amaRlebis iseTi mniSvnelovani komponentebisa, rogoricaa saojaxo pirobebSi dasveneba da Tavisufali drois gadideba. sazogadoebis keTildReobaze am faqtorTa zegavlenis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas iZleva wek-is maCvenebeli, romelic mecnieruli analizis sagnad pirvelad aqcies u.nordhausma da j.tobinma. wek gaiangariSe400

ba _ rogorc mSp-s gamoklebuli sazogadoebis keTildReobaze uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtorebi da damatebuli arasabazro saqmianoba da Tavisufali dro (gamoxatuli fuladi formiT). Tanamedrove pirobebSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi didi yuradReba eqceva cxovrebis xarisxobriv maCveneblebs, rac agregirebuli saxiT asaxvas hpovebs wek-is maCvenebelSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa germaniis saxalxo meurneobis institutis gamokvleva, romliTac qveynebi ranJirebulia adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebis donis mixedviT. mis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoyenebulia 37 sxvadasxva maCvenebeli. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, kaloriis moxmareba, bavSvTa sikvdilianoba, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebis saSualo wliuri zrda, sufTa wylis xelmisawvdomoba, energiis moxmareba erT sulze da a.S. magaliTad, iseTi maCvenebliT, rogoricaa pirovnebis Tavisufleba, pirveli adgili uWiravs aSS-s, meore _ kanadas, mesame _ iaponias; janmrTelobis dacvis ganviTarebis donis mixedviT pirvel adgilzea dania, meoreze _ Sveicaria, mesameze _ gfr; umaRlesi ganaTlebis doniT pirvelzea aSS, meoreze _ kanada, mesameze _ Sveicaria da a.S. keTildReobis dones yvelaze zustad gansazRvravs `adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi` , romelic axasiaTebs adamianis cxovrebis xarisxs da moicavs Semdeg ZiriTad parametrebs: Semosavali mosaxleobis erT sulze; sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba; ganaTlebis done. zemoT CamoTvlili makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi organul kavSirSia erovnul simdidresTan. rac ufro didia erovnuli simdidris moculoba da efeqtiania misi struqtura, miT maRalia qveyanaSi warmoebul sxva
401

makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa moculoba da, piriqiT _ rac ufro maRalia am ukanasknelTa zrdis tempebi da matebis absoluturi sidide, miT ufro izrdeba mocemuli qveynis erovnuli simdidre. amrigad, Cven ganvixileT ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba erovnuli angariSwarmoebis organizeba.
erovnuli angariSebi da angariSwarmoeba. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba moiTx-

ovs Taviseburi erovnuli buRalteriis Seqmnas. sabuRaltro aRricxvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi princi pia buRaltrul balansSi ormagi Caweris warmoeba. buRaltruli angariSebis erT nawilSi Caiwereba Semosavlebi, xolo meoreSi _ gasavlebi. mniSvnelovani princi pia Semosavlebisa da gasavlebis toloba. momxmarebelTa xarjebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze warmoadgens am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebs. mSp-is maCvenebeli erTdroulad zomavs rogorc yvela sameurneo erTeulis erTobliv Semosavals, ise saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze gaweuli xarjebis saerTo moculobas qveyanaSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs mTeli qveynis masStabiT sameurneo saqmianobis yovlismomcveli aRricxvis warmoebis SesaZlebloba. aseTi aRricxva xorcieldeba erovnul angariSTa sistemis saxiT. erovnul angariSTa sistema (eas) aris qveynis ekonomikis balansebisa da cxrilebis logikurad Tanmimdevruli, saerTaSoriso doneze SeTanxmebuli angariSebis sistema, romelic moicavs drois garkveul monakveT402

Si (kvartalis, wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis ekonomikis mimdinare da wina periodebTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis tendenciebis raodenobriv daxasiaTebas; asaxavs erovnuli ekonomikis struqturas, umTavres proporciebs ekonomikis seqtorebs Soris da, danarCen msofliosTan ekonomikuri operaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qveynis ekonomikaSi warmoebis, Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis ganxorcielebis Sedegebs. erovnul angariSTa sistema sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli standartebiT dainerga. saqarTvelos erovnuli angariSebis meTodur safuZvels warmoadgens gaero-s evrogaerTianebis komisiis, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis, msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier rekomendirebuli erovnul angariSTa 1993 wlis (SNA-93) sistemis standartuli meTodologia. erovnuli angariSebis meSveobiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros makroekonomikis normaluri mdgomareobis miRwevis xarisxi. misi Sedegebi farTod gamoiyeneba warmoebis moculobisa da struqturis, qveynis xarjebis, investiciebis, moxmarebis, dabegvris da erovnuli meurneobis sxva parametrebis ekonomikuri prognozirebisaTvis. es angariSebi erovnuli ekonomikis struqturis Seswavlisa da srulyofis, mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis safuZveli da instrumentia.

403

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

lebi.

b. mTliani Sida produqti; g. erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqti; d. firmebisa da saojaxo meurneobaTa Semosav-

1. m akro eko nom ikaS i urTierSem avs ebel maCveneblebs miekuTvneba: a. umuSevroba da inflacia; b. ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da dasaqmeba; g. inflacia da saqonlis Semotana; d. umuSevroba da saqonlis gatana. 2. qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis garegan muqarebs qmnis: a. erovnuli warmoebis dacema; b. sursaTiT qveynis mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis Semcireba; g. saxelmwifos sameurneo Zalebis wyaroebis moSla; d. masobrivi umuSevroba qveyanaSi. 3. erovnul angariSTa sistema pirvelad daamuSava: a. jorj tobinma; b. uiliam nordhausma; g. pol samuelsonma; d. sten kuznecma. 4. Tanamedrove makroekonomikur maCveneblebs miekuTvneba: a. firmis warmoebis xarjebi;

5. erovnul angariSTa sistemaSi gaero-s mier mTavar makroekonomikur maCveneblad rekomendirebulia: a. wminda erovnuli produqti; b. wminda erovnuli Semosavali; g. mTliani Sida produqti; d. mTliani erovnuli produqti. 6. mTliani erovnuli produqti asaxavs: a. qveynis teritoriaze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze gaRebuli danaxarjebis erTobliobas; b. qveynis erTobliv danaxarjs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriaze, aseve sazRvargareT; g. qveynis teritoriaze miRebul erTobliv Semosavals, maT Soris im faqtorebis xarjzec, romelic ucxoelTa sakuTrebaSia; d. qveynis teritoriaze ucxoelTa sakuTrebaSi arsebuli faqtorebiT warmoebuli yvela saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas. 7. mTlian Sida produqtSi aRiricxeba sabazro Rirebuleba: a. kvartalis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli yvela produqtisa;
405

404

b. wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli yvela Sualeduri produqtisa; g. kvartalis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli yvela saboloo produqtisa; d. wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis SigniT warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebisa.

8. nominaluri mSp-is ralur mSp-sTan procentuli SefardebiT miiReba: a. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi; b. mSp-is deflatori; g. mSp-is fizikuri moculobis indeqsi; d. mSp-is saerTo Rirebulebis indeqsi. 9. qveyanaSi cxovrebis done amaRldeba, Tuki: a. mSp da mosaxleoba erTnairi tempebiT gaizrdeba; b. gaizrdeba realuri mSp erT sul mosaxleze; g. mosaxleoba mSp-ze metad gaizrdeba; d. Semcirdeba warmoeba da moxmareba.

11. Tu wminda erovnul Semosavals davumatebT mimdinare transferebis miRebas sazRvargareTidan da gamovaklebT mimdinare transferebis gacemas sazRvargareT, miviRebT: a. mTlian erovnul Semosavals; b. wminda erovnul produqts; g. wminda erovnul gankargvad Semosavals; d. pirad Semosavals. 12. wminda ekonomikuri keTildReobis maCvenebeli mecnieruli analizis sagnad pirvelad aqcies: a. niordhausma da tobinma; b. makkonelma da brium; g. samuelsonma da kuznecma; d. fiSerma, dornbuSma da Smalenzma.

10. realuri mSp-is naklovaneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi: a. ar Seicavs warmoebuli, magram gauyidavi saqonlis Rirebulebas; b. koreqtirebuli ar aris inflaciis tempis gaTvaliswinebiT; g. ugulvebelyofs wminda eqsports; d. ar Seicavs aralegalurad gayidul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas.
406 407

Tema

e r ov n u li m e ur n e ob i s ekonomikuri zrda da ganviTareba

`ekonomikuri zrda da naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba bevrad gansxvavdeba axlandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebis im mdgomareobisagan, roca isini Sediodnen ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stadiaSi~.
s.kuzneci

rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifo seqtori da makroekonomika mTlianad, viTardeba adamianTa individualuri da koleqtiuri interesebis realizebis mizniT. es mizani, uwinares yovlisa, miiRweva erovnuli meurneobis zrdisa da ganviTarebis pirobebSi. amitom saxelmwifo mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos mdgrad ekonomikur zrdas da ganviTarebas, ris gasazomadac igi iyenebs erovnul angariSTa sistemas.
408

wina TemaSi erovnul angariSTa sistemis maCvenebelTa Cvens mier Catarebuli analizi iyo, upiratesad, statikuri. igi faqtobrivad warmoadgenda erovnuli ekonomikis momentalur gadaRebas, anu mis suraTs. droSi ekonomikuri cvlilebis sruli aRwera ki moiTxovs analizis gadayvanas dinamikaSi, anu filmiseburi msvlelobis micemas. aqedanve saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT ori cneba: ekonomikuri zrda da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. meore ufro farTo Sinaarsis cnebaa, vidre pirveli. ekonomikuri ganviTareba, garda ekonomikuri zrdisa, Tavis TavSi moicavs cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, uaRresad rTuli da mravalmxrivi procesia. garda amisa, raodenobrivi ekonomikuri zrda (produqciis moculobis mateba) da ekonomikuri progresi (ganviTareba) erTi da igive rodia. amerikeli ekonomisti pol xeine ambobs: `ekonomikuri zrda mdgomareobs ara nivTebis warmoebis gadidebaSi, aramed simdidris gadidebaSi`. amasTan, ekonomikur progress (ganviTarebas) da simdidris gadidebas (zrdas) maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac raodenobriv zrdas Tan sdevs xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba: Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da produqciis xarisxis amaRleba, sazogadoebis keTildReobis gadideba. ekonomikuri progresi (ganviTareba) aris sazogadoebis materialuri da socialuri mdgomareobis cvlilebaTa kombinacia, romelic qmnis simdidris gadidebis (zrdis) SesaZleblobas. konkretul CarCoSi zrda saxes ucvlis sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur struqturas. zrdis am globalur dinamikaze dayrdnobiT,
409

frangma ekonomistma f.perum zrda gansazRvra `rogorc martivi da rTuli ekonomikuri erTeulebis xangrZlivi gadideba, romelic realizebulia struqturul da garkveul SemTxvevaSi, sistemaTa cvlilebebSi, romelTac Tan axlavs cvalebadi ekonomikuri progresi`. misi mtkicebiT, `araviTari zrda ar aris homoTetikuri: zrda iqmneba struqturul cvlilebaSi da struqturuli cvlilebebiT... ganviTareba erT mTlianSi aerTianebs da xels uwyobs zrdas`. tradiciulad, ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi mSp-is aranakleb 3%-iani wliuri zrda igulisxmeboda. Tanamedrove pirobebSi es termini sxva cnebiT _ ekonomikuri zrdiT Seicvala, xolo ekonomikurma ganviTarebam axali Sinaarsi SeiZina: ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvelze mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mudmivi amaRleba da ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmna. ekonomikur zrdasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris rTuli urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobs. erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri ganviTareba zrdis tempzea damokidebuli, meore mxriv, rc ufro maRalia mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da rac ufro srulyofilia ekonomikis struqtura (ekonomikis calkeuli dargebisa da qvedargebis Tanafardoba), miT ufro metia ekonomikuri zrdis sasurveli tempis SerCevis SesaZleblobac. aqedan gamomdinare, mocemul TemaSi Tanmimdevrulad iqneba ganxiluli makroekonomikur cvlilebaTa wamyvani faqtorebi _ ekonomikuri zrda da ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

leqcia 22. ekonomikuri zrda: arsi, ti pebi, gaangariSebis meTodebi, daCqarebis faqtorebi
`ekonomikuri zrda moicavs struqturul cvlilebebs, yovlismomcvel seqtorul mutacias, romlebic iqmnebian TviTkmayofis safuZvelze... ekonomikuri zrdis mizania socialuri harmoniis miRweva, sadac meurneobis organizaciis ZiriTadi princi pia maqsimaluri ekonomiurobis moTxovna~.
f.peru

ekonomikuri zrdis arsi. adamianTa moTx-

ovnilebani usazRvro da mudmivad zrdadia maSin, rodesac am moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad aucilebeli resursebi SezRuduli da klebadia. Cvens planetaze mcxovreb adamianTa ricxvi ki sistematurad matulobs. kerZod, 1850 wels msoflio mosaxleobam 1 mlrd kacs miaRwia, 80 wlis Semdeg es ricxvi gaormagda, 1975 wels planetaze mcxovreb adamianTa ricxvma 4 mlrd-s (4079 mlrd) gadaaWarba, xolo XXI saukunes kacobrioba 6 mlrd kaciT Sexvda. adamianTa usazRvro da zrdadi moTxovnilebebis da SezRuduli da klebadi resursebis, agreTve, mosaxleobis sakmaod swrafi zrdis Sexameba kacobriobas aiZulebs mudmivad gazardos saqonlisa da momsaxureb411

410

is warmoeba. am procesma samecniero literaturaSi miiRo ekonomikuri zrdis saxelwodeba, romelSic igulisxmeba wlidan wlamde, Taobidan Taobamde, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi qveynis warmoebrivi SesaZleblobis myari gadideba. ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi problema SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: `ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli mTliani warmoebis gadideba resursebis sruli gamoyenebis pirobebSi?` ekonomikur zrdas safuZvlad uZevs mTliani warmoebis gadideba. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, igi ganapirobebs mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas da Semdgomi ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli kapitalis dagrovebis uzrunvelyofas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri zrdis mastimulirebeli faqtoria ekonomikis militarizacia da msoflioSi an planetis ama Tu im regionSi hegemoniis damyarebis survili. amis sailustraciod gamodgeba faSisturi germaniis ekonomikisa da ssr kavSiris ekonomikis daCqarebuli zrda. saboloo angariSiT, ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvneloba SeiZleba formulirebuli iqnas Semdegnairad: zrdadi ekonomika flobs axal moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetis met SesaZleblobas. amdenad, ekonomikis aseTi mdgomareoba sasurveli da aucilebelia (ix. CanarTi 8.1). ras gulisxmobs ekonomikuri zrda? aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom mTliani warmoebis gadideba an, ufro sworad, produqtis raodenobrivi mateba yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikur zrdas. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi Cais krefis mateba aucile412

CanarTi 8.1. sasurvelia Tu ara ekonomikuri zrda?

ucnauri kiTxvaa, ara? marTlac, rogor SeiZleba saeWvod vaqcioT ekonomikuri zrdis, meti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis sasurveloba? magram faqtia, rom ukanasknel xans aseTi sakiTxi wamoiWra. aRmoCndnen moRvaweni, romlebic, rbilad rom vTqvaT, aRfrTovanebulni ar arian ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtiviT. rogoria maTi argumentebi? ekonomikuri zrdis mowinaaRmdegeni Sewuxebulni arian garemos dabinZurebiT. erT-erTma Tavisi mosazreba ukiduresi formiT Camoayaliba: `ekonomikuri cxovrebis saboloo produqti nagavia`. erTi sityviT, rac meti produqcia iwarmoeba, miT metia nagavic. am Sexedulebis momxreni amtkiceben, rom sazogadoebaSi, romelmac keTildReobis maRal dones miaRwia, ekonomikuri zrda emsaxureba sul ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas. amisaTvis ki ar Rirs ekologiuri krizisis gamwvaveba da safrTxis Seqmna mTeli civilizaciisaTvis. ekonomikuri zrdis mowinaaRmdegeni amtkiceben, rom warmoebis gadideba TavisTavad ar wyvets siRaribis problemas. maTi azriT, siRaribe (e.i. Semosavlebis uTanabroba) aris ganawilebis problema da ara warmoebis problema:

413

misi gadawyvetisaTvis saWiroa politikuri simamace da nebisyofa (e.i. samarTliani ganawilebis damkvidreba) da ara produqtis gamudmebuli gadideba. Semdeg amtkiceben, rom ekonomikuri zrda iwvevs adamianur RirebulebaTa gaufasurebas. ekonomikuri zrda adamianebs aZlevs cxovrebis met saSualebebs, magram ar aZlevs `ukeTes cxovrebas`. adamiani mets awarmoebs, magram nakleb sixaruls da bednierebas ganicdis. swrafi teqnikuri progresis Sedegad xelosnebi, mxatvrebi, Semoqmedni gadaiqcnen manqanis danamatebad, romelTa saqmianoba amoiwureba Rilakze TiTis daWeriT, daikarga esTetikuri tkboba, rac muSaobas ax lda. ekonomikuri zrdis damcvelebi, piriqiT, Tvlian, rom igi sakacobrio mizania, cxovrebis donis amaRlebis ZiriTadi pirobaa. rac Seexeba ekonomuri zrdis uaryofiT gavlenas garemoze, es didi problemaa, magram arc misi gazviadebaa marTebuli. ekologiuri krizisis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa resursebis gonivruli gamoyeneba da ara warmoebis gayinva. imisaTvis, rom SevzRudoT garemos dabinZureba, unda SevzRudoT swored dabinZureba da ara ekonomikuri zrda. ostap benderis ar iyos, sisufTavis dacvisaTvis saWiroa ara mowodebebi, aramed cocxis aReba da dagva. ra SeiZleba iTqvas Semosavlebis ganawilebaze? ekonomikuri zrdis momxreTa azriT, real-

obas TvalebSi unda SevxedoT: saeWvoa, rom mdidrebi daTmoben TavianT qonebas Raribebis sasargeblod. garda amisa, simdidris Zalismieri meTodebiT gadanawileba asustebs ekonomikur stimulebs. siRaribis likvidaciis saimedo gza SeiZleba iyos mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gadideba. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri zrda ara marto sasurveli, aramed aucilebelicaa.

blad ar niSnavs Cais ekonomikis zrdas, radgan uxvi mosavali SeiZleba ufro metad iyos bunebis saCuqari da ara adamianTa saqmianobis Sedegi. namdvil ekonomikur zrdas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac produqtis raodenobrivi zrda dakavSirebulia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebasTan. zrdadi ekonomika xasiaTdeba wliuri produqtis matebiT, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas arsebul moTxovnilebaTa ufro ukeT dakmayofilebisaTvis an axali socialuri da ekonomikuri programebis sarealizaciod. ekonomikuri zrda xels uwyobs siRaribisa da garemos dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego programebis realizacias ise, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli arsebuli moxmarebis Semcireba. amrigad, ekonomikuri zrda amsubuqebs usazRvro moTxovnilebebisa da SezRuduli resursebis problemebis gadawyvetas. zrdasa da ganviTarebas Soris peruseuli gansx415

414

vavebidan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri zrda aris: zogierTi ekonomikuri sididis aRmavali svla (produqtis, Semosavlis... mateba), romelic xasiaTdeba uwyveti matebiT erTi an ramdenime periodis ganmavlobaSi. igi aris grZelvadiani periodis fenomeni; farTod Seuqcevadi fenomeni. misi TviTSenaxvis xasiaTi gamoisaxeba warmoebis pirobebis damatebiTi modifikaciiT (wminda investiciis mateba, samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis amaRleba, teqnikuri progresi, moxmarebis axali Cvevebis Camoyalibeba, mewarmeTa ganWvretis cvlileba...); struqturuli transformaciis procesi. igi SeimCneva ara mxolod produqtisa da Semosavlis martivi indikatorebiT, aramed seqtoruli mutaciiT (cvlilebiT). zrda cvlis ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtoris Tanafardobas. ekonomikur zrdas Tan axlavs socialuri cvlilebebi (axali sakuTrebiTi urTierToba, axali teqnologia, warmoebuli dovlaTis zrda...), romelic, Tavis mxriv, iZleva warmoebis xangrZlivi zrdis SesaZleblobas.
ekonomikuri zrdis stadiebi. ekonomi-

dafuZnebuli codna; gardamavali periodi (`aRmavlobis winapirobebis Seqmna`). zrdis am stadiaze Cndeba: optimizmi da erovnuli Tavmowonebis SegrZneba; danazogis Seqmna, romelic iZleva finansuri saxsrebis centralizaciis SesaZleblobas; ekonomikaSi investirebis dawyeba; Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda; aRmavloba. am stadiaze moxsnilia regularuli zrdis Semaferxebeli barierebi. kerZod, zrdaSi erTveba sazogadoebrivi faseuloba da institutebi.* investiciis norma erovnul SemosavalSi 10%-s aWarbebs. `zrdis Zravis` rolSi gamodis axali industria, xolo agrokultura modernizebulia da aTavisuflebs rogorc adamianebs, aseve kapitals; momwifebisaken mimavali faza. es stadia warmogvidgeba rogorc ganviTarebis grZelvadiani faza, romelic axangrZlivebs aRmavlobis efeqtebs: ekonomikis yvela seqtori met-naklebad CarTulia teqnikur progresSi, investiciis norma 20%-s aRemateba, zrda iqvemdebarebs yvela sazogadoebriv faseulobasa da instituts, viTardeba saerTaSoriso vaWroba; samomxmareblo sazogadoeba. am stadiaze (`ma-

kuri zrdis TeoriaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana amerikelma mecnierma u.rostoum, romelmac kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi ganasxvava zrdis xuTi stadia: tradiciuli sazogadoeba. am stadias axasiaTebs ekonomikaSi soflis meurneobis maRali wili, fatalizmze dafuZnebuli faseulobaTa sistema, xelisuflebis saTaveSi miwaTmflobelebis yofna, warmoebis ojaxuri organizaciis wamyvani roli, tradiciebze
416

* sazogadoebrivi institutebi (Institutions Social) _ oficialurad gaformebuli organizaciebi, romlebic marTaven sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. aseTi institutebis magaliTia ganaTlebis sistema, kerZo sakuTreba, samarTlebrivi sistema da sxv.

417

sobrivi moxmarebis` epoqaSi) interesebi investiciidan gadadis moxmarebaSi, warmoebuli produqti yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia, Secvlilia samuSao Zalis Semadgenloba, viTardeba da wamyvani xdeba momsaxurebis sfero, gazrdilia ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos roli.
ekonomikuri zrdis ti pebi. ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi gamoiyofa zrdis sxvadasxva ti pebi. maT Soris umTavresia: faqtobrivi zrda. igi gulisxmobs erovnuli warmoebis moculobis wliur procentul gadidebas, faqtobrivi produqtis raodenobis zrdis siswrafes. rodesac saubroben zrdis siswrafis Sesaxeb, yovelTvis gulisxmoben faqtobriv zrdas. potenciuri zrda. igi aRniSnavs erovnuli warmoebis moculobis wliuri procentuli gadidebis SesaZleblobas, e.i. produqtis potenciuri gamoSvebis moculobis zrdis siswrafes. aseTi zrda miuTiTebs erovnuli warmoebis moculobis maqsimaluri matebis procentze yvela arsebuli warmoebis faqtoris sruli gamoyenebis pirobebSi. gawonasworebuli zrda. zrdis mocemuli ti pi gulisxmobs klasikur makroekonomikur wonasworobaSi (saxelmwifo biujetis wonasworoba, sagadasaxdelo balansis wonasworoba, resursebis sruli gamoyeneba...) ekonomikis ganviTarebas. nulovani zrda. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi `romis klubis` mecnierTa (d.meadovi, a.pesei, r.late) da J.foresties irgvliv Semokrebilma jgufma (masaCusetsis teqnologiis instituti...) ganaviTara
418

nulovani zrdis koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad, msoflio warmoebis mudmivi wliuri mateba dasruldeba planetis ekologiuri katastrofiT. forestiem Tavisi mtkiceba daafuZna `msoflio modelis` proeqciaze, romelic aerTianebs (2010 wlamde) xuT, evoluciurad cvalebad serias: mosaxleoba, mwarmoebluri kapitali, agrokultura, ganuaxlebadi simdidre (navTobi da mineraluri nedleuli) da polucia (garemos dabinZureba). am modelis mixedviT, bunebrivi resursebis zrdadi eqsploatacia gamoiwvevs investiciebis dacemas industriasa da miwaTmoqmedebaSi. am ori seqtoris warmoeba 2015 wlisaTvis Semobrundeba dacemisaken, mosaxleobis Semcireba ki daiwyeba 2030 wlidan. foresties mtkicebiT, mxolod gonivrul gadawyvetilebas ekonomikuri politikisa da demografiuli zrdis sakiTxebSi SeuZlia planetas Tavidan aacilos katastrofuli dasasruli. maCvenebliTi zrda. igi aRniSnavs zrdas mudmiv doneze; SerCeuli indikatori izrdeba multi plikatoruli wesiT. magaliTad, wylis gubeSi yoveli 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi dumfaras (TeTri) zrdis gaormageba aris maCvenebliTi zrdis TvalsaCino gamovlineba. eqstensiuri zrda. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomika umTavresad viTardeba damatebiTi warmoebis faqtorebis xarjze. zrdis es ti pi umTavresad damaxasiaTebeli iyo ekonomikis industriamdeli stadiisaTvis, rodesac xeliT Sroma sWarbobda soflis meurneobaSi. am dros warmoebis moculobis gadideba mimdinareobs warmoebis sami tradiciuli faqtoris (miwa, Sroma, kapitali) gamoyenebis masStabebis gafarToebis xarjze.
419

warmoebis moculobis pirdapiri damokidebuleba misi tradiciuli faqtorebis gadidebisagan, rac damaxasiaTebelia eqstensiuri ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis, grafikulad asaxulia 8.1 naxazze. grafikidan Cans, rom garkveuli sididiT produqciis gamoSvebis matebis tempebis yovelwliuri gadideba gamoxatavs warmoebis am moculobis pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebas yvela tradiciuli faqtoris raodenobrivi gadidebis xarisxisagan.* eqstensiur ekonomikur zrdas gaaCnia zogierTi Rirseba. es aris sameurneo ganviTarebis tempebis amaRlebis ufro ioli gza. misi daxmarebiT mimdinareobs bunebrivi resursebis swrafi aTviseba, agreTve SesaZlebeli xdeba umuSevrobis SedarebiT swrafi Semcireba an likvidacia, samuSao Zalis sayovelTao dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa. ekonomikuri zrdis aseT gzas seriozuli naklo-

vanebebic gaaCnia. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia teqnikuri uZraoba, romlis drosac produqciis gamoSvebis raodenobriv gadidebas Tan ar axlavs warmoebis faqtorebis srulyofa da maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrda. eqstensiuri ekonomikuri zrda gulisxmobs qveyanaSi sakmarisi raodenobis bunebrivi, SromiTi da kapitaluri resursebis arsebobas, romelTa xarjzec SeiZleba gaizardos ekonomikis masStabebi. magram, amasTan, gardauvalad uaresdeba kvlavwarmoebis pirobebi, sul

140

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi

130

N
120

L
* ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis laureatma robert soloum (aSS) daadgina, rom eqstensiuri zrdis modeli gamoxatavs garkveuli sididiT (Z) produqciis gamoSvebis (Y) raodenobriv damokidebulebas (F) warmoebis faqtorebisagan: ZiriTadi kapitali (K), Sroma (L) da bunebrivi resursebi (N):
110

100

ZY=F(ZK, ZL, ZN)

es formula migvaniSnebs Semdegze: Tu warmoebis faqtorebi gaizrdeba Z sididiT, maSin warmoebis moculobac gaizrdeba Z sididiT. aseTi damokidebuleba axasiaTebs produqciis gamoSvebis zrdas warmoebis faqtorebis gadidebis masStabis (Z) gafarToebisas.
0 1 2 3 4 drois periodi, weli

nax. 8.1. warmoebis faqtorTa gadidebis tempebi eqstensiuri ekonomikuri zrdis dros
421

420

ufro Zveldeba ra moqmed sawarmoebSi arsebuli mowyobilobani. araaRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis zrdadi amowurvis gamo saWiro xdeba sul ufro meti Sromisa da kapitalis xarjva TiToeuli tona nedleulisa da saTbobis mosapoveblad. Sedegad, ekonomikuri zrda atarebs upiratesad xarjviT xasiaTs . produqciis gamoSvebis zrdis upiratesad eqstensiur gzaze xangrZlivi orientacia iwvevs erovnuli meurneobis Cixis mdgomareobaSi Seyvanas. ase moxda yofil ssr kavSirSi XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac SeuZlebeli gaxda ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebis SenarCuneba, qveynis evropul nawilSi SromiTi rezervebis nakadis Semcirebisa da bunebrivi nedleulis maragebis amowurvis Sedegad. cxadi gaxda, rom ekonomikuri zrdis axali SesaZleblobebi dakavSirebulia warmoebis intensifikaciasTan. intensiuri zrda. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomikis zrda miiRweva warmoebis faqtorTa Tvisebrivi srulyofis xarjze. Tu warmoebis eqstensiuri ganviTareba sruliad gamoricxavs teqnikur progress, intensifikacia, piriqiT, efuZneba warmoebis yvela faqtoris efeqtianobis mudmiv zrdas. warmoebis intesifikaciis upiratesoba gamoixateba imaSi, rom igi uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis progresul ganviTarebas, ramdenadac mis zrdaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis danergva. amasTan, warmoebis intensiuri gadidebis pirobebSi daiZleva ekonomikuri zrdis zRudeebi, rac warmoSobilia bunebrivi resursebis cnobili SezRudulo422

biT. sxvaTaSoris, intensifikacias Tan sdevs produqciis gamoSvebis gadideba.* saubaria warmoebis mecnierebatevadobis amaRlebisa da nakeTobaTa Tvisobrivad axali saxeebis damzadebis Sesaxeb. ekonomikuri zrdis aseTi ti pi dakavSirebulia erovnuli meurneobis struqturis Rrma progresul gardaqmnasTan, iniciativiani da maRalprofesiuli muSakTa kadrebis momzadebasTan. amrigad, intensiuri ekonomikuri zrda aris produqciis gamoS vebis gafarToeba teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis gamoyenebisa da warmoebis yvela faqtoris efeqtianobis amaRlebis meSveobiT. intensifikacia yovelTvis warmoebis faqtorTa teqnikur srulyofas efuZneba, rac iwvevs ukanasknelTa dazogvas produqciis erTeulze. magram es ekonomia sxvadasxva saxes Rebulobs teqnikuri progresis sxvadasxva etapebze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ganasxvaveben intensifikaciis ramdenime saxes ama Tu im resursisagan damokidebulebiT (ix. nax. 8.2).

* amerikelma ekonomistma r.soloum maTematikurad aRwera produqciis (Y) gamoSvebis intensiuri zrdis warmoebis faqtorebis (K, L, N) erToblivi mwarmoeblurobisagan (A) damokidebulebis modeli:

Y=A(K, L, N)
formulidan Cans: Tu warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli faqtorebis sidide ar icvleba, xolo maTi erToblivi mwarmoebluroba (A) diddeba 1%-iT, maSin warmoebis moculoba izrdeba aseve 1 %-iT.

423

intensifikaciis Sromadamzogi saxe gulisxmobs warmoebidan samuSao Zalis gamoTavisuflebas. am SemTxvevaSi produqciis gamoSvebis zrdis daCqareba uswrebs muSakTa ricxovnobis cvlilebis temps. aseTi procesi farTo masStabiT mimdinareobda warmoebis industriul stadiaze, pirveli samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegad. intensifikaciis kapitaldamzogi saxe mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ufro srulyofili manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis, nedleulisa da masalebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT miiRweva kapitaluri da bunebrivi resursebis ekonomiuri xarjva. es cvlilebebi ZiriTadad gamovlinda mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis sawyis etapze, rodesac farTod iqna aTvisebuli maRalmwarmoebluri

ekonomikuri zrdis intensifikacia

Srom ad am zogi k a p ita ld a mzog i yov e lm xri v i

muSakTa warmoebis yvela kapitaluri da ri cxvi s faqtoris bu n ebri v i Semci reba resursebis ekonomia d a zog v a

nax. 8.2. intensiuri ekonomikuri zrdis saxeebi

avtomaturi mowyobiloba, agreTve polimerebis qimiis miRwevebi da warmoebis sxva efeqturi nivTobrivi faqtorebi. da bolos, yovelmxrivi intensifikacia ekonomikuri zrdis iseTi mimarTulebaa, romlis drosac gamoiyeneba resursdazogvis yvela aRniSnuli saxeoba. intensifikaciis mocemuli saxe praqtikulad inergeba mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis Tanamedrove etapisa da maRali teqnologiebis pirobebSi _ warmoebis industriul da gansakuTrebiT, postindustriul stadiaze. ise ar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqos eqstensiuri da intensiuri zrda xorcieldeba erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad. piriqiT, orives adgili aqvs erTsa da imave dros. laparaki SeiZleba mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli Warbobs, e.i. zrda xdeba upiratesad eqstensiuri gziT Tu upiratesad intensiuri gziT. Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis upiratesad damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikuri zrdis intensiuri ti pi, romelic xasiaTdeba Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebiT: icvleba ekonomikuri zrdis socialuri orientacia: xdeba warmoebis Semobruneba adamianisaken, misi cxovrebisa da Sromis pirobebis xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebisaken. dgeba keTildReobis epoqa, roca adamianisaTvis mTavari problemaa ara fizikuri arsebobis SenarCuneba, aramed civilizebuli adamianis Rirsebis Sesaferisi cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa; arsebiTad Seicvala ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorTa Tanafardoba: vinaidan warmoebaSi damatebiTi resursebis CarTvis SesaZlebloba SezRudula, eqstensiuri zrdis mniSvneloba da roli mcirdeba, erovnuli
425

424

meurneoba gadadis upiratesad intensiuri ganviTarebis relsebze, gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens gadatrialebani warmoebis teqnikasa da teqnologiaSi, Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis miRwevaTa danergva; ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar orientirad iqceva maRali saboloo Sedegebi. tradiciuli maCveneblebi _ produqciis moculoba, zrdis procentebi da sxv. _ ukve sakmarisi araa ekonomikuri zrdis daxasiaTebisaTvis. pirvel planze gamodis produqciisa da momsaxurebis xarisxi, misi odenoba mosaxleobis erT sulze, produqciis struqturis Sesabamisoba sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebTan; mkveTrad izrdeba resursebis dazogvis mniSvneloba, igi iqceva ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erT mTavar faqtorad. aqedan gamomdinare, gadaudebeli amocanebia: resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba, unarCeno warmoebaze gadasvla, xelovnuri da iafi masalebis Seqmna; ekonomikuri zrdis Tanamedrove ti pisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia farTo masStabis cvlilebebi ekonomikis struqturaSi: erovnuli meurneobis dargebsa da sferoebs Soris myardeba axali Tanafardobani. jer erTi, iqmneba da daCqarebuli tempebiT viTardeba jgufi dargebisa, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikur progress (qimiuri mrewveloba, atomuri energetika, eleqtronika da radioteqnika, robotebis warmoeba, kosmosis aTviseba da sxv.); meore, icvleba Tanafardoba mompovebel da gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod; saboloo produqtis warmoeba ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre nedleulis mopoveba; mesame, swrafad viTardeba momsaxure dargebi
426

(infrastruqtura); meoTxe, icvleba Tanafardoba materialuri da aramaterialuri warmoebis sferoebs Soris meoris sasargeblod; aramaterialuri sfero gacilebiT ufro maRali tempebiT viTardeba, vidre materialuri warmoeba.
ekonomikuri zrdis gazomva. ekonomikuri

zrdis gazomva xdeba ori urTierTdakavSirebuli maCveneblis gamoyenebiT: pirvelia drois garkveul monakveTSi realuri mSp-is gadideba, meore ki _ amave droSi mosaxleobis erT sulze realuri mSp-is mateba. pirveli maCvenebeli axasiaTebs mSp-is absolutur sidides da saSualebas gvaZlevs erTmaneTs SevudaroT warmoebis moculoba wlebis mixedviT, agreTve vimsjeloT qveynis ekonomikuri da samxedro potencialis Sesaxeb. meore maCvenebeli ufro srulad asaxavs sazogadoebis keTildReobis dones da saSualebas gvaZlevs SevadaroT calkeul qveyanaSi Tu regionSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done. magaliTad, indoeTis mSp-is absoluturi moculoba bevrad aRemateba Sveicariis analogiur maCvenebels, magram cxovrebis donis mixedviT (mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli produqciis moculobiT) indoeTi 60-jer CamorCeba Sveicarias.
ekonomikuri zrdis gaangariSebis meTodebi. or periods Soris warmoebis moculobis

cvlilebis Sejamebis dros gamoiyeneba ori ZiriTadi meTodi: 1. lasferies indeqsi; 2. paaSis indeqsi. mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. lasferies indeqsi. simartivisaTvis warmov427

idgonoT, rom ekonomikaSi iwarmoeba mxolod sami saxis dovlaTi: kalkulatori, puris bageti da metros bileTi (ix. cxrili 8.1). or periods Soris (1980-1990 w.w.) zrdis indeqsi Seadgens 276-s ( 32350000 x 100), anu igi miuTiTebs 11700000 2,76-jer warmoebis moculobis gadidebis Sesaxeb. am meTodis nakli is aris, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva faqtoris (teqnikuri progresi...) gavlenas fasis cvlilebaze. amis gamo iZleva zrdis gazviadebul Sefasebas. paaSis indeqsi. zrdis lasferies meTodis nakcxrili 8.1 zrdis gaangariSeba lasferies meTodis mixedviT
kalkula- puris bageti tori 1980 wlis raodenoba 1980 wlis fasi (lari) 2000 100 metros bileTi su l

lovanebis gamosworebas emsaxureba paaSis indeqsi, romelic iZleva ekonomikuri zrdis tempis ufro realur suraTs (ix. cxrili 8.2) mocemul indeqsSi ucvlel fasad aRebulia ara pirveli periodis (1980 w.), aramed meore periodis (1990 w.) fasi. paaSis indeqsi Seadgens 119,3 ( 20300000 ? 100). 17020000 mocemuli magaliTi simbolurad gamoxatavs definiciis arsebiT mniSvnelobas. lasferies indeqsSi zrda Zalze sagrZnobia. aq zrdis done Seadgens 176%-s ( 276 - 100 ), maSin, roca paaSis 100 indeqsi afiqsirebs mokrZalebul zrdas _ 19,3%-s

cxrili 8.2 zrdis gaangariSeba paaSis meTodis mixedviT

kalkula- puris bageti tori 1980 wlis raodenoba 2000 1990 wlis fasi (lari) 10 1980 wlis raodenobis Sefaseba 1990 wlis fasebSi (larebSi) 20000 1990 wlis raodenoba 200000 1990 wlis fasi (lari) 10 1990 wlis raodenobis Sefaseba 1990 wlis fasebSi (larebSi) 2000000 metros bileTi su l

1000000 10000000 1.5 1.0

1000000 10000000 2.0 1.5

1980 wlis raodenobis Sefaseba 1980 wlis fasebSi (larebSi) 200000 1990 wlis raodenoba 200000 1980 wlis fasi (lari) 100 1990 wlis raodenobis Sefaseba 1980 wlis fasebSi (larebSi) 20000000

1500000 10000000 11700000 900000 11000000 1.5 1.0

2000000 15000000 17020000 900000 11000000 2.0 1.5

1350000

11000000 32350000

1800000 16500000 20300000

428

429

( 119.3 - 100 ). 100 zogierTi mkvlevari ekonomikuri zrdis gaangariSebis dros iyenebs `fiSeris indeqss`, romelic wina ori indeqsis saSualo geometriulia:
fiSeris indeqsi = lasferies indeqsi x paaSis indeqsi

anu
fiSeris indeqsi = 276 ? 119.3 = 181.5

ekonomikuri zrdis tempi. ekonomikuri

zrdis ukeT Sefasebis mizniT iyeneben mSp-is (agreTve sxva maCveneblebis) zrdis wliur tempebs . zrdis tempi iangariSeba Semdegnairad: mimdinare wlis realur mSp-s akleben gasuli (sabaziso) wlis realuri mSp-is sidides, miRebul sxvaobas yofen gasuli wlis mSp-is sidideze da amravleben 100-ze. Tu, magaliTad, qveynis realuri mSp sabaziso wels iyo 6 mlrd lari, xolo mimdinare wels gaxda 8 mlrd lari, misi zrdis tempi iqneba 33,3% ( 8 - 6 ? 100 = 33.3% ). 6 aRsaniSnavia, rom mcireodenma gansxvavebam zrdis saSualowliur tempebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinos mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is donis cvlilebebze. e.w. `70 sididis wesis` Tanaxmad, 1%-iani zrdis tempis pirobebSi saWiroa 70 weli (70:1), raTa mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp gaormagdes, magram Tu zrdis saSualowliuri tempi 3%-s Seadgens, maSin su430

ladobrivi mSp-is gaormagebisaTvis sakmarisia 23,3 weli (70:3).* analogiurad, qveynebs Soris zrdis wliur tempebs Soris umniSvnelo gansxvavebam grZelvadian aspeqtSi SeiZleba miiRos gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. davuSvaT, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis wliuri tempi Seadgens 3,5%-s, xolo somxeTSi _ 2,5%-s. zemoT aRniSnuli `wesis` Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi mSp-is gaormagebas dasWirdeba 20 weli (70:3,5), xolo somxeTSi _ 28 weli (70:2,5) (ix. CanarTi 8.2). Tu mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is sidide mcirdeba, es imas niSnavs, rom mocemul qveyanaSi an adgili ar aqvs warmoebis matebas, an mSp-is zrdis tempi CamorCeba mosaxleobis zrdis temps. am princi pis safuZvelze Sedgenilia 8.4 cxrili. afrikaSi warmoebis zrdis tempi, romelic kvlav CamorCeba mosaxleobis zrdis temps, iwvevs afrikis mosaxleobis erT sulze mTliani Sida produqtis sididis Semcirebas. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gamovlinda saharis samxreTiT ganlagebul afrikul saxelmwifoebSi. maSasadame, am regionSi ekonomikuri zrda faqtobrivad ar SeimCneva. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 90-iani wlebis ekonomikur zrdas praqtikulad araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia am regionis ufro ganuviTarebeli qveynebis (`Savi afrikis`) mdgomareobaze. es qveynebi axlac gamoirCevian siRatakiT, cudi socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiT, umuSevrobis maRali doniT, gaunaTleblobiT, sicocxlis naklebi xangrZlivobiT (saSualod 46,5 weli), sikvdilianobis maRali koeficientiT.
* . , ., . . - ., 1996, . 596

431

CanarTi 8.2. `70 sididis wesi`-s praqtikuli dasabuTeba

qvemoT motanil 8.3 cxrilSi asaxulia monacemebi msoflios 13 qveynis erT sul mosaxleze realuri mSp-is cvlilebis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi. realuri mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi monacemebi mowmobs sxvadasxva saxelmwifos mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneSi SesamCnevi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, aSS-Si es maCvenebeli
cxrili 8.3 msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblebi
qveyana realuri mSp 1 sul saS.wliuri gansaxilveli mosaxleze aSS dol zrdis periodi periodis periodis tempi, % dasawyisSi bolos 1890-2000 1900-2000 1900-2000 1870-2000 1870-2000 1900-2000 1900-2000 1870-2000 1900-2000 1900-2000 1870-2000 1900-2000 1900-2000 1196 619 922 1738 1890 570 1824 3188 708 537 3826 587 495 23400 6240 8120 21300 21860 3570 9950 28740 3450 1950 20520 1590 1050 2.82 2.41 2.27 1.99 1.95 1.91 1.76 1.75 1.65 1.34 1.33 1.03 0.78

iaponia brazilia meqsika germania kanada CineTi argentina aSS indonezia indoeTi inglisi pakistani bangladeSi

daaxloebiT 8-jer maRalia, vidre CineTSi da TiTqmis 15-jer meti, vidre indoeTSi. uRaribes qveynebSi is imyofeba im doneze, romelic amerikis mier miRweuli iyo mravali aTeuli wlis winaT. 2000 wels saSualo Ci nelis Semosavali iyo iseTive, rogoric saSualo amerikelisa 1870 wels, xolo saSualo pakistanelze 2000 wels modioda 100 wlis win mcxovrebi aSS-is moqalaqis Semosavlis daaxloebiT naxevari. cxrilis bolo svetSi motanilia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze realuri mSp-is zrdis tempebis maCvenebeli. magaliTad, aSS-Si realuri saSualosuladobrivi mSp 1870 wlis 3188 aSS dolaridan gaizarda 28740 aSS dolaramde 2000 wels. maSasadame, misi zrdis tempma 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seadgina 1,75% wliurad. Cvens mier gansaxilvel cxrilSi qveynebi dalagebulia maTi ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis klebis mixedviT. masSi pirvel striqons ikavebs iaponia, romelSic ekonomikuri zrdis tempma Seadgina 2,8% wliurad. 100 wlis winaT saSualo iaponelis Semosavali CamorCeboda saSualo germanelis, argentinelis, kanadelis, amerikelisa da inglisel is Semosavals. magram naxtom iseburi ekonomikuri zrdis wyalobiT iaponia gadaiqca msoflioSi erT-erT zesaxelmwifod da 2000 wlisaTvis TiTqmis gauTanabrda aSS-s mosaxleobis erT sulze Semosavlebis mixedviT. cxrilis bolo striqonze imyofeba bangladeSi, romlis ekonomikuri zrdac XX saukune-

432

433

Si iyo umniSvnelo (0,78%), mosaxleobis keTildReobis done ki darCa TiTqmis iseTive, rogoric iyo 100 wlis winaT. sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri zrda xasiaTdeba uTanabrobiT _ iaponiam SeZlo mkveTrad gaWriliyo win, xolo inglisma da argentinam, piriqiT, dakarges yofili poziciebi. 1870 wels didi britaneTi iyo msoflios umdidresi qveyana. misi saSualosuladobrivi Semosavali iyo orjer meti, vidre kanadaSi da 20%-iT maRali, vidre aSS-Si. axla ki yofili metropolia SesamCnevad CamorCeba missave or yofil kolonias. XX saukunis dasawyisSi argentinas gaaCnda Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT TiTqmis samjer meti, vidre mezobel brazilias, dReisaTvis ki es maCvenebeli orive qveyanaSi TiTqmis Tanabaria. motanili monacemebi TvalnaTliv gviCveneben, rom yvelaze mdidari qveyanac ki ar aris garantirebuli Semdgomi ayvavebiT, ekonomikuri autsaiderebi ki ar arian ganwiruli mudmivi siRatakisaTvis. 8.3 cxrilze Sexedvisas SeiZleba warmoiSvas STabeWdileba, rom gansaxilveli qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis tempebSi gansxvaveba umniSvneloa. zrdis yvelaze maRali tempebi uaxlovdeba 3%-s, yvelaze dabali (bangladeSis gamoklebiT) Seadgens daaxloebiT 1%-s. viTom 2%-Si gansxvavebas aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba? aRmoCndeba, rom is metad arsebiTia. mdgra-

di ganviTarebis arcTu maRali maCveneblebic ki, romlebic qaRaldze gamoiyureba Zalze mokrZalebulad, droTa ganmavlobaSi iwveven STambeWdav Sedegebs, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi amuSavdeba e.w. `geometriuli progresiis efeqti`. ganvixiloT martivi situacia. davuSvaT, rom kolejis ori kursdamTavrebuli _ giorgi da vaxtangi 22 wlis asakSi pirvelad moewyvnen samuSaoze erTnairi xelfasiT (30000 lari weliwadSi). axla warmovidginoT, rom giorgis da vaxtangis Semo savlebi izrdeba Sesab amisad 1 da 3%-iani siswrafiT weliwadSi. 40 wlis Semdeg, e.i. 62 wlis asakSi giorgi weliwadSi miiRebs 45000 lars, vaxtangi ki 98000 lars. erTi SexedviT, araarsebiTi 2%-iani sxvaobis wyalobiT, erTi saswavleblis kursdamTavrebulTa Semosavlebi 2jer da metad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. zrdis siswrafisa da geometriuli progresiis efeqtis ufro ukeTesad gasagebad ganvixiloT Zveli wesi, romelic cnobilia `70 sididis wesis` saxelwodebiT. am wesis Tanaxmad, Tu romeliRac cvladi izrdeba weliwadSi X% siswrafiT, maSin misi sidide gaormagdeba 70/X wlis Semdeg. kerZod, Cvens magaliTSi giorgis Semosavali unda gaormagdes 70(70/1) wlis Semdeg, xolo vaxtangis Semosavali 23,3 (70/3) wlis Semdeg. es wesi gamoyenebadia ara mxolod Semosavlebis, aramed agreTve danazogebis gansazRvrisaTvis. 1791 wels benJamin franklinma Tavis anderZSi Semdgomi 200 wlisaTvis samedicino saswavle-

434

435

belTa studentebis sti pendiebze da samecniero kvlevebis Catarebaze gamosayeneblad gamoyo 5000 dolari. Tu es fuli wliurad moitanda 7%-s (rac savsebiT realuria), naanderZevi Tanxa gaormagdeboda yovel 10 weliwadSi da 200 wlis Semdeg miaRwevda fantastikur mniSvnelobas _ 5 mlrd-s (sinamdvileSi man Seadgina 2 mln dolari, ramdenadac saxsrebis nawili gaxarjuli iqna meanderZis nebis Sesabamisad, magram arc esaa co ta ). Cveni magaliTebi TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, Tu raoden saocar Sedegebamde mivyavarT zrdis umniSvnelo procentsac ki. SesaZloa, swored amitom uwoda erTxel albert einSteinma geometriul progresias `yvela drois udidesi maTematikuri aRmoCena`.
cxrili 8.4 afrikaSi warmoebisa da mosaxleobis zrdis saSualowliuri tempebi 1970-2000 wlebSi*
wlebi 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 zrdis saSualowliuri tempi (%) warmoebis (mSp) 3.6 2.4 2.3 mosaxleobis 2.73 2.82 2.46 + 0.87 _ 0.42 _ 0.16 gadaxra

ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis faqtorebi. yoveli qveynis ekonomikuri zrda ganisazRvre-

* egvi ptisa da libiis gamoklebiT.

ba miwodebis, moTxovnisa da ganawilebis faqtorebiT. miwodebis faqtorebi (bunebrivi resursebis raodenoba da xarisxi; Sromis raodenoba da xarisxi; ZiriTadi kapitalis moculoba da xarisxi; teqnologiis done) ekonomikur zrdas fizikurad SesaZleblad aqceven (ix. CanarTi 8.3). erTimeorisagan unda ganvasxvaoT ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZlebloba da realuri ekonomikuri zrda. pirveli yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs meores, SesaZlebloba jer kidev ar niSnavs sinamdviles. rogorc cnobilia, ekonomikuri triadis pirveli problema _ `ra vawarmooT?` dakavSirebulia resursis iSviaTobasa da SezRudulobasTan. magram mxolod resursi ar wyvets am problemas. aranakleb mniSvnelovania SezRuduli resursis bazarze warmoebul produqciaze moTxovnis arseboba. es garemoeba ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom ekonomikuri zrda mravalmxriv damokidebulia moTxovnis faqtorebze (cvlileba samomxmareblo danaxarjSi, cvlileba investiciur danaxarjSi, cvlileba saxelmwifo danaxarjSi). ekonomikur zrdaze aseve gavlenas axdens ganawilebis faqtorebi. saqme is aris, rom warmoebrivi potencialis racionaluri gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofili unda iyos ekonomikaSi resursebis ara mxolod sruli gamoyenebiT, aramed am resursebis iseTi ganawilebiT, sadac TiToeuli resursi maqsimalur wvlils Seitans warmoebis gadidebaSi. ekonomikur zrdaze moqmedi faqtorebi urTierdakavSirebulia. magaliTad, umuSevrobis zrda kapital437

436

CanarTi 8.3. SesaZlebelia Tu ara ekonomikuri zrda?

zogierTi analitikosi miiCnevs, rom bunebrivi resursebis SezRuduloba gadaulaxav bariers qmnis Semdgomi ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. erTi SexedviT, aseTi mtkiceba sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba. marTlac, Tu Cveni planeta flobs araaRdgenadi resursebis SezRudul maragebs, maSin rogor SeiZleba vivaraudoT mosaxleobis, warmoebisa da cxovrebis donis Semdgomi zrda? gana bolos da bolos ar amoiwureba navTobisa da sxva sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sabadoebi? da es, Tavis mxriv, ar gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis Sewyvetas da cxovrebis donis dacemas? msgavsi argumentebis garegnuli damajereblobis miuxedavad, ekonomistTa umravlesobas Cveni civilizaciis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi ase uimedod ar warmoudgenia. maTi azriT, teqnologiuri progresi SesaZleblobas iZleva gadalaxuli iqnas resursuli SezRuduloba. ukanasknel wlebSi xom Tanamedrove mecnierebam da teqnikam arc Tu ise mcire wvlili Seitana bunebrivi resursebis ufro ekonomikur xarjvaSi. Tanamedrove avtomobilebi moixmaren nakleb benzins, axal saxlebs aqvT saukeTeso Tboizolacaia da nakleb energias Txouloben gaTbobisaTvis. sawvavis alternatiuli saxeebis, magaliTad, eTilis spirtis danergva nacvlad benzinisa, saSualebas mogvcems SevamciroT navTobis moxmareba da gavzardoT saTbobis aRdgenadi wyaroebis gamoyeneba.

ormocdaTi wlis ukan zogierTma mecnierma SeSfoTeba gamoTqva kalisa da spilenZis metismeti gamoyenebis Taobaze: maSin es liTonebi farod gamoiyeneboda konservis qilebisa da satelefono sadenebis dasamzadeblad. maT Soris iyvnen iseTebic, vinc gamovida am liTonebis mopovebis moculobis SezRudvisa da kalisa da spilenZis Semcvleli nakeTobebis savaldebulo Sekreba-utilizaciis momxred. magram dReisaTvis kvebis mrewvelobaSi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba plastmasis tara, xolo Cveulebrivi satelefono sadenebi icvleba optikuri boWkovani kavSiriT, romelTa sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi qviSa. ase rom, teqnikuri progresi SesaZleblobas iZleva gadaiWras bunebrivi resursebis ukmarisobis mwvave problemebi. magram sakmarisi iqneba Tu ara aseTi Zalisxmeva ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis mxardasaWerad? bazris pirobebSi xom deficiti gardauvalad aisaxeba fasebze, rac niSnavs, rom bunebrivi resursebis Semcireba gardauvlad gamoiwvevs nedleulis Rirebulis zrdas. magram es argumenti ugulvebeliyofa praqtikiT, ramdenadac fasebi umravles bunebriv resursebze (inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT) darCeba stabiluri an Semcirdeba. es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni SesaZleblobebi maTi dazogvis mimarTulebiT izrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre iwureba nedleulis bunebrivi maragebi. ase rom, mimdinare sabazro situacia ar iZleva ekonomikuri zrdis Taobaze SeSfoTebis safuZvels.

438

439

is dagrovebis zrdis tempis Senelebas da gamokvlevebze danaxarjebis zrdis Semcirebas iwvevs. Tavis mxriv, kapitalis dagroveba da teqnikuri progresi umuSevrobis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. amasTan, TiToeuli faqtori ganicdis cvlilebas, asrulebs ekonomikur zrdaze zemoqmedebis gansxvavebul funqcias da sxvadasxva maCveneblebiT izomeba. ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorebs Soris mTavaria miwodebis faqtorebi. kerZod, ekonomikur zrdas gansazRvravs erToblivi miwodebis iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: 1. fasebis cvlileba resursebze; 2. cvlileba Sromis mwarmoeblurobaSi; 3. samarTlebrivi normebis cvlileba. saboloo angariSiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom realuri mSp-is gadideba xorcieldeba ori gziT: pirvelia warmoebaSi ufro meti resursebis CarTva (eqstensiuri zrda); meore ki _ resursebis ufro mwarmoebluri gamoyeneba (intensiuri zrda). yvela SemTxvevaSi, realuri mSp-is sidide ganisazRvreba SromiTi danaxarjebisa (kac-saaTebSi) da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis (erT dasaqmebulze realuri saaTobrivi gamomuSaveba) namravliT . sqematurad igi naCvenebia 8.3. naxazze. es sqema asaxavs im faqts, rom realuri mSp SegviZlia warmovidginoT rogorc namuSevari saaTebis jamisa da saSualo saaTobrivi gamomuSavebis namravli . davuSvaT, rom hi poTezur ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulia 10 kaci, romelTagan TiToeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoimuSavebs 2000 saaTs (50 kvira ? 40 saaTze). am440

1. dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 2. namuSevari saaTebis saSualo ricxvi

SromiTi danaxarjebi = (namuSevari saaTebis jami)

warmoebis
realuri moculoba (mSp)

1. fizikuri kapitali (Sromis fondaRWurviloba) 2. adamianuri kapitali (samuSao Zalis ganaTleba da Sromis profesionalizmi) mwarmoeb3. bunebrivi = luroba resursebis moculoba (saSualo da xarisxi saaTobrivi 4. teqnologiuri gamomuSaveba) codna (teqnikuri progresi) 5. resursebis ganawilebis da gamoyenebis efeqtianoba 6. sxva faqtorebi

nax. 8.3. SromiTi danaxarjebisa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis sqematuri gamosaxuleba

rigad namuSevari saaTebis jami iqneba 20000 saaTi (2000 X 10). Tu saSualo saaTobrivi gamomuSaveba Seadgens 3 lars, maSin warmoebis realuri moculoba, anu mSp iqneba 60000 lari (20000 X 3). sqemidan Cans, rom SromiT danaxarjebs gan441

sazRvravs dasaqmebulTa raodenoba da namuSevari saaTebis saSualo ricxvi (samuSao kviris xangrZlivoba). dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxvze da warmoebaSi maTi Cabmis sisruleze. samuSao kviris xangrZlivoba regulirdeba kanonmdeblobiT da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebiT. rac Seexeba Sromis mwarmoeblurobas , igi ganicdis iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebas, rogoricaa fizikuri kapitali (Sromis fondaRWurviloba), adamianiseuli kapitali (samuSao Zalis ganaTleba, profesionalizmi), bunebrivi resursebis moculoba da xarisxi, teqnologiuri codna (teqnikuri progresi), resursebis ganawilebis da gamoyenebis efeqtianoba da sxv.
Sromis mwarmoebluroba da ekonomikuri zrda. mdidari da Raribi qveynebis ekonomikuri

zrdis doneebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis (romelic 8.3 cxrilSi iyo warmodgenili) axsna, erTi mxriv, sakmaod martivad warmogvidgeba da, rogorc SemdgomSi davinaxavT, SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas Sromis mwarmoeblurobis martiv maCvenebelze. meore mxriv, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis detaluri da yovelmxrivi gamokvlevis gareSe aseTi axsna ar SeiZleba damakmayofileblad CaiTvalos.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblis mniSvneloba ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. Cven

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCvenebels ukve SevexeT (Tema 4) misi arsisa da gazomvis poziciidan. axla ki igi
442

ganxiluli iqneba misi faqtorebisa da ekonomikur zrdasTan kavSiris TvalsazrisiT. modiT, Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis problemis Seswavla daviwyoT daniel defos cnobili romanis `robinzon kruzo`-s mTavari gmiris cxovrebidan motanili martivi magaliTis daxmarebiT. rogorc gaxsovT, robinzon kruzo iyo mezRvauri, romelic upatronod mitovebuli aRmoCnda dausaxlebel kunZulze. is cxovrobda srul simartoveSi da iZulebuli iyo TviTon daeWira Tevzi, moeyvana bostneuli da daemzadebina saojaxo aveji. robinzonis SromiTi saqmianoba ekonomikis umartivesi modelis magaliTia, Tumca, misi analizi ufro rTuli da srulyofili modelebisaTvis samarTliani daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. maS ase, robinzonis cxovrebis dones gansazRvravda misi sakuTari Sroma. rac ufro met Tevzs iWerda, bostneuli moyavda da yoveldRiuri moxmarebis nivTebs amzadebda, igi miT ufro kargad cxovrobda. ramdenadac kruzo moixmarda mxolod imas, rasac TviTon awarmoebda, misi cxovrebis done mTlianad iyo damokidebuli misi Sromis Sedegebze. Sromis mwarmoebluroba asaxavs muSakis mier samuSao drois erT saaTSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis raodenobas. robinzonis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom Sromis mwarmoebluroba cxovrebis donis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria; Sesabamisad, pirveli maCveneblis gadideba ganapirobebs meoris amaRlebas. rac ufro met Tevzs daiWerda kruzo erT saaTSi, miT ufro maZRrisi (yuaTiani) iqneboda misi sadili. rac ufro ukeTesad SearCevda igi adgils TevzaobisaTvis, miT maRali
443

iqneboda misi mwarmoebluroba. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda ki robinzons SesaZleblobas aZlevda an mierTva bevri Tevzi an naklebi dro daexarja sakvebis mopovebaze da dakavebuliyo sxva saqmeebiT. cxovrebis donis gansazRvraSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis fundamenturi rolis Sesaxeb mtkiceba samarTliania rogorc dausaxlebel kunZulze migdebuli mezRvauris, aseve nebismieri didi da mcire saxelmwifosaTvis. gaixseneT, rom mSp erTdroulad zomavs or maCvenebels: yvela saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebis saerTo jamsa da am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze momxmarebelTa danaxarjebis saerTo jams, da orive mniSvneloba unda iyos Tanabari. sxva sityvebiT, nebismieri qveynis ekonomikaSi Semosavlebis saerTo jami unda uTanabrdebodes danaxarjebis saerTo jams. rogorc daniel defos gmiris situaciaSi, saxelmwifos cxovrebis donec ganisazRvreba masSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobiT. aSS-is moqalaqeni cxovroben nigerielebze ukeT imitom, rom amerikeli muSebis Sromis mwarmoebluroba ufro maRalia. iaponiaSi cxovrebis donis zrdis tempebi maRalia, vidre argentinaSi imitom, rom iaponeli muSebis Sromis mwarmoebluroba izrdeba argentinelebisaze swrafad. maSasadame, sxvadasxva qveynebSi cxovrebis doneTa gansxvavebulobis mizezebisa da maTi cvlilebebis procesebis gasagebad aucilebelia yuradRebis koncentrireba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis sakiTxebze. magram cxovrebis donesa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobas Soris kavSiris dadgeniT Cven mxolod pirveli nabiji gavakeTeT. axla Cven unda vi povoT pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu
444

qveyanaTa erT nawilSi ratomaa saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba ufro efeqtiani, vidre qveyanaTa meore nawilSi.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi. robinzon kruzos Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis done (rac umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs misi cxovrebis standartebis gansazRvraSi) ganisazRvra mravali faqtoriT. Tu saubari midioda Tevzis daWeris Sesaxeb, misi warmateba didad iyo damokidebuli ankesebis raodenobasa da xarisxze, ankesiT Tevzaobis Cvevebze, sanapiro wylebSi TevziT uxviani adgilebis SerCevaze. TiToeul am faqtorTagans, romlebic ekonomistebis mier ganisazRvreba rogorc fizikuri kapitali, adamianiseuli kapitali, teqnologiuri codna da bunebrivi resursebi*, analogebi aqvs nebismieri saxelmwifos realur ekonomikaSi. fizikur kapitalSi, an ubralod kapitalSi gagebulia mowyobilobebi, Senobebi da nagebobebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad. magaliTad, avejis warmoebisas gamoiyeneba xerxebi, saxarato Carxebi da saxraxnisi wnexebi. rac ufro farTea instrumentebis nakrebi, miT swrafad da xarisxianad sruldeba samuSao. muSa, romelic mxolod martiv instrumentebs iyenebs, erTi da imave droSi amzadebs ufro

* .., , 2- .- .: , 2003, . 273.

445

nakleb avejs, vidre Tanamedrove xisdamamuSavebeli mowyobilobebis gamomyenebeli muSaki. Cven warmoebis faqtorebi ukve ganvsazRvreT (Tema 1 da 4) rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis gamoyenebuli resursebi (Sroma, kapitali da a. S.). kapitalis umniSvnelovanesi niSani is aris, rom is TviTon warmoadgens warmoebis produqts. ase magaliTad, avejis mwarmoebeli muSa magidis fexebs amzadebs saxarato Carxze, romelic gamoSvebuli iqna xisdamamuSavebeli mowyobilobebis gamomSveb sawarmoSi. es sawarmo, Tavis mxriv, Carxebis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs sxva manqanebsa da meqanizmebs. sxva sityvebiT, kapitali warmoebis faqtoria, romelic gamoiyeneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (axali kapitaluri saqonlis CaTvliT) sawarmoeblad. adamianiseul kapitalSi ekonomistebi gulisxmoben muSakebis mier swavlebisa da SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi SeZenil codnasa da SromiT Cvevebs. adamianiseu-li kapitalis dagroveba mimdinareobs rogorc skolamdel asakSi, ise skolaSi, kolejSi, universitetSi, gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom codna da SromiTi Cvevebi ar miekuTvneba materialurad xelSesaxeb sagnebs (rogoricaa Carxebi, buldozerebi an Senobebi), adamianiseul kaapitals mainc bevri msgavsi niSnebi gaaCnia fizikur kapitalTan mimarTebaSi. erTic da meorec adidebs sazogadoebis mier axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis SesaZleblobebs, erTic da meorec TviTon warmoadgens sawarmoo procesebis Sedegs. ase magaliTad, adamianiseuli kapitalis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia maswavlebeli, biblioTeka, treiningi da dro swavlebisaTvis.
446

zogjer studentebs ganixilaven rogorc erTgvar muSebs, romlebic dakavebulni arian adamianiseuli kapitalis matebiT, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba momavalSi. bunebrivi resursebi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis mesame umniSvnelovanesi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. maT miekuTvneba: miwa, wyali, nedleulisa da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis maragebi, romlebic warmoadgenen mravali sawarmoo procesis amosaval elements. gansxvaveba bunebrivi resursebis maragebis moculobebSi zegavlenas axdens mravali qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis maCveneblebze. magaliTad, aSS-is pirveli ekonomikuri miRwevebi nawilobriv dakavSirebuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo gamoyenebisaTvis vargisi Tavisufali miwebis siuxvesTan. amJamad axloaRmosavleTis zogierTi qveyana (quveiTi, saudis arabeTi) aRmoCnda umdidres saxelmwifoTa rigebSi mxolod imitom, rom floben navTobis didZal dazveril maragebs. Tumca, bunebrivi resursebis maragebi ekonomikuri ayvavebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria, maTi arseboba amis gamo sruliadac ar iTvleba maRalefeqtiani warmoebis Seqmnis savaldebulo pirobad. magaliTad, iaponia gadaiqca msoflios erT-erT umdidres qveynad, Tumca flobs bunebrivi resursebis sakmaod umniSvnelo maragebs. misi ekonomikuri `aRmafrena` didad gaxda SesaZlebeli warmoebis maRali kulturisa da sagareo vaWrobaSi mopovebuli warmatebebis wyalobiT. iaponias importiT Semoaqvs sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mravali saxeoba, upiratesad xe-tye da navTobi da gaaqvs qveynis nedleuliT gacilebiT ufro uzrunyofili mza produqcia.
447

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis meoTxe ganmsazRvreli faqtoria teqnologiuri codna, anu sazogadoebis mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis saukeTeso xerxebis gageba. jer kidev 100 wlis winaT amerikelebis umravlesoba muSaobda fermebSi, ramdenadac maSin cnobili sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebi sursaTiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Sromis did danaxarjebs moiTxovda. amJamad, mecnierebisa da mrewvelobis warmatebaTa wyalobiT, aSS-is Sromisunariani mosaxleobis umniSvnelo nawili sursaTiT uzrunvelyofs mTel qveyanas. ase rom, axali sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebis ganviTarebam Sroma gaxada ufro efeqtiani da SesaZleblad aqcia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gadideba. teqnologiuri codna arsebobs sxvadasxva formaSi. zogierTi maTgani sakmaod martivia da gamoyenebis Semdeg isini swrafad pouloben farTo gavrcelebas. magaliTad, rodesac henri fordma pirvelad ganaxorciela konvenieris idea avtomobilis awyobisaTvis, misi siaxle myisierad iqna atacebuli msxvili mwarmoeblebis mier. sxva teqnologiebi patentdeba da warmoadgens maTi dammuSavebeli kompaniebis sakuTrebas, rogorc aris `laRiZis wylebis` an `koka-kolas` SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sawarmoebi saidumlod inaxaven cnobili sasmelis damzadebis receptebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi patentis moqmedebis vada SezRudulia. ase magaliTad, Tu aSS-Si farmacevtuli firma SeimuSavebes axal preparats, maSin sapatento samarTlis Sesaxeb qveynis kanonis mixedviT igi SesaZleblobas Rebulobs garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi iyos misi monopoliuri mwarmoebeli. rodesac
448

patentis moqmedebis vada amoiwureba, preparatis warmoebis uflebas ukve Rebulobs yvela msurveli firma. teqnologiuri codnis sxvadasxva formebs sagangebod didi mniSvneloba aqvT ekonomikisaTvis. CvenTvis azri aqvs zRvaris gavlebas teqnologiur codnasa da adamianiseuli kapitals Soris, ramdenadac am cnebaTa siaxlovis miuxedavad, maT gaaCniaT arsebiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. teqnologiur codnas miekuTvneba sazogadoebis warmodgena sawarmoo procesebis Sesaxeb. adamianiseuli kapitali ganisazRvreba am warmodgenebis SromiT CvevebSi gadazrdaze Zalebis danaxarjebiT. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, teqnologiuri codna gansazRvravs saxelmZRvanelos xarisxs, romliTac swavlobs sazogadoeba, xolo adamianiseul kapitali izomeba mis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli droiT. Sromis mwarmoebluroba damokidebulia rogorc saxelmZRvanelos xarisxze, aseve misi Seswavlisadmi miZRvnil droze. warmoebis faqtorTa danaxarjebsa da gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobas Soris kavSiris aRwerisaTvis ekonomikaSi gamoiyeneba warmoebiTi funqciis cneba . Tu gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobas aRvniSnavT YiT, Sromis raodenobas _ L-iT, fizikuri kapitalis moculobas _ K-iT, adamianiseuli kapitalis moculobas _ H-iT, da bunebrivi resursebis moculobas _ N-iT, warmoebiTi funqcia gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

Y=AF(L, K, H, N),
sadac F() aris warmoebis fatorTa danaxarjebis mniSvnelobebisagan gamoSvebuli produqciis moculo449

bis damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli funqcia, xolo A _ sawarmoo teqnologiebis efeqtianobisagan damokidebuli cvladi. mraval warmoebiT funqcias gaaCnia masStabisagan mudmivi ukugebis Tviseba. Tu warmoebiTi funqcia flobs am Tvisebas, maSin erTi da imave sididiT warmoebis yvela faqtoris erTdrouli cvlilebisas isic imave sididiT icvleba. maTematikurad es imas niSnavs, rom X-is nebismieri dadebiTi ricxvisaTvis

xY=AF(xL, xK, xH, xN).

magaliTad, rodesac X=2, e.i. warmoebis yvela faqtori gaormagebulia, produqciis gamoSvebis moculobac aseve orjer izrdeba. masStabisagan mudmivi ukugebis Tvisebis mqone warmoebiTi funqciis meSveobiT SeiZleba miviRoT erTi saintereso Sedegi. davuSvaT, rom X=1/L, maSin toloba miiRebs Semdeg saxes:

resursebis (N/L) raodenobis da teqnologiis ganviTarebis (A) donisagan, e.i. im oTxi ZiriTadi faqtorisagan, romelTac Cven zemoT gavecaniT. msoflio ekonomikuri zrdis tendenciebi mokled SeiZleba ganzogaddes Semdeg debulebaSi: mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmoebis realuri moculoba (mSp) metad Tu naklebad mudmivi tempebiT izrdeboda. mateba ramdenadme aRemateboda Sromis, kapitalisa da resursdabandebis zrdis saSualo maCveneblebs, rac aixsneba mecnierul-teqnikuri aRmoCenebis warmoebaSi danergviT. marTalia, SeuZlebelia absoluturi sizustiT dadgindes, didxans iqneba Tu ara SenarCunebuli ekonomikis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, magram erTis aRniSvna mainc SeiZleba: logikis mixedviT, ar arsebobs safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom mimdinare XXI aswleuli didad iqneba gansxvavebuli winasagan.

Y K H N = AF (1 , , , ). L L L L
miaqcieT yuradReba imas, romYY/L asaxavs produqciis raodenobas erT muSakze, e.i. warmoadgens Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCvenebels. amdenad, Cveni toloba gamoxatavs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis damokidebulebas erT muSakze fizikuri da adamianiseuli kapitalis (K/L, H/L) sididis, bunebrivi

450

451

leqcia 23. ekonomikuri zrda da mis uzrunvelyofaze mimarTuli samTavrobo politika

`saxelmwifo cdilobs ekonomikuri zrdis maRali siswrafis miRwevas drois grZelvadiani periodis ganmavlobaSi. sxva sityvebiT, saxelmwifo cdilobs stabiluri zrdis miRwevas vardnebisa da moklevadiani aRmavlobebis Tavidan acilebiT. Tumca, mas zogjer (gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis win) awyobs bumi ekonomikaSi~.
j.solou

danazogebisa da investiciebis mniSvneloba. ramdenadac kapitali miekuTvneba warmoebis

Cven wina leqciaze davadgineT, rom qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis siswrafe da sazogadoebis cxovrebis done ganisazRvreba saxelmwifos unariT awarmoos saqoneli da momsaxureba, mwarmoebluroba ki damokidebulia fizikuri da adamianiseuli kapitalis, bunebrivi resursebisa da teqnologiuri codnis arsebobaze. axla mivmarTavT sakiTxs, romliTac dakavebulia mTeli msoflios politikosTa goneba: rogor zemoqmedebs saxelmwifos politika Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikur zrdasa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze? sicxadisaTvis gamovyofT da cal-calke ganvixilavT ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxs:

kvlavwarmoebad faqtors, misi sidide didad ganisazRvreba sazogadoebis mier. Tu ekonomika dRes awarmoebs kapitalis formaSi gamosayenebel bevr axal saqonels, misi potenciali izrdeba da xval is mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ufro mravalferovani arCevaniT. amrigad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis erT-erTi gzaa investiciebis gadideba sawarmoo sferoSi. kapitalis dagrovebis sakiTxSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens arCevanis problema. sinamdvileSi, Cveni resursebis SezRudulobis pirobebSi investiciebis nebismieri gadideba kapitalis (manqanebis, Senobebis, mowyobilobebis) kvlavwarmoebaSi iwvevs mimdinare moxmarebisaTvis gamosayenebeli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gamoSvebaze mimarTuli resursebis Semcirebas. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomikis ganviTarebaze meti resursebis misamarTad sazogadoebas uwevs mimdinare moxmarebaze gamosayenebeli resursebis SezRudva da kapitalis dagrovebis gadideba. ekonomikuri zrda miiRweva maRal fasad da sazogadoebisagan moiTxovs materialur msxverpls momavali ayvavebis saxiT. erT-erT momdevno TemaSi Cven dawvrilebiT gavecnobiT sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu finansuri berketebiT saxelmwifo rogor axerxebs danazogebisa da investiciebis moculobaTa koordinirebasa da regulirebas. magram ukve axla Cven SegviZlia SevniSnoT, rom danazogebisa da investiciebis waxalisebis saxelmwifo politika ekonomikuri zrdis da, Sesabamisad, mo453

452

saxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis daCqarebis erT-erTi gzaa. mivmarToT 8.4 naxazs. (a) diagrama Seicavs monacemebs msoflios 15 saxelmwifos ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Sesaxeb 1960-2000 wlebSi. saxelmwifoebi gan-

(a) mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is zrdis tempebis maCveneblebi (1960-2000 w.w.) samxreT korea singapuri iaponia israeli kanada brazilia dasavleT germania meqsika didi britaneTi nigeria aSS indoeTi bangladeSi Cile ruanda 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 zrdis maCveneblebi (%)

(b) investiciebis zrdis tempebi (1960-2000 w.w.), %

lagebuli arian gansaxilveli maCveneblis klebis rigiT. (b) diagramaze naCvenebia mSp-is wili (procentebSi), romelic imave qveynebis mier imave wlebSi mimarTulia investiciebze. motanili monacemebis analizi miuTiTebs sakmaod mtkice kavSirze investiciebis moculobebsa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris. rac ufro met saSualebebs mimarTavs qveyana warmoebis ganviTarebaze (iaponia, singapuri), miT maRalia misi ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli. saxelmwifoebs, romelnic mSp-is nakleb wils mimarTaven investiciebSi (ruanda, bangladeSi), Sesabamisad gaaCniaT zrdis dabali maCveneblebi. Cveni daskvna ufro farTo gamokvlevebiTac mtkicdeba. magram miRebuli Sedegebi uSveben sxva msjelobasac. rogorc cnobilia, or cvlads Soris kavSiris arsebobidan SeuZlebelia erTmniSvnelovani daskvnis gakTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom erT-erTi maTganis cvlileba warmoadgens meoris cvlilebis mizezs da ara Sedegs. amitom savsebiT koreqtuli iqneba imis daSveba, rom investiciebis gadidebis ZiriTadi faqtoria ekonomikuri zrda (an orive es procesi ganpirobebulia romeliRac mesame faqtoris cvlilebebiT). magram ramdenadac kapitalis dagroveba aSkarad da uSualod zemoqmedebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze, ekonomistTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi pirobaa investiciebis gadideba.
klebadi Semosavlianoba da `swrafi startis` efeqti. davuSvaT, rom romeliRac sax-

0 10 20 30 40

investiciebi (mSp-dan %-Si)

nax. 8.4. ekonomikuri zrda da investiciebi

454

elmwifos mTavrobam, zemoT aRniSnuli daskvnebis gavleniT, gadawyvita gaedidebina dazogvis norma, e.i. dana455

zogebze mimarTuli mSp-is wili. raSi gamoixateba aseTi politikis Sedegi? cxadia, rom danazogebis zrdis pirobebSi mimdinareobs samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoebaze mimarTuli resursebis SezRudva da diddeba kapitaluri saqonlis gamoSvebaze mimarTuli resursebis wili. Sedegad, kapitalis gadideba gamoiwvevs Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da mSp-is zrdis tempebis amaRlebas. magram aq ismis kiTxvebi: ramdenad did xans SenarCundeba es tendencia? iZleva Tu ara dazogvis axali, ufro maRali norma imis SesaZleblobas, rom SenarCunebuli iqnas mSp-is zrdis miRweuli maCveneblebi? Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi mSp-is zrdis miRweuli maCveneblebi TandaTanobiT Semcirdeba? warmoebis procesze tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kapitalis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia misi klebadi Semosavlianoba. es imas niSnavs, rom kapitalis Tanabari damatebiTi dabandebebi iwvevs produqciis gamoSvebis klebad matebas. sxva sityvebiT, Tu erT muSakze modis kapitalis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romelic SesaZlebels xdis produqciis raRaca moculobis warmoebas, mis Semdgom matebas mosdevs Sromis Sedegebis SefardebiTi Semcireba. klebadi Semosavlianobis Sedegad dazogvis normis gadideba Tavdapirvelad iwvevs daCqarebul ekonomikur zrdas. im dros, rodesac dazogvis axali, ufro maRali norma xels uwyobs akumulirebuli kapitalis gadidebas, misi zrdiT motanili sargebeli xdeba sul ufro umniSvnelo, warmoebis zrdis tempebi ki mcirdeba. grZelvadian periodSi dazogvis ufro maRali norma iwvevs Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da Semosavlis ufro maRal do456

neebs, magram sruliadac ara am cvladebis daCqarebul zrdas. magram msgavsi mdgomareobis miRweva swrafad ar xdeba. kerZod, msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb monacemebis Tanaxmad, dazogvis normis gadidebas ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis arsebiTi mateba mohyveba ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. kapitalis klebadi Semosavlianobis fenomenis analizi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavakeToT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna: sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, dabali ganviTarebis donis mqone qveyanas gaaCnia ufro swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis winamZRvrebi. Semdgomi zrdis tempebze sawyisi pirobebis gavlenis aseTi Sedegi iwodeba `swrafi startis` efeqtad . Rarib qveynebSi muSakebs xSirad ar gaaCniaT yvelaze martivi instrumentebic ki, amitom Sromis mwarmoebluroba Zalian dabal doneze imyofeba. Sedegad ki, misi sagrZnobi zrda SesaZloa miRweuli iqnas yvelaze umniSvnelo investirebis drosac. ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki warmoebis teqnikuri SeiaraReba Zalian maRalia. amis Sedegad, erT muSakze kapitalis mniSvnelovani matebac ki Sromis mwarmoeblurobis sakmaod mokrZalebul zrdas iwvevs. sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblebis analizi amtkicebs `swrafi startis` efeqtis arsebobas: sxva maCveneblebis, kerZod, investiciebze mimarTuli mSp-is wilis Tanasworobis pirobebSi, Raribi qveynebi zrdis ufro maRal tempebs aRweven, vidre mdidrebi. `swrafi startis` efeqti SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs avxsnaT 8.4 naxazze motanili zogierTi gansacvifrebeli cifri. ase magaliTad, 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-ma
457

da samxreT koream investiciebze mimarTes mSp-is TiTqmis erTi da igive wili, magram mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is zrdam aSS-Si Seadgina saSualod daaxloebiT 1,8% maSin, rodesac samxreT koreaSi am maCvenebelma 7%-s miaRwia. mocemul fenomens Cven vxsniT `swrafi startis` efeqtiT. 1960 wels samxreT koreas hqonda mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maCveneblis TiTqmis 10-jer naklebi mniSvneloba, vidre aSS-s, rac nawilobriv xsnida investiciebis dabal donesac. sawyisi kapitalis didi mniSvnelobis Sedegad misma akumulaciam SesaZlebeli gaxada sasurveli Sedegebis swrafad miRweva, ramac ganapiroba kidec mSp-is matebis maRali maCvenebeli am qveyanaSi. `swrafi startis` efeqti sxvadasxva aspeqtiT gamovlindeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, moswavlem, romelmac sagrZnob progress miaRwia swavlaSi, rogorc Cans, saswavlo weli daiwyo erTob saSualo niSnebiT. muyaiTad swavlas miCveuli moswavle, piriqiT, Znelad Tu miaRwevs ufro maRali niSnebis miRebas, magram samagierod misi codna iqneba ufro sruli da mtkice. analogiurad, samxreTkoreuli ekonomika ganviTarda ufro maRali tempebiT, vidre amerikuli, magram aSS-Si iyo da rCeba kidec mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maRali maCvenebeli.
ucxouri investiciebi. aqamde Cven vix-

ilavdiT sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu dazogvis normis gadidebaze mimarTulma ekonomikurma politikam rogor SeiZleba gamoiwvios investiciebis moculobis gadideba
458

da, amdenad, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrda. magram kapitalis gamravleba mimdinareobs ara mxolod Sida resursebis xarjze. misi meore wyaro SeiZleba iyos ucxouri investiciebi. arsebobs ucxour kapitaldabandebaTa sxvadasxva formebi. ase magaliTad, saavtomobilo korporacia Fordma SesaZloa axali sawarmoebi gaxsnas meqsikaSi. ucxouri firmebis sakuTrebaSi da mmarTvelobis qveS myofi kapitaldabandebebi iwodebian pirdapir ucxour investiciebad. sxva SemTxvevaSi aSS-is moqalaqes ufleba aqvs SeiZinos meqsikuri kompaniis aqciebi (e.i. gaxdes misi Tanamflobeli), kompaniam ki aqciebis gayidvidan miRebuli saSualebebiT ganaviTaros axali warmoeba. ucxouri wyaroebidan miRebuli kapitaldabandebebi, romlebic imyofebian samamulo mwarmoebelTa mmarTvelobis qveS, iwodebian portfelur investiciebad. orive magaliTSi saerToa is, rom dabandeba meqsikur ekonomikaSi warmoebs amerikuli resursebis xarjze. sxva sityvebiT, amerikelTa Siga danazogebi gamoiyeneba meqsikuri ekonomikis dasafinanseblad. rodesac ucxoelebi saSualebebs abandeben sxva qveynis ekonomikaSi, isini varaudoben, rom investiciebi maT moutans mogebas. kompania Ford-is saavtomobilo sawarmo xels uwyobs meqsikis gankargulebaSi arsebuli kapitalis da, maSasadame, qveyanaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da mSp-is donis gadidebas, magram miRebuli Semosavlebis nawils korporacia abrunebs aSS-Si. swored aseve, meqsikuri kompaniis aqciebis SemZeni amerikeli investoric Rebulobs misi mogebis nawilis miRebis uflebas.
459

maSasadame, ucxouri investiciebi sxvadasxva zegavlenas axdens mSp-sa da mep-ze . gavixsenoT, rom mSp aris yvela Semosavlebis jami, romlebic miRebulia qveynis teritoriaze rogorc misi moqalaqeebis, aseve ucxoelebis mier; mep ki moicavs saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa yvela Semosavlebs, maTi miRebis adgilis miuxedavad. amitom Ford-is sawarmo meqsikaSi, romlis Semosavlebis nawili repatrirdeba aSS-Si, ufro metad adidebs meqsikis mSp-s da ara mep-s. ucxouri investiciebi erovnuli ekonomikis zrdis erT-erTi wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxouri kapitaliT Seqmnil sawarmoTa mogebis nawili gadis sazRvargareT, dafinansebis sazRvargareTuli wyaroebi xels uwyoben qveynis sawarmoo potencialis gadidebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis amaRlebas. garda amisa, ucxouri investiciebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs ganuviTarebel qveynebs aiTvison mrewvelurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi SemuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli yvelaze mowinave teqnologiebi. am mizeziT ganuviTarebeli qveynebis mTavrobaTa mravali ekonomikuri mrCeveli aqtiurad uWers mxars ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis politikas. ganuviTarebeli qveynebis ekonomikur zrdaze mimarTuli mravali sainvesticio proeqti xorcieldeba msoflio bankis egidiT. es saerTaSoriso organizacia mrewvelurad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisagan miRebul saSualebebs iyenebs sustadganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis kreditebis misacemad (gzebisa da wyalkanalis sistemebis, skolebisa da sxva sasicocxlod mniSvnelo460

vani obieqtebis mSenebloba). amasTan, banki maT uwevs sakonsultacio momsaxurebas nasesxeb saSualebaTa saukeTesod gamoyenebis sferoSi. msoflio banki da misi monaTesave organizacia _ saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Seqmnil iqna meore msoflio omis Semdeg, romlis erT-erTi gakveTili mdgomareobda imaSi, rom arcTu iSviaTad swored ekonomikuri gasaWiri iwvevs Sigapolitikur arastabilurobas, saerTaSoriso daZabulobis zrdas da SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs. amitom msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis saqmianoba mimarTulia msoflios yvela qveynis ekonomikur ayvavebaze. ganaTlebasa da profesionalizms, romelic arsebiTad warmoadgens investicias adamianiseul kapitalSi, mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevisaTvis aqvs aranaklebi mniSvneloba, vidre axal fulad dabandebebs fizikur kapitalSi. statistikis monacemebiT, aSS-Si individis mier axali codnis misaRebad gamoyenebuli yoveli weli niSnavs, rom misi xelfasi gaizrdeba 10%-iT. naklebad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac adamianiseuli kapitalis deficiti gansakuTrebiT mwvaved igrZnoba, gansxvaveba maRalkvalificiuri profesionalebisa da dabali kvalifikaciis muSakTa xelfasSi kidev ufro arsebiTia. amrigad, ekonomikur zrdasa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze mimarTuli saxelmwifos Siga politikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa skolebisa da sxva saswavlo dawesebulebaTa sistemis ganviTareba da ganaTlebis miRebisadmi mosaxleobis miswrafebis waxaganaTleba da profesionalizmi. 461

liseba. investiciebi adamianiseul kapitalSi, fizikur kapitalSi dabandebada msgavsad, dakavSirebulia alternatiul danaxarjebTan. magaliTad, ufrosklaselebi, eswrebian ra saskolo mecadineobebs, faqtobrivad uars amboben im xelfasisagan, romlis miRebac maT SeeZloT samuSao adgilebze. sustadganviTarebul qveynebSi, ganaTlebis miRebis aSkara sargeblianobis miuxedavad, bavSvebi arcTu iSviaTad iZulebulni arian ukve adreul asakSi miatovon skola da eZion samuSao, raTa materialuri daxmareba aRmouCinon TavianT ojaxebs. zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom adamianiseuli kapitali gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri aRmavlobisaTvis, ramdenadac mas Tan axlavs dadebiTi gare efeqtebi. es ukanaskneli aris individis moqmedebis arapirdapiri Sedegi, riTac igi gavlenas axdens irgvliv myofTa keTildReobaze. magaliTad, SeiZleba maRalkvalificiurma specialistma wamoayenos axali ideebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis srulyofis mimarTulebiT. rodesac es ideebi sayovelTao monapovrad iqceva, maTi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba eZleva ganaTlebis dadebiTi gare zemoqmedebis sferoSi yovel moxvedrils. sakmaod xSirad naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi awydebian e.w. `tvinebis gadinebas` _ yvelaze kvalificiuri specialistebis emigracias maRali cxovrebis donis mqone qveyanaSi. Tu adamianiseuli kapitali namdvilad flobs gare efeqtebs, `tvinebis gadineba` gamoiwvevs im qveynis mdgomareobis Semdgom gauaresebas, romelsac stoveben yvelaze kvalificiuri specialistebi. es problema warmoSobs sakmaod mraval sirTules politikosebisaTvis.
462

erTi mxriv, aSS flobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis saukeTeso sistemas, amitom dainteresebuli qveynis mTavrobas SeuZlia amerikaSi saswavleblad gaagzavnos saukeTeso studentebi. meore mxriv, ar arsebobs araviTari garantia imisa, rom ramdenime wliT ucxoeTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli axalgazrda specialisti ar moisurvebs iq samuSaod darCenas, rac Seamcirebs misi mSobliuri qveynis isedac dabal adamianiseul kapitals.
sakuTrebis ufleba da politikuri stabiluroba. ekonomikuri zrdis xelSemwyobi

saxelmwifos Siga politikis kidev erTi mimarTulebaa sakuTrebis uflebis dacva da politikuri stabilurobis ganmtkiceba. rogorc viciT, bazris pirobebSi saqoneli warmoadgens milionobiT muSakisa da mravalricxovani firmis rTul urTierTqmedebaTa Sedegs. sxvadasxva muSakebisa da firmebis specializacia produqciis garkveuli saxeebis gamoSvebaze SesaZleblobas iZleva miRweul iqnas warmoebis faqtorTa maqsimalurad efeqtiani gamoyeneba. maRali ekonomikuri maCveneblis misaRwevad aucilebelia rogorc calkeul firmebs, aseve mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs Soris urTierTobaTa regulirebis meqanizmis Seqmna. sabazro ekonomikaSi aseTi regulatoris saxiT gvevlineba sabazro fasebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen balanss warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris. sabazro ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebis umniSvnelovanesi wanamZRvaria sakuTrebis uflebis pativiscema da dacva. sakuTrebis uflebaSi igulisxmeba adamianTa SesaZlebloba Tavisuflad gankargavdnen maT
463

mflobelobaSi arsebul resursebs. amitom sabazro ekonomikaSi did rols asrulebs sakuTrebis uflebis damcavi kanonebi. sisxlis samarTali gvicavs Cven Cvens qonebaze pirdapiri Zaladobisagan, samoqalaqo samarTali ki aregulirebs urTierTobebs gamyidvelsa da myidvels Soris. maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis mcxovrebni srulad sargebloben sakuTrebis yvela uflebiT, magram arsebobs bevri saxelmwifo, sadac sakuTrebis uflebis damcavi kanonebis ar arseboba warmoadgens seriozul problemas. mraval qveyanaSi cudadaa organizebuli samarTalwarmoebis sistema, xSirad gvxvdeba kontraqtebis pirobaTa daucvelobisa da dausjeli TaRliTobis SemTxvevebi. cnobilia magaliTebi, rodesac mTavroba ara mxolod ar icavs sakuTrebis uflebas, aramed, piriqiT, urcxvad arRvevs maT. zogierT qveyanaSi biznesis warmatebiT gaZRolisaTvis aucilebelia qrTamis micema maRali Tanamdebobis samTavrobo CinovnikebisaTvis. korufcia xels uSlis sabazro meqanizmebis normalur funqcionirebas, Siga danazogebis stimulirebasa da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas. sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas safrTxes uqmnis Sigapolitikuri arastabilurobac, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac revoluciebi da saxelmwifo gadatrialebani Cveulebriv movlenad iqceva. Tu axali revoluciuri mTavroba advilad axdens kerZo kompaniaTa sakuTrebis eqspropriacias, rogorc es araerTgzis momxdara komunisturi gadatrialebisas, mosaxleoba kargavs dazogvis, investiciebis, sakuTari saqmis dawyebis stimulebs. amitom revoluciuri Zvrebis safrTxec ki xels uSlis ekonomikur zr464

das da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas. amrigad, ekonomikuri zrda zogjer damokidebulia saxelmwifoSi damkvidrebul Sigapolitikur situaciaze. qveynebs, efeqtiani sasamarTlo sistemiT, arakorumpirebuli mTavrobiT da mtkice konstituciuri wesrigiT, yovelTvis eqnebaT ekonomikuri zrdisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis ufro maRali done, vidre saxelmwofoebs, romlebSic ar icaven kanonebs, Cinovnikebi iReben qrTams da arsebobs putCebisa Tu revoluciebis mudmivi safrTxe.
Tavisufali vaWroba. zogierTi uRaribe-

si qveyana Seecada ufro swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevas daxuruli karis politikis meSveobiT. aseTi politikis mizania mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba danarCen msofliosTan saqmiani kontaqtebis imavdrouli Semcirebis pirobebSi im motiviT, rom Siga mwarmoeblebi xSirad saWiroeben ucxouri saqonlis konkurenciisagan dacvis RonisZiebebs. msgavsi argumentebi, gamoxatavs ra erovnul mwarmoebelTa sisustes, ucxoelebisadmi undoblobis zogadi ganwyobiT xSirad aiZulebs ekonomikurad CamorCenil saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebs Seqmnan maRali sabaJo barierebi da SemoiRon sagareo vaWrobis SezRudvis sxva zomebi. magram dReisaTvis ekonomistTa umravlesoba erTsulovania imaSi, rom ufro efeqtiania Ria karis politika, romelic orientirebulia sustadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis integraciaze msoflio meurneobaSi. marTlac, saerTaSoriso vaWroba xels uwyobs qveynis ekonomikur zrdasa da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis cxovre465

bis donis amaRlebas, ramdenadac vaWroba, garkveuli gagebiT, gansakuTrebuli teqnologiuri procesia. kerZod, xorblis eqsportiori da foladis importiori qveyana faqtobrivad iZens erTi saqonlis meoreSi gardaqmnis axal teqnologias. amitom saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze SezRudvebis moxsniT, iqmnis ekonomikuri zrdis iseTsave wanamRZvrebs, rogorsac warmoebis axali teqnologiebis danergvisas. daxuruli karis politikis uaryofiTi Sedegebi gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sustadganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis mcire zomebs. ase magaliTad, argentinis mSp daaxloebiT uTanabrdeba filadelfiis analogiur maCvenebels. warmoidgineT situacia, rodesac qalaqis xelisufleba ukrZalavs mis mcxovrebT ivaWron aSS-is danarCen mosaxleobasTan. vaWrobisagan miRebuli sargeblianobis gamoyenebis aRkveTili SesaZlebloba filadelfias iZulebuls gaxdida ewarmoebina ara mxolod samomxmareblo, aramed kapitaluri saqonelic. qalaqis mosaxleobis cxovrebis done umal daecemoda da ganagrZobda Semcirebas. swored aseTi suraTi SeiniSneba argentinaSi, romelic XX saukunis didi nawilis ganmavlobaSi atarebda daxuruli karis politikas. meore mxriv, iseTma qveynebma, rogoricaa samxreT korea, singapuri da taivani, Tavisufal vaWrobaze orientirebiT miaRwies ekonomikuri zrdis maRal maCveneblebs. sagareo vaWrobis moculoba SesaZloa damokidebuli iyos ara mxolod saxelmwifos politikaze, aramed agreTve mis geografiul mdebareobazec. kerZod, zRvaze gasasvlelis mqone qveynebi TavianT vaWrobas ufro aqtiurad anviTareben, vidre kontinentis siRrmeSi gan466

lagebulni. amitom SemTxveviTi araa, rom msoflios bevri iseTi umsxvilesi qalaqi, rogoricaa niu-iorki, sanfrancisko an hong-kongi, ganlagebulia zRvebisa da okeaneebis sanapiroebze. yoveli mxridan xmeleTiT garSemortymuli qveynebi ki ganicdian sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis damyarebisa da mxardaWeris problemebs da amitom xSirad, swored am mizezis gamo, maTi ekonomikuri zrda da mosaxleobis cxovrebis done ramdenadme ufro dabalia, vidre mezobeli qveynebisa.
mosaxleobis zrdis kontroli. Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da cxovrebis donis maCveneblebi nawilobriv damokidebulia mosaxleobis matebis tempebze. cxadia, rom qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba gansazRvravs mis Sromis resursebs. gasakviri araa, rom didi ricxovnobis mosaxleobis mqone iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, aSS da iaponia, aqvT sakmaod ufro maRRali mSp, vidre luqsemburgsa da niderlandebs. magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT (Tema 7), TavisTavad mSp-is done ver gamodgeba ekonomikuri keTildReobis obieqtur kriteriumad. cxovrebis donis gansazRvrisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maCveneblis codna. rogor moqmedebs mosaxleobis mateba saSualosuladobrivi mSp-is maCvenebelze? cxadia, _ Semcirebis mimarTulebiT, ramdenadac momuSaveTa ricxovnobis gadidebisas mcirdeba erT kacze mosul sxva warmoebis faqtorTa wili. kerZod, mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis pirobebSi TiToeuli momuSavis uzrunvelyofa warmoebis saSualebaTa sakmarisi raodenobiT xdeba sakmaod 467

problematuri. erT momuSaveze mosuli kapitalis raodenobis dabali maCvenebeli gansazRvravs misi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis Sesabamis dones da, maSasadame, mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is dabal donesac. mosaxleobis zrdis siswrafis maCveneblebi qveynebis mixedviT sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia. ase magaliTad, aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi mosaxleoba izrdeboda daaxloebiT 1%-iT wliurad. mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi es maCvenebeli kidev ufro Semcirdeba.* sapirispirod, afrikis bevr uRaribes qveyanaSi mosaxleoba yovelwliurad matulobs 3%-iT. aseTi tempebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi is gaormagdeba yovel 23,3 weliwadSi. zogadi azriT, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis zrdis tempebis Semcireba maTi cxovrebis donis amaRlebis erT-erTi gzaa. zogierT saxelmwifoSi am miznis

* keTildReobis zrdis kvalobaze Sobadobis dacemis ekonomikuri axsna ekuTvnis hari bekers. misi azriT, maRali keTildReobis sazogadoebaSi qalisa da mTlianad ojaxisaTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovani xdeba bavSvis dabadebis arCevanis fasi. es fasi ganisazRvreba im SemosavliT da karieriT, romelzec qalma uari unda Tqvas bavSvis yolis survilis SemTxvevaSi. amis gamo qalebi an uars amboben bavSvis yolaze an ifarglebian erTi bavSviT, romelic, ra Tqma unda, arasakmarisia qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis SesanarCuneblad, araferi rom ar vTqvaT mosaxleobis matebaze. saqarTveloSic ki, sadac cxovrebis done sakmaod dabalia, SeiniSneba Sobadobis klebis tendencia (1985 wels _ 18,5%; 1990 wels _ 17,0%; 1995 wels _ 11,5 %, 2000 wels _ 8,9%).

miRweva xorcieldeba ojaxSi bavSvTa ricxvis mareglamentirebeli kanonebis daxmarebiT. magaliTad, CineTSi daojaxebul wyvils ekrZaleba erTze meti bavSvis yola. am wesis damrRvevs emuqreba seriozuli jarima. ufro liberalur qveynebSi msgavsi amocana wydeba kontracefciis saSualebaTa farTod danergvis gziT. da bolos, Sobadobis Semcirebis kidev erTi gza dakavSirebulia gr. menqius `ekonomikis aTi princi pi`dan erT-erTis gamoyenebasTan, romlis Tanaxmad, stimulebi gansazRvraven adamianTa qcevebs. bavSvis gaCena, nebismieri qcevis msgavsad, dakavSirebulia gaSvebul SesaZleblobaTa danaxarjebTan. Tu alternatiuli danaxarjebi maRalia, adamianebi amjobineben mcirericxovan ojaxebs. kerZod, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganaTlebis miRebisa da karieris gakeTebis SesaZleblobis mqone qali upiratesobas aniWebs naklebi bavSvebis yolas, vidre is qali, romelic ver xedavs Tavis perspeqtivas ojaxis gareT. maSasadame, sqesTa Tanasworobis faqtobriv uzrunvelyofaze mimarTuli saxelmwifo politika daexmareba sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs mosaxleobis zrdis tempebis dastabilizebasa da SemcirebaSi (ix. CanarTi 8.4).
mecnieruli kvlevebi da damuSavebebi. mTavari mizezi imisa, rom Tanamedrove amerikelTa

cxovrebis done arsebiTad maRalia, vidre igi iyo 100 wlis ukan, mdgomareobs axal teqnologiur codnaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamogonebaTa umravlesoba keTdeba kerZo kvleviTi firmebisa da talantiani erTeuli pirovnebebis mier, sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis arsebobs daintereseba maTi Zalisxmevis stimulirebaSi.
469

468

CanarTi 8.4. Tomas malTusi mosaxleobis zrdis Sesaxeb

Tavis cnobil wignSi `cda xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis Sesaxeb` T.malTusma (1766-1834) gaakeTa metismetad uimedo prognozi kacobriobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis Taobaze. kerZod, avtori amtkicebda, rom mosaxleobis zrda SezRudavs sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi yvela aucilebliT. Sedegad kacobrioba aRmoCndeba ganwiruli siRatakeSi sacxovreblad. T.malTusis logika iyo sakmaod martivi. dasawyisisaTvis man aRniSna, rom `sursaTi aucilebelia adamianis arsebobisaTvis` da rom `xorcieli urTierTobebi sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris gardauvalia da SenarCundeba maTi dRevandeli saxiT`. Sedegad man gaakeTa daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom `adamianTa SesaZleblobani gamravlebisadmi ramdenadme aRemateba bunebis SesaZleblobebs uzrunvelyos isini kvebis produqtebiT`. T.malTusis Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis zrdis erTaderTi dabrkolebaa `siRatake da ubedureba`. siRaribesTan brZolis saxelmwifo Tu saqvelmoqmedo organizaciaTa mcdelobebi aRmoCndeba kontrproduqtiuli, ramdenadac isini mxolod xels uwyoben Raribebs iyolion kidev meti bavSvebi, rac kidev ufro metad zRudavs sazogadoebis warmoebriv SesaZleblobebs. sabednierod, T.malTusis es uimedo prognozi aRmoCnda mcdari. Tumca, dedamiwis mosaxleoba ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi

gaizarda 6-jer, magram adamianTa cxovrebis done saSualod gaxda maRali, vidre winaT iyo. ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad masobrivi SimSili bevrad ufro iSviaT movlenad iqca, vidre iyo T. malTusis droSi. masobrivi SimSilis SemTxvevebs adgili aqvs Cvens droSic, magram, Cveulebriv, isini Semosavlebis usamarTlo ganawilebis an politikuri arastabilurobis Sedegia da ara sursaTis deficitisa. maS, raSi mdgomareobda T.malTusis Secdoma? is ar varaudobda, rom adamianTa gamomgonebloba ufro swrafad gaizrdeboda, vidre maTi ricxovnoba. axalma ideebma saqonlisa da kvebis produqtebis warmoebis Sesaxeb uzrunvelyo ekonomikuri zrdis imdenad maRali done, romlis ganWvretac ar SeeZloT arc T.malTuss da arc vinme sxva mis Tanamedroves. teqnikuri progresis zegavlenam keTildReobis doneze daakompensira mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gadidebis yvela negatiuri efeqti. dReisaTvis mravali ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom mosaxleobis zrda SesaZloa daexmaros kidec kacobriobas cxovrebis ufro maRali donis uzrunvelyofaSi. dedamiwaze rac ufro metia adamiani, maT Soris miT metia teqnikur progresSi Tavisi wvlilis Semtani mecnieri, gamomgonebeli da inJineri, rac uzrunelyofs axal dovlaTs yvelasa da TiToeulisaTvis. SesaZloa, xalxTmosaxleobis zrda, nacvlad imisa, rom T.malTusis Teoriis Tanaxmad, gamxdariyo kacobriobis gaRatakebis mizezi, gadaiqca teqnikuri progresis Zravad da ekonomikuri zrdis wyarod.

470

471

farTo gagebiT, codna warmoadgens sazogadoebriv dovlaTs: erTi adamianis mier gakeTebuli aRmoCena xvdeba codnis saerTo `yulabaSi` da xelmisawvdomi xdeba TiToeulisaTvis. ramdenadac xelisufleba, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis mixedviT Tavisi valdebulebebis Sesabamisad, dakavebulia Tavdacvis sakiTxebiT, igi waaxalisebs kvlevebsa da aRmoCenebs axali teqnologiebis sferoSi. magaliTisTvis, aSS-is mTavrobam xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa teqnikuri codnis Seqmnasa da gavrcelebaSi. jer kidev 100 wlis win igi afinansebda kvlevebs soflis meurneobis dargSi da aswavlida fermerebs miwis efeqtianad gamoyenebas. XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mTavrobam udidesi mxardaWera aRmouCina (gauwia) aeronavtikis erovnul marTvas da kosmosuri sivrcis kvlevebs (NASA), ris Sedegadac amJamad amerika ikavebs wamyvan adgils saaviacio da kosmosuri teqnikis mwarmoebelTa Soris. mTavroba axalisebs mecnierebis ganviTarebas grantebis daxmarebiT, agreTve mowinave damuSavebebSi monawile firmebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis micemis gziT. sagamomgoneblo saqmianobisadmi mxardaWeris sxva mimarTulebaa sapatento sistemis dacva da srulyofa. magaliTad, calkeuli gamomgonebeli an firma Seqmnis axal, originalur produqts, saxelmwifo maT aZlevs patentis miRebis SesaZleblobas. dapatentebuli produqciis mwarmoebeli flobs misi damzadebis gansakuTrebul uflebas rigi wlebis ganmavlobaSi. arsebiTad, patenti gamomgonebels aniWebs mis aRmoCenaze sakuTrebis uflebas da aZlevs sazogadoebriv monapovrad qceuli
472

ideidan piradi Semosavlis amoRebis SesaZleblobas. maSasadame, sapatento sistema qmnis materialur stimuls SemoqmedebiTi azris ganviTarebisaTvis da wanamZRvrebs ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. zemoT Cven ganvixileT ekonomikur zrdaze orientirebuli saxelmwifo politikis mniSvneloba. yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs Semdegi ucilobeli daskvna: saxelmwifos ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis daCqareba SeuZlia Siga danazogebisa da investiciebis waxalisebiT, ucxouri investorebis mozidviT, ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebiiT, sakuTrebis uflebis dacviTa da politikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebiT, sagareo savaWroekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToebiTa da Tavisufali vaWrobisadmi mxardaWeriT, mosaxleobis zrdis kontroliT, mecnieruli kvlevebisa da axali teqnologiebis damuSavebisaTvis keTilsasurveli pirobebis SeqmniT. faqtobrivad, imaze, Tu dRes politikosebi ramdenad warmatebiT gaiazreben ekonomikuri zrdis determinantebs, didadaa damokidebuli momaval TaobaTa cxovreba.

473

leqcia 24. ekonomikuri ganviTareba _ `mesame samyaros` qveynebis umTavresi problema

`ganviTareba _ es aris mosaxleobis inteleqtualuri da socialuri cvlilebebis kombinacia, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs kumulaciurad da stabilurad gazardos Tavisi erToblivi realuri produqti... ganviTareba erT mTlianSi aerTianebs da xels uwyobs zrdas.~
f.peru

`mniSvnelovani gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad, siRaribe da uTanasworoba yvela am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo movlenaa.~
g.miurdali

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arsi da zogadi tendenciebi. `ekonomikuri zrdis` cneba,

sul sxva mdgomareobaa industriulad ganuviTarebel, anu e.w. `mesame samyaros`* qveynebSi, sadac mosaxleobis erT sulze gacilebiT naklebi mSp iwarmoeba. ganuviTarebel qveynebSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis aRsawerad ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba `ekonomikuri ganviTarebis` cneba. es imiT aixsneba, rom ganuviTarebeli qveynebi ekonomikuri zrdis procesSi sul sxva problemebis gadaWras cdiloben, vidre industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebi. saqme is aris, rom ganviTareba unda gavigoT, rogorc Seteva Cveni planetis Tanamedrove ubedurebebze: SimSili, avadmyofoba, uwignuroba, ubinaoba, umuSevroba, uTanasworoba. amrigad, ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba, romlis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvelze. amasTan, zrda avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs ganviTarebas. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom misi nayofiT mxolod sazogadoebis SeZlebulma nawilma isargeblos. am SemTxvevaSi araTu gaumjobesdeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, aramed, piriqiT, gaRrmavdeba uTanasworoba Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi, Tumca gaizrdeba mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT mSp-is sidide. meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi `mesame samyaros~ mravalma qveyanam SeZlo zrdis maRali tempebis miRweva. magaliTad, 1970-1980 wlebSi zrdis wli-

Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis mdgomareobis aRsawerad. es is qveynebia, sadac, rogorc wesi, maRalia mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maCvenebeli. Sesabamisad, am qveynebSi Zalze maRalia cxovrebis done.
474

* es cneba pirvelad XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda. masSi igulisxmeboda agraruli da koloniuri qveynebi, romlebic ekonomikurad da politikurad maSindel imperialistur saxelmwifoebs emorCilebodnen.

475

uri tempiT ganuviTarebeli qveynebi TiTqmis orjer uswrebdnen industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebs. kidev ufro gaizarda es sxvaoba 1990-2000 wlebSi (ix. cxrili 8.5). magram am qveynebis mosaxleobis uRaribesi 50%-is mdgomareoba (dasaqmeba, simdidris ganawileba, cxovrebis pirobebi...) umniSvnelod gaumjobesda, ar Seicvala an kidevac gauaresda. adrindeli gansazRvriT (ekonomikuri

cxrili 8.5 msoflio warmoeba qveyanaTa jgufebis mixedviT (wliuri zrdis tempi, %-Si)
1970- 1981- 19912000 2001 2002 1980 1990 2000 msoflio _ mTlianad aqedan: ganviTarebuli qveynebi ganuviTarebeli qveynebi m.S.: afrika* azia Sua aRmosavleTi** laTinuri amerika gardamavali qveynebi*** m.S. saqarTvelo 4.3 3.6 5.5 3.6 5.1 6.4 6.1 5.0 _ 3.4 3.2 4.1 2.4 6.9 2.8 1.5 2.7 2.9 3.3 2.7 5.6 2.3 7.6 4.0 3.4 -3.0 -6.6 4.7 3.8 5.7 2.8 6.8 5.8 4.0 6.6 2.0 2.3 0.9 3.9 3.6 5.7 1.4 0.6 5.1 3.8 3.0 1.8 4.6 3.4 6.5 4.5 -0.1 4.1 5.4

* egvi ptisa da libiis garda. ** avRaneTi, irani da pakistani. aq Sedis agreTve egvi pte, libia, malta da TurqeTi. *** eqs-ssrk, bulgareTi, yofili Cexoslovakia, rumineTi, yofili iugoslavia, poloneTi, ungreTi, albaneTi.

zrdis mixedviT), es qveynebi `viTardebodnen`, magram axali kriteriebis mixedviT (siRaribis done, uTanasworoba, dasaqmeba...), amis mtkiceba ar SiZleba. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rogorc cxrilidan Cans, ekonomikuri situacia gauaresda, gansakuTrebiT afrikasa da gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. amasTan, gaizarda mravali ganuviTarebeli qveynis sagareo davalianeba. aseT pirobebSi am qveynebis mTavrobebi iZulebulni arian SekumSon ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis isedac SezRuduli programebi. amrigad, ekonomikuri ganviTareba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mravalmxrivi procesi, romelic iwvevs radikalur cvlilebebs socialur struqturaSi, adamianTa qcevebSi, sazogadoebriv institutebSi; ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas; uTanasworobis Semcirebasa da dasaqmebis amaRlebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganuviTarebel qveynebSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arsia qveynis ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis modernizacia, romelSic igulisxmeba: mrewvelobis Seqmna, anu qveynis industrializacia; qalaqebis ganviTareba soflis mosaxleobis Semcirebis xarjze (urbanizacia); mosaxleobis kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo donis amaRleba; ekonomikuri da socialuri infrastruqturis Seqmna da ganviTareba; qveynis ekonomikis funqcionirebis moqnili ekonomikuri meqanizmis Seqmna.
477

476

ra Tqma unda, dasaxelebuli amocanebis warmatebiT gadaWra drois mcire monakveTSi SeuZlebelia, miT ufro sakuTari resursebis xarjze. am mxriv metad mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso mxardaWera, magram am mxardaWeras maSin SeuZlia sargeblis motana, Tu mocemuli qveyana aqtiurad qmnis Tavisi ganviTarebis pirobebs. am amocanebis gadaWriT, qveynis ekonomika qmnis warmoebis gadidebis met SesaZleblobas, amaRlebs cxovrebis saerTo dones. saqarTvelos metnaklebad gadaWrili aqvs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis pirveli sami problema (mrewveloba, urbanizacia, kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo done). amave dros unda aRiniSnos saqarTvelos mrewvelobis sisuste. igi aisaxeba saxelmwifo sakuTrebis maRali wiliT (52,4%), gansakuTrebiT msxvil warmoebaSi (75%). es imaze miuTiTebs, rom qveynis ekonomikaSi arasaxelmwifo seqtori srulad ver Camoyalibda ekonomikis mTavar seqtorad da igi jer kidev Tavisi formirebis sawyis stadiaSi imyofeba. sakmaod mZimea ZiriTadi kapitalis mdgomareoba. eqspertTa SefasebiT, igi saWiroebs gadaudebel modernizacias. mTlianad Sesacvlelia mrewvelobis sawarmoTa ZiriTadi kapitalis 24,5%. jerjerobiT samuSaod gamosadegia maTi mxolod 46.4%. saSualo da mcire sawarmoebTan SedarebiT, ZiriTadi kapitalis mdgomareoba msxvil sawarmoebSi mniSvnelovnad uaresia. aq modernizacias saWiroebs an mTlianad Sesacvlelia sawarmoTa 38,2%. aseve unda aRiniSnos warmoebrivi simZlavreebis datvirTvis dabali done (37%). amasTan, sawarmoTa 72% naxevarze naklebadaa datvirTuli, gansakuTrebiT regionebSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos sawarmoebi
478

nedleulisa da masalebis moTxovnis did nawils importiT ikmayofileben. mcirea im sawarmoTa wili (13%), visi produqciac nawilobriv an mTlianad saeqsportoa. aseve mcirea mrewvelobis wili mTliani Sida produqtis SeqmnaSi (17,6%). urbanizaciis koeficienti saqarTveloSi Seadgens 55,7%-s. am maCvenebliT igi CamorCeba industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebs, magram aRemateba ganuviTarebeli qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kulturul-saganmanaTleblo donesa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis danarCen or problemazec (ekonomikuri da socialuri infrastruqturis SeqmnaganviTareba da qveynis ekonomikuri meqanizmis srulyofa).
industriulad ganuviTarebeli qveyneb i s e k o no m i ku r i T a vi s e bu r e be b i d a zogadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ganuvi-

Tarebel qveynebs mravali saerTo niSani aerTianebs, romelTa Soris umTavresia: siRaribe, mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, ganaTlebis dabali done, soflis meurneobis maRali wili ekonomikaSi, mrewvelobis ganuviTarebloba, mZime sagareo davalianeba, sxva qveynebze damokidebuleba da uTanasworoba, agreTve demokratiuli reJimis uqonloba. davaxasiaToT zogierTi maTgani.
siRaribe. msoflio bankis monacemebiT, absolu-

turi siRaribis zRvari dRiurad erT sulze erTi amerikuli dolaris Semosavalia. aseT pirTa raodenoba ki msoflioSi erT mlrd kacs Seadgens.
479

siRatakis gasazomad gamoiyeneba mSp-is wliuri raodenoba mosaxleobis erT sulze. 2000 wlis mixedviT, yvelaze Rataki qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba: mozambika (191 dolari), tanzania (260 dolari), eTiopia (97 dolari), siera-leone (163 dolari), kongo (101 dolari), burandia (102 dolari), nigeria (173 dolari), malavia (146 dolari). rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, igi mocemuli maCvenebliT ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis ricxvs miekuTvneba. siRaribis gamzomi es kriteriumi saSualo sididea, romelic garkveulad maRalSemosavlian da mosaxleobis yvelaze Rarib jgufebs Soris uTanasworobas niRbavs. am maCvenebelSi asaxuli ar aris arc TviTmoxmareba (naturaluri meurneobis arseboba) da arc faruli ekonomika. aseTi Seusabamobis dasaZlevad yidviTunarianobis paritetis meTodi gamoiyeneba, romelic aSS-Si analogiur produqciaze fasebis dones iTvaliswinebs. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis erT sulze wliurad saSualod iwarmoeba 609 dolaris mSp. amiT saqarTveloSi imdeni produqti SeiZineba, romelzec aSSSi daixarjeboda 2560 dolari. Sesabamisad, realuri mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze saqarTveloSi 2560 dolaria, rac oTxjer aRemateba adrindel maCvenebels (609 dolari). samagierod, iaponiisaTvis analogiuri maCvenebeli 32797 dolaridan 25130 dolaramde daiklebs, rac iaponiaSi maRali fasebis dones gamoxatavs. siRaribis gasaSifravad yidviTunarianobis paritetic arasakmarisia. am mizniT gamoiyeneba e.w. `sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi` . es axali indika480

tori 1990 wlidan gaiangariSeba da realur yidviTunarianobas, sicocxlis xangrZlivobas, srulasakovani mosaxleobis ganaTlebis dones, janmrTelobis donesa da erovnuli Semosavlis dones aerTianebs (ix. CanarTi 8.5). dReisaTvis `sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsis` mixedviT msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea norvegia, romlis mSp, mimdinare kursis mixedviT, mosaxleobis erT sulze 37441 amerikuli dolaria, sicocxlis xangrZlivoba _ 78,7 weli, wera-kiTxvis codnis maCvenebeli ki _ 99%. es maSin, rodesac norvegia mSp-is mixedviT (yidviTunariani pariteti) mosaxleobis erT-sulze msoflioSi meeqvse adgilzea (29620 dolari). rac ufro CamorCenilia ekonomikurad qveyana, miT ufro dabalia misi `sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi`. magaliTad, saqarTvelo am maCveneblis mixedviT, 88e adgilzea msoflioSi. igi CamorCeba ruseTs, TuqmeneTs, irans, ukrainasa da sxv.
Warbmosaxleoba. 2003 wlis monacemebiT, msof-

lio mosaxleobam Seadgina 6032 mln kaci (1970 wels _ 3698 mln), maT Soris afrikaSi _ 851 mln (362 mln), laTinur amerikaSi _ 543 mln (286 mln), CrdiloeT amerikaSi (meqsikis gamoklebiT) _ 326 mln, aziaSi _ 3823 mln (2147), evropaSi _ 726 mln (656), okeaneTSi _ 32 mln. prognoziT, 2025 wlisaTvis msoflio mosaxleoba 7851 mln-s gadaaWarbebs. ZiriTadad es ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis zrdis xarjze moxdeba. afrikis mosaxleoba 1,3 mlrd kaci iqneba, xolo aziisa _ 4,474
481

CanarTi 8.5. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi _ adamianuri keTildReobis sazomi?

1990 wels gaero-s `ganviTarebis programaSi` gamoqveynda sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axali wliuri indeqsi. es iyo mcdeloba imisa, rom gaangariSebuliyo ganviTarebis ufro farTo sabazo sidide, vidre mSp-ia. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqss gaaCnia mniSvneloba 0-dan 1mde da dafuZnebulia Semdeg sam cvladze: 1. Sobadobis mosalodneli done; 2. ganaTleba (ganaTlebuli mozrdili adamianebis saSualo ricxvi (2/3) da swavlebis wlebis saSualo raodeoba (1/3); 3. mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is realuri sidide. mSp izomeba amerikul dolarebSi da gadaiangariSeba inflaciisa da yoveli qveynis valutis yidviTunaria nobis gaTval iswinebiT. s xva sityvebiT, gamoiyeneba valutis kursis yidviTunarianobis Tanasworoba. es kursia valutaTa gacvla amerikul dolarze, rac miuTiTebs imaze, Tu erovnuli valutis ra raodenoba iZleva aSS-Si imave raodenobis saqonlis SeZenis SesaZleblobas, rogorisac Tvisi qveynis SigniT. mSp aseve im faqtsac asaxavs, rom dolaris faseuloba adamianebisaTvis mdidar qveynebSi ufro naklebia, vidre RaribSi. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsis mniS-

vnelobebis mixedviT qveynebi ganlagdebian sam jgufSi: sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis maRali done (0,8-1,0), saSualo done (0,5-0,799) da dabali (0,5-ze qveviT). qvemoT motanil 8.6 cxrilSi, romelic Sedgenilia sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb monacemebis mixedviT, asaxulia indeqsebi zogierTi qveynisaTvis da miTiTebulia, Tu romel kategorias miekuTvneboda qveyana 1998 wels. aqve mocemulia mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is realuri maCveneblebic (Tavisi kategoriebiT). cxrilis bolo sveti gviCvenebs gansxvavebas zemoT aRniSnul or kategorias Soris (Tu ricxvi dadebiTia, qveyanas gaaCnia sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ufro maRali indeqsi, vidre mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-isa). zogierTo qveynisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kuba, Svecia da tanzania, mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maCvenebeli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis doneze dabalia maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, quveiTi, saudis arabeTi da botsvana, mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis doneze maRalia. amrigad, mosaxleobis erT sulze mSpis done senegalSi 2-jer metia, vidre nigeriaSi, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi ki ufro dabalia. mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is done botsvanaSi 2-jer metia, vidre kubaSi, magram sazo gadoeb rivi g anviTa rebis indeqs i mniS vnelovnad dabalia. gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erovnuli Semosavlis erTnairi donis

482

483

cxrili 8.6 sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi zogierTi qveynisaTvis (1998 w.)

sazogado- sazogadomSp mSp-is e br iv i e br iv i m o sa x - ka te go ganviTar- g a n v i T a - le o b i s ria e bi s r e b i s 1 sulze i n d e q si s i n d e q si (do l.) kategoria sx v a o b a saz. g a n v .- i s indeqssa da mSp-s So ri s

qvey an a

ganviTarebis maRali done

kanada norvegia aSS iaponia Svecia didi britaneTi singapuri quveiTi 1 0.932 22380 13 2 0.927 24450 7 3 0.927 29010 3 4 0.924 20070 90 6 0.923 10790 24 10 0.918 20730 19 22 0.888 28460 4 35 0.833 25314 5 ganviTarebis saSualo done kuba 58 0.765 3100 105 ruseTi 71 0.747 4370 79 saudis arabeTi 78 0.740 10120 41 CineTi 98 0.701 3130 104 botsvana 122 0.609 7690 52 indoeTi 132 0.545 1670 131 kenia 136 0.519 1190 152 ganviTarebis dabali done nigeria 146 0.456 920 161 bangladeSi 150 0.440 1050 156 senegali 153 0.426 1730 129 tanzania 156 0.421 580 172 eTiopia 172 0.298 510 173 siera-leone 174 0.254 410 174 12 5 0 5 18 9 -18 -30 47 8 -37 6 -70 -1 16 15 6 -24 16 1 0

mqone qveynebma SesaZloa sxvadasxvanairad gamoiyenon TavianTi Semosavlebi. amJamad sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi iTvaliswinebs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa Semosavlebis sruli ganawileba, Tanabroba sqesisa da aRmsareblobis niSnis, eTnikuri jgufebis mixedviT. amrigad, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sruli indeqsi SeiZleba iqnas Semcirebuli, raTa aisaxos yvela aRniSnuli uTanasworoba. aseTi indeqsebi SeiZleba aseve gaangariSdes qveynis SigniT calkeuli regionebis, eTnikuri jgufebis, qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.

wyaro: Human development Report 1999 - Human Development Index (united Nations Development Program). (http: //www. undp.org/ hdro/HDI. html).

mlrd-s miaRwevs. umniSvnelod gaizrdeba CrdiloeT amerikis mosaxleoba (394 mln), evropis mosaxleoba ki 699 mln kacamde Semcirdeba. amrigad, ganuviTarebel qveynebSi mosaxleoba ufro swrafad izrdeba (magaliTad, afrika _ 2,06%, laTinuri amerika _ 2,26%, azia _ 1,15%), vidre industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi (CrdiloeT amerika _ 0,94%, evropa _ minus 0,14%). ganuviTarebel qveynebSi mosaxleobis swrafi zrda mraval problemas warmoSobs. kerZod, Tu mosaxleobis zrdis tempi warmoebis zrdis temps aRemateba an utoldeba, am SemTxvevaSi mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze an Semcirdeba, an ucvleli darCeba. swored aseTi situacia SeimCneva afrikaSi, sadac mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis tempi 1990-2000 wlebSi 2,45%, warmoe485

484

bis zrdis tempi ki 2,3% iyo. mosaxleobis zrdis tempis gadaWarbeba warmoebis zrdis tempTan SedarebiT, ra Tqma unda, auaresebs mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is warmoebas da kidev ufro zrdis gansxvavebas industriulad ganviTarebul da ganuviTarebel qveynebs Soris suladobrivi moxmarebis doneebis mixedviT.
ganaTlebis dabali done. ganuviTarebel qvey-

nebSi mozrdilTa wera-kiTxvis ucodinaroba 25,5%-ia. SimSiloba, kvalificiuri samedicino daxmarebisa da ganaTlebis susti materialuri baza, erTad aRebuli, ekonomikur ganviTarebas aferxebs. gansakuTrebuli naklia energiul mewarmeTa fenis ararseboba; Zalze deficituria is kadric, romelmac ganviTarebis programis yoveldRiuri kontrolis funqcia unda Seasrulos. amasTan, am qveynebidan SeimCneva maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis (eqimebis, inJinrebis da sxv.) emigracia industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac maT maRali anazRaureba da daostatebis didi SesaZlebloba aqvT.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis faqtorebi. ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis procesSi qveynebis

erTma jgufma (aSS-ma, iaponiam, germaniam, SvedeTma...) did warmatebas miaRwia, rac maTi cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaSic aisaxa. qveynebis meore jgufi (indoeTi, pakistani, bangladeSi...) ki Zalze CamorCa. am CamorCenaSi, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli roli koloniuri sistemis arsebobam Seasrula, ris xarjzec axlandel industriulad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi
486

kapitalis dagroveba da ekonomikuri zrda xorcieldeboda. industriulad ganviTarebuli da ganuviTarebeli qveynebis mosaxleobas Tavisi ekonomikuri saqmianoba gansxvavebul materialur da socialur-kulturul pirobebSi uxdeba. amJamad, zogierTi qveynis warmatebisa Tu warumateblobis mizezad swored es garemoeba unda iqnas miCneuli. Tumca, ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis gzebi ganviTarebuli da ganuviTarebeli qveynebisaTvis ZiriTadad erTnairia. aq, uwinares yovlisa, arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis maragis ufro efeqtiani gamoyeneba igulisxmeba, rac iwvevs: erTi mxriv, samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis donis amaRlebas da, meore mxriv, kapitaluri resursebis maragis gadidebas. yoveliove amis Sedegia warmoebrivi SesaZleblobis zrda . `mesame samyaros` qveynebSi bunebrivi resursebis maragi Zalze uTanabrodaa ganawilebuli. amitom Znelia Tqma imisa, Tu mTlianobaSi ra rols asrulebs igi am qveynebis ekonomikur winsvlaSi. zogierT ganuviTarebel qveyanas navTobis, boqsitebis, spilenZis, manganumis, kalis, volframis da a.S. soliduri samrewvelo maragi aqvs. magaliTad, saudis arabeTi msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea nedli navTobis mopovebiT (msoflio warmoebis 11,5%), mexuTe adgilzea meqsika (5,1%), meeqvseze _ irani (4,7%). CineTi naxSiris mwarmoebeli pirveli qveyanaa msoflioSi (msoflio warmoebis 28,4%), mesame adgilzea indoeTi (7,6%). gvineas boqsitebis msoflio warmoebis 12,2% uWiravs, iamaikas _ 9,3%, brazilias _ 9,3%, indoeTs _ 6,7% ekuTvnis. spilenZis umsxvilesi mwarmoebelia Cile (msof487

lio warmoebis 34,2%), meore adgilzea indonezia (8,6%). yvelaze met vercxls perusa (14,5%) da meqsikaSi (14,9%) moi poveben. ganuviTarebelma qveynebma TavianTi bunebrivi simdidris meSveobiT, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, swrafi ekonomikuri zrda da cxovrebis donis gaumjobeseba moaxerxes. gamonaklisia CineTi, romelic msoflioSi meore adgilze gavida mSp-is absoluturi moculobiT, magram mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is warmoeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels Zlier CamorCeba. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, quveiTis, kataris da arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebis swrafi ekonomikuri zrda. mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is moculobis (yidviTunariani paritetis) mixedviT quveiTi 34-e qveyanaa msoflioSi (18,7 aTasi dolari), katari _ 33-e (18,8 aTasi dolari), xolo arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi _ 36-e (17,9 aTasi). Tumca, es naklebad aisaxa am qveynebis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze. unda aRiniSnos, rom mraval SemTxvevaSi ganuviTarebeli qveynebis resursebi industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis saerTaSoriso kompaniebs ekuTvnis an mTlianad maT mier kontrolirdeba. amis gamoa, rom resursebis gamoyenebidan miRebuli mogeba sazRvargareT miedineba. aseve, nedleulis produqciaze fasebis mniSvnelovani meryeoba ganuviTarebeli qveynebis ekonomikur winsvlaze arasasurvel gavlenas axdens. ekonomikurad CamorCenili mravali qveyana sasargeblo wiaRiseuls umniSvnelo odenobiT flobs da saTesi miwisa da energoresursebis naklebobasac ganicdis.
488

ra Tqma unda, es am qveynebis didi naklia, radgan warmoebis sxva faqtorebisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivi resursebis bazis gafarToeba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. es ekonomikuri zrdis Zlieri Semaferxebelia. Tumca, Sveicaria, israeli da iaponia imis naTeli magaliTia, Tu rogor SeiZleba cxovrebis maRali donis miRweva SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSic. sayovelTao aRiarebiT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria kapitalis dagroveba. am cnebaSi investiciuri saqoneli (warmoebiTi nagebobani, manqanebi da mowyobilobani, socialuri infrastruqtura...) igulisxmeba. rac ufro met da srulyofil teqnikas gamoiyenebs adamiani, miT ufro meti iqneba misi Sromis Sedegi anu Sromis mwarmoebluroba. Sesabamisad, erTi dasaqmebulis realuri Semosavali anu yidviTunariani moTxovnileba (moTxovna) gaizrdeba, mis dakmayofilebas meti raodenobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba daWirdeba. kapitaldabandebis moculobasa da mSp-is zrdas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs. gamokvleulia, rom ganuviTarebeli qveynebis mSp-Si kapitaldabandebis wilis 1%-iT gadideba ekonomikuri zrdis tempis 0,55-iT matebas iwvevs. samwuxarod, mraval ganuviTarebel qveyanaSi investiciis norma dabalia. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi investiciis wili mSp-is mimarT mxolod 4%-ia, haitSi _ 2%, ukrainaSi _ 5%, nigeriasa da ruandaSi _ 6%, zambiaSi _ 7%, moldovaSi _ 8%, somxeTSi _ 10%. investiciis aseT dabal normas, ra Tqma unda, ganapirobebs am qveynebis mosaxleobis Semosavlis simcire.
489

cnobilia, rom miRebuli Semosavali or nawilad iyofa: pirvelia moxmarebis fondi, anu Semosavlis is nawili, romelic adamianis materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebis minimumis dasakmayofilebladaa aucilebeli, meorea _ dagrovebis fondi (mTliani Semosavali minus moxmarebis fondi). es ukanaskneli investirebis safuZvelia. rac metia Semosavali, miT metia investiciebis moculoba. investiciuri Tanxis erTi nawili fizikuri (nivTieri) kapitalis gansaaxleblad da gasafarToeblad gamoiyeneba, meore _ kvalificiuri kadrebis mosamzadeblad (adamianiseuli kapitali), mesame _ warmoebis organizaciis srulyofa-gasaumjobeseblad, meoTxe _ teqnikuri progresis dasaCqareblad. `mesame samyaroSi` ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelsayofad gamoyofili investiciebi arasakmarisia. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca investiciis ganxorcielebisaTvis sakmarisi Tanxa Cndeba, investirebis stimuli mainc dabalia. es aixsneba rogorc samuSao Zalis dabali kvalifikaciiT, ise saSinao bazris simciriT. saqme is aris, rom dabali Semosavali, praqtikulad, samrewvelo produqciaze moTxovnas ar warmoSobs. aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtoria adekvaturi infrastruqturis ararseboba _ gzebis uvargisoba, energiis arastabiluri miwodeba, moZvelebuli komunikaciebi da a.S. `mesame samyaros` qveynebSi ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs agreTve socialur-kulturuli da instituciuri faqtorebi. pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba adaTebi da tradiciebi, religiuri wes-Cveulebani. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT,
490

vTqvaT, naTesavis an axloblis lxinsa Tu dakrZalvaze ixarjeba piradi Semosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili, romlis dasafarad xSirad sakuTari Semosavalic arasakmarisia. yvela es xarji investicias akldeba. ekonomikuri zrdis Semaferxebeli instituciuri faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia: korufcia da meqrTameoba; ganaTlebasa da socialuri momsaxurebis sferoSi susti mmarTvelobis sistema; mouqneli da usamarTlo sagadasaxado sistema. aseT SemTxvevebSi, politikuri gadawyvetilebebi xSirad saerTaSoriso prestiJis da ara ekonomikuri ganviTarebis waxalisebis mizniT miiReba. ganuviTarebeli qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi niSnebi (siRaribe, Warbmosaxleoba, dagrovebis dabali norma...) erTdroulad am qveynebis siRaribis mizezicaa da Sedegic. marTlac, yvela ganuviTarebeli qveynisaTvis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT navTobis eqsportior zogierT qveyanas (quveiTi, katari, arabTa gaerTianebuli emirati, saudis arabeTi), ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mosaxleobis erT sulze mcire Semosavali. magaliTad, 2005 wels saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis erT sulze saSualo Tviurma fuladma Semosavalma da transferebma 59,7 lari Seadgina. aseTi Semosavali danazogis warmosaSobad arasakmarisia, radgan TiTqmis mTeli Semosavali arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli saqonlis SeZenas xmardeba. danazogis uqonloba investirebisagan TavSekavebas niSnavs. es ukanaskneli ki ekonomikis zrdis dabal tempSi aisaxeba. Tavis mxriv, rac ufro dabalia ekonomikuri zrdis tempi, miT ufro naklebia warmoebuli mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze, anu qveyanaSi kvlav dabalia Semosavali da rCeba siRaribe. ikvreba
491

`mojadoebuli wre` , romelSic, saqarTvelos garda, msoflios mravali qveyana imyofeba (ix. nax. 8.5). rogorc naxazidan Cans, msoflios dabali ganviTarebis qveynebis `mojadoebeli wrisaTvis` damaxasiaTebelia: kapitalis dagrovebis, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis, xelfasisa da danazogebisaken midrekilebis dabali done; kapitalis zrdasTan SedarebiT dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis winmswrebi zrda. am mdgomareobidan gamosavali qveynis Siga da gare faqtorebis gonivrul Sexamebasa da gamoyenebaSia.

ucxoeTis daxmareba ganuviTarebeli qveynebisadmi. kapitalis dagrovebis simcire sax-

kapitalSeiaraRebis dabali done

dasaqm ebulTa ric xovnobis winmswrebi zrda kapitalis zrdasTan

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis dabali done

da nazogebisak en dabali midrekileba

nax. 8.5. sustad ganviTarebis `mojadoebuli wre`

492

kapitalis dagrovebis dabali d on e

xelfasis dabali done

elmwifos kerZo dagrovebisa da investiciebis gazrdas aiZulebs sagadasaxado RonisZiebebis gamoyenebiT. aq SesaZlebelia ramdenime alternativis warmoSoba: pirvelia gadasaxadebis gadideba, sagadasaxado Semosavlis namati saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis obieqtebis dafinansebas unda moxmardes. es gza xSirad mraval mwvave problemas warmoSobs da sagadasaxado kodeqsis dacvas arTulebs, amasTan, xels uwyobs korufciis gaZlierebas sagadasaxado sferoSi; meorea inflaciis gziT iZulebiTi danazogis Seqmnis stimulireba. es saxelmwifos mier damatebiT gamoSvebuli fulis meSveobiT, kapitalis dagrovebis dafinansebiT, an am mizniT saxelmwifo obligaciebidan miRebuli fuladi Semosavlis gamoyenebiT miiRweva; mesamea kerZo seqtorisaTvis iaffasiani kreditis miwodeba an misTvis, kapitalis dagrovebis sanacvlod, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis micema. roca qveynis SigniT kapitalis dagroveba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad arasakmarisia, maSin yuradReba garedan miRebul daxmarebaze gadaitaneba. igi warmoSobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifoebrivi. es kapitali ZiriTadad infrastruqturis (janmrTelobis dacvis, ganaTlebis, transportis, kavSirgabmulobis, Waobebis daSrobis...) gansaviTareblad gamoiyeneba. garedan moziduli kapitali upiratesad infrastruqturis gasaumjobeseblad gamoiyeneba, upirvels yovlisa, imis gamo, rom infrastruqturis aucilebeli done aris rogorc erovnuli, ise ucxouri kapitalis
493

mozidvis wanamZRvari, wamaxalisebeli. ucxoeTidan miRebuli subsidiebi da sesxebi qveynis SigniT kapitalis dagrovebas ganapirobebs da man `mojadoebuli wridan` gamosvlaSi SeiZleba gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos. sazRvargareTidan miRebuli daxmareba SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri da arapirdapiri. calkeuli saxelmwifoebisagan miRebuli daxmareba (subsidiebi da sesxebi) pirdapiria, xolo rodesac es saerTaSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT xdeba _ daxmareba arapirdapiria. `mesame samyaros` qveynebi kerZo kapitalis formiTac Rebuloben daxmarebas. am SemTxvevaSi kreditorebad, upiratesad, msxvili kompaniebi da bankebi gvevlinebian. saqarTvelo Rebulobs mniSvnelovan finansur daxmarebas rogorc pirdapiri, aseve arapirdapiri formiT. am aspeqtiT saqarTelosaTvis mTavari donori qveynebia: aSS (1995-2003 wlebSi 227,85 mln dolari), SeerTebuli samefo (130,52 mln dolari), ruseTi (41,8 mln dolari), TurqeTi (77,2 mln dolari). sul saqarTvelom 1995-2003 wlebSi pirdapiri daxmarebis formiT 318,8 mln amerikuli dolari miiRo. rac Seexeba garedan miRebul arapirdapir daxmarebas, aq aRsaniSnavia msoflio banki (314,2 mln dolari) da ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis evropuli banki (27,4 mln dolari), romlebmac mniSvnelovani investireba ZiriTad kapitalSi ganaxorcieles.
ganuviTarebeli qveynebis sagareo davalianeba. XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi msoflio

ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT gamovlinda ganuvi494

Tarebeli qveynebis sagareo davalianebis zrda. am valma 2,4 trilion dolars miaRwia. misgan gamomdinare Sedegebi ganuWvreteli da saSiSia rogorc gamsesxebeli, ise msesxebeli qveynebisaTvis. yvelaze didi valis mqone kontinentebia laTinuri amerika (1970 w _ 27,7 mlrd dolari, 2002 w. _ 789,4 mlrd dolari) da azia (Sesabamisad 19,3 mlrd dolari; 676,3 mlrd dolari). gansakuTrebiT didi davalianebis mqone saxelmwifoebs miekuTvneba: meqsika (154,4 mlrd dolari), brazilia (229,1 mlrd dolari), argentina (136,7 mlrd dolari), indoeTi (97,3 mlrd dolari), indonezia (135,7 mlrd dolari), ruseTi (134 mlrd dolari), CineTi (180 mlrd dolari) da TurqeTi (115,1 mlrd dolari). ganuviTarebeli qveynebis sagareo davalianebis problema gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mas Semdeg, rac axal miRebul sesxsa da adre miRebuli sesxebis gastumrebas Soris uaryofiTi saldo warmoiSva. magaliTad, 1984 wels `mesame samyaros` qveynebma adre aRebuli sesxis momsaxurebasa da valis dafarvaze 92 mlrd dolari gadaixades, xolo axali sesxi 85 mlrd dolaris odenobiT miiRes. 1983-86 wlebSi, sagareo valTan dakavSirebiT, ganuviTarebelma qveynebma 400 mlrd dolari (maT Soris sargebeli 204 mlrd dolari) gadaixades. amave periodSi maT mxolod 344 mlrd dolaris axali sesxi (uaryofiTi saldo _ 56 mlrd dolari) miiRes. es cifrebi metyveleben axali mwvave ekonomikuri problemebis gaCenaze - sesxebi xmardeba adre aRebuli valis dafarvas da ara kapitalis dagrovebas, romelic, rogorc ukve iTqva, ekonomikuri zrdis aucilebeli
495

pirobaa, anu `mojadoebuli wridan` erTaderTi gamosavalia. aseTma situaciam movale qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi Seamcira. sagareo davalianebis sferoSi Camoyalibebuli mdgomareoba metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosaTvis, romlis sagareo valma 2005 wlisaTvis 1,5 mlrd dolars gadaaWarba. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom 2000-2005 wlebis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos sagareo valze gadasaxdelebma (momsaxurebis Tanxebma) eqsportis 95% Seadgina. sakmaod SesamCnevia sagareo valis wili mSp-Si. momavalSi saqarTvlos kvlav mouwevs sagareo sesxebis aReba. amis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da efeqtiani CarTva Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganvi-

Tarebis Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgena SesaZleblobas iZleva gamoviyenoT igi Cveni erovnuli ekonomikis awmyos Sefasebisa da erTiani samomavlo xedvis SemuSavebisaTvis. qveynisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri damoukideblobis, demokratizaciis, sabazro ekonomikis TandaTanobiT srulyofis process. marTalia, cxovrebis donis, Semosavlebis mixedviT saqarTvelo jerjerobiT uRaribesi qveynebis jgufSia, magram samagierod, ganaTlebis doniT, anu adamianiseuli kapitaliT igi saSualod ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis jgufs ganekuTvneba. rogori iqneba saqarTvelo momavalSi, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor gam496

oiyenebs igi arsebul potencials. amisaTvis aucilebelia dRes arsebuli mZime mdgomareobidan gamosvlis daCqareba, ekonomikuri reformis sistemuri da Tanmimdevruli ganxorcieleba da msoflio meurneobaSi efeqtiani integracia. dRemde ekonomikuri strategiis safuZvelia antiinflaciuri politika erToblivi moTxovnis SemcirebiT da fulis masis regulirebiT. maRali inflaciis daZleva amiT marTlac miRweulia, magram es sakmarisi ar aris. axlandeli da momavali Taobebis cxovrebis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa myari ekonomikuri zrdis damkvidreba. saqarTvelos uaxloesi da Soreuli momavali, uwinares yovlisa, imaze iqneba damokidebuli, Tu rogori warmatebuli iqneba qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebi, rogor SeZlebs qveyana konkurentuli upiratesobis dauflebas msoflio meurneobis sistemaSi da masSi efeqtian integracias. reformis strategiam unda uzrunvelyos mTavari - rogorc inflaciis daZleva, finansuri stabilizaciis miRweva, aseve myar ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadasvla. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia: jer erTi, krizisidan gamosvlis formulis realizacia, romelic gulisxmobs erTdroulad da Tanabari proporciiT investiciebisa da samomxmareblo moTxovnis stimulirebas; da meorec, ekonomikuri zrdis, anu simdidris formulis realizacias, romlis mixedviTac, rac ufro mdidaria mosaxleoba, miT ufro maRalia misi yidviTunarianoba, miT ufro metia warmoebis gafarToebisa da ganaxlebis SesaZle497

bloba. saqarTvelos konkurentuli upiratesobebis damkvidrebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs mis satranzito-savaWro funqcias, `abreSumis gzis` saerTaSoriso proeqtis ganxorcielebas. igi udavod did wvlils Seitans sazRvargareTuli investiciebis mozidvaSi, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. magram mxolod es sakmarisi ver iqneba. aucilebelia saeqsporto warmoebis daCqarebuli ganviTareba. am mxriv didi SesaZleblobebia mtknari mineraluri wylebis, soflis meurneobrivi da kvebis mrewvelobis produqciis, feromanganumis, Savi da feradi metalurgiis, eleqtroteqnikuri nawarmis eqsportisaTvis. aseve didi SesaZleblobebia sxvadasxva daniSnulebis mecnierebatevadi produqciis, avtomobilebisa da TviTmfrinavebis eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis. kvalificiuri kadrebisa da mecnieruli potencialis arseboba amis realur saSualebas iZleva. udavod didi perspeqtivebia turizmis ganviTarebisaTvisac. am SesaZleblobebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia saerTaSoriso garemoze, imaze, Tu rogor Caewereba saqarTvelo msoflio meurneobaSi. miuxedavad Tanamedrove siZneleebisa, sakmaod damaimedebeli tendenciebi ikveTeba. maT Soris aris saqarTvelos mWidro urTierTobebi saerTaSoriso ekonomikur organizaciebTan, misi gawevrianeba evropis sabWoSi. ganixileba winadadeba 2010 wlisaTvis evropis kavSirSi 28 saxelmwifos gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, erTiani evropis Camoy498

alibebis proeqtis farglebSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom gaZlierdeba TanamSromloba am organizaciasTan saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis mizniT. demokratiuli ganviTareba, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, msoflios axali wesrigis Camoyalibeba saqarTvelos ganviTarebisaTvis sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs warmoSobs. mas inteleqtualuri da yvela sxva resursi aqvs imisaTvis, rom istoriulad xanmokle periodSi daZlios CamorCeniloba da maRalganviTarebul qveynad gadaiqces.

499

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is sididis Semcireba imas niSnavs, rom mocemul qveyanaSi: a. adgili aqvs warmoebis arsebiT matebas; b. mosaxleobis zrdis tempi CamorCeba mSp-is zrdis temps; g. mSp-is zrdis tempi CamorCeba mosaxleobis zrdis temps; d. adgili aqvs mosaxleobis umniSvnelo zrdas. 2. `70 sididis wesis` Tanaxmad, 3,5%-iani zrdis wliuri tempis pirobebSi mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is gaormagebisaTvis saWiroa: a. 10 weli; b. 15 weli; g. 20 weli; d. 25 weli. 3. klasikur makroekonomikur wonasworobaSi ekonomikis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs: a. nulovani zrdis koncefcia; b. maCvenebliTi zrdis koncefcia; g. faqtobrivi zrdis koncefcia; d. gawonasworebuli zrdis koncefcia. 4. erovnuli warmoebis moculobis wliuri

procentuli gadidebis SesaZleblobas aRniSnavs: a. eqstensiuri zrda; b. potenciuri zrda; g. intensiuri zrda; d. faqtobrivi zrda. 5. produqciis gamoSvebis intensiuri zrdis warmoebis faqtorebis erToblivi mwarmoeblurobisagan damokidebulebis modeli maTematikurad aRwera: a. forestiem; b. rostoum; g. lasferiem; d. soloum. 6. giorgi 22 wlis asakSi moewyo samuSaoze (30000-lariani wliuri SemosavliT). amasTan, misi Semosavali izrdeba 2,5%-iani siswrafiT weliwadSi. `70 sididis wesis` Tanaxmad, 28 wlis Semdeg, e.i. 50 wlis asakSi giorgi weliwadSi miiRebs: a. 40000 lars; b. 50000 lars; g. 60000 lars; d. 65000 lars; 7. `fordis` sawarmo meqsikaSi, romlis Semosavlebis nawili repatrirdeba aSS-Si, yelaze metad adidebs: a. meqsikis mSp-s; b. aSS-is mSp-s; g. meqsikis mep-s;
501

500

d. aSS-is mep-s. 8. keTildReobis zrdis kvalobaze Sobadobis dacemis ekonomikuri axsna ekuTvnis: a. hari bekers; b. robert solous; g. Jan batist seis; d. Tomas malTuss.

Tema
m a kr oe ko n o m i ku r i ganviTarebis arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri meryeoba, umuSevroba da inflacia
`arc yvelaze mdidari qveynebisaTvis aris sruliad garantirebuli maTi Semdgomi ayvaveba da arc ekonomikuri autsaiderebi arian ganwiruli samudamo siRatakisaTvis.~
gr.menqiu

9. maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari faqtori aris: a. samuSao drois moculobis gadideba; b. gamoyenebuli kapitalis moculobis gadideba; g. uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba warmoebaSi; d. ekonomikuri zrdis xelSemwyobi saxelmwifos fulad-sakredito politikis ganxorcieleba. 10. ganuviTarebeli qveynebis mSp-Si kapitaldabandebis wilis 1%-iT gadideba iwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis tempis matebas: a. 0,35-iT; b. 0,45-iT; g. 0,55-iT; d. 0,65-iT.

stabilur ekonomikaSi cxovreba yvela adamianis sanukvari ocnebaa, radgan igi uzrunvelyofs warmatebis SesaZleblobas da sazogadoebas icavs arasasurveli moulodnelobebisagan. Znelia am ocnebis axdena dRevandel saqarTveloSi, sadac mimdinareobs erTi ekonomikuri sistemidan meoreSi mtkivneulad gadasvla. bevr iseT qveyanasac ki, sadac demokratia da sabazro ekonomika
503

502

didi xania arsebobs, mudmivi ekonomikuri stabiluroba aseve rCeba miuwvdomel miznad. am qveynebs periodulad aryevs ekonomikuri destabilizacia. wina TemaSi aRiniSna, rom ekonomikuri zrda ar aris ekonomikis TandaTanobiTi (narnari) aRmasvla. igi, praqtikulad, zemoT da qvemoT mimarTuli naxtomebis seriis saxiT xorcieldeba da, amdenad, ar SeiZleba misi grafikuli gamosaxva aRmavali pirdapiri xazis meSveobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: maS, rogoria sinamdvileSi ekonomikuri moZraobis xazi? am kiTxvaze pasuxs mocemuli Temis SeswavliT vi poviT.

leqcia 25. ekonomikuri meryeoba da ekonomikis ganviTarebis cikluroba

` ek o no m ikur i cx o vre bis TiTqmis yvela movlena, rogorc bevri sxva procesi: socialuri, meteorologiuri da sxv., mimdinareobs aRmavali da daRmavali moZraobiT, talRebis Tanmimdevrobis saxiT.~
e. slucki

ekonomikuri meryeobis arsi, mizezebi da formebi. yoveli sazogadoeba cdilobs mi-

aRwios uwyvet ekonomikur zrdas, sruli dasaqmebisa da fasebis stabiluri donis pirobebSi. msoflio ekonomikis istoriaSi SeimCneva ekonomikis sagrZnobi zrda da cxovrebis donis mateba. magram grZelvadian ekonomikur zrdas periodulad Tan axlda da axlavs ekonomikuri arastabiluroba, rac gamoixateboda warmoebis mkveTri daqveiTebiT. mokled rom vTqvaT, adamianTa saqmianobis praqtika miuTiTebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pirobebis cvalebadobaze. ekonomikurma aRmavlobam SeiZleba ganapirobos ekonomikuri daqveiTeba, anu ekonomikuri krizisi, romelsac mohyveba mSp-is, dasaqmebisa da mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlis Semcireba. Semdeg, es procesi SeiZleba ganmeordes, anu aRmavlobas kvlav mohyves axali daqveiTeba (krizisi).
504 505

aRmavlobisa da daqveiTebis amgvar monacvleobas xSirad saqmiani aqtivobis cikls an, ubralod,.ekonomikur cikls uwodeben. magram, ciklebis umetesi nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri cikli Zalze araregularulia da, amdenad, umjobesia es perioduli aRmavloba da daqveiTeba, uwinares yovlisa, ekonomikur meryeobad ganvixiloT. amrigad, saqmiani aqtivobis cikli (anu ekonomikuri cikli) aris aRmavlobisa da daqveiTebis monacvleoba ekonomikaSi (ekonomikuri meryeoba). ekonomikuri meryeoba warmoadgens makroekonomikis umniSvnelovanes maCvenebelTa gadaxras maTi mdgradi mdgomareobidan, moZraobis traeqtoriidan (uwyveti xazidan). amgvar gadaxrebs, romlebic gvaxsenebs talRisebur ryevebs, warsulSic hqonda adgili da momavalSic eqneba. maT SeiZleba iwvevdes ekonomikuri pirobebis cvlilebebi, saerTaSoriso movlenebi, politikuri gadawyvetilebebi, omebi da teqnologiuri cvlilebebi. talRisebur ryevebs eqvemdebareba erovnul meurneobaSi gadamwyveti socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis maxasiaTebeli Semdegi ZiriTadi maCveneblebi: warmoebisa da Semosavlis moculoba mTlianad qveyanaSi (mSp da erovnuli Semosavali); samuSao Zalis dasaqmeba; fasebis done qveynis ekonomikis masStabiT. am ZiriTad maCveneblebze didad aris damokidebuli Semdegi warmoebuli cvladi sidideebi: mTliani mogebis moculoba erovnul meurneobaSi (damokidebulia warmoebis moculobasa da fasebis doneze);
506

sasesxo sargeblis norma (damokidebulia mogebis normasa da fasebis doneze). clkeuli ekonomikuri ryevebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian TavianTi masStabebiTa da vadianobiT. am niSnis mixedviT, isini SeiZleba iyos: a) moklevadiani, b) saSulovadiani da g) grZelvadiani. moklevadiani ekonomikuri ryevebi asaxavs erovnuli warmoebis moculobis, samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis da fasebis donis SedarebiT mcire masStabisa da xangrZlivobis cvlilebebs. aseTi meryeobebi gamowveulia, magaliTad, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis bazris koniunqturis (mdgomareobis) sezonuri cvlilebebiT. axali mosavlis aRebis Semdeg izrdeba, vTqvaT, bostneulisa da xilis gayidvebi da mcirdeba maTi fasebi. gazafxulisaTvis am produqtebis gayidvaTa moculobebi mcirdeba, fasebi ki izrdeba. mTlianad, wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri zrda midis ZiriTadi xazidan mcireodeni gadaxrebiT. saSualovadiani ekonomikuri ryevebi niSnavs mniSvnelovan gadaxrebs wonasworobis mdgomareobidan erovnul meurneobaSi. rogorc istoria mowmobs, XIX saukunidan dawyebulma aseTi ryevebis veeberTela amplitudam (rxevaTa manZilma) daarRvia sameurneo ganviTarebis normaluri msvleloba da safrTxe Seuqmna erovnul ekonomikur usafrTxoebas. saSualo sididis talRebma gamoiwvia ekonomikuri cikli (saqmiani aqtivobis cikli). grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ryevebi (anu `grZelvadiani talRebi`) xasiaTdeba warmoebis Zalian didi aRmavlobebiTa da dacemebiT. mecnieruli hipoTezis Tanax507

mad, aseTi ryeva meordeba daaxloebiT yoveli 50 wlis Semdeg. isini warmoiSoba Sromis saSualebaTa ganaxlebis Sedegad sazogadoebis masStabiT da dakavSirebulia mogebis normis amaRlebasTan an daqveTebasTan. grZelvadiani ekonomikuri meryeoba seriozul mecnierul gamokvlevas saWiroebs. amitom Cven aq detalurad gavecnobiT SedarebiT xSirad ganmeorebad `saSualo talRebs`, miT ufro, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, swored isini edeba safuZvlad ekonomikur ciklebs.
ekonomikuri ciklis zogadi mimoxilva. ekonomikurma mecnierebam, da sameurneo praq-

tikam jer kidev XIX saukuneSi daadgina, rom ekonomikur ciklSi monacvleobs qveynis meurneobis ori sruliad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba. pirveli maTgania erovnuli meurneobis ZiriTadi proporciebis (magaliTad, dovlaTis warmoebasa da moxmarebas, yvela saqonlis miwodebasa da maTze moTxovnas, saqonlisa da fulis nakadebs Soris) wonasworoba. ekonomikis aseTi mdgomareoba uzrunvelyofs warmoebis procesis, samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis mdgradobas da sabazro fasebis ucvlelobas. meore SemTxvevaSi mkveTrad irRveva makroekonomikis mTavari proporciebis dadgenili wonasworoba, rac gamowveulia sasaqonlo warmoebisa da bazris stiqiuri ganviTarebiT. wonasworobis aseTma darRvevam SeiZleba iseT krizisul mdgomareobas miaRwios, rac gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri organizmis Zlier `daavadebas`. TvalsaCino warmodgenas, magaliTad, sazRvao gemis
508

mdgradobis an aramdgradobis Sesaxeb iZleva wyalxazi _ xomaldis bortis gaswvriv gavlebuli xazi, romelic uCvenebs gemis zRvrul wyalSigs misi sruli datvirTvisaTvis. erovnuli meurneobisaTvis Taviseburi wyalxazis rolSi gamodis makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa zRvrulad dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi. isini iZlevian signals erovnuli Semosavlis saSiSi Semcirebis, samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis klebis (umuSevrobis zrdis), fasebis donis amaRlebisa da sazogadoebis cxovelmoqmedebis sxva mniSvnelovani pirobebis Sesaxeb. ekonomikur ciklebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia erToblivi miwodebisa da erToblivi moTxovnis ekonomikur analizSi. aq gansakuTrebul garkvevas saWiroebs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu erToblivi miwodebis da erToblivi moTxovnis ra cvlilebebi udevs safuZvlad ekonomikuri ciklis ti pur brunvas. davuSvaT, rom investiciebis Semcirebis Sedegad ekonomika gamovida wonasworobis wertilidan. aseT SemTxvevaSi mkveTrad mcirdeba erToblivi moTxovna, xolo erToblivi miwodeba praqtikulad ucvleli rCeba. saboloo angariSiT, ekonomika aRmoCndeba wonasworobis axal wertilSi: Semcirdeba gamoSvebac da fasebic. aRmavlobis dros ki sawinaaRmdego tendencia yalibdeba: izrdeba er|Toblivi moTxovna; matulobs gamoSveba, romelic uaxlovdeba an aWarbebs potenciur mSp-s; izrdeba fasebi. ekonomikur ciklSi xdeba sxvaobis Semcireba an gadideba potenciur da realur mTlian Sida produqtebs Soris . ekonomikuri daqveiTebis dros sxvaoba maT Soris izrdeba, xolo warmoebis moculobis Semcireba, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs umuSevrobis donis
509

amaRlebas. moTxrobaSi `alisa saswaulebis qveyanaSi` _ vxvdebiT aseT gamoTqmas: `zogjer saWiroa irbino mxolod imisaTvis, rom imave adgilze darCe`. es mosazreba zustad Seesabameba mSp-is zrdasa da umuSevrobas, radgan rom ar amaRldes umuSevrobs done, realuri mSp iseve swrafad unda izrdebodes, rogorc potenciuri mSp. vTqvaT, potenciuri mSp wliurad izrdeba 5%-iT, am SemTxvevaSi umuSevrobis done rom ar amaRldes, aucilebelia realuri mSp-is 5%-iT wliuri zrda. rogorc aRiniSna, ekonomikur ciklamde mivyavarT erToblivi miwodebisa da erToblivi moTxovnis urTierTqmedebas, magram rogoria ekonomikuri ciklis istoria? ra ZiriTadi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba ekonomikuri cikli? rogoria ekonomikuri ciklis ZiriTadi Teoriebi da modelebi? ra urTierTkavSiri arsebobs ekonomikur da politikur riskebs Soris? rogor SeiZleba ekonomikuri ciklis garegan da Sinagan faqtorTa Sefaseba da prognozireba? yvela am kiTxvaze metnaklebad pasuxs iZleva ekonomikuri ciklebis ufro zusti faqtobrivi aRwera da analizi .
ekonomikuri ciklis istoria. calkeu-

li ekonomikuri ciklebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian xangrZlivobiT da intensiurobiT. arc erTi cikli zustad ar imeorebs meores. magram, miuxedavad amisa, maT mainc aqvT bevri saerTo niSani: daqveiTeba (krizisi), depresia (fskeri), aRmavloba (gamococxleba) da bumi (piki) yoveli ekonomikuri ciklisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo fazebia, romelTa saxelwodebebi ekonomikur literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvrad aris warmodgenili.
510

garkveuli gagebiT, ekonomikuri ciklebi mTis qedebs gvagonebs, romelTac aqvT mwvervalebisa da xeobebis sxvadasxva done. zogi xeoba Zalze Rrmaa, rogorc es iyo 1929-1933 ww. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis dros, zogi ki _ nakleb Rrma (1980-1982 ww.). ekonomikuri ciklebi periodulad meordeba. droiTi momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikur cikls uwodeben periods erTi krizisidan meoremde an erTidan Semdgom bumamde. saSualod, daaxloebiT 5 weli gadis erTi krizisis dawyebidan meoris dawyebamde, an erTidan Semdgom bumamde. pirvelad ekonomikuri cikli aRiniSna 1825 wels inglisSi, roca ifeTqa pirvelma sayovelTao krizisma. Semdeg mas ,mohyva 1836 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi. mesame krizisi daiwyo 1847 wels, meoTxe ki _ 1857 wels. es ukanaskneli ukve warmoadgenda msoflio ekonomikur kriziss. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ekonomikuri krizisebi ufro gaxSirda. ase magaliTad, 1857 wlis kriziss mohyva 1866 wlis krizisi. Semdeg krizisebi ganmeorda 1873, 1882 da 1890 wlebSi. XX saukunis pirveli ekonomikuri krizisi daiwyo 1900 wels, romelsac mohyva 1907 wlis krizisi. pirvelma msoflio omma daarRvia momdevno krizisis ganmeoreba, magram omis damTavrebis Semdeg (1920-1921 ww.) daiwyo axali ekonomikuri krizisi. mas mohyva industriuli qveynebis ekonomikis stabilizacia, romelmac warmoSva manamde arnaxuli siZlieris 1929-1933 wlebis ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic umagaliTo iyo Tavisi siRrmiT, simwvaviT da xangrZlivobiT. swored am krizisma mouRo
511

cxrili 9.1 meore msoflio omisSemdgomi periodis ekonomikuri krizisebi aSS-Si

samrewvelo warmoeba

mTliani erovnuli produqti

2.4 3 1980

2.0

3.0

3.2 15 1981-1982

4.3

1.0

1969-1970

1948-1949

512

513

1990-1991

1960-1961

1973-1975

1953-1954

1957-1958

wlebi

daqveiTebis xangrZlivoba (TveebSi)

* unda SevniSnoT, rom ekonomikuri krizisebi mravalgvaria TavianTi gamovlenis formebiT. maTSi gamoiyofa, uwinares yovlisa, warmoebis saerTo daqveiTeba mTlianad erovnul meurneobaSi. maTTan erTad an calke mimdinareobs kerZo krizisebi (meurneobis romelime sferosa Tu dargSi), magaliTad, finansuri krizisi _ saxelmwifo finansebis siRrmiseulad moSla; savaluto krizisi _ erovnuli valutis gaufasureba; fulad-sakredito krizisi _ komerciuli da sabanko kreditebis mkveTrad Semcireba; agraruli krizisi _ sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gasaRebis mkveTrad Seferxeba.

12

12

15

1.2

3.5

1.1

2.4

7.0

2.6

2.0

3.0

9.1

1.4

3.5

1.5

daqveiTebis xangrZlivoba (TveebSi)

12

12

18

15

15

15

15

daqveiTebis siRrme (%)

11.9

13.2

4.4

7.4

6.0

7.5

4.3

8.1

8.1

daqveiTebis siRrme (%)

daqveiTebis wl iu ri tewmpi (%) daqveiTebis wl iu ri tewmpi (%)

bolo Laisser faire doqtrinas da ganapiroba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaZliereba. 1937-1938 wlebSi ifeTqa axalma ekonomikurma krizisma, magram meore msoflio omis dawyebam xeli SeuSala mis Semdgom gaRrmavebas. meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, marTalia, ar yofila damangreveli siZlieris ekonomikuri krizisi,* magram isini periodulad mainc `azanzarebdnen` industriul qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT aSS-s (ix. cxrili 9.1). cxrilSi asaxuli statistikuri maCveneblebi mowmobs meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis aSS-Si momxdar warmoebis 9 daqveiTebaze (krizisze). sagulisxmoa, rom XXI saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-ma gadaitana axali ekonomikuri krizisi, xolo 2003 wlidan daiwyo warmoebis aRmavlobis faza. es kidev erTxel adasturebs im WeSmaritebas, rom warmoebis perioduli daqveiTeba mxolod calkeuli qveynebis xvedri ki ar aris, sadac raRaca mizezTa gamo

6.4

7.4

3.6

9.1

5.0

6.1

8.5

8.3

8.1

erovnuli warmoebis done

warumateblad moewyo sameurneo ganviTareba, aramed is damaxasiaTebelia `ayvavebuli` saxelmwifoebisTvisac.

ekonomikuri ciklis fazebis daxasiaTeba . ekonomikur cikls, weliwadis msgavsad, aqvs

bumi a R m a v lo b a bumi a R m a v lo b a

t en d

e nc i

`droebi`: daqveiTebas cvlis aRmavloba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikuri cikli warmoadgens erovnuli ekonomikis iseT ukuqceviT-winsvliT moZraobas, romlis msvlelobaSi is gadadis erTi dapirispirebuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi _ warmoebis daqveiTebidan mis aRmavlobaSi. cikluroba (wriuli moZraobis ganmeoreba) vlindeba imaSi, rom sameurneo saqmianobaSi periodulad meordeba ganviTarebis zemoT aRniSnuli oTxi faza (momenti): 1. daqveiTeba (krizisi), 2. depresia (fskeri), 3. aRmavloba (gamococxleba) da bumi (piki) (ix. nax. 9.1). amrigad, ekonomikuri cikli aris makroekonomikis wriuli moZraoba, romelSic Tanmimdevrulad meordeba fazebi _ daqveiTeba (krizisi), depresia (fskeri), aRmavloba (gamococxleba) da bumi (piki). 9.1 naxazze warmodgenili ekonomikuri ciklis saerTo konturi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor moZraobs erovnuli ekonomika depresiidan bumamde da, piriqiT. es aris stilizebuli cikli, is Tanabaria da regularuli. aq Cven SegviZlia movnaxoT ciklis oTxive fazas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani. magram, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ekonomikuri cikli, praqtikulad, araregularulia. miuxedavad amisa, ciklebi advilad gasarCevia erTimeorisagan. es gansakuTrebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vertikalur RerZze aisaxeba ganviTarebis siswrafe da ara warmoebis done.
514

da qv ei Te ba da qv ei Te ba d e p r e si a

d e p r e si a

10

15
dro wlebSi

nax. 9.1. ekonomikuri ciklis fazebi

aseTi mdgomareoba naCvenebia 9.2 naxazze, sadac gamosaxulia saqmiani aqtivobis ciklebi iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, germaniasa da aSS-Si 1971-dan 2000 wlis CaTvliT. marTalia, es naxazi martiv suraTs ar hgavs, magram sakmaod kargad asaxavs ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da daqveiTebis monacvleobas. ekonomikis ayvavebis periodebi Sua xazis zemoTaa, xolo ekonomikur siZneleTa periodebi _ am xazis qvemoT ekonomikuri ciklis fazebs Soris arsebuli ZiriTadi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT 9.2 cxrilis mixedviT. ekonomikuri ciklis amosaval fazas, tradiciulad,
515

warmoeba

samuSao Zalis da- dasaqmebis mkveTri saqmeba Semcireba bazari (miwodebisa miwodeba da moTxovnis Tana- mniSvnelovnad fardoba) aWarbebs moTxovnas

krediti da saban- mwvave moTxovnileba sabanko sargeblis ko sargebeli kreditze, izrdeba dabali ganakveTi sabanko sargebeli

fulze moTxovnis ama- didi moTxovna sakreRleba, sabanko sargeb- dito saSualebebze, maRali sabanko sargelis zrda beli saqonelTa fasebi fasebis Semcireba fasebis dabali done sabazro fasebis amaRleba fasebis spekulaciuri zrda mogeba mogebis moculobisa mogebis dabali kapitalis momgebiano- mogebis umaRlesi norma da normis vardna norma bis amaRleba

warmoadgens daqveiTeba (krizisi) . am fazas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac realuri mSp mcirdeba zedized ori kvartlis (6 Tvis) ganmavlobaSi. saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom rodesac qveyanaSi mimdinareobs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Warbwarmoeba (miwodeba mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs moTxovnas), am momentSi ekonomikuri zrdis done da tempebi zRvrulad dasaSveb zomaze qvemoT ecema. samrewvelo da savaWro sawarmoTa didi masa kotrdeba. darCenili sawarmoebi samuSaodan iTxoven muSakebs, amcireben nedleulis moculobas, rasac mosdevs warmoebis Sekveca da umuSevrobis zrda. warmoebis Semcireba asustebs moTxovnas nedleulze. Sesabamisad, klebulobs nedleulis fasebi da mcirdeba maTi miwodeba. sazogadoebaSi irRveva sakredito kavSirebi, yvela mewarme ganicdis mwvave moTxovnlebas sakredito saSualebebze swrafad warmoqmnili valebis dasafarad da amitom mniSwliuri siCqare

516

iaponia didi b r itaneT i s af r a ng e T i g e r ma n i a aS S

cxrili 9.2 ekonomikuri ciklis fazaTa ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi

ekonomikis mdgomareoba
ci k l is fa ze bi

nax. 9.2. saqmiani aqtivobis ciklebi zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi (1971-2000 ww.)

daqveiTeba (krizisi)

depresia (fskeri) warmoebis warmoebis gaCereba moculobaTa dacema (uZraoba) umciresi dasaqmeba

aRmavloba (gamococxleba)

bumi (piki) warmoebis aRdgena kr- warmoebis krizisamdeizisiamdel donemde li donis gadameteba dasaqmebis gadideba dasaqmebis swrafi zrda miwodebisa da moTxovnis wonasworoba miwodebis zrda kri- miwodeba win uswrebs moTxovnis zrdas zisamdel donemde

517

vnelovnad izrdeba sabanko sargeblis norma. ekonomikuri daqveiTebis dros mkveTrad ecema mogebis moculoba da norma. amis winaswari mauwyebelia aqciebis kursis dacema. sxva ra mizezebic ar unda iyos, sawarmoTa da momxmarebelTa xarjebis Semcireba daqveiTebis (krizisis) dasawyiss moaswavebs. daqveiTeba mTavrdeba meore faziT _ depresiiT. depresiis periodSi ekonomika ciklis yvelaze dabal wertils (fskers ) aRwevs, sadac iqmneba pirobebi krizisidan gamosasvlelad; sawarmoTa umravlesoba arasruli simZlavriT muSaobs an, saerTod, gaCerebulia; umuSevroba maRal donezea; umniSvnelo moTxovnis gamo, izrdeba Tavisufali fuladi kapitalis moculoba da minimumamde mcirdeba sabanko sargeblis ganakveTi; saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodeba wyvets moTxovnaze gadaWarbebas, saqonlis gamoSvebis Sewyveta ki amcirebs maTs miwodebas moTxovnis donemde; ekonomikis momgebianoba imyofeba dabal doneze; mcirdeba fasebi warmoebis saSualebebze da iafdeba krediti, rac xels uwyobs gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis aRdgenas axal teqnikur da teqnologiur safuZvelze. garkveuli drois Semdeg ekonomika gajansaRebas iwyebs, Sedis ra saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis rigiT mesame _ aRmavlobis (gamococxlebis) fazaSi. aRmavlobis periodSi warmoeba da, Sesabamisad, miwodeba farTovdeba krizisamdel donemde; sasaqonlo maragebis moculoba dgindeba bazris Seuferxebeli momaragebisaTvis aucilebel doneze; iwyeba sabazro fasebis amaRleba, rac gamowveulia syidviTunariani moTxovnis gadidebiT; izrdeba samuSao Zalis dasaqmeba; izrdeba moTxovna fulad
518

kapitalze da sabanko sargeblis ganakveTi, rasac Tan mohyveba kapitalis momgebianobis donis amaRleba. aRmavlobis faza, Cveulebriv, sul cota 3 wels grZeldeba xolme. Tumca, yvelaze xangrZlivi aRmavloba aSS-is* istoriaSi 1991 wlis martSi daiwyo da 2000 wlis bolomde gagrZelda. da bolos, dgeba bumis (pikis) faza. am periodSi ekonomika yvavis: saqonlis gamoSveba aWarbebs krizisamdel dones da adgili aqvs samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis swraf zrdas; syidviTunariani moTxovnis gafarToebas mosdevs saqonelze fasebis spekulaciuri zrda; diddeba moTxovna sakredito saSualebebze da, Sesabamisad, izrdeba sabanko sargeblis ganakveTi; sagrZnoblad maRldeba warmoebis momgebianoba. amrigad, bumis dros sawarmoTa investiciebisa da momxmarebelTa xarjebis done yvelaze maRalia. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan ekonomika sruli an TiTqmis sruli datvirTviT muSaobs da saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna diddeba, izrdeba fasebic da, Sesabamisad, momgebianobac. saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis zemoT aRwerili moZraoba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia sabazro urTierTobaTa Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis adreuli periodisa da dRevandeli gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis. maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki upiratesad ti pi-

* unda SevniSnoT, rom aSS-isa da sabazro sistemis sxva saxelmwifoTa ekonomikas gamococxlebis SesaniSnavi unari axasiaTebs.

519

uria bumis faziT dawyebuli samiani aqtivobis ciklebi. ek on om i kur i cik li s T eor iu li evolucia. ciklebis warmoqmnisa da gavrcelebis erT-erT mniSvnelovani modeli dafuZnebulia im praqtikaze, rom ciklis aRmavlobis fazaSi izrdeba xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlis gayidva, xolo misi realizacia ecema ekonomikuri daqveiTebis fazaSi. es mdgomareoba gasakviri ar unda iyos, radganac maRali fasebis pirobebSi Cven SegviZlia gadavdoT axali mowyobilobis SeZena da sicocxle gavuxangrZlivoT Zvels, magram igive moqmedeba gamoricxulia sasursaTo saqonelze. ubralod, aq adamians SesaZlebloba ara aqvs ucados fasebis daklebas. bunebrivia, rom ekonomikuri ciklebis Teoriebis umetesoba gansakuTrebul mniSvnlobas aniWebs xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlisa da investiciebis rols ciklis formirebasa da ganviTarebaSi. yvelaze adreuli ekonomikuri ciklis Teoriaa naklebmoxmarebis koncefcia . igi ekonomikuri krizisebis mizezad miiCnevda mSromelTa masis siRaribes. amasTan dakavSirebiT, es Teoria amarTlebda aramwarmoebluri moxmarebis gadidebas. wvrilburJuaziuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi _ `wvrilburJuaziuli kritikosebi` (J.S.l.s. sismondi, j.a. hobsoni) am koncefcias iyenebdnen mSromelTa interesebis dasacavad. aseve mSromelTa interesebis dacvas isaxavda miznad ciklisa da ekonomikuri krizisebis marqsistuli Teoria, romelic yvelaze srulyofiladaa mocemuli
520

marqsisa da engelsis 1857-1859 da 1861-1863 wlebis ekonomikur xelnawerebSi da maT momdevno periodis SromebSi. am Teorias SeiZleba aseTi formulireba mieces: ekonomikuri cikli mocemulia 4 fazaSi _ krizisi, depresia, gacxoveleba da aRmavloba. Warbwarmoebis ekonomikuri krizisebi kapitalizmis ganuyofeli Tanamgzavria. igi vlindeba ekonomikis yvela sferoSi. krizisebis dros saqonlis Warbwarmoeba SefardebiTia da ara absoluturi. es imas niSnavs, rom saqonlis siWarbe gamowveulia mosaxleobis syidviTunariani moTxovnilebis dabali doniT da ara sazogadoebis namdvili moTxovnilebiT. SefardebiTi Warbwarmoeba, garkveuli kanonzomierebis safuZvelze, periodulad meordeba drois gansazRvrul intervalSi. marqsizmis klasikosebi ekonomikuri krizisebis warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezad miiCneven kapitalizmis ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas, romelSic maT esmodaT winaaRmdegoba warmoebis sazogadoebriv xasiaTsa da warmoebis Sedegebis miTvisebis kerZo kapitalistur formas Soris . maTi azriT, kapitalizmis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis gamo kapitalisturi warmoeba gamodis mosaxleobis syidviTunarianobis viwro sazRvrebidan. es ki iwvevs sayovelTao disproporciulobas ekonomikaSi da arRvevs erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqtis realizaciis pirobebs. bazari ufro nela farTovdeba, vidre warmoeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, im ciklSi, romelSic gaivlis kapitali Tavisi kvlavwarmoebis dros, dgeba iseTi momenti, rodesac bazari Zalze viwro aRmoCndeba warmoebisaTvis. es xdeba ciklis dasasruls. amis Sedegad iwyeba Warbwarmoebis krizisi, romlis mo521

saspobad aucilebelia misi uSualo pirveladi mizezis _ kapitalizmis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis mospoba, romelic kapitalisturi wyobilebis likvidaciiT miiRweva. aseTia kapitalisturi ekonomikis cikluri ganviTarebis marqsistuli gageba. masSi sakmaod bevria mecnieruli analizis momenti, magram kapitalisturi ekonomikis Tanamedrove ganviTareba da miRweuli done naklebad adasturebs marqsizmis klasikosebis mier aRwerili sqemis WeSmaritebas. XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi gavrcelda ciklis sakredito-fuladi koncefcia. monetaruli Teoria ekonomikur cikls akavSirebs fulisa da kreditebis zrdasa da SemcirebasTan. r.j.houtri da i.fiSeri ciklis daqveiTebis fazis warmoSobis mizezad Tvlidnen disproporciebis warmoSobas fulis masis miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris. ukve XX saukunis dasawyisSi warmoiSva ekonomikis ganviTarebis pirveli endogenuri koncefciebi. am periodSi gamoqveynda mecnieruli gamokvlevebi (tugan-baranovski, a.Spihofi g.kaseli), romlebSic cikluri meryeoba dakavSirebulia kapitalis dagrovebis siWarbis koncefciasTan. aftalionis azriT, moxmarebis sagnebis warmoebasa da ZiriTadi kpitalis dagrovebas Soris arsebobs specifikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba. igi imiT vlindeba, rom samomxmareblo moTxovnis mcire cvlilebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios wminda investiciis mniSvnelovani meryeoba (aqseleraciis princi pi). kapitalis dagroebis siWarbis sakuTari varianti wamoayena cnobilma germanelma mecnierma i.Sumpeterma, romelmac cikluri meryeoba daukavSira teqnikur
522

progress. misi mtkicebiT, ekonomikuri zrda cikluri procesia da ganpirobebulia warmoebis axali aRmoCenebis danergvis naxtomiseburi xasiaTiT. XX s aukunis 20 -ian w lebS i gamo qvey nd a n.kondratievis naSromi _ `koniunqturis didi ciklebi` (1928 w.), romelSic ekonomikuri krizisebi warmodgenilia rogorc xangrZlivi rigis ubralo koniunqturuli depresia. mis koncefciaSi ekonomikis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis Seswavlis amosaval punqtad miCneulia saqonlis fasebis dinamika da ekonomikuri ciklis periodizacia dafuZnebulia ciklis orfazian modelze. misi mtkicebiT, kapitalizmis ekonomikaSi arsebobda Semdegi `grZeli talRebi`: a) pirveli ciklis amaRlebuli talRa iwyeba XVIIXVIII saukuneebis mijnaze da grZeldeba 1810-1817 wlebamde. pirveli ciklis daqveiTebuli talRa _ 1810-1817 wlebis periodidan 1844-1851 wlebis periodamde; b) meore ciklis amaRlebuli talRa _ 1844-1851 wlebis periodidan 1870-1875 wlebis periodamde; meore ciklis daqveiTebuli talRa _ 1870-1875 wlebis periodidan 1890-1896 wlebis periodamde; g) mesame ciklis amaRlebuli talRa _ 1890-1896 wlebis periodidan 1914-1920 wlebis periodamde; mesame ciklis mosalodneli daqveiTebuli talRa _ 19141920 wlebis periodidan. XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi farTod gavrcelda `koniunqturis Teoria`, romelic cdilobda moeca kapitalisturi samyaros sameurneo ganviTarebis prognozireba. am koncefciis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia g.kaseli, romlis naSromi rusul enazec iTargmna. msoflio ekonomikuri
523

krizisis (1929-1933 ww.) Semdeg mravali ekonomisti (g.kaseli, k.zingeri, i.fiSeri) Seecada ekonomikuri krizisebis mizezebi aexsnaT fulad-sakredito faqtorebis gavleniT. ekonomikuri ciklis axsnaSi udidesi roli Seasrula keinzis naSromma _ `dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fulis zogadi Teoria`. keinzuri Teoria cikls ganixilavs rogorc erovnul Semosavals, moxmarebasa da kapitalis dagrovebas Soris moZraobis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegs. keinzur modelSi cikluri procesebi yalibdebian efeqtiani moTxovnis dinamikurobis Sedegad, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganisazRvreba moxmarebisa da kapitaldabandebis funqciebiT. am modelSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs multi plikatoris koeficienti (erovnuli produqtis zrdis damokidebuleba investiciis matebaze) da aqseleratoris koeficienti (investiciis moculobis damokidebuleba erovnuli produqtis matebaze). am Teoriis Semdgom ganviTarebas vpoulobT r.harodis, p.samuelsonis, hansenis, hiksis SromebSi. keinzianur Teorias upirispirdeba ciklis monetaruli Teoria (fridmeni), romlis Tanaxmad erovnuli Semosavlisa da ciklis dinamikaSi mTavar rols asrulebs fulis miwodebis arastabiluroba. es Teoria ekonomikur cikls akavSirebs fulis da kreditis Semcirebasa da zrdasTan. garda aRniSnuli Teoriebisa, arsebobs sxva metnaklebad mniSvnelovani Teoriebi. magaliTad, inovaciis Teoria (ekonomikis cikluri meryeoba aixsneba mniSvnelovani gamogonebis danergviT), fsiqologiuri Teoria (cikli ganixileba rogorc adamianTa pesimisturi
524

da optimisturi molodinebis urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegi), gawonasworebuli Teoria (ciklur meryeobas ganapirobebs araswori aRqma da adamianTa zedmeti Sroma), politikuri Teoria da a.S. ekonomikuri ciklis Teoriebis istoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi etapi: pirvel etapze XIX saukunis meore naxevridan 1929-1933 ww. msoflio ekonomikur krizisamde gabatonebuli iyo kapitalisturi ekonomikis TviTregulirebis idea, romlis Tanaxmad, miwodeba avtomaturad warmoSobs moTxovnas; meore etapze XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan 60-ian wlebamde gabatonda da gavrcelda ciklis keinzianuri Teoria, romelic iTvaliswinebda saxelmwifos daxmarebiT `efeqtiani moTxovnis` Seqmnas. am pirobebSi ekonomika orientirebulia moTxovnaze; mesame etapi _ 70-iani wlebidan dakavSirebulia ciklis neoklasikuri monetaruli koncefciis aRorZinebasTan: moTxovnidan yuradRebis gadatana moxda warmoebaze, romlis safuZvelze Camoyalibda miwodebis Teoria. Tanamedrove ekonomikuri cikli SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc konomikur sistemaze garegani gavlena. am midgomis magaliTia ciklebis politikuri Sinaarsi. saqme is aris, rom cikli da misi fazebi xSirad icvleba xelisuflebis arCevisa da gadarCevis ritmis Sesabamisad. es Tvalsazrisi eyrdnoba im dakvirvebas, rom makroekonomikur politikas gansazRvraven arCeuli oficialuri pirebi, romlebic ise warmarTaven ekonomikis ganviTarebas, rogorc igi Seesabameba maT politikur Sexedulebas da arCevnebSi kvlav gamarjvebas. `politikuri ciklis` Teoria Semdeg sam safuZv525

els eyrdnoba: politikosebis gankargulebaSia ekonomikis stimulirebis mniSvnelovani saSualebebi; amomrCevlebs moswonT umuSevrobis dabali done, swrafi ekonomikuri zrdisa da dabali inflaciis periodebi; politikosebs surT xelmeored gamarjveba arCevnebSi. am sami wanamZRvridan gamomdinareobs is, rom politikuri arCevnebi bevrad gansazRvravs ekonomikaze administraciis zemoqmedebis xasiaTsa da intensivobas. magaliTad, arCevnebis Semdeg damaxasiaTebelia mkacri ekonomiis SemoReba pirvel or weliwadSi. igi zrdis umuSevrobas, anelebs ekonomikis zrdis temps, magram samagierod amcirebs ekonomikaze inflaciur dawolas. es mxolod im mizniT keTdeba, rom antiinflaciuri wamlis mware gemo daaviwydeT axali arCevnebis dRisaTvis. mogvianebiT, arCevnebamde daaxloebiT erTi wliT adre, tardeba ekonomikis stimulirebis RonisZiebebi: mcirdeba gadasaxadebi, umjobesdeba socialuri daxmarebis programebi, mcirdeba kreditze sargeblis ganakveTi. yovelive es imitom keTdeba, rom saarCevno ubnebSi moqalaqeebs bumi axsovdeT da ara ekonomikuri daqveiTeba. amrigad, ekonomikuri cxovreba feTqavs politikis ritmTan erTad. am sindromis Seswavlis saukeTeso magaliTia r.niqsonis 1972 wlis ganmeorebiTi arCevnebis kampania, romelSic CarTuli aRmoCnda iseTi ekonomikuri berketebi, rogoricaa gadasaxadebis Semcireba, xelfassa da fasebze kontrolis daweseba, mimoqcevaSi fulis miwodebis gazrda, rac arCevnebamde 15 TviT adre ganxor526

cielda. meore magaliTia j.karteris 1980 wlis ganmeorebiTi arCevnebis Sedegebi. saarCevno kampaniis dros j.karteri qadagebda da axorcielebda mkacr ekonomikur politikas, romelmac mas damarcxeba moutana r.reiganTan brZolaSi. ekonomikuri ciklis Tanamedrove Teoriebi metwilad dafuZnebulia multi plikatorul-aqseleratoruli modelebis urTierTmoqmedebaze. rogorc cnobilia, saqonlis realizaciis Semcireba iwvevs investiciis aCqarebul Semcirebas. raRac wertilSi investicia aRwevs ukiduresad dabal wertils. aqseleratoris princi pis Tanaxmad, roca saqonlis realizacia swrafad ecema, investicia gaxdeba uaryofiTi, anu miviRebT deinvesticias. magram investiciis Semcirebas aqvs Tavisi sazRvari. es imas niSnavs, rom saqonlis warmoebis Semcirebasac aqvs Tavisi sazRvari. rodesac investicia maqsimalurad dabali gaxdeba, igi klebas Sewyvets, ris Semdeg mTliani kapitaldabandeba nel-nela moimatebs da daiwyeba ekonomikuri aRmavloba. axali kapitaldabandeba gamoiwvevs saqonlis warmoebis Semdgom zrdas multi plikatoris koeficientis saSualebiT. magram raRac wertilSi saqonlis warmoebis zrda daiwyebs klebas da aqseleratori iwyebs ekonomikuri aRmavlobis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas. amrigad, saxezea ekonomikuri ciklis martivi modeli . ekonomikuri ciklebis prognozireba. ekonomikuri ciklis fazebis prognozireba xelovnebac aris da mecnierebac. es imiT aixsneba, rom ekonomikuri ciklebi ar warmoadgenen warsulis meqanikur gameore527

bas. isini erTmaneTs hgvanan mxolod zogadi niSnebiT. prognozi xSirad cdeba (amindis prognozis msgavsad), magram ekonomikuri prognozirebis siZliere imiT vlindeba, rom wlidan wlamde prognozebis profesionali avtorebi ufro met warmatebas aRweven imaTTan SedarebiT, vinc naklebad ganswavlulia am saqmeSi an prognozirebis dros iyenebs aramecnierul saSualebebs (vTqvaT, rodesac ekonomikuri daqveiTebis an aRmavlobis ganWvreta dafuZnebulia mTvaris fazaTa an mzis laqebis cvlaze). koniunqturis mdgomareobisa da prognozirebis ganmsazRvrel maCvenebelTa sistema pirvelad e.w. `harvardis skolam` daamuSava da `harvardis barometris` saxeliT iyo cnobili. `harvardis skolis` mamamTavari iyo amerikeli statistikosi u.m.personi, romelmac 1919 wels gamoaqveyna statia _ `aSS-Si koniunqturis gamokvlevisa da prognzirebis meTodebis Sesaxeb`. am skolis wabaZviT mraval qveynaSi Seiqmna ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebisa da ganviTarebis prognozirebis koniunqturis institutebi. maTi prognozebi metwilad mcire Sedegs iZleoda. v.koqsi, romelmac gaanaliza `standart-stetistiqis`, `bebsonis`, `harvardis`, `brukmairis`, `mudis`, `neSnel siti benkis` prognozebis biuroTa saqmianoba, mivida im daskvnamde, rom 40 SemTxvevidan prognozi Sedegiani iyo mxolod 13 SemTxvevaSi, xolo 18 SemTxvevaSi misi Sedegi umniSvnelo iyo. 1929 wels dawyebulma ekonomikurma krizisma koniunqturis prognozebs, romlebic imave wlis Semodgomi-saTvis koniunqturis xelsayrel ganviTarebas
528

winaswarmetyvelebdnen, sastiki dartyma miayena. magram koniunqturis prognozirebis idea mTlianad ar gamqrala. meore msoflio omis wlebSi mis rols e.w. `qveynis ekonomikuri biujeti` asrulebda, romlis rogorc koncefcia, aseve saxelwodeba amerikelma ekonomistebma h.kolmim da g.enslim daamuSaves. aSS-is ekonomikuri biujeti Tavdapirvelad momavali wlis ekonomikaSi mosalodneli operaciebis gansaWvretad iyo gamiznuli. Semdeg am biujetma, rogorc prognozirebis instrumentma, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi dakarga da mxolod ganvlili sami wlis angariSebis dokumentad gadaiqca. magram zogierT qveyanaSi (safrangeTi, belgia, holandia, SvedeTi...) `qveynis ekonomikuri biujetis` koncefcia, rogorc prognizirebis instrumenti, SenaCunebul iqna. ekonomikis prognozirebis roli gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi gaizarda. 60-ian wlebSi ganviTarda grZelvadiani prognozirebis ori ZiriTadi ti pi: 1. mep-isa da xarjebis sxvadasxva modelis konstruireba, romlis wanmZRvrebi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli iyo mTavrobis safinanso politikasa da momxmarebelTa moqmedebaze; 2. mep-is erTiani modeli, romelic varaudTa erTian sistemaze iyo dafuZnebuli. aSS-Si grZelvadiani prognozis pirveli ti pi 1952 wels h.kolmim Seadgina 1961 wlisaTvis. man amosaval punqtad aSS-is 1951 wlis mep aiRo, romelic 329 mlrd dolars Seadgenda. am prognozSi navaraudevi iyo, rom didi omebis Tavidan acilebis SemTxvevaSi aSS-is mep 1961 wlisaTvis 425 mlrd dolars miaRwevda. grZelvadiani prognozis meore ti pi 1954 wels
529

Seadgina aSS-is kongresis gaerTianebuli komisiis aparatma 1965 wlisaTvis. am prognoziT mep 365 mlrd dolaridan 535 mlrd dolaramde unda gazrdiliyo. prognozis Tanaxmad, Tu saerTaSoriso da qveynis saSinao mdgomareoba mkveTrad ar Seicvleboda, qveynis mosaxleoba 160 mln kacidan 190 mln kacamde gaizrdeboda, xolo aqtiuri mosaxleoba _ 67-dan 79 mln kacamde. aqedan navaraudevi iyo, rom sami milioni kaci armiaSi imsaxurebda, 5,5 mln _ soflis meurneobaSi iqneboda dasaqmebuli, 60 mln _ kerZo arasasoflo sawarmoebSi, 7,5 mln _ samoqalaqo saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, xolo 3 milioni piri umuSevari darCeboda. navaraudevi iyo samuSao kviris xangrZlivobis 4 saaTiT Semcireba, aseve samxedro xarjebis Semcireba 52 mlrd dolaridan 40 mlrd dolaramde da a.S. faqtobrivad, zogierT muxlSi realurma cifrebma varauds gadaaWarba, zogSi ki Zalze CamorCa. amerikel ekonomistTa erTi nawili Seecada sxvadasxva faqtoris (gadaxdisunariani moTxovnileba, mosaxleobis zrdis gansazRvruli tempi, dasaqmebis done, Sromis nayofierebis gadideba...) safuZvelze daemuSavebina mep-is zrdis prognozis variantebi, romelic SeiZleba sami saxis (dabali, saSualo da maRali) iyos. prognozis _ `aSS-is resursebi momavalSi` avtorebis (p.lansbergi, l.fiSmani, J.fiSeri) TvalsazrisiT, mep-is zrdis maRal variants iZleva samuSao Zalis resursebis swrafi gadideba da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebze maRali moTxovnis arseboba. am variantis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva faqtoris urTierTdamokidebulebis saboloo suraTi aseT saxes Rebulobs: mo530

saxleobis swrafi zrda iwvevs samuSao Zalis resursebis maqsimalur gadidebas. es zrda, Tavis mxriv, mkveTrad afarToebs momxmarebelTa ricxvs, romelic maRal samxedro xarjebTan SexamebiT, warmoqmnis moTxovnis maRal dones bazarze. es ukanaskneli ki ganapirobebs Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebis maRal dones da erTi momuSavis saSualo wliuri gamomuSavebis swraf zrdas. prognozis avtorebi cdilobdnen erTdroulad gaeTvaliswinebinaT rogorc warmoebis, aseve moTxovnis tendenciebi, Tumca gadamwyvet rols moTxovnas, bazars akuTvnebdnen. prognozis avtorebi samxedro xarjebs miiCnevdnen moTxovnis maRali donis miRwevis ganuyofel nawilad da amiT samxedro xarjebis zrdas amarTlebdnen. garda amisa, am prognozSi auxsneli iyo dasaqmebis maRali done Tu ra gziT gamoiwvevda TiToeuli dasaqmebuli muSakis saSualo wliuri gamomuSavebis swraf zrdas. Tu imasac davumatebT, rom prognozSi iseTi abstraqtuli daSvebebi iyo, rogoricaa ekonomikis ukriziso ganviTareba, qveynis resursebis srulad gamoyeneba, sawarmoTa sruli datvirTva da sxv., maSin naTeli gaxdeba es prognozi ramdenad asaxavda ekonomikis msvlelobis realur process. `aSS-is resursebi momavalSi` prognozis garda aRsaniSanvia `mak grou-hilis`, erovnuli sagegmo asociaciis, j.kendrikis, erovnuli samrewvelo konferenciis sabWos da stenfordis kvleviTi institutis prognozebi. ekonomikuri prognozirebis aTeulobiT meToduri xerxi da saSualeba arsebobs, romelnic pirobiTad sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: saeqsperto Sefaseba, eqstrapo531

lacia da maTematikuri modelireba. saeqsperto Sefasebis yvelaze cnobili meTodia e.w. `delfos meTodi` , romelic daamuSaves `rend korporeiSenis` (aSS) TanamSromlebma. konkretul problemaze damoukidebeli msjelobis safuZvelze igi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT avtoritetul eqspertTa `gansaSualebuli` Sexeduleba. am meTods, SemqmnelTa azriT, miuxedavad garegnuli simartivisa, mravali upiratesoba aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, gamokiTxva xdeba farulad, sajaro diskusiis gareSe, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli aRiarebuli avtoritetebis zegavlena da zogierTi monawilis midrekileba miemxros umravlesobis azrs. meore mxriv, delfos meTodiT miRebuli Sedegebi calkeuli mecnieris `gabrwyineba` ki ar aris, aramed, garkveuli zomiT, koleqtiuri gonebis nayofia. da mainc, es meTodi, miRebuli prognozis saimedobis TvalsazrisiT, arasrulyofilia. delfos meTodis mimarT uaryofiTi pozicia daikava `sistem divelopment korporeiSnis` direqtorma dagegmvis xaziT h.ozbekxanma. misi mtkicebiT, es meTodi ufro metad hi poTezur monacemebs iZleva. ozbekxani met upiratesobas aZlevs logikuri eqstrapolaciis meTods, romelsac igi miCnevs am hi poTezis damtkicebis saSualebad. eqstrapolacia arsebuli tendenciebis azrobrivad ganviTareba, anu gaangariSebaa. eqstrapolaciaze agebuli prognozebi im daSvebidan gamomdinareobs, rom warsulSi arsebuli damokidebuleba Tavis mniSvnelobas momavalSic SeinarCunebs. prognozirebis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul me532

Todad modelireba iTvleba. igi yoveli seriozuli prognozis Semadgeneli nawilia. sxva sityvebiT, yvela prognozi arsebiTad eqstrapolaciiT iwyeba da yovelTvis prognozuli modelis agebiT mTavrdeba. amave dros, modelireba Zalze Zvirad Rirebuli samuSaocaa. amerikeli specialistebis monacemebiT, socialur-ekonomikuri an samxedro-politikuri procesebis sruli masStabis modelis ageba moiTxovs dros oridan eqvs wlamde, xolo masze daxarjuli saxsrebi 25 aTasi dolaridan 2500 aTas dolaramde meryeobs. ganasxvaveben ori ti pis ekonometrikul models: 1. makroekonomikursa da 2. `danaxarjebisa da produqciis gamoSvebisa` (leontieviseuli). ekonomikuri prognozirebis sferoSi orive meTodi gamoiyeneba. Tanamedrove ekonometrikaSi uamravi ekonomikuri modeli muSavdeba. am dargis fuZemdeblad iTvleba i.tinbergeni, Semdeg moixsenieba kalceki, k.klarki, harodi, hudvini, kleini, h.domari, hiksi...; am saxis modelebs xSirad `evristikul modelebs` uwodeben. maTi mizania ekonomikuri rxevebis (`fluqtaciis`) gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla, praqtikuli amocana ki _ ekonomikuri prognozirebis ganxorcieleba. prognozirebis intuiciur (`delfos meTodi`), eqstrapolaciur Tu ekonometrikul modelebs Soris Cinuri kedeli ar aris aRmarTuli. prognozirebis dros yvela es meTodi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli da urTierTgadaxlarTuli. amis gamo prognozirebis sferoSi gamokvlevis gafarToebam wamoayena prognozirebis sxvadasxva meTodis koordinaciis aucilebloba saxelmwifo masStabiT. aseTi funqcia dakisrebuli aqvs,
533

magaliTad, 1964 wels aSS-is kongresis mier Seqmnil avtomatizaciis, teqnikuri da ekonomikuri progresis erovnul komisias. Tanamedrove pirobebSi ekonomikuri ciklis prognozebi mraval maCvenebelzea dafuZnebuli. ekonomika Sevida kompiuterebisa da ufro zusti statistikis epoqaSi. es SesaZleblobas iZleva Seiqmnas farTomasStabiani makroekonomikuri modelebi. nobelis premiis laureatis holandieli ian tinbergenis kvlevis wyalobiT Cvens xelTaa mravali makroekonomikuri modeli. ekonomikuri modelebis dargSi warmatebisaTvis nobelis premia miiRo (1980 w.) `vartonis skolis` warmomadgenelma lorens klainma, romelmac prognozirebis ramdenime sistema Seqmna. farTomasStabiani modelis Semqmnelebi Cveulebriv iwyeben analitikuri sqemebiT, gantolebebiT, romlebic warmoadgenen rogorc erTobliv, moTxovnas, aseve erTobliv miwodebas. Tanamedrove ekonometrikis gamoyenebiT TiToeuli gantoleba miesadageba statistikur monacemebs parametruli Sefasebis misaRebad. cxadia, rom kvlevis yovel safexurze avtorebi sakuTar gamocdilebas da gansjas eyrdnobian. sabolood, mTeli `modeli` Seikvreba da amoqmeddeba rogorc gantolebaTa sistema, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ekonomikuri momavlis gansaWvretad. gansazRvruli warmatebebis miuxedavad, jer-jerobiT, prognozebis SesaZleblobas aRemateba yvela maCveneblis mixedviT ekonomikis perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis sworad gansazRvra. marTlac, ra guldasmiTac ar unda warmoebdes gaangariSeba, misi Sedegebis sizuste, uwinares
534

yovlisa, zogadi ekonomikuri da politikuri pirobebis varaudis daSvebis sisworezea damokidebuli. garda amisa, am Sedegebis sizuste ganpirobebulia mTavrobisa da kerZo seqtoris politikaze, romelic mocemul periodSi, gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, xorcieldeba. es pirobebi ar SeiZleba mecnieruli dasabuTebulobiT dadgindes, ramdenadac isini mravalricxovan faqtorzea damokidebuli, romelTagan zogierTi SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs da ar SeiZleba winaswar iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. yovel SemTxveviT movlenas SeuZlia `gadaayiravos` sakmaod dasabuTebuli prognozi. aseTi faqtebis raodenobis CamoTvlisas istoria ar Zunwobs. magaliTad, 1937 wels aSS-is erovnuli resursebis komitetis iniciativiT Seqmnilma komisiam, romlis SemadgenlobaSi cnobili mecnierebi Sediodnen, Seadgina prognozi 1970 wlisaTvis. am prognozSi `daviwyebuli`! iyo: eleqtro-gamomTvleli manqanebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, atomuri birTvis gaxleCa, radiolokaciuri danadgarebis, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis, raketis, tranzistorebis... Seqmna, romlebic Tanamedrove samecnieroteqnikuri progresis gansaxierebaa. aseve araswori aRmoCnda xangrZlivi periodis prognozebis umravlesoba, romelic aSS-is ekonomistebma meore msoflio omis dasasruls SeimuSaves. prognozistebi moelodnen samxedro xarjebis mkveTr Semcirebas, samoqalaqo warmoebis gafarToebis Seferxebas, umuSevarTa armiis mkveTr gadidebas, deflaciis procesis gaZlierebas da erovnuli Semosavlis Semcirebas. sinamdvileSi, sapirispiro mdgomareoba Camoyalibda. am viTarebam ekonomikur mecnierebaSi prognozirebis mimarT pesimisturi ganwyo535

bileba gaaRrmava. yovelive aRniSnuli mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom prognozireba metad rTuli procesia . prognozebis aradamakmayofilebelma xarisxma Caaqro maTdami adre arsebuli enTuziazmi. marTlac, 1973-1975 da 1980-1982 wlebSi metad didi iyo gansxvaveba prognozul Sefasebasa da faqtobriv monacemebs Soris. saxelmwifo organoebSi, biznessa da mecnierul wreebSi mixvdnen, rom SeuZlebelia Seiqmnas iseTi zusti da saimedo prognozi, romelzedac SeiZleba dafuZndes konkretuli gadawyvetileba. 80-iani wlebis prognozebi Zalze pesimisturad gamoiyureboda. es imiT aixsneba, rom 70-ianma wlebma datova mZime ekonomikuri memkvidreoba. prognozirebis siZneleebs nawilobriv xsnida ramdenime scenaris damuSaveba, romelic saSualebas iZleoda prognozebSi gaTvaliswinebuliyo Znelad ganWvretadi garegani faqtorebi, Tvisebrivad da raodenobrivad Sefasebuliyo esa Tu is ekonomikuri faqtori. magaliTad, rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis msoflio bankis prognoziT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi mep-is saSualo wliuri zrdis pesimisturi varianti Sefasda 3,5%-iT, bazisuri _ 4,2%iT, xolo 4,9%-iT _ optimisturi varianti. 80-iani wlebis realiebTan yvelaze axlos aRmoCnda msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis vrceli kompleqsuri prognozi, romelic damuSavda nobelis premiis laureatis v.leontievis xelmZRvanelobiT jer kidev 70-ani wlebis dasawyisSi (ix. cxrili 9.3). prognozebi 1991-1992 wlebisaTvis, romlebic Seiqmna 1990 wlis Semodgoma-zamTarSi, damuSavda ekonomikuri
536

cxrili 9.3 eTgo-s wevri qveynebis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis matebis saSualo-wliuri tempebi (%)
faqtobrivad
w w 19 . 80 81 w w 199 . 0

maCveneblebi
19

mep saxelmwifo xarjebi mosaxleobis samomxmareblo xarji mTliani kapitaldabandeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi

3.3 2.8 3.5

19

leontievis prognozi 19811990 wlebSi (bazisuri scenari) 4.1 3.7 4.0

71

2.9 2.3 2.9

2.8

3.5

4.7

7.5

5.4

6.9

5.2

5.8

6.3

da politikuri situaciebis globaluri cvlilebebis fonze. prognozebis sxvadasxva scenaris damuSavebas sababi misca sparseTis yureSi krizisis alternatiulma gadaWram, erTiani germaniis ganviTarebis gzebma, sabazro ekonomikaze centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis gadasvlis procesebma, xolo ufro Soreul perspeqtivaSi _ erTiani evropuli bazris Seqmnam.
537

CamoTvlili faqtorebidan yvelaze aqtualuri problema gaxda krizisi, xolo Semdeg saomari moqmedeba sparseTis yureSi, romelmac gamoiwvia msoflio ekonomikis zrdis tempis daqveiTeba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg Seqmnili prognozebi sruli zomiT iTvaliswinebs Secvlil msoflio ekonomikur situacias. kerZod, sxvadasxva moklevadian prognozSi gadafasda ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi (Semcirebis mimarTulebiT). magaliTad, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (ssf) mier 1990 wlis seqtemberSi damuSavebul prognozSi eTgo-s wevri qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis tempi 1991 wlisaTvis Sefasebuli iyo 2,4%-iT, nacvlad 2,9%-isa maisSi damuSavebul prognozSi. 90-iani wlebis umravles prognozSi sworad aRiniSna ZiriTadi ekonomikuri tendenciebi (msoflio meurneobis globaluri struqturuli gardaqmna, daZabulobis gaZliereba sagareo bazarze, inflaciasTan brZola Siga moTxovnis SezRudvis gziT...). prognozebis Seswavla da realur mdgomareobasTan maTi Sepirispireba gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze sarwmunoa modelebze agebuli saqmiani aqtivobis ganWvreta. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis saSualo an didmasStabur kompiuterul modelebze, romlebic eyrdnobian mravalricxovan statistikur monacemebs. bolodroindeli prognozebi yvelaze sarwmuno iyo realuri mep-is cvlilebis varaudSi, xolo naklebad sarwmuno _ inflaciis zrdis tempis winaswarmetyvelebaSi. da bolos, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom swor prognozirebasac SeuZlia gamoiwvios arajansaRi movlenebi. magaliTad, prognozebis gamoyenebas sabazro procesebSi
538

Sehyavs spekulaciuri da kontrspekulaciuri elementebi, romlebic garkveul zemoqmedebas axdenen bazris mdgomareobaze da, saboloo angarSiT, SeuZliaT prognozebis moqmedebis Sewyveta. sakiTxis aseTi dayeneba srulebiTac ar niSnavs ekonomikuri prognozebis Seufaseblobas. prognozebi saSualebas iZleva, met-naklebi zomiT, ukeT gaverkveT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivaSi, mis ZiriTad tendenciebsa da mimarTulebebSi. ekonomikis ganviTarebis tendenciebis gamosavlenad, misi momavlis zusti prognozirebisa da ukeTesi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saxelmwifos oficialuri pirebi, sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi da ekonomistebi agroveben da aanalizeben informacias ekonomikuri aqtivobis ZiriTadi indikatorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sam jgufad iyofa: dawinaurebul, damTxvevis da dagvianebul indikatorebad. dawinaurebuli ekonomikuri indikatorebi mimarTulebas icvlis ekonomikaSi mosaxden mniSvnelovan cvlilebebamde sul ramdenime kviriT an TviT adre. es indikatorebi ekonomikuri daqveiTebisa da aRmavlobis adreul niSnebs gviCvenebs, maTi moZraobis dinamikidan gamomdinare: `zemoT` miemarTebian daqveiTebis dasrulebis win da `qvemoT` _ rodesac ekonomikuri aRmavloba dasasruls uaxlovdeba. damTxvevis ekonomikuri indikatorebi zustad mihyveba saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis yvela aRmasvlasa da daqveiTebas. isini naTlad migvaniSneben, Tu sad imyofeba ekonomika drois mocemul momentSi. dagvianebuli ekonomikuri indikatorebi kurss
539

icvlis ukve ekonomikaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg. indikatorTa samive jgufis Seswavla ekonomikuri movlenebis yvelaze zust suraTs iZleva. magram, vinaidan mTavrobisa da sawarmoTa liderebi yvelaze metad samomavlo moqmedebaTa dagegmviT arian dainteresebulni, maTi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans dawinaurebuli indikatorebi warmoadgens. sul 10 aseTi indikatori arsebobs da dawinaurebuli indikatorebis indeqsi maTematikurad aerTianebs maT erTian maCveneblad. qvemoT motanilia dawinaurebul indikatorTa CamonaTvali: sawarmoo samuSao saaTebi (Manufacturing Labor Hours) _ kviraSi namuSevari saaTebis saSualo raodenoba; ganacxadebi umuSevrobaze (Unemployment Claims) _ kviraSi umuSevrobis sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gadaxdaze gakeTebul ganacxadTa raodenoba; xangrZlivi moxmarebis axali saqonlis SekveTebi (New Durable Goods Orders)_ samrewvelo samomxmareblo saqonlisa da masalebis SekveTebi; dagvianebuli miwodebebi (Delayed deliveries) _ im firmebis procentuli wili, romelTac SekveTebi dagvianebiT miewodaT; axali Senoba-nagebobebi da mowyobiloba (New Plants and Equipment) _ Senoba-nagebobebTan da mowyobilobasTan dakavSirebuli kontraqtebi da SekveTebi; mSeneblobis nebarTvebi (Building Permits) _ Tvis ganmavlobaSi gacemuli mSeneblobis nebarTvebis jamuri raodenoba; aqciaTa kursebi (Stock Prices, Standard & Poors 500) _ 500 Cveulebrivi aqciis kursi;
540

fulis masa (Money Supply ) _ M2-is saSualo yovelTviuri maCvenebeli; gansxvaveba saprocento ganakveTebs Soris (Interest Rate Spread) _ 10-wliani saxelmwifo obligaciebi; momxmarebelTa molodinis indeqsi (Index of Consumer Expectations) _ asaxavs momxmarebelTa damokidebulebas momavali ekonomikuri pirobebisadmi. mTelma im informacim, romelsac es da sxva indikatorebi iZleva, SeiZleba gafiqrebinoT, rom ekonomistebs zustad SeuZliaT momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. magram es maCveneblebi ekonomikis mxolod erT nawils asaxavs _ iseve, rogorc Tqvens niSnebs ar SeuZlia Tqveni inteleqtis, unarisa da SesaZleblobaTa srulad Sefaseba. magaliTad: sawarmoo samuSao saaTebi ar Seicavs informacias momsaxurebis sferos Sesaxeb. marTlac, dawinaurebuli indikatorebis umetesoba martooden warmoebis Sesaxeb informaciaze amaxvilebs ZiriTad yuradRebas; aqciaTa kursebi da M2 arcTu iSviaTad cvalebadi da arasaimedo maCveneblebia. `87 wlis kraxi` cru gangaSi gamodga. M2-ma 1980 wlis mcire recesia iwinaswarmetyvela, magram ver SeZlo 1981-1982 wlebis ufro seriozuli recesiis prognozireba; gamoricxuli ar aris Secdomebi. 1991 wlis pirvel kvartalSi aSS-is Sromis saministrom umuSevarTa raodenoba 650000 kaciT naklebi aRricxa. amis Sedegad, mTavrobaSi gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebebma sworad ver Seafases recesiis seriozuloba, ramac daayovna im gadawyvetilebaTa miReba, romelTac ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba SeeZloT;
541

saukeTeso ekonomikur indikatorebsac ki ar ZaluZT omebisa da Cvens ekonomikasa Tu msoflioSi momxdari moulodneli movlenebis winaswar ganWvreta. magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omma Zlieri gavlena moaxdina navTobis fasebze, rasac verc erTi ekonomikuri indikatori ver iwinaswarmetyvelebda. ekonomikuri indikatorebis zemoT aRniSnul naklovanebaTa gamo, amJamad ekonomistebi ekonomikis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis Sesagrovebeli ukeTesi sistemis SemuSavebaze muSaoben.

leqcia 26. umuSevroba da dasaqmebis regulireba

`gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sruli an daaxloebiT sruli dasaqmeba iSviaTi da swrafwarmavali movlenaa~.
j.m.keinzi

` adam ianTa um ravles obisaTvis samuSaos dakargva cxovrebis donis daqveiTebas aRniSnavs da maT seriozul fsiqologiur dartymas ayenebs. amitom gasakviri araa, rom umuSevroba politikuri diskusiis sagnad iqca.~
gr.menqiu

axla ganvixilavT cvlilebebs samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis sferoSi, romelic asaxavs gadasvlas erTi dapirispirebulidan meorisaken: umuSevrobidan dasaqmebisaken da, piriqiT.
umuSevrobis arsi da zogadi tendenciebi. umuSevroba sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri problema da makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabilurobis ZiriTadi indikatoria, romlis dros Sromisunariani mosaxleobis erTi nawili ver poulobs samuSaos, iqceva `Warb`
542 543

mosaxleobad da qmnis Sromis sarezervo armias. umuSevroba, rogorc socialuri movlena, gansakuTrebiT farTod gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi, XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi ki gaxda mravali qveynis ekonomikuri Tanamgzavri. evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, avstraliasa da mraval ganuviTarebel qveyanaSi umuSevrobis problema gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, ramdenadac msoflioSi daiwyo 30-iani wlebis droindeli didi depresiis msgavsi udidesi daqveiTeba, magram Semdeg, rodesac msoflio ekonomika gamovida depresiuli mdgomareobidan, 80-iani wlebis meore naxevris ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneboda stabiluri ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis donis Semcireba, Tumca umuSevrobis done amaRlda, rodesac 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kvlav aRiniSna ekonomikuri daqveiTeba. im zomiT, rogoriTac msofliom nel-nela daaRwia Tavi ekonomikur daqveiTebas 90-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi, umuSevrobis donemac kvlav daiwyo Semcireba. qvemoT motanil 9.3 naxazze naCvenebia umuSevrobis donis aRniSnuli cikluri moZraoba zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. umuSevrobis donis meryeobis paralelurad, mraval qveyanaSi umuSevrobis saSualo done ekonomikuri ciklidan ciklamde izrdeba. es ilustrirebulia 9.4 cxrilSi, romelic gviCvenebs umuSevrobis saSualo dones did britaneTSi, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciasa (eTgo) da evropis kavSirSi oTxi ekonomikuri ciklis ganmavlobaSi. umuSevrobis saSualo done 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi iyo ufro maRali, vidre 70-ian wlebSi, xolo umuSevrobis saSualo done 70-ian wlebSi, Tavis mxriv, iyo maRali, vidre 50-ian da
544

umuSevroba (%)

ia po ni a britaneTi safrangeTi

germania aSS eTgo

nax. 9.3. umuSevrobis done zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi (1970-2000 ww.)

60-ian wlebSi. zogierT iseT qveyanaSi ki, rogoricaa aSS da didi britaneTi 90-iani wlebis bolos da 2000iani wlebis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis done Semcirda. Tanamedrove pirobebSi umuSevroba qronikul xasiaTes atarebs da metad mwvave problemaa saqarTvelosaTvis. Sinameurneobebis SerCeviT gamokvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT 2003 wels umuSevarTa raodenoba 235,9 aTasi, xolo umuSevrobis done 12% iyo. amave wels registrirebul umuSevarTa raodenoba Seadgenda 45,9 aTass da umuSevrobis done 2,1%-s, Tumca cxadia, rom orive monacemi ararealuria. Tundac is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi da sxva postsabWour qveynebSi umuSevrobis done odnav aRemateba an naklebia evrokavSiris qveynebSi arsebul umuSevrobis doneze (ix. cxrili 9.5), miuTiTebs, rom statistikuri monacemebi umuSevrobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi miaxloebiTac ver asaxavs arsebul mdgomareobas. si545

cxrili 9.4 umuSevrobis saSualo done ekonomikuri ciklebis ganmavlobaSi (%)

periodi 1964-1973 1974-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 di di britaneTi 3.0 5.0 10.0 8.4 evrokavSiri 2.7 4.7 9.3 10.3 eTgo 3.0 4.9 7.3 7.2

cxrili 9.5 umuSevrobis done yofili sabWoTa kavSiris zogierT qveyanasa da evrokavSirSi 1997-2003 ww.
(Sr om is s a erT a Sori s o or ga niz a ciis k rit eriu m iT )

qveyana saqarTvelo azerbaijani belorusia moldova ruseTi somxeTi ukraina estoneTi latvia litva evrokavSiris qveynebi: 15 qveyana 25 qveyana

1997 1998 8 1 3 _ 12 11 9 10 _ _ 15 1 2 9 13 9 11 9 14 13

1999 2000 14 1 2 11 13 12 12 11 14 14 10 1 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 16

2001 11 1 2 7 9 10 11 12 13 16

2002 13 1 3 7 9 11 10 10 13 14

2003 12 1 3 8 8 10 9 10 11 13

namdvileSi, umuSevrobis mdgomareoba gacilebiT ufro rTulia. umuSevrobis maRali norma, ekonomikuri gagebiT , aris resursebis nawilobrivi gamoyeneba, naklebi produqciis warmoeba da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis dabali Semosavali. politikuri gagebiT , umuSevroba miCneulia `socialur dinamitad`, romelic SeiZleba yovel wams afeTqdes da daemuqros arsebul ekonomikur sistemas. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT , umuSevroba badebs arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss. samuSaos dakargva iseTi fsiqologiuri travmaa, romelic axloblis dakargviT gamowveul stress Tu Seedreba. igi amwvavebs ojaxur urTierTobas da sazogadoebaSi emociur daZabulobas aRrmavebs. samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT , umuSevroba konstituciuri moTxovnis darRvevaa. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxi kargavs marCenals. saboloo angariSSi, izrdeba kriminalur danaSaulTa ricxvi.
546

10 10

9 9

9 9

8 9

7 9

8 9

8 9

umuSevrobis arsSi ufro Rrmad Casawvdomad saWiroa, jer erTi, davazustod TviT cneba `umuSevari` da meorec, movniSnoT umuSevrebis kuTvnili adgili mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur struqturaSi.* amisaTvis qvey-

* SesaZloa zogierTma studentma gauswros movlenebs da, garegnuli msgavsebidan gamomdinare, umuSevrebi miakuTvnos ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvs, rac, ra Tqma unda, arasworia.

547

nis mosaxleobas, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Sso) mier miRebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT, yofen or did jgufad: 1. ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleoba da 2. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba. ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobas miekuTvnebian qveynis is mcxovrebni, romlebic ar Sedian samuSao Zalis (muSaobisaTvis mzadmyofi Sromisunariani mosaxleobis) SemadgenlobaSi.* ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas Seadgens Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis** nawili, romelic samuSao Zalas sTavazobs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis. amitom igi xSirad samuSao Zaladaa wodebuli. ufro konkretulad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) moicavs fiqsirebuli asakis (16 da meti wlis) orive sqesis ekonomikuri saqmiano-

biT* dasaqmebul da umuSevar mosaxleobas. maSasadame, samuSao Zala gaiangariSeba dasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa raodenobis SejamebiT. qveynis mosaxleobis aRniSnuli struqturidan gamomdinare, ganisazRvreba mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done _ ekonomikurad aqtiur adamianTa wili Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi. rogorc 9.6 cxrilidan Cans, saqarTveloSi 2003 wels mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done iyo 66%, rac ar CamorCeba evrokavSiris qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebs (saSualod 69%). Tumca, mosaxleobis maRali ekonomikuri aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi ar aisaxeba efeqtian dasaqmebaSi da garkveulwilad cxovrebis dabali doniTa da Semosavlebis simwiriT aris gamowveuli. aRniSnuls adasturebs is, rom saqarTveloSi uCveulod maRali ekonomikuri aqtivobis done aqvT sapensio asaks gadac-

* ufro konkretulad, ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian: a) dRis saswavlo dawesebulebaTa moswavleebi da studentebi, romlebic mxolod swavliT arian dakavebulni; b) pensionerebi (moxucebulobiTa da sxva safuZvelze), romlebic ar eZeben samuSaos; g) saojaxo meurneobis warmmarTveli pirebi (maT Soris, bavSvebis, avadmyofebis da a.S. momvlelebi); d) isini, visac ar SeuZlia samoSaos moZebna; e) pirebi, romlebisTvisac aucilebeli ar aris muSaoba (maTi Semosavlis wyaroebisagan damoukideblad). ** Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba aris kanoniT dadgenili Sromis asakis mosaxleoba (saqarTveloSi 16-64 wlis kacebi da 16-59 wlis qalebi).

* ekonomikuri saqmianoba moicavs sabazro warmoebas da arasabazro warmoebas. sabazro warmoeba, Tavis mxriv, moicavs saqmianobas fabrikebSi, qarxnebSi, fermebSi, maRaziebsa da saojaxo sawarmoebSi, sadac iwarmoeba saqoneli da momsaxureba SemdgomSi bazarze gasayidad. sabazro warmoeba moicavs agreTve saqmianobas saxelmwifo da sxva socialur da kulturul dawesebulebebSi, romelTa produqciac SeiZleba ar iyos gayiduli bazarze. arasabazro warmoeba ki moicavs saqmianobis Semdeg oTx jgufs: 1. sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis pirveladi produqciis warmoeba; 2. sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis pirveladi produqciis gadamuSaveba TviTon mewarmeTa mier; 3. sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis ZiriTadi fondebis warmoeba; 4. sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis arapirveladi produqtebis warmoeba, romelic SeiZleba gatanili iqnes agreTve bazarze gasayidad.

548

549

cxrili 9.6 ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba da ekonomikuri aqtivobis done msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi
qveyana weli ekonomikurad aqtiuri ekonomikuri mosaxleobis aqtivobis ricxovnoba, aTasi kaci done, % 140863 67660 711830 71919 2050 51 53 57 50 66

aSS iaponia CineTi ruseTi saqarTvelo evrokavSiris qveynebi (25 qveyana)

2000 2000 2000 2002 2003

2003

69

ilebul moqalaqeebs. magaliTad, 65 wels gadacilebul mamakacTa daaxloebiT 57% da qalTa 41% ekonomikurad aqtiuria, rac daaxloebiT 12-jer aRemateba evrokavSiris qveynebSi mamakacTa da 20-jer qalTa analogiur maCveneblebs. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or jgufad: dasaqmebulebi _ is adamianebi, romlebic miekuTvnebian Semdeg kategorias: a) daqiravebulebi; b) TviTdasaqmebulebi; umuSevrebi _ is adamianebi, romlebic asakobrivad miekuTvnebian ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvs, ar ewevian ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad arian
550

muSaobis dasawyebad da eZeben samuSaos. sadReisod, dasavleTis qveynebSic ki ar arsebobs dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis zusti aRricxva. calkeuli qveynebis monacemebi dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis sidideze erTimeorisagan gansxvavdeba informaciis wyaroebiT, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis aRicxvisa da damuSavebis meTodebiT. ufro metic, zogierT qveyanaSi dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis aRricxvis ramdenime organo arsebobs (magaliTad, aSS-Si _ Sromis saministro, Sromis statistikis biuro...). amasTan dakavSirebiT gaZnelebulia erTi qveynis monacemebis Sepirispireba meoresTan. amrigad, kiTxvaze imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin aris dasaqmebuli (da ra formiT) Tu umuSevari, pasuxi mravalgvaria. yvela gansazRvrebidan klasikuria Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Sso) definicia, romlis Tanxmad: dasaqmebulad (daqiravebulad an TviTdasaqmebulad) iTvleba 16 wlis da meti asakis piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi minimum erTi saaTiT mainc iyo dakavebuli ekonomikuri samianobiT. daqiravebulad (rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo seqtorSi) iTvleba piri, romelic gamosakvlev periodSi asrulebda gansazRvrul samuSaos xelfasis an sxva saxis anazRaurebis (fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT. agreTve piri, romelsac aqvs samuSao adgili, magram droebiT ar muSaobs SvebulebaSi yofnis, avdmyofobis, samuSaodan droebiT daTxovnis an msgavsi mizezebis gamo. TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba mesakuTre, romlis saqmianobis mizans gamosakvlev periodSi warmoadgens mogebis an ojaxuri Semosavlis (fuliT an naturiT)
551

miReba; agreTve ojaxur sawarmoSi an meurneobaSi usasyidlod momuSave piri (ojaxis damxmare piri, romelic anazRaurebis gareSe muSaobs naTesavis mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoSi an SinameurneobaSi). umuSevrad iTvleba 16 wlis da meti asakis anu samuSao asakSi myofi Sromisunariani piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar aris dakavebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobiT (erTi saaTiTac ki), bolo oTxi kviris ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos da Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas. es aris umuSevrobis gansazRvra mkacri kriteriumiT . Sso-is rekomendaciis safuZvelze umuSevrobis maCvenebels gansazRvraven agreTve e.w. Serbilebuli kriteriumiTac. am kriteriumiT umuSevrad iTvleba 16 wlis da meti asakis, anu samuSao asakSi myofi Sromisunariani piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar aris dakavebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobiT (erTi saaTiTac ki), bolo oTxi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eZebs samuSaos, radgan gadaewura Sovnis imedi, magram misi Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas. registrirebul umuSevrad ki iTvleba 16 wlis da meti asakis piri, romelsac ara aqvs samuSao da xelfasi (SromiTi Semosavali), cxovrobs saqarTvelos teritoriaze, registrireblia dasaqmebis samsaxurSi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT samuSaos Sovnis mizniT da Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas. saqarTveloSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dinamikasa da struqturaze naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis 9.7 cxrilSi motanili monacemebi, romlebic moicavs saqarTvelos statistikis departamentisa da didi
552

britaneTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos erToblivi proeqtis (`socialuri statistikis srulyofa saqarTveloSi`) farglebSi samuSao Zalis SerCeviTi kvlevis (1998-1999 ww.), Sinameurneobebis biujetebis SerCeviTi kvlevis (2000-2001 ww.) da Sinameurneobebis biujetebisa da samuSao Zalis integrirebuli formiT Catarebuli kvlevis (2002-2003 ww.) safuZvelze mopovebul zogad informacias. rogorc cnobilia, qveynis mudmivi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2002 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebTan SedarebiT, Semcirda 19%-iT da 4371,5 aTasi kaciT dafiqsirda. mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi, wina aRwerasTan SedarebiT, Semcirebulia Sromisunarian asakze ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wili (1989 wlis 26,3%-dan 21,0%-mde 2002 wels), gazrdilia Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis wili (1989 wlis 56,3%-dan 64,0%-mde 2002 wels)* da Sesabamisad, _ 16 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobis wili (1989 wlis 73,7%-dan 79,0%-mde 2002 wels). 9.7 cxrilSi motanili monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2003 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis raodenoba Semcirda daaxloebiT 3,0%-iT da 2049,6 aTasi kaci Seadgina. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis saSualo asaki 44 wels Seadgens, ekonomi-

* am movlenis ZiriTadi mizezia qveyanaSi Sromis asakis gazrda, Sesabamisad, qalebis _ 55-dan 60 wlamde da kacebis _ 60-dan 65 wlamde.

553

cxrili 9.7 ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dinamika da struqtura saqarTveloSi (1998-2003 ww.)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
aTasi kaci

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala), sul 2025.8 2009.5 2051.6 2113.3 2104.1 2049.6 maT Soris: dasaqmebulebi 1742.1 1732.6 1839.3 1877.7 1839.2 1813.7 aqedan: daqiravebulebi TviTdasaqmebulebi umuSevrebi* ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul maT Soris: dasaqmebulebi aqedan: daqiravebulebi TvTdasaqmebulebi umuSevrobis done* 747.6 969.6 294.7 731.5 684.3 654.3 650.9 618.4 982.8 1042.9 1135.9 1184.9 1195.3 276.9 212.2 235.6 265.0 235.9
procentobiT jamTan

100

100

100

100

100

100

85.5

86.2

89.7

88.9

87.4

88.5

36.9 47.8 14.5

36.4 48.9 13.8

33.4 50.8 10.3

31.0 53.8 11.1

30.9 56.3 12.6

30.2 58.3 11.5

* Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumis mixedviT.

kurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis yoveli mesame piri 50 welze meti asakisaa. es tendencia 1998-2003 wlebSi stabiluria da sagrZnoblad ar Secvlila. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis yvelaze maRali done aRiniSna 2003 wels (66,0%). mosaxleoba ufro aqtiuria soflad; ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis TiTqmis 60% soflad cxovrobs da 40%-ze odnav meti 50 wlis da meti asakisaa. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba dasaqmebis statusis mixedviT gviCvenebs, rom maTi didi nawili _ 88,5% dasaqmebulia, xolo 11,5% _ umuSevaria. unda aRiniSnos, rom qveyanaSi 1998-2003 wlebSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba 4,8%-iT gaizarda da 1813,7 aTasi kaci Seadgina. dasaqmebulTa zrdis saSualo wliurma tempma 1,0% Seadgina. asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT, yvelaze maRali wili dasaqmebulebSi 65 da meti wlis asakobriv jgufze modis. dasaqmebis statusis mixedviT dasaqmebulTa 30,2% daqiravebuli SromiTaa dasaqmebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1998-2003 wlebSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba mcirdeba; 2003 wels, 1998 welTan SedarebiT, maTi ricxovnoba 17,3%-iT Semcirda, anu saSualod weliwadSi 3,5%-iT mcirdeboda. amave periodSi TviTdasaqmebiT dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba 23,3%-iT gaizarda, anu saSualod weliwadSi 4,7%iT izrdeboda. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa didi nawili TviTdasaqmebuli gaxda. umuSevarTa ricxovnoba 2003 wels 20%-iT Semcirda 1998 welTan SedarebiT, anu saSualod weliwadSi 4,0%-iT mcirdeboda. Tumca, es maCvenebeli kvlav maRalia (235,9 aTas kaci). umuSevrebis saSualo asaki
555

554

1998 welTan SedarebiT 2003 wels Semcirda 0,7 procentuli punqtiT da 36 weli Seadgina. umuSevrobis done aRniSnul periodSi 3,0 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda da 11,5% Seadgina 2003 wels. rac Seexeba umuSevrobis dones 30 wlamde asakis mosaxleobaSi, igi gaizarda 2,6 procentuli punqtiT amave periodSi da 26,4% Seadgina 2003 wels, xolo 30 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobaSi umuSevobis done, piriqiT, Semcirda 3,8 procentuli punqtiT da 8,5% Seadgina. yvelaze maRalia umuSevrobis done q.TbilisSi (26,0%). umuSevrebis 38,0% umaRlesi ganaTlebiTaa.
u m uS e v r ob i s mi z e z e bi , s ax e e b i d a ti pebi. umuSevrobis arsis ukeT gasagebad mniSvnelo-

vania misi mizezebis gamovlena. adamianebi umuSevrebi arian sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. es mizezebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes maT motivacias, arsebuli samuSaos xasiaTs, profesiul unar-Cvevebs, samuSao Zalad maTi yofnis vadasa da ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareobas. arsebiTad, umuSevrobis mizezebi gansazRvravs misi ZiriTadi saxeebisa da ti pebis arssa da Taviseburebebs, romelTa CamoTvla da daxasiaTeba arc ise advilia. amitom, modiT, erTad mivmarToT umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezebis, misi ZiriTadi saxeebisa da ti pebis analizs. umuSevroba bevrad aris damokidebuli ekonomikuri ciklis daqveiTebis (krizisis) fazasTan. daqveiTeba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aris ekonomikuri daRmavloba. igi aRniSnavs warmoebis zrdis adrindeli tempis dacemas, magram ekonomikuri zrdis tempis yoveli Seneleba
556

ar gulisxmobs mocemuli qveynis Sesvlas daqveiTebis (krizisis) fazaSi. mas maSin aqvs adgili, roca mSp Semcirdeba zedized ori kalendaruli kvartlis (6 Tvis) ganmavlobaSi. dasaqmeba yvela demografiul jgufSi, rogorc wesi, mcirdeba daqveiTebis dros, ramdenadac daqveiTebas Tan axlavs warmoebis Semcireba da samuSaodan muSakTa nawilis daTxovna. amitom umuSevrobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored samuSaos iZulebiTi dakargvaa. daveiTebis dros izrdeba samuSaos damkargavTa ricxvi, axali samuSaos povnas ki didi dros sWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs iZulebiT umuSevrobasTan. igi warmoiqmneba mouqneli Sromis fasis pirobebSi da exeba realuri xelfasis simkveTres , anu mis mouqnelobas, _ wonasworobaSi moiyvanos bazarze warmoSobili miwodeba da moTxovna. roca realuri xelfasi imyofeba samuSao Zalis miwodebisa da masze moTxovnis wonasworobis doneze maRla, maSin Sromis bazarze warmoiSoba miwodebis siWarbe da izrdeba umuSevrobis done. am SemTxvevaSi, adamiani imitom ki ar xdeba umuSevari, rom mas surs misi kvalifikaciis Sesaferisi samuSaos povna, aramed imis gamo, rom mocemuli maRali xelfasis donis pirobebSi samuSao Zalis miwodeba aRemateba masze moTxovnas da igi iZulebulia daelodos samuSaos miRebas. aseT situacias ewodeba molodinis umuSevroba. am saxis umuSevrbis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia xelfasis simveTris (mouqnelobis) sam mizezTan. esenia: 1. kanoni minimaluri xelfasis Sesaxeb; 2. profkavSirebis monopoluri Zalis
557

arseboba; 3. sawarmoebis mier mastimulirebeli xelfasis daweseba. Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanoni xels uwyobda xelfasis SenarCunebas wonasworobis doneze. magram samTavrobo socialuri politika astimulirebs xelfasis simkveTris SenarCunebas. saqme is aris, rom xelfasis minimumis kanoni yvela sawarmosaTvis awesebs minimaluri xelfasis savaldebulo ganakveTs. es kanoni yvelaze ufro xelsayrelia arakvalficiuri da gamoucdeli muSebisaTvis, radgan maTi xelfasi aRemateba wonasworobis dones, samagierod, igi amcirebs sawarmos moTxovnas msgavs Sromaze. xelfasis simkveTris meore mizezad miCneulia profkavSirebis monopoliuri Zala . es ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi xelfasi fiqsirebulia, ramdenadac profkavSirebis koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi sawarmoebis administraciebTan gadaisinjeba ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel. rogorc wesi, fiqsirebuli xelfasi aRemateba wonasworobis dones, magram sawarmos administracias SesaZlebloba aqvs damoukideblad gadawyvitos misTvis aucilebeli muSebis raodenoba. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis Sedegia daqiravebuli muSakebis ricxovnobis Semcireba da molodinis umuSevrobis zrda. profkavSirebis saqmianobiT gamowveuli umuSevroba warmoadgens sawarmoSi dasaqmebul muSakebsa (insaiderebi) da umuSevrebs (autsaiderebi) Soris konfliqtis erT-erT mizezs. es konfliqti SeiZleba gada558

iWras sawarmos doneze (magaliTad, aSS) an erovnul doneze (magaliTad, SvedeTi). realuri xelfasis simkveTris mesame mizezia stimulirebadi xelfasis daweseba, romelic aRemateba wonasworobis dones. igi cnobilia efeqtiani xelfasis Teoriis saxelwodebiT da iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom maRali xelfasi amaRlebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobas da zrdis sawarmos mogebas. es garemoeba ki amcirebs sawarmos moTxovnas axal samuSao Zalaze da, Sesabamisad, adidebs molodinis umuSevrobas. umuSevroba SeiZleba maSinac aRmocendes, roca adamianebs ar surT SeTavazebul xelfasze muSaoba. am saxis umuSevrobas uwodeben nebayoflobiT umuSevrobas. aRniSnuli adamianebi muSaobas maSin iwyeben, roca anazRaurebas moumateben. nebayoflobiTi umuSevroba maSinac warmoiSoba, roca adgili aqvs erTi samuSaodan meoreze gadasvlas an sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvlas; roca adamianisaTvis mocemuli samuSao `araprestiJulia`, an xels ar uwyobs mis SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas, an roca igi ver egueba SromiT koleqtivs, an misi Sroma naklebmwarmoebluria. umuSevrobis mizezTa zemoT motanili CamonaTvali imavdroulad warmoadgens umuSevrobis saxeebs, romlebic SesaZloa or kategoriad gaerTiandes: 1. uwonasworobiTi umuSevroba (iZulebiTi da molodinis umuSevroba) da 2. wonasworobiTi umuSevroba (nebayoflobiTi umuSevroba). maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis asaxsnelad saWiroa gavecnoT samuSao Zalis bazris funqcionirebis zogad meqanizms .
559

qvemoT warmodgenil 9.4 naxazze naCvenebia erToblivi moTxovna samuSao Zalaze da misi erToblivi miwodeba. xelfasis saSualo sidide naCvenebia vertikalur RerZze. amasTan, xelfasis saSualo sidide asaxavs mis yidviTunarianobas. maSasadame, is gaiangariSeba fasebis gaTvaliswinebiT. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis mrudi (ASL) gviCvenebs im muSakTa ricxvs, romelTac surT samuSaoze daqiraveba xelfasis sxvadasxva ganakveTis pirobebSi. es mrudi SefardebiT elastikuria, ramdena-

muSakTa ricxvi

nax. 9.4. uwonasworobiTi umuSevroba

560

dac samuSao Zalis raodenobas mniSvnelovnad Secvla ar SeuZlia. magram is mTlianad araelastikuri araa, ramdenadac maRali xelfasis pirobebSi zogierTi adamiani (magaliTad, mSoblebi, romlebic dakavebulni arian bavSvebis aRzrdiT) moindomebs samuSao Zalis bazarze gasvlas da umuSevrebic moisurveben samuSaos Sesaxeb SemoTavazebuli winadadebis miRebas ufro maRalanazRaurebadi samuSaos Ziebis gagrZelebis nacvlad. samuSao Zalaze erToblivi moTxovnis mrudi (ADL) daRmavalia. rac ufro maRalia xelfasi, firmebi miT ufro moisurveben dazogvas (ekonomias), naklebi muSakebis daqiravebiT da maTi warmoebis sxva faqtorebiT Canacvlebis gziT. Sromis bazari imyofeba wonasworobaSi xelfasis We sididis pirobebSi, romlis drosac moTxovna samuSao Zalaze misi miwodebis tolia. Tu xelfasis done iqneba We-ze maRali, wonasworoba Sromis bazarze dairRveva. xelfasis W1 sididis pirobebSi adgili aqvs samuSao Zalis miwodebis siWarbes (A-B). es iwodeba uwonasworobiT umuSevrobad . im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca Sromis bazari imyofeba wonasworobaSi, samuSaos yvela mZebneli ver miiRebs mas. zogierTi upiratesobas mianiWebs umuSevrad darCenas, ufro maRalanazRaurebadi samuSaos povnis surviliT. 9.5 naxazze N mrudi gviCvenebs samuSao Zalis saerTo raodenobas. N mrudsa da samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis ASL mruds Soris horizontaluri sxvaoba gviCvenebs Tu ramdenad ufro metia samuSaos mZebnel adamianTa ricxvi, vidre imaTi, vinc namdvilad mzadaa
561

xelfasis saSualo (realuri) ganakveTebi

wavides SeTavazebul samuSaoze. Qe gviCvenebs dasaqmebis wonasworobiT dones, xolo dacileba D-sa d E-s Soris _ umuSevrobis wonasworobiT dones . mas xSirad umuSevrobis bunebriv donesac uwodeben. umuSevrobis zemoT aRniSnuli saxeebi calkeuli ti pebis formiT gamovlindeba. daviwyoT uwonasworobiTi umuSevrobis tipebis ganxilviT. ekonomistebi gamoyofen uwonasworobiTi umuSevrobis warmoqmnis sam ZiriTad mizezsa da, Sesabamisad, mis sam ti ps:

muSakTa ricxvi

nax. 9.5. wonasworobiTi umuSevroba

562

realuri xelfasis doniT gam owveuli umuSevroba Cndeba maSin, roca profkavSirebi iyeneben TavianT monopoliur Zalauflebas, raTa bazarze arsebuli wonasworobis donis zemoT awion xelfasebi. 9.4 naxazze xelfasis aseTi sidide We-s zeviTaa. XX saukunis 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi tetCerisa da meijoris mTavrobam ganacxada, rom gadidebulma xelfasebma gamoiwvia umuSevroba am periodSi. realuri xelfasis doniT gamowveuli umuSevrobis warmoSobis SesaZlebloba iyo qveyanaSi minimaluri xelfasis sididis Semcirebis erT-erTi mizezi. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom realuri xelfasis doniT gamowveuli umuSevrobis problemis gadawyveta martivad SeiZleba xelfasis donis SemcirebiT, magram Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom amis gakeTeba arc Tu ise advilia, ramdenadac profkavSirebi yovelTvis xelfasis ganakveTebis gadidebas iTxoven. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saxelmwifos miecema xelfasis saSualo sididis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba, problema Cndeba imasTan dakavSirebuli, rom momxmareblebi daiwyeben naklebi saxsrebis xarjvas, rac imas niSnavs, rom moTxovna samuSao Zalaze Semcirdeba, ris Sedegadac umuSevrobis done SeiZleba ar daeces; miwodebis siWarbiT gamowveuli umuSevroba warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac samuSao Zalis miwodebis zrdas Tan ar axlavs masze moTxovnis zrda da xelfasis wonasworobiTi done mcirdeba. es umuSevrobis warmoSobis seriozuli mizezi araa, ramdenadac samuSao Zalis miwodeba SedarebiT nela icvleba. Tumca,
563

xelfasis saSualo (realuri) ganakveTebi

Tundac skoladamTavrebulTa samuSaoTi uzrunvelyofis problema dgeba yovelwliurad, ramdenadac maTi saxiT mimdinareobs samuSao Zalis modinebis gadideba Sromis bazarze. drois didi periodis ganmavlobaSi potenciurad SeiZleba warmoiSvas bavSviani qalebis dasaqmebis problema, ramdenadac socialuri situaciis gamwvavebasTan dakavSirebiT, bavSvian qalTa didi nawili daiwyebs samuSaos Zebnas. magram, praqtikulad, arasrul ganakveTze momuSave adamianTa raodenobis swrafi zrdisa da qalebis mier miRebuli ufro dabali xelfasebis pirobebSi, es ar warmoadgens samuSao Zalis miwodebis siWarbis ZiriTad problemas. moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba asocirdeba ekonomikur daqveiTebasTan. ekonomikuri zrdis tempis dacemasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc wesi, samomxmareblo moTxovna mkveTrad mcirdeba, sawarmoebi veRar yidian maT gankargulebaSi arsebul saqonels, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi maT SeuZliaT gauyidavi saqoneli daasawyobon, magram male isini daiwyeben warmoebis moculobis Semcirebas da, Sesabamisad, samuSaodan muSakTa daTxovnasac. yovelive amis Sedegad umuSevroba masobriv xasiaTs Rebulobs. 9.4 naxazze ADL mrudi gadaadgildeba marcxniv. rac ufro Rrmaa da did xans grZeldeba ekonomikuri daqveiTeba (krizisi) da depresia, miT ufro maRalia moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba. depresiidan ekonomikis gamosvlisa da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT moTxovnis defic564

itiT gamowveuli umuSevrobis done mcirdeba. vinaidan moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevrobis zomebi ekonomikuri ciklis fazebisagan damokidebulebiT meryeobs, mas xSirad ciklur umuSevrobas * uwodeben. moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba SeiZleba sakmaod xangrZlivi droiTac arsebobdes, Tu ekonomika ver axerxebs Tavisi potencialis srulad realizebas. ekonomikuri ciklis aRmavlobis fazaSic ki warmoebis realuri done SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad CamorCebodes potenciurs, ris gamoc Sromis bazari uwonasworobiT mdgomareobaSi iqneba. da bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom cikluri umuSevrobis sabolood Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac igi iseve gardauvalia, rogorc misi gamomwvevi mizezi _ ekonomikis cikluri ganviTareba. Tumca, antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT SeiZleba

* cikluri umuSevrobis erTgvar nairsaxeobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos e.w. faruli umuSevroba. misi arsi isaa, rom ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad, nawilobrivi datvirTviT funqcionirebis pirobebSi, sawarmoebi TanamSromlebs ki ar aTavisufleben samuSaodan, aramed gadahyavT isini muSaobis Sekvecil reJimze (arasruli samuSao kvira an arasruli samuSao dRe), an kidev uSveben uxelfaso SvebulebaSi ganusazRvreli vadiT. am garemoebaTa gamo isini oficialurad ar aRiricxebian umuSevarTa rigebSi, metic, iTvlebian dasaqmebulebad maSin, roca arsebiTad umuSevrebi arian. amitomac uwodeben mas farul umuSevrobas. amis ti piuri magaliTia saqarTvelos dRevandeli mdgomareoba, sadac mrewvelur sawarmoTa umravlesobis datvirTvis koeficienti 25-30%-s ar aRemateba.

565

ekonomikuri dacemis erTgvari Serbilebis miRweva da, Sesabamisad, droebiT gamoTavisuflebul muSakTa ricxvis Semcireba. msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi XX saukunis 80-90iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis maRali donis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo wonasworobiTi umuSevrobis zrda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTlianad ekonomikaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes wonasworoba (e.i. erToblivi moTxovna samuSao Zalaze toli iyos misi erToblivi miwodebisa), ris Sedegadac adgili ar eqneba uwonasworobiT umuSevrobas, mikroekonomikur doneze moTxovna samuSao Zalaze SeiZleba ar utoldebodes mis miwodebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cndeba wonasworobiTi umuSevroba. ekonomistebi gamoyofen wonasworobiTi umuSevrobis or ZiriTad ti ps: friqciuli umuSevroba ewodeba SromisunarianTa droebiT, gardauval dausaqmeblobas, rac dakavSirebulia erTi samuSaodan meoreze gadasvliT, sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvliT, cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapiT da warmoebis sezonurobiT ganpirobebul samuSaos ZiebasTan an samuSaos molodinTan. TviT termini `friqciuli umuSevroba` gamoxatavs samuSaos Zebnas, samuSaos molodins da gamoiyeneba imaT mimarT, vinc samuSaos eZebs, an axlo momavalSi mis miRebas elodeba. gansazRvreba `friqciuli` zustad asaxavs movlenis arss: Sromis bazari funqcionirebs mouqnelad da TanafardobaSi ver mohyavs samuSao adgilebisa da SromiTi resursebis raodenoba. friqciuli umuSevroba kidev ufro martivad Sei566

Zleba aseTnairad avxsnaT. mis kontingents warmoqmnian, jer erTi, pirebi, romlebmac samuSaos nebayoflobiT daanebes Tavi, raTa ukeTes samuSaoze gadavidnen. TviT am gadasvlas xom garkveuli dro sWirdeba (maSinac, roca axali samuSao winaswarve napovnia da, miT umetes, Tu is mosaZebnia); meore, SomisunarianTa didi nawili samuSaos Tavs anebebs sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvlis gamo, amitom, sanam misTvis sasurvel adgilas i povis Sesaferis samuSaos, es nawilic dausaqmebelia; mesame, axalgazrdebi, romlebmac daamTavres saswavlebeli da eZeben specialobis mixedviT samuSaos, garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi rCebian dausaqmeblad; meoTxe, sezonurad momuSave pirebi, romlebic weliwadis garkveul dros nebayoflobiTi umuSevrobis mdgomareobaSi atareben. magaliTad, oficiantebi, romlebic Tavs zafxulis an zamTris kurortebze muSaobiT irCenen, Semodgomisa da gazafxulis TveebSi umuSevrebad iTvlebian. es erTjeradi procesi araa. marTalia, mocemuli momentisaTvis arsebul umuSevarTa zemoT xsenebuli kontingenti bolos da bolos i povis samuSaos da dasaqmdeba, magram imave mdgomareobaSi axla sxva Sromisunariani pirebi aRmoCndebian da umuSevrobis es forma mudmivad arsebobs. friqciuli umuSevrobis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebuli problema mdgomareobs informaciis arasrulyofilebaSi. damqiraveblebs ar gaaCniaT mTliani informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori kvalifikaciis da profesiis muSakebi imyofebian umuSevarTa Soris. umuSevrebi ki ar floben srul informacias imaze, Tu rogori samuSaos miReba SeuZliaT da ra pirobebiT. amitom muSake567

bic da damqiraveblebic imyofebian mudmiv ZiebaSi: damqiraveblebi eZeben Sesaferisi profesiisa da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalas, muSakebi ki _ sakadris samuSaos. problemis gadaWra mdgomareobs Sromis bazris Sesaxeb sruli sainformacio bazis SeqmnaSi. aseTi sainformacio baza unda efuZnebodes mTavrobis mier organizebuli dasaqmebis centrebis, dasaqmebis kerZo saagentoebis, adgilobrivi da saerToerovnuli sainformacio saSualebebis monacemebs. struqturuli umuSevroba ewodeba ekonomikis struqturul cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul umuSevrobas, romelsac maSin aqvs adgili, roca Zveli warmoeba da dargebi axals uTmoben adgils. amasTan, axali samuSao adgilebisaTvis ver pouloben saWiro kvalifikaciis muSakebs, xolo Zveli muSakebi, arasakmarisi kvalifikaciis gamo, samuSaodan Tavisufldebian da umuSevarTa sarezervo armias avseben. am SemTxvevaSi samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da samuSao Zalis miwodebis profesiuli struqturebi erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba. arsebobs struqturuli umuSvrobis gamomwvevi ramdenime mizezi: * dargis mier Tavisi saeqsporto bazrebis dakargva msoflioSi mimdinare mZafri konkurenciis pirobebSi. qveynis romelime dargma SesaZlebelia dakargos Tavisi saeqsporto bazrebi da dauTmos isini sxva qveynebis ganviTarebad dargebs. iaponiis, taivanis, samxreT koreisa da hong-kongis mxriv gaZlierebulma konkurenciam swored aseTi zemoqmedeba moaxdina ramdenime britnul da amerikul dargze, ramac am dargebSi struqtu568

ruli umuSevrobis warmoSoba ganapiroba. * moTxovnis modelis Secvla. droTa ganmavlobaSi moTxovna zogierTi dargis produqciaze ecema, zogierTisaze ki _ izrdeba. moTxovnis dacema SesaZlebelia ganapirobos tradiciuli produqciis romelime efeqturi Semcvlelis SemuSavebam an momxmarebelTa gemovnebis cvlilebebma. magaliTad, navTobis rogorc energiis wyaros gamoyenebam qvanaxSirze moTxovnis dacema gamoiwvia; saavtomobilo transportis modernizaciam mkveTrad Seamcira moTxovna sarkinigzo transportze; reaqtiuli avialainerebis eqsploataciaSi Seyvanam sagrZnoblad Seamcira saokeano gemebiT mgzavrobis survili. ai, am zemoT aRniSnul safuZvlebze warmoiSva struqturuli umuSevroba, Sesabamisad: qvanaxSiris mompovebel mrewvelobaSi, sarkinigzo transportze da saokeano transportze. * struqturuli umuSevroba SeiZleba agreTve gamowveuli iyos teqnikuri progresiT ganpirobebuli cvlilebebiT warmoebis meTodebSi. teqnikuri progresi revoluciur cvlilebebs iwvevs warmoebis mravali dargis teqnologiaSi (mikrosqemebis, kompiuterebis, robotebis da a.S. gamoyeneba). bevr SemTxvevaSi produqciis saWiro moculobis sawarmoeblad gacilebiT naklebi muSaxelia sakmarisi. am mizeziT gamowveul umuSevrobas zogjer `teqnologiur umuSevrobas` uwodeben. ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT swored aseTi procesi aRiniSna saqarTvelos Cais mrewvelobaSi. aq didi xnis manZilze Cais awonva-dafasoeba xeliT sruldeboda, rac Zlier Sromatevadi samuSao iyo. Semdeg dainerga ucxouri warmoebis manqana-avtomatebi, romelTagan Ti569

Toeulma aseulobiT muSa gamoaTavisufla da, rogorc ityvian, umuSevari datova. amisi kargi magaliTia agreTve Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnikis danergva. magaliTad, Tu amJamad umaRlesi kvalifikaciis 40 ti pografiul muSas SeuZlia saaTSi daaxloebiT 170 aTasi niSnis akrefa, kompiuteruli teqnologiebis daxmarebiT ukve 10 kacs SeuZlia imave droSi akrifos daaxloebiT 1 mln niSani, ris Sedegadac teqnologiuri umuSevroba 20-jer izrdeba. * struqturuli umuSevroba, arcTu iSviaTad, warmoiSoba qveynis mxolod calkeul regionebSi. am SemTxvevaSi mas uwodeben regionul umuSevrobas . amas xSirad adgili maSin aqvs, roca mrewvelobis garkveuli dargebi gaadgilebulia qveynis gansazRvrul regionebSi. magaliTad, qvanaxSiris mompovebeli mrewvelobis Cavardnam dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganapiroba umuSevrobis maRali done qveynis am nawilSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, regionuli umuSevrobis mizezia calkeuli regionebis sfecifikuri bunebriv-ekonomikuri pirobebi (mciremiwianoba, mouxerxebeli reliefi da a.S.). saqarTveloSi aseT rgionebs tradiciulad ganekuTvneba: raWa-leCxumi, svaneTi, mTiani aWara da sxv. struqturuli umuSevrobis done damokidebulia Semdeg sam ZiriTad faqtorze: dargTa regionuli koncentraciis xarisxi . krizisSi aRmoCenili dargebi rac ufro metad iqneba koncentrirebuli gansazRvrul regionebSi, miT ufro meti iqneba struqturuli umuSevrobis done; moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebebis siswrafe ekonomikaSi. rac ufro swrafad mimdinareobs
570

teqnologiuri cvlilebebi an icvleba momxmarebelTa gemovneba, miT meti iqneba struqturuli umuSevrobis done; samuSao Zalis mobilurobis xarisxi. rac ufro naklebia samuSao Zalis erTi samuSaodan meoreze gadaadgilebis, erTi dargidan meore dargSi an erTi regionidan meoreSi gadasvlis SesaZlebloba da survili, miT ufro meti iqneba struqturuli umuSevrobis done. struqturuli umuSevroba friqciulisagan gansxvav-deba imiT, rom: jer erTi, `struqturul` umuSevrebs, rogorc wesi, ar SeuZliaT samuSaoze mowyoba dauyovnebliv (saTanado gadamzadebisa da damatebiTi swavla-ganaTlebis gareSe), `friqciul` umuSevrebs ki TiTqmis araferi uSliT xels, mTavaria monaxon Sesaferisi samuSao; da meore, struqturuli umuSevroba, friqciulTan SedarebiT, ufro xangrZlivi da seriozulia. igi metnaklebi zomiT yvela qveyanaSi da ganviTarebis yvela etapze SeiniSneba.* amitom misi Tundac Serbileba did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
umuSevrobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi.

* unda SevniSnoT, rom saqarTvelo amJamad imyofeba struqturuli gardaqmnebis periodSi, ris gamoc aTeul aTasobiT adamianma, maT Soris kvalificiurma muSakebma dakarges samuSao adgili. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom dasaqmebis samsaxurebSi registrirebul umuSevarTa mTlian raodenobaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirTa wili 31,6%-ia (2003 w.).

571

TavisTavad, umuSevroba ki ar aris problema, aramed umuSevrobis is done, romelic iwvevs socialuri konfliqtebis gamwvavebas. roca umuSevroba miaRwevs `problemur dones`, maSin politikosebma raRac unda moimoqmedon, rac mTavrobis mxridan dakavSirebulia ganazRvrul danaxarjTan. aq ukve SeiZleba wamoiWras kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu umuSevrobis romeli donea dasaSvebi da rogor SeiZleba misi Secnoba? rogorc ukve aRiniSna, friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevroba mudmivad arsebobs da momavalSic iarsebebs. problemuria mxolod uwonasworobiTi umuSevrobis ti pebi da, gansakuTrebiT, cikluri umuSevroba. amitom `sruli dasaqmeba` ar niSnavs umuSevrobis absolutur ararsebobas. roca msjelobaa sruli dasaqmebis Sesaxeb, igulisxmeba ara umuSevrobis ararseboba saerTod, aramed is, rom uwonasworobiTi umuSevroba nulis tolia. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sruli dasaqmeba ewodeba situacias, roca dasaqmeba 100%-ze naklebia, xolo umuSevarTa raodenoba ar aRemateba friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis jams. maSasadame, `sruli dasaqmeba` ganisazRvreba rogorc dasaqmeba, romelic samuSao Zalis 100%-ze naklebia. umuSevarTa raodenobas, romelic Seesabameba friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis jams, bunebrivi umuSevroba, anu umuSevrobis bunebrivi done ewodeba. ase magaliTad, Tu samuSao Zalis ricxovnoba qveyanaSi Seadgens 2 mln kacs, aqedan friqciuli umuSevaria 60 aTasi kaci, xolo struqturuli umuSevari _ 40 aTasi kaci (umuSevrobis sxva saxeebs adgili ara aqvs), maSin umuSevrobis bunebrivi done udris
572

5%-s [(60000+40000):2000000]?100. umuSevrobis bunebriv donesTan dakavSirebul mSpis realur moculobas ekonomikis warmoebrivi potenciali ewodeba. es aris produqciis is realuri moculoba, romlis warmoebac SeuZlia ekonomikas resursebis `sruli gamoyenebis` pirobebSi. umuSevrobis bunebrivi done warmoiSoba samuSao Zalis bazris dabalansebulobis dros, anu roca samuSaos mZebnelTa raodenoba da Tavisufali samuSao adgilebi (vakansiebi) erTmaneTis tolia. Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi umuSevrobis bunebrivi done warmodgenilia rogorc ukiduresad dasaSvebi done. igi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia da sakmaod mobiluri. mxolod friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis drosac ki umuSevrobis faqtiuri done SeiZleba iyos bunebrivze maRali an dabali. maRali iqneba, Tu samuSaos mZebnelTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad aRemateba arsebul vakansiebs, anu samuSao Zalis bazari daubalansebelia imis gamo, rom miwodeba aWarbebs moTxovnas da, piriqiT, dabali iqneba, Tu Tavisufali samuSao adgilebis raodenoba aRemateba samuSaos mZebnelTa ricxvs, anu samuSao Zalis bazari daubalansebelia imis gamo, rom moTxovna aWarbebs miwodebas. praqtikaSi aseTi ram iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis periodSi, roca aSS-Si umuSevrobis bunebrivi done 3-4%-s Seadgenda, samxedro warmoebis saWiroebam moTxovna samuSao Zalaze TiTqmis ganusazRvrelad gazarda. Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda SemTavsebloba da zeganakveTuri muSaoba. mTavroba krZalavda mrewvelobis mravali strategiuli dargidan momuSaveTa gaTavisuflebas
573

da amiT xelovnurad mcirdeboda friqciuli umuSevroba. ai, aman ganapiroba umuSevrobis faqtiuri donis, bunebriv donesTan SedarebiT, mkveTrad dacema. umuSevrobis bunebrivi done ucvleli sidide rodia. misi cvalebadoba damokidebulia im faqtorebze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen friqciul da struqturul cvlilebebze. am momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, magaliTad, aSSSi XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi umuSevrobis bunebrivi done Seadgenda 4%-s, xolo 80-ian wlebSi _ 6-7%-s. umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis aseTi arasasurveli zrdis mizezebi iyo samuSao Zalis SemadgenlobaSi qalebis, mozardebis, erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebis sul ufro aqtiuri CarTva da struqturuli umuSevrobis gaZliereba. Tumca, mogvianebiT, 2000 wlidan umuSevrobis bunebrivi done kvlav daubrunda 60-iani wlebis niSnuls (4%-s), rac miewera mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT mwarmoeblobis zrdas, umTavresad axali teqnologiis danergvis Sedegad. amrigad, dRevandel amerikaSi srul dasaqmebad iTvleba situacia, roca Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 96% muSaobs. zemoT, umuSevrobis bunebriv donesTan erTad, araerTxel vaxseneT `umuSevrobis faqtiuri done`, magram misTvis saTanado axsna ar migvicia. umuSevrobis faqtiuri done , sazogadod, gaiangariSeba umuSevarTa ricxovnobis SefardebiT ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao Zalis) ricxovnobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi. Tu, magaliTad, umuSevari 180 aTasi Sromisunariani, xolo samuSao Zalis saerTo raodenoba qveyanaSi Seadgens 3 mln kacs, umuSevrobis faqtiuri done iqneba 6% (180000:3000000X100).
574

9.8 cxrilSi warmodgenilia umuSevrobis standartizebuli faqtiuri doneebi msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi sxvadasxva demografiuli jgufis mixedviT. rogorc cxrilSi motanili monacemebidan Cans, yvela CamoTvlil qveyanaSi sxvadasxva demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT arsebiTad gansxvavebulia mosaxleobis umuSevrobis done. igi yvelaze maRalia 16-25 wlis asakobriv jgufSi da, gansakuTrebiT qalebSi, rac ganpirobebulia am demografiul jgufSi SromiTi mowyobis dabali da samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis maRali maCveneblebiT. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis dones faqtiurad angariSoben mkacri kriteriumiT, Serbilebuli kriteriumiT da registrirebul umuSevarTa mixedviT. umuSevrobis done mkacri kriteriumiT gaiangariSeba 16 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobis, romelic ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, eZebs samuSaos da mzad aris daiwyos muSaoba, SefardebiT 16 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi. umuSevrobis done Serbilebuli kriteriumiT gaiangariSeba 16 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobis, romelic ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad aris daiwyos muSaoba, magram ar eZebs samuSaos, radgan gadaewura misi Sovnis imedi, SefardebiT 16 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi. registrirebuli umuSevrobis done gaiangariSeba registrirebul umuSevarTa ricxovnobis SefardebiT ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao Zalis) ricovnobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi. umuSevrobis donis maCvenebelTa sizustes mniS575

cxrili 9.8 umuSevrobis faqtiuri (standartizebuli) doneebi msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi sxvadasxva demorafiuli jgufis mixedviT (2000 w.)

aSS evrokavSiri

(15 qveyana)

belgia safrangeTi

didi britaneTi

iaponia holandia

germania irlandia

espaneTi

vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs is, Tu ramdenad sworad iqneba dadgenili samuSao Zalis saerTo ricxovnoba da faqtiuri umuSevroba. samuSao Zalis raodenobisa da, maT Soris, umuSevarTa ricxovnobis gasaangariSeblad iyeneben mosaxleobis aRweris, SerCeviTi gamokiTxvis da SromiTi dasaqmebis biuroebis monacemebs, magram saqmisadmi didi gulmodginebis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSic ver xerxdeba utyuari Sedegebis miReba. ti piur cdomilebaTa magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi: oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, arasruli samuSao dRiT dasaqmebulebi mTlianad dasaqmebulTa kategoriaSi Sedian. es metnaklebad gamarTlebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos im pirebis mimarT, romlebic arasruli datvirTviT muSaoben TavianTi neba-surviliT. magram gaumarTlebelia im pirTa mimarT, romelTac surT sruli datvirTviT muSaoba, magram amas ver aRweven da iZulebulni arian dasjerdnen arasruli samuSao dRiT muSaobas. aseTi pirebis srul dasaqmebulebad aRiarebiT, oficialuri statistika, cxadia, xelovnurad amcirebs umuSevrobis donis maCvenebels. oficialurad, umuSevrad iTvleba is dausaqmebeli, romelic aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos. sxva sityvebiT, umuSevari, romelic aqtiurad ar iRwvis samuSaos mosapoveblad, `samuSao Zalis Semadgenlobidan` gamosulad iTvleba. arada, arcTu cotaa iseTi umuSevari, romelTac mobezrdaT samuSaos sapovnelad uSedego xangrZlivi xetiali da ukve imeddakargulebi eTiSebian samuSaos aqtiur maZebarTa kategorias. am nawilis umuSevarTa kategoriaSi SeutanlobiT, oficialuri statistika aseve amcirebs umuSevrobis donis maCvenebels.
577

25 welze naklebi asakis mamak acebi

20.7

23.1 18.9

10.2 4.6

14.3

25 welze naklebi asakis qalebi

23.3 23.2

12.4

34.3

10.1 9.7 3.8 4.0 4.3

25 welze naklebi asakis yvela moqalaqe

23.2 20.9

26.9

mamak acebi (yvela asakis)

7.9 4.9

6.4

9.8

7.3 8.5

qalebi (yvela asakis)

21.2

10.1 12.2

saerTo raodenoba (yvela asakis)

14.4

8.5 10.2

8.4 4.9

4.9 2.9

6.0

576

qveyana

8.6

10.3

9.0 4.8

4.6 3.9

5.4

7.3

5.1 2.1

16.6

13.4

9.0 6.6

9.1 5.9

18.1

8.1 6.6

7.8 7.2

15.3

9.4

9.8 6.6

 umuSevrobis done xelovnurad izrdeba imis gamo, rom zogierTi respodenti (gamosakiTxi piri) iZleva cru informacias _ TiTqos is mowadinebiT eZebs samuSaos, Tumca es sinamdviles ar Seefereba. aseTi qcevis mizania is, rom miiRos umuSevrobis kompensacia an socialuri uzrunvelyofis daxmareba. umuSevrobis oficialur dones xelovnurad zrdis Crdilovani ekonomikis arseboba. amgvar saqmianobaSi Cabmuli pirebi sruli datvirTviT muSaoben, magram formalurad umuSevarTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian _ TavianT Tavs umuSevars uwodeben. zemoT aRniSnulidan SeiZleba im daskvnis gamotana, rom, marTalia, umuSevroba qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia, magram igi yovelTvis rodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ekonomikis sijansaRis uSecdomo barometrad. umuSevrobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia umuSevrobis xangrZlivoba _ dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic adamiani dausaqmebelia. samuSaos povnis xangrZlivoba bevrad aris damokidebuli umuSevrobis saxeze. yvelaze xangrZlivia cikluri (iZulebiTi) umuSevroba. statistikuri gaangariSebiT, umuSevrobis erTobliv xangrZlivobaSi yvelaze meti wvlili SeaqvT im pirebs, romlebic samuSaos ver pouloben xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, 1974 wels, roca aSS-Si umuSevrobis done Seadgenda 5,6%-s, umuSevrobis 60%-ma samuSao ipova erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, umuSevrobis erToblivi xangrZlivobis 69% grZeldeboda or da met Tves. es ori faqti ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, da578

vuSvaT, rom 2007 wlis 1 marts samuSao dakarga 14 kacma, aqedan 12 kacma samuSao moZebna 1 aprilamde, xolo 2 kacma samuSao ver i pova momavali wlis 1 martamde. sabloo angariSiT, aRniSnul 14 kacs ar umuSavia 36 Tve (12?1)+(2?12). mocemul magaliTSi umuSevarTa did nawils (86%) samuSao ar hqonda drois mcire monakveTSi (1 Tve), umuSevarTa mcire nawili (14%) ki dausaqmebeli iyo 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad am garemoebisa, umuSevrobis erToblivi xangrZlivobis didi nawili (67%) modis swored am or kacze (24:36?100). monacemebs umuSevrobis xangrZlivobaze didi mniSvneloba aqvs samTavrobo politikis dasamuSaveblad. Tu am politikis mizania umuSevrobis donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, maSin misi sagani unda gaxdes grZelvadiani umuSevroba, radgan mas Seaqvs yvelaze didi wvlili umuSevrobis erTobliv xangrZlivobaSi.
umuSevrobis ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebi. umuSevroba mwvave problemaa da mas-

Tan dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis uaryofiTi movlenebi. umuSevrobis mTavari uaryofiTi Sedegi isaa, rom produqtis warmoebis potenciuri SesaZleblobis nawili samudamod ekargeba sazogadoebas, e.i. faqtobrivad iwarmoeba imaze naklebi, vidre SesaZlebeli iyo sruli dasaqmebis (e.i. umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis) pirobebSi. magram cikluri umuSevrobis uaryofiTi Sedegi ar amoiwureba warmoebis danakargebiT. igi amave dros socialuri travmacaa. samuSaos dakargva iwvevs dekvalifikacias, sakuTari Tavis arasrulfasovnebis sindroms,
579

ojaxis ngrevas, sazogadoebriv daZabulobas. amerikeli ekonomistebi p.samuelsoni da v.nordhausi weren: `umuSevroba Tanamedroveobis centraluri problemaa. samuSaos dakargva iseTi fsiqikuri travmaa, romelic stresis ZaliT uaxloesi naTesavis gardacvalebas an dapatimrebas Tu Camouvardeba`. umuSevrobis problemis simwvavidan da uaryifiTi Sedegebis simravlidan gamomdinare, ekonomistebi calcalke gamoyofen mis `ekonomikur danakargebs` da `socialur danaxarjebs`. umuSevrobis ekonomikuri danakargebi ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia produqciis gamouSveblobasTan. umuSevrobis `mTavari fasi` gamouSvebeli produqciaa. amas ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca ekonomikas ar ZaluZs sakmarisi samuSao adgilebis Seqmna imaTTvis, visac muSaoba surs da SeuZlia. rogorc Cans, umuSevroba xels uSlis sazogadoebis winsvlas, mis potenciur SesaZleblobaTa srulad gamoyenebas. ekonomistebi am gamouSvebel produqcias gansazRvraven, rogorc mSp-is CamorCenas (danakargs), romelic im moculobis tolia, romliTac faqtobrivi mSp naklebia potenciurze. potenciuri mSp ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri zrdis normaluri tempebis safuZvelze, umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis gaTvaliswinebiT. rac ufro maRalia umuSevrobis done, miT ufro didia mSp-is CamorCena. makroekonomikis sferoSi cnobilma mkvlevarma artur oukenma maTematikurad gamosaxa Tanafardoba umuSevrobis donesa da mep-is moculobis CamorCenas Soris. es Tanafardoba, romelic cnobilia oukenis kanonis saxelwodebiT, gviCvenebs, rom Tu umuSevrobis
580

faqtobrivi done 1%-iT aRemateba bunebriv dones, maSin mep-is moculobis CamorCena potenciuri warmoebisagan Seadgens 2,5%-s. es Tanafardoba (1:2,5), anu Tanafardoba umuSevrobis donesa da mep-is moculobis CamorCenas Soris, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gamovTvaloT produqciis absoluturi danakargi yoveli umuSevrobis donis pirobebSi. magaliTad, 1985 wels aSS-Si umuSevrobis done Seadgenda 7,2%-s, anu igi 1,2%-iT aRemateboda navaraudev umuSevrobis bunebriv dones. Tu am 1,2%-s gadavamravlebT oukenis koeficientze (2,5), miviRebT, rom 1985 wels mep-is moculobis CamorCena Seadgenda 3%-s. am wels aSS-is mep-is nominaluri moculoba Seadgenda 4014,9 mlrd dolars. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomikam dakarga 122,8 mlrd dolaris produqcia (4014,9?3%) imis gamo, rom ekonomikaSi umuSevrobis faqtobrivi norma (7,2%) aRemateboda umuSevrobis bunebriv dones (6%). umuSevrobis meore mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri danakargia Semosavlis Semcireba. umuSevroba mkveTrad amcirebs ara marto TviT umuSevris Semosavals (ramdenadac umuSevrobisaTvis daxmareba gacilebiT naklebia xelfasze), aramed saxelmwifos Semosavalsac (ramdenadac saxelmwifos mier ibegreba momuSavis Semosavali da ara umuSevris mier mizeruli odenobiT miRebuli daxmareba). sagadasaxado Semosavlebis klebasTan erTad saxelmwifos Semosavlebi mcirdeba imis gamoc, rom igi Tavis Tavze Rebulobs umuSevrebis daxmarebis gamcem organizaciaTa marTvasa da funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis gawevas. umuSevrobiT gamowveul ekonomikur danakargebze msjelobisas ar SeiZleba ar movixsenioT resursebis
581

solidur danakargebTan dakavSirebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani momentebic, rogoricaa: kapitalisa da `tvinis` (mecnierTa da maRalkvalificiur specialistTa kadrebis) `gadineba`, danazogebisa da syidviTunariani moTxovnilebis Semcireba, investiciuri moTxovnis Semcireba, miwodebis Sekveca, muSakTa dekvalifikacia da a.S. umuSevrobis socialuri danaxarjebi dakavSirebulia sazogadoebrivi paTologiis (fizikuri da fsiqikuri daavadeba, damnaSaveoba da sikvdilianoba) masStabis gadidebasTan. pirvel msxverplad TviT umuSevrebi xdebian. umuSevarTa umravlesobisaTvis samuSaos dakargva ufro mets niSnavs, vidre Semosavlis Semcireba. mis gareSe pirovneba kargavs ojaxis marCenalis mdgomareobas, megobrebTan yoveldRiur urTierTobas da cxovrebis ritms. TiTqmis mTlianad ikargeba yvela sasicocxlo stimuli. uimedobis grZnoba ufro metad izrdeba axali samuSao adgilis warumatebel ZiebaSi.* umuSevroba zrdis danaSaulisa da avadmyofebis ricxovnobas. am movlenis Sedegia sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis gadideba.** jon hopkinsis saxelobis universitetis wamyvanma eqspertma m.harvei brenerma daadgina raodenobrivi urT-

ierTkavSiri ekonomikuri ciklis ZiriTad maCveneblebsa da sazogadoebrivi paTologiis maCveneblebs Soris. yvelaze aSkara urTierTkavSiri arsebobs umuSevrobis donesa da `socialur paTologias` Soris. brenerma es daamtkica xangrZlivi periodis (1940-1973 ww.) monacemTa damuSavebis bazaze. analizma moicva aSS mTlianobaSi da misi calkeuli Stati (kalifornia, masaCusetsi, niuiorki), agreTve didi britaneTi da SvedeTi. gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom umuSevrobis zrda iwvevs kumulaciur efeqts `socialuri paTologiis` maCvenebelTa zrdaSi xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, sikvdilianobis piki dgeba umuSevrobis pikidan daaxloebiT ori wlis Semdeg. mTlianobaSi, ekonomikuri stresebis zemoqmedebiT `socialuri paTologiis` calkeuli saxeebis zrda nawildeba maTi obieqturi xasiaTisa da reagirebis siCqaris Sesabamisad: pirvel sam weliwadSi izrdeba fsiqikurad daavadebulTa (saavadmyofoSi moTavsebulTa), danaSaulis (cixeebSi myof patimarTa)*, TviTmkvlelobisa da mkvlelobis ricxvi. momdevno wlebSi upiratesad izrdeba e.w. qronikuli reaqcia _ sikvdilianobis zogadi da kerZo maCveneblebis gadideba (sisxl-ZarRvTa daavadebis, RviZlis cerozis Sedegad). gamokvlevam cxa-

*aSS-is Sromis saministros monacemebiT, umuSevarTa 45% saboloo angariSSi tovebs Sromis bazars. ** statistikuri monacemebiT, 80-iani wlebis pirveli naxevris niu-iorkis cixeSi erTi damnaSavis wliuri Senaxvis xarjebi Seadgenda 26 aTas dolars, xolo stacionaruli avadmyofis movla-mkurnalobisa _ 78 aTas dolars.

* rogorc statistika gviCvenebs, damnaSaveTa udidesi umravlesoba umuSevarTa rigebidanaa da bevrs mrude gzisaken, albaT, swored am faqtorma ubiZga. aseTi daskvnis siswores dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobac adasturebs. ai, ratomaa xelisuflebis sazrunavTa Soris erT-erTi umTavresi SromisunarianTa dasaqmeba.

582

583

dyo, rom umuSevrobis gadideba 1%-iT (Tu igi SenarCunebuli iqneba xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) mosaxleobis sikvdilianobas 2%-iT adidebs, umuSevrobis erTi weli ki adamians arTmevs sicocxlis xuT wels. umuSevroba, rogorc makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis gamovlineba, saboloo angariSiT, ra Tqma unda, negatiuri movlenaa, magram calkeuli dadebiTi momentebi mis SedegebSic SeiniSneba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is, rom: * umuSevroba niSnavs dausaqmebeli (Tanac, ZiriTadad kvalificiuri da gamocdili) samuSao Zalis rezervis arsebobas, romelic, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, warmoebis zrdis uzrunvelyofis garants warmoadgens. sabWoTa periodSi intensiuri ganviTarebis relsebze gadayvanis siZneleebi mniSvnelovanwilad dakavSirebuli iyo e.w. srul dasaqmebasTan. axali raionebis aTvisebas, warmoebis axali mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas seriozulad aferxebda kvalificiur muSakTa Tavisufali, sarezervo armiis ararseboba. dasaqmebuli muSakebi, cxadia, irCevdnen muSaobis gagrZelebas Zvel, tradiciul, wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeCveul adgilebze; * friqciuli umuSevroba, ara marto gardauvalad, aramed raRac zomiT sasurveladac iTvleba imitom, rom mravali momuSave dabalanazRaurebadi, naklebproduqtiuli samuSaodan gadadis ufro maRalanazRaurebad da produqtiul samuSaoze. amis Sedegad, erTi mxriv, izreba maTi Semosavali da keTildReoba, xolo, meore mxriv, farTovdeba maRalproduqtiuli, prioritetuli produqciis warmoebis masStabebi; * umuSevrobis arseboba zrdis profkavSirebis
584

aqtiurobas umuSevarTa interesebis dasacavad, romelsac momdevno etapze, dasaqmebasTan erTad, xSirad Tan sdevs xelfasebis momateba da mewarmeobrivi saqmianobis stimulebis gaZliereba; * samuSaos dakargvisa da umuSevarTa sarezervo armiis rigebSi gadasvlis SiSi Sromis disci plinis ganmtkicebis sakmaod Zlier maorganizebel Zalad gvevlineba; * umuSevrebi erTimeoris konkurentebi arian, amitom cdiloben damqiraveblebs ufro srulyofili samuSao Zala SesTavazon da intensiurad imaRleben profesionalizms, xolo samuSaos miRebis Semdeg keTilsindisierad asruleben dakisrebul movaleobas. aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, zomier (SromisunarianTa daaxloebiT 4-dan 6%-mde odenobiT) umuSevrobas sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis aucilebel Tanamgzavrad miiCneven.
dasaqmebis stimulirebis ekonomikuri politika da Sromis bazris regulireba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mraval qveyanaSi mTavar so-

cialur-ekonomikur amocanas warmoadgens samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis donis amaRleba da am mizniT xorcieldeba dasaqmebis stimulirebis ekonomikuri politika. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sruli dasaqmeba ar gulisxmobs yvela Sromisunarianis erToblivad (100%-ian) dasaqmebas. amdenad, igi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ucvleli sidide ki ar aris, aramed realurad TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv icvleba Semdeg faqtorTa gavleniT: * qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis dinamika;
585

* teqnikuri da teqnologiuri progresi erovnuli meurneobis yvela dargSi; * makroekonomikis struqturis cvlileba; * qveynis saerTaSoriso kavSirebis cvlileba; * Zvrebi samuSao Zalis profesiul struqturasa da kvalifikaciis doneSi; * saSualo-profesiuli da umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebis studentTa ricxovnobis ryevebi. amitom, bunebrivad dgeba grZelvadiani periodisaTvis qveynis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis prognozirebis aucilebloba, yvela zemoT aRniSnuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT. aseTi prognozireba dasaqmebis efeqtiani saxelmwifo politikis safuZvelia. samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs mSromelTa ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis socialuri garantiebis mTeli sistema. am sistemis umTavresi elementia dasaqmebis regulireba, romlis mizania kvlavwarmoebis procesis normaluri msvlelobis uzrunvelyofa, agreTve, Sromasa da kapitals Soris winaaRmdegobis Serbileba. unda aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde dasaqmebis regulirebis politika muSavdeboda keinzianuri Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic dasaqmebis SenarCunebis mTavar saSualebad Tvlis erToblivi moTxovnis stimulirebas. TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa keinzianuri politikis dabali efeqtianoba. es srulebiTac ar aixsneba saxelmwifos mier `sruli dasaqmebis` misaRwevad saxsrebis gamoyofis naklebobiT. upirveles yovlisa, SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia umuSevrobisa da inflaciis Sexamebam, romelic Rrmavdeboda ekonomikuri koniunqturis
586

mkveTri cvlilebebiT. am pirobebSi erTimeores upirispirdeba ekonomikuri politikis sxvadasxva saSualebebi: erToblivi moTxovnis stimulireba iwvevs inflaciis zrdas, xolo aqtiuri saqmianobis Senelebis antiinflaciuri RonisZiebebi _ umuSevrobis donis gadidebas. keinzianuri politikis `sruli dasaqmebis` marcxma gaaZliera `monetaruli skolis` gavlena. am skolis warmomadgenlebi moiTxoven saxelmwifo regulirebis programebis Sekvecas, socialur saWiroebaze danaxarjis Semcirebas, sakredito-fuladi SezRudvis gadidebas koniunqturuli meryeobis asacileblad. monetaristebi eyrdnobian sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis neoklasikur models da maT aqcenti gadaaqvT ekonomikis TviTregulirebad Zalebze, romlebsac SeuZliaT ekonomika avtomaturad gadaiyvanon myar gawonasworebul mdgomareobaSi. mis swrafad misaRwevad da SesanarCuneblad monetaristebi gvTavazoben Sesabamisi sakredito-fuladi politikis gamoyenebas. Tanamedrove amerikuli `neoliberalizmis` wamyvanma Teoretikosma, `Cikagos skolis` meTaurma m.fridmenma maRali dasaqmebis donis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobis keinzianur Teziss daupirispira umuSevrobis `bunebrivi donis` aucileblad arsebobis Tezisi. dasaqmebis regulirebis saSualebebi da meTodebi gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. 90-iani wlebidan msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi, dasaqmebis politikis intensifikaciis mizniT, Sromis bazarze zemoqmedebis konkretuli RonisZiebebi gamoiyeneba Semdegi oTxi mimarTulebiT: samuSao adgilebis miwodebis zrda. misi
587

ganxorcielebis meqanizmia: a) samuSao Zalis dasaqiraveblad mewarmeebisaTvis saxelmwifo dotaciis gacema; b) im umuSevarTa (damwyeb mewarmeTa) materialuri waxaliseba, romlebsac Tavisi sakuTari saqmis wamowyeba aqvT ganzraxuli; g) samuSao adgilebis miwodebis zrda momsaxurebis sferoSi; d) axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis tradiciuli saSualebebi (igulisxmeba samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis saxelmwifo programebis realizacia, romelic sakmaod ZviradRirebuli RonisZiebaa) da sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis organizeba (infrastruqturis sferoSi _ maRalxarisxiani gzebis mSenebloba da a.S.), gansakuTrebiT xangrZlivi drois manZilze samuSaos armqone pirebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis. arsebuli samuSaos moculobis gadanawileba: a) arsebuli samuSao adgilebis gadanawileba SromaSi axalgazrdebis CarTvis asakis gadawevis, ucxoeli samuSao Zalis daqiravebis Semcirebis gziT; b) samuSao adgilebis Seqmna samuSao drois kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili xangrZlivobis Semcirebis, saSualo Svebulebis gaxangrZlivebis, sapensio asakis Semcirebisa da pensiaze vadaze adre gasvlis waxalisebis xarjze. amasTan, cudi koniunqturis pirobebSi arsebuli samuSaos moculobis gadanawilebisa da samuSao Zalis miwodebis regulirebis instrumentia agreTve nawilobrivi dasaqmeba, romlis drosac saxelmwifo xSirad kompensaciis saxiT ixdis wminda xelfasis 50%-ze mets; `Seguebis strategiis` gamoyeneba: a) samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da misi miwodebis Tvisebrivi Segueba samuSao Zalis gadamzadebis, kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da reabilitaciis gziT; b) samuSao Zalis pro588

fesiuli da regionuli mobilurobis zrda umuSevrebis mier profesiis an sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi maTi materialuri waxalisebis xarjze; samuSao Zalis miwodebis Semcireba Sromis bazarze da samuSao adgilebis SenarCuneba: a) muSaobis msurvelTa imigraciis (qveyanaSi Semosvlis) SezRudva da ucxoelTa repatriaciis (samSobloSi dabrunebis) stimulireba; b) arsebuli samuSao adgilebis SenarCuneba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis, dotaciisa da sxva RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebis meSveobiT. da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom dapirispirebulTa Tanafardobis (`umuSevroba-dasaqmeba`) regulireba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis mier xelfasis saxiT miRebuli fulis raodenobis cvlilebisa da, saerTod, qveynis fuladi mimoqcevis cvlilebisagan, rac xSirad makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis meore mniSvnelovani maCvenebliT _ inflaciiT vlindeba.

589

leqcia 27. inflacia da antiinflaciuri regulireba

`inflaciis uSualo mizezi yovelTvis da yvelgan erTi da igivea: fulis raodenobis uzomod swrafi zrda w armoebis moculobasTan SedarebiT~.
m.fridmeni

`ganuwyveteli inflaciis meSveobiT saxelmwifos SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis simdidris mniSvnelovani nawilis mTlianad da SeumCnevlad konfiskacia~.
j.m.keinzi

am Temas davasrulebT uwonasworobis da wonasworobis ganxilviT Tanamedrove ekonomikis iseT sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoricaa fuladi mimoqceva. es ukanaskneli Tavis TavSi moicavs ori pirdapir dapirispirebuli mdgomareobis (1. saqonlisa da fulis RirebulebaTa Tanasworobis da 2. am Tanasworobis darRvevis) SesaZleblobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, axla Cven mogviwevs msoflioSi farTod gavrcelebuli da yvela adamianSi usiamovno gancdebis aRmZvreli iseTi movlenis Seswavla, rogoricaa inflacia.
inflaciis arsi da zogadi tendenciebi. inflacia makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis ara-

stabilurobis meore mniSvnelovani indikatoria. termini `inflacia` (laT. Inflatio _ gaberva) pirvelad gamoiyenes aSS-Si 1861-1865 wlebSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omis dros, Semdeg ki _ inglissa da safrangeTSi. ekonomikur literaturaSi es termini farTod damkvidrda pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg. Tanamedrove gansazRvrebiT, inflaciaSi igulisxmeba qaRaldis fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris (Rirebulebis) dacema da amis Sedegad fasebis saerTo donis amaRleba. am ukanasknels xazs vusvamT imitom, rom inflaciis periodSi yvela saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze erTdroulad rodi izrdeba fasebi. inflaciis sakmaod swrafi zrdis drosac ki zogierT saqonelze (momsaxurebaze) fasi SeiZleba stabiluri darCes, xolo zogierTze Semcirdes kidec. an kidev, rogorc wesi, fasebi izrdeba araTanabarzomierad: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erT nawilze matulobs naxtomiseburad, meoreze _ Tanabari tempebiT, xolo mesame nawilze saerTod ar matulobs. TviT fasebis zrdac yovelTvis rodi gamoxatavs inflaciur process. rogorc viciT, fasebis zrda dakavSirebulia samomxmareblo saqonlis moTxovnis miwodebaze gadametebasTan. magram calkeul saqonlur bazarze aseTi disproporciiT ganpirobebuli maRali fasebi jer kidev araa inflacia. inflaciur xasiaTs igi Rebulobs maSin, roca disproporcia moTxovnis sasargeblod xangrZlivi da sayovelTao xasiaTis matarebelia da mTeli qveynis masStabiT matulobs fasebis saerTo done. aqve unda iTqvas, rom fasebis yovelgvari mateba araa inflaciis mauwyebeli. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
591

590

fasi SeiZleba gaizardos xarisxis gaumjobesebis, bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis gaZnelebis, sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa Secvlis da sxva garemoebaTa Sedegad. fasebis aseTi zrda araa inflaciuri movlena, romelsac safuZvlad udevs Seusabamoba mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masasa da sarealizacio saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasTa jams Soris. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, inflacias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimoqcevaSi imaze meti qaRaldis fulia, vidre sarealizacio saqonlis (momsaxurebis) yidva-gayidvas sWirdeba. aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom inflacia axasiaTebs mxolod qaRaldis fulad sistemas. liTonis fuladi sistemis dros inflacia gamoricxulia, radgan Zvirfasi liTonebis fuli ar SeiZleba mimoqcevaSi aRmoCndes imaze meti raodenobiT, vidre saWiroa savaWro garigebebisaTvis. aq saqonlis (momsaxurebis) Rirebulebis da fulis masis sidideTa wonasworoba miiRweoda rogorRac `avtomaturad`. Tu raime mizeziT sarealizacio saqonlis miwodeba Semcirdeboda, Zvirfasi liTonebis monetebis nawili mimoqcevidan gadioda da ganZad iqceoda. Tuki fuli kvlav gaxdeboda saWiro savaWro garigebebisaTvis, igi kvlav xvdeboda mimoqcevaSi. inflacias adgili ar hqonda oqros standartis epoqaSic, rodesac qaRaldis fuli Tavisuflad icvleboda oqroze. magram, rodesac aseTi gacvla uqmdeba (amJamad igi gauqmebulia mTel msoflioSi), ukve aRar arsebobs saqonlisa da fulis nakadebis wonasworobis winandeli avtomaturad Semkavebeli meqanizmi, qaRaldis fuli mudmivad rCeba mimoqcevaSi da ganuwyvetliv ufasurdeba.
592

qaRaldis fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris (Rirebulebis) dacema (gaufasureba) gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom mas sakuTari Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. igi oqros fulis Semcvlelia, warmomadgenelia mimoqcevaSi. amitom ra raodenobiTac ar unda iyos igi gamoSvebuli, yovelTvis warmoadgens oqros fulis im raodenobas, rac sWirdeba mimoqcevas. saqonlis fasi SeiZleba gaizardos liTonis fuladi sistemis drosac, magram arc esaa inflacia. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom amerikis oqros sabadoebis aRmoCenis Semdeg evropaSi sabazro fasebi erTob gaizarda, magram es moxda imis gamo, rom amerikis mdidar sabadoebSi oqros mopoveba gaiafda da, amis Sedegad, misi Rirebuleba Semcirda, xolo saqonlis fasi da fulis Rirebuleba ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia erTmaneTTan. drosa da sivrceSi lokalizebul inflaciebs didi xnis istoria aqvs. Cv. w/aR-mde III saukunis bolos hanibalma, romis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omis dros, Tavisi xarjebis dafinansebisaTvis pergamentis* fuli gamouSva, romelic male gaufasurda da mimoqcevidan amoiRes. XIII saukuneSi Cingis-xanis SviliSvilma xubilai-yaenma, CineTis taxtze yofnisas, veeberTela samxedro xarjebis dafinansebisaTvis qaRaldis fuli gamouSva, romelic

* pergamenti _ gansakuTrebuli wesiT damuSavebuli xbos, batknis an Tiknis tyavia, romelsac qaRaldis gamogonebamde sawerad iyenebdnen.

593

male gaufasurda. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi nadir Sahma Tavisi samxedro xarjebis dafinansebisaTvis abreSumis qsovilis fuli gamouSva, romelic aseve male gaufasurda da amoRebuli iqna mimoqcevidan. inflaciebs adgili hqonda aSS-Si damoukideblobisaTvis omis dros (1775-1783 ww.), safrangeTSi _ didi burJuaziuli revoluciis dros (1789-1794 ww.), ruseTSi _ ekaterine IIis mefobis dros (ruseT-osmaleTis omi, 1769-1775 ww.). yvela am SemTxvevaSi inflacia omebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelTa damTavrebisas inflacia wydeboda, mimoqcevis arxebs kvlav liTonis fuli ikavebda da qveynis ekonomika Cveulebrivi mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. inflaciam yovlismomcveli xasiaTi mxolod maSin SeiZina, roca oqros fuli mimoqcevidan mTlianad gamoidevna da misi adgili qaRaldis fulma daimkvidra. ase, pirveli msoflio omis periodSi (1914-1918 ww.) meomarma saxelmwifoebma TavianTi samxedro da sxva xarjebis dafinansebisaTvis farTod mimarTes qaRaldis fulis emisias, ramac arnaxulad gaaufasura igi. marTalia, omis damTavrebis Semdeg iyo oqros fulis mimoqcevis aRdgenis warumatebeli mcdeloba, magram qaRaldis fulma, misma fuladma sistemam mimoqcevidan mTlianad da sabolood gamodevna oqros fuli, misi sistema. adreuli epoqis inflaciebsa da XX saukunis 20iani wlebis Semdgomi periodis inflaciebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebebia. adreuli periodis inflaciebi lokaluri xasiaTisa iyo da isini erT romelime qveya594

naSi raime eqstremalur viTarebas ukavSirdeboda. Tanamedrove periodis inflacia umravles qveynebSi, rogorc omebis, aseve mSvidobianobis periodSic TiTqmis uwyvetad mimdinareobs. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan inflacias yovlismomcveli xasiaTi aqvs da TiTqmis normad iqca, Tumca calkeul periodebSi SeiniSneboda arsebiTi gansxvavebani fasebis zrdis siswrafeSi. magaliTad, rogorc 9.9 cxrilidan Cans, aSS-Si inflacias sxvadasxva parametrebiT adgili hqonda XX saukunis aTidan 8 aTwleulSi,

cxrili 9.9 inflaciisa da deflaciis saSualo wliuri maCveneblebi XX saukunis aSS-Si (aTwleulebis mixedviT)
inflaciis (+) da deflaciis (_) saSualo wliuri maCveneblebi (%-obiT) 1.1 7.9 -1.8 -1.7 5.6 1.0 2.7 7.8 5.6 3.0

aTwleulebi 1900-1909 1910-1919 1920-1929 1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999

595

rodesac dolaris msyidvelobiTi unari ecemoda, xolo fasebis saerTo done maRldeboda. amasTan, adgili hqonda deflaciis or aTwleulsac, romlis ganmavlobaSi dolaris msyidvelobiTi unari izrdeboda, fasebis saerTo done ki mcirdeboda. sxvadasxva qveynebis inflaciis maCvenebelTa analizi miuTiTebs maT mniSvnelobaTa kidev ufro farTo diapazonze. ase magaliTad, 80-90-ian wlebSi inflaciis saSualo wliuri maCvenebeli Seadgenda: germaniaSi 2,6%s, aSS-Si _ 5,6%-s, did britaneTSi _ 6,5%-s, safrangeTSi _ 6,3%-s, italiaSi _ 9,6%-s. qvemoT motanil 9.6 naxazze naCvenebia inflaciis done iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, evrokavSirSi (15 qveyana), aSS-sa da eTgo-Si XX saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis.

rogorc Cans, inflaciis done gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo 1973 da 1983 wlebs Soris periodSi da SedarebiT dabali _ 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebsa da Semdgom wlebSi.
inflaciis mizezebi. Tanamedrove pirobeb-

infl acia ( sacalo fasebi s zrdi s %)

i ap o ni a didi britaneTi evrokavSiri (15 qveyana) aSS eTgo

nax. 9.6. inflaciis done zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanasa da qveyanaTa jgufSi (1966-2000 ww.)
596

Si saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis inflaciuri gaZvirebis mizezebi mravalnairia. sakiTxis gamartivebisaTvis, isini SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad: Siga da gare (saerTaSoriso) mizezebad. inflaciis Siga mizezebs miekuTvneba: * saxelmwifo xarjebis gadameteba Semosavlebze, rac gamoixateba saxelmwifo biujetis deficitSi da, romlis drosac mTavroba Cveulebriv mimarTavs Siga saxelmwifo valis gadidebas (fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSveba, kreditis aReba, romlebic SemdegSi misive gasastumrebelia); * damatebiTi gadaxdisunariani moTxovnilebis Seqmna samxedro asignebaTa gadidebis gziT, rac apirobebs fuladi masis zrdas Sesabamisi saqonluri masiT dafarvis gareSe. es pirveli mizezis gaRrmavebuli da specifikuri variantia, ramdenadac, saboloo angariSiT, saxelmwifo biujetis mwvave deficiturobaSi poulobs gamoxatulebas; * centraluri bankis mier daSvebuli fulis gaZlierebuli emisia, saxelmwifos mzard saWiroebaTa dasafaravad, rac fulis mkveTrad gazrdasa da gaufasurebas iwvevs; * komerciuli bankebis mier ganxorcielebu597

li sakredito eqspansia (kreditebis gacema msesxeblebze valis dabrunebis SesaZleblobaTa gauTvaliswineblad). saqme isaa, rom bankebis mier kreditebis gacema mimoqcevaSi qaRaldis fulis masas zrdis, xolo movaleTa mier bankisaTvis kreditebis dabruneba fulis masas amcirebs.* amitomaa, rom kreditis moZraobas sWirdeba mkacri kontroli. centralurma bankma unda daareguliros komerciuli bankebis saqmianoba kreditis gacemis sferoSi; * grZelvadiani kapitaluri dabandebis masStabebis gadideba, rac iwvevs imas, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi qveyana ver Rebulobs raimenair ukugebas daxarjuli fulidan; * bazris struqturis Secvla XX saukuneSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs srulyofili konkurenciis bazris Secvla ZiriTadad oligopoliuri bazriT, romelic uzrunvelyofs xelovnurad maRali (monopoliuri) fasebis dawesebas da xangrZlivi droiT SenarCunebas. konkurentebi cdiloben saqonelze maRali fasis SenarCunebas da dainteresebulni arian xelovnurad Seqmnan deficiti _ Seamciron saqonlis warmoeba da miwodeba;

* inflaciis molodini. es SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegnairad: jer erTi, momxmareblebi yiduloben xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi saqonelsa da momsaxurebas maRal fasebSi da, vinaidan kargaven imeds maTs Semcirebaze, iZenen saqonels mimdinare moTxovnebTan SedarebiT meti odenobiT; meore, paralelurad ibrZvian xelfasis momatebisaTvis, rac ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi xels Seuwyobs mimdinare samomxmareblo moTxovnis gafarToebas; mesame, mwarmoeblebi TavianT produqciaze aweseben sul ufro maRal fasebs im motiviT, rom uaxloes xanSi mosalodnelia nedleulis, masalebis da makompleqtebeli nawarmis kidev ufro gaZvireba. amave mizeziT isini afarToeben warmoebis resursebis SeZenas. yovelive amis Sedegad fasebi izrdeba ara marto adre daukmayofilebeli gadaxdisunariani moTxovnilebis donemde, aramed mosalodnel oficialur sididemdec. inflaciis gare (saerTaSoriso) mizezebs miekuTvneba: * saxelmwifos mier Tavisi sagareo valis gadideba sxva qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebisagan sesxebis aRebis gziT; * centraluri da komerciuli bankebis mier erovnuli fulis niSnebis ucxour valutaze gacvlis operaciebis warmoeba, rac qaRaldis fulis niSnebis damatebiTi gamoSvebis aucileblobas warmoSobs; * msoflio bazarze warmoebis saSualebaTa fasebis zrda, rac iwvevs maTi fasebis gadidebas qveynis SigniTac; * bunebrivi resursebis SemcirebasTan dakavS irebuli s truqturuli kriz is ebi m s of lio
599

* SeiZleba vinmem ifiqros: ra mniSvneloba aqvs fuls bankidan gaitan Tu bankSi Seitan, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli fulis masa amiT xom ar Seicvlebao. saqme imaSia, rom fulis niSani namdvil fuls warmoadgens mxolod maSin, roca igi sabanko sistemis gareTaa. fulis niSani bankis seifSi ar aris namdvili fuli, is namdvil fulad iqceva, roca `xelzea`, e.i. bankidan gamosulia.

598

ekonomikaSi, romlebic iwveven warmoebis faqtorTa gaZvirebas yvela qveyanaSi; * saxelmwifoTaSoris warmoebuli omebi, romlebsac Tan axlavs udidesi moTxovna fulze, ramac SeiZleba calkeul qveynebSi fulad da saqonlur masas Soris disbalansi gamoiwvios.* inflaciis mizezebis umravlesoba praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi SeiniSneba. Tumca, am procesis sxvadasxva faqtorTa kombinacia damokidebulia ama Tu im periodSi arsebul konkretul ekonomikur pirobebze. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave dasavleT evropis qveynebSi inflacia dakavSirebuli iyo mravali saxeobis saqonlis mwvave deficitTan. momdevno periodSi inflaciis procesis gaRrmavebis umTavres faqtorebad iqca saxelmwifos xarjebis zrda, fasebsa da xelfass Soris axali Tanafardoba, inflaciis importi da sxv. postsocialistur qveynebSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli inflaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes mizezad mogvevlina fasebis liberalizacia saqonlis mwvave deficitis pirobebSi. ekonomikur literaturaSi gamoiyofa zemoT CamoTv-

* unda SevniSnoT, rom meore msoflio omis periodSi amgvari situacia warmoqmna da gaaZliera, erTi mxriv, germanelebis mier yalbad moWrili sabWoTa fulis (maneTis) mimoqcevaSi didi raodenobiT gaSvebam da, meore mxriv, okupirebul raionebSi sabWoTa kavSiris mier didZali materialuri simdidris dakargvam.

lil mizezTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT gamowveuli inflaciis sami ti pi: 1. moTxovniseuli (moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli) inflacia; 2. danaxarjebiseuli (danaxarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli) inflacia da 3. struqturuli (moTxovnis ZvrebiT gamowveuli) inflacia. moTxovniseuli inflacia niSnavs erTobliv moTxovnasa da erTobliv miwodebas Soris wonasworobis darRvevas, romelic ganpirobebulia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realur moculobasTan SedarebiT mosaxleobisa da sawarmoebis fuladi Semosavlebis ufro swrafi tempebiT zrdiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris situacia, romelsac iwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis siWarbe erTobliv miwodebasTan SedarebiT; situacia, roca `erTob bevri fuli nadirobs saqonlis erTob mcire raodenobaze`. tradiciulad, cvlilebebi fasebis doneSi Warbi erToblivi moTxovniT aixsneba. am ukanasknels ki, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad udevs saxelmwifos (samxedro da socialuri) SekveTebis gafarToeba, warmoebis saSualebebze sawarmoTa mxridan moTxovnis gadideba, Semosavlebis zrdis kvalobaze mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianobis donis amaRleba da a.S. bevr SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos ar ZaluZs upasuxos am Warb moTxovnas saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesabamisi moculobis gadidebiT, radgan ekonomika `srulad datvirTulia`. aseT viTarebaSi es Warbi moTxovna apirobebs saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasebis zrdas da moTxovniseul (anu moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveul) inflacias. erToblivi moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli inflacia, Cveulebriv, asocirdeba bumTan ekonomikaSi. ami601

600

tom mravali ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom es aris moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevrobis sawinaaRmdego movlena. rodesac ekonomika imyofeba daqveiTebis fazaSi, moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba iqneba Zalian maRali, xolo moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli inflacia _ Zalian dabali. rodesac, piriqiT, ekonomika uaxlovdeba saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis bumis fazas, moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli inflacia iqneba maRali, moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba ki _ dabali. danaxarjebiseuli inflacia ewodeba warmoebis xarjebis zrdiT gamowveul fasebis gadidebas. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi inflaciis mizezi xdeba warmoebis xarjebis zrda. danaxarjebis zrda SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos: xelfasis zrdiT; nedleulis, masalebisa da saTbobis gaZvirebiT; axali teqnikisa da teqnologiis aTvisebiT da a.S. warmoebis xarjebis zrda iwvevs warmoebisa da miwodebis Sekvecas da, amrigad, fasebis matebas, e.i. inflaciur process. inflaciis zemoT CamoTvlili ti pebi erTimeorisagan Zneli gansasxvavebelia, ramdenadac isini mWidrod urTierTzemoqmedeben. magaliTad, xelfasi SeiZleba warmogvidges, erTi mxriv, moTxovniseuli inflaciisa da, meore mxriv, danaxarjebiseuli inflaciis wyarod. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebis praqtika mowmobs, rom xSirad erTdroulad SeiniSneba moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli (moTxovniseuli) da danaxarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli (danaxarjebiseuli) inflacia. Semosavlisa da danaxarjebis zrdis ganmsazRvrel subieqtebad gvevlinebian: profkavSirebi, saxelmwifo da firmebi. ai, rogor
602

xdeba es: saxelmwifo maRal fasebs uxdis misi SekveTebis Semsruleblebs. mewarmeebs saSualeba eZlevaT, SeiZinon Zvirfasi nedleuli da masalebi, muSakebs gadauxadon maRali xelfasi. amave dros, saWiroebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo aZlierebs fulis emisias, zrdis sakredito sargebels. yovelive amiT xelSemwyobi pirobebi iqmneba inflaciisaTvis. rac Seexeba profkavSirebs, isini ibrZvian muSakTa xelfasis gadidebisaTvis, romlis realizacia aZlierebs rogorc moTxovniseul, ise danaxarjebiseul inflacias. analogiuri Sedegi mosdevs monopoliebis mier TavianT produqciaze monopoliuri fasebis dawesebas. arsebobs agreTve struqturuli inflacia , romelic gamowveulia makroekonomikuri dargTaSorisi daubalanseblobiT. aseT pirobebSi calkeuli dargebi ver axerxeben TavianTi nawarmiT bazris gajerebas, rac iwvevs fasebis inflaciur zrdas deficitad qceul produqciaze. struqturuli inflacia Zalian Zneli dasaZlevia, ramdenadac igi saWiroebs didZal investiciebs, xolo misgan ukugebis miReba mokle periodSi ver xerxdeba. inflaciis es forma SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. igi Tavs iCens ZiriTadad teqnikuri progresiT gamowveuli Zireuli Zvrebis periodSi, samxedro warmoebis konversiis ganxorcielebisas da sxva analogiur eqstremalur situaciebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi xangrZlivi drois manZilze ekonomikurad ganviTarebul arc erT qveyanaSi erTdroulad ar SeiniSneboda sruli dasaqmeba, Tavisufali bazari da fasebis stabiluroba.
603

fasebi izrdeboda mudmivad, 60-iani wlebis dasasrulidan TviT ekonomikuri dacemisa da uZraobis periodebSic, rac uCveulo iyo ganviTarebis adreul etapebze. am movlenam stagflaciis (stagnacia plus inflacia) saxelwodeba miiRo, rac gamoxatavs fasebis inflaciur zrdas warmoebis uZraobis, stagnaciisa da ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi.
inflaciis gazomva. inflaciis yovelmxrivi

Seswavla gulisxmobs ara marto misi Tvisebrivi raobis (arsis) garkvevas, aramed raodenobriv gazomvasac. am mizniT iyeneben inflaciis donisa da tempis maCveneblebs. inflaciis done izomeba fasis indeqsis gamoyenebiT. fasis indeqsi aris SefardebiTi sidide, romelic gviCvenebs fasis cvlilebas droSi. misi gaangariSebisaTvis saWiroa sabaziso wlis fasebi CaiTvalos 100is tolad, xolo danarCeni wlebis fasebis cvlileba gamoiangariSeba mis mimarT procentobiT. magaliTad, Tu samomxmareblo saqonlis garkveuli kompleqtis fasebis jami 2000 wels Seadgenda 20 aTas lars, xolo 2005 wels miaRwia 40 aTas lars, es imas niSnavs, rom fasebis indeqsi 2005 wels Seadgenda 200%-s (40:20X100), anu samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebi 2005 wels 100%iT maRali iyo, vidre 2000 wels. fasis indeqsi inflaciis donis maCvenebelicaa, radgan masSi gamoxatulia is, Tu rogor Seicvala fulis msyidvelobiTi unari. Tu `samomxmareblo kalaTis` fasis indeqsi 200%ia, anu 2,0-s Seadgens, es imas niSnavs, rom samomxmareblo saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasebi 2-jer gaizarda, e.i. 2jer daeca fulis msyidvelobiTi unari.
604

fasebis indeqsebis daxmarebiT angariSoben inflaciis temps . inflaciis tempi udris mimdinare wlis fasebis indeqss minus sabaziso wlis fasebis indeqsi, gayofili sabaziso wlis indeqsze da gamravlebuli 100-ze. magaliTad, Tu sabaziso (2000) wlis samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi Seadgenda 105%-s, maSin Cveni magaliTis mixedviT, mimdinare (2005) wels inflaciis 200-105 tempi iqneba 90,5% ( x100), inflaciis saSualo 105 wliuri tempi ki iqneba 18,1% (90,5:5). qvemoT motanili 9.10 cxrili naTel warmodgenas iZleva imaze, Tu rogori iyo inflaciis done (samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis mixedviT) msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze. saqarTveloSi inflaciis donis gasazomad samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis (sfi) gaangariSeba daiwyes 1992 wlidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis teqnikuri daxmarebis proeqtis farglebSi da rekomendaciebis safuZvelze.* sfi zomavs im fasebis cvlilebas, romelsac qalaqis mosaxleoba ixdis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli kalaTis SesaZenad. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ori ti pis monacemTa baza. 1. monacemebi saSualo fasebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb,

* sfi dReisaTvis erTaderTi maCvenebelia, romelic zomavs qveyanaSi inflaciis dones.

605

cxrili 9.10 samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi 2002 wlisaTvis (1990=100)
qveyana fasebis indeqsi 140 127 152 128 213 qveyana aSS safrangeTi iaponia poloneTi rumineTi fasebis indeqsi 138 123 107 11-jer 1842-jer

didi britaneTi germania italia kanada CineTi

romelic miiReba fiqsirebul samomxmareblo kalaTaSi Semavali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yovelTviuri registraciis gziT. 2. mosaxleobis samomxmareblo xarjebis struqtura. samomxmareblo fasebis (tarifebis) yovelTviuri registracia xorcieldeba saqarTvelos xuT did qalaqSi (Tbilisi, baTumi, quTaisi, gori da Telavi). samomxmareblo kalaTa, romelSic Sedis 311 dasaxelebis saqoneli da momsaxureba erTidaigivea xuTive qalaqisaTvis. samomxmareblo kalaTisaTvis SerCeulia is saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelsac SeiZens ti puri momxmarebeli. samomxmareblo fasebisa da tarifebis yovelTviuri registraciis gziT ganisazRvreba saSualo Sesadari fasebi. Sesadarad iTvleba fasi, romelic dafiqsirebulia erTidaigive savaWro wertilSi (momsaxureb-

is centrSi) yoveli Tvis erTidaigive periodSi (yoveli Tvis 10-dan 20 ricxvamde), erTidaigive saxis, specifikis saqonelze (momsaxurebaze). saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi (tarifebi), romlebic gamoiyeneba sfi-s gamosaTvlelad, grovdeba daaxloebiT ori aTas sacalo vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis obieqtSi _ maRaziebSi, bazrebSi, bazrobebze, supermarketebSi, benzingasamarT sadgurebSi, klinikebSi da a.S. individualuri indeqsebis bazaze gaiangariSeba agregirebuli indeqsebi TiToeuli sasaqonlo jgufisaTvis rogorc TiToeuli qalaqisaTvis, aseve mTlianad qveynisaTvis. mosaxleobis xvedriT wilebad gamoiyeneba dasakvirvebeli qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis wili saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleobidan. rac Seexeba xvedriT wonebs samomxmareblo kalaTis 311 sasaqonlo poziciisaTvis, isini Camoyalibebulia 2002-2003 wlebSi Catarebuli Sinameurneobebis kvlevis safuZvelze. sfi-s gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba formula:

I=

p 1q 0 p 0q 0

sadac p1 aris saqonlis fasi Sesadar periodSi; p0 _ saqonlis fasi sabaziso periodSi; qo _ sabaziso periodSi moxmarebul saqonelze xarjis moculoba. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi asaxavs fasebis cvlilebas sabaziso welTan SedarebiT. dReisaTvis gaangariSebis bazas warmoadgens 2003 wlis dekemberi =
607

606

100. amasTan, gaingariSeba inflaciis tempi, romelic axasiaTebs samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis procentul cvlilebas wina periodTan SedarebiT. qvemoT miTiTebulia procentuli cvlilebis gamosaTvleli magaliTi: sfi mimdinare wels 107,5 gamovakloT wina periodis sfi 103,9 udris 3,6 gavyoT wina periodis sfi-ze 103,9 udris 0,0346 Sedegi gavamravloT 100-ze 0,0346X100 udris procentul cvlilebas 3,46. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba rogorc: ekonomikuri indikatori. sfi gamoiyeneba, rogorc inflaciis yvelaze farTo sazomi. igi aris mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri indikatori. deflatori sxva ekonomikuri maCveneblebisaTvis. sfi da misi komponentebi gamoiyeneba sxva ekonomikuri maCveneblebis mosawesrigeblad fasebis cvlilebis mixedviT da am maCveneblebis gamosaxatavad inflaciis gamoricxviT. fuladi Semosavlebis koreqtirebis saSualeba. sfi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes xelfasebis gasaangariSeblad inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. 2004 wlis ianvridan saqarTvelos statistikis departamentma ganaxorciela samuSaoebi samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebaSi monawile samomxmareblo kalaTis gafarToebisa da xarisxobrivi ganaxlebis mimarTulebiT. SinameurneobaTa axali kvlevebis masalebis safuZvelze Tbilisisa da sxva qalaqebisaTvis ganaxle608

bul iqna wonebi sfi-s sasaqonlo jgufebis doneze. 2004 wlis ianvris sfi-s gaangariSeba ganxorcielda COICOP-is (samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis individualuri moxmareba miznebis mixedviT) klasifikatoris mixedviT. qvemoT motanili 9.11 cxrili da 9.1 diagrama naTel warmodgenas iZleva samomxmareblo fasebis wliur indeqsebsa da wliuri inflaciis doneze saqarTveloSi XXI saukunis pirveli xuTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.
inflaciis saxeebi. inflaciis saxeobaTa

gansazRvrisas, Cveulebriv, xelmZRvaneloben oTxi krite-

cxrili 9.11 samomxmareblo fasebis wliuri indeqsebi gamsxvilebuli jgufebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi (2001-2005 ww.)
saS . dekemberi wina wlis dekemberTan wl iu ri sa q o n e li saS . sxva da su rsa T i wliurTan momsaxureba
momsaxureba su l sa q o n e li

wlebi

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

104.7 105.6 104.8 105.7 108.2

103.4 105.6 107.0 107.5 106.2

103.7 108.1 109.4 113.6 108.3

100.6 100.1 105.1 103.2 103.6

105.2 102.9 99.9 100.1 104.3

609

diagrama 9.1 wliuri inflaciis done saqarTveloSi (2001-2005 ww.)

9 7.5 7.0 6 3.4 3 6.2 5.4

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

riumiT. pirvelia fasebis (fasebis indeqsis) zrdis tempi; meore _ sxvadasxva jgufis saqonlis fasebis zrdis dabalansebulobis xarisxi; mesame _ inflaciis mosalodneloba da winaswarmetyveleba; meoTxe _ bazrebis inflaciuri uwonasworobis forma. fasebis zrdis tempebis mixedviT ganaxvaveben inflaciis sam saxeobas: zomiers, Wenebadsa da hi perinflacias. zomieri inflaciis (mas xSirad mcocav inflaciasac uwodeben) dros fasebi nela izrdeba (wliurad 10%-ze naklebi), fulis Rirebuleba faqtobrivad SenarCunebulia, xolo fasebis zrdis Sedegi umniSvneloa. Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria inflaciis am
610

saxeobas miiCnevs ekonomikur ganviTarebaze keTilmyofel faqtorad. igi iZleva moTxovna-miwodebis cvalebadi pirobebis Sesabamisad fasebis koreqtirebis saSualebas. ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis metwilad inflaciis swored es saxeobaa damaxasiaTebeli; Wenebadi (monavarde) inflaciis dros fasebi wliurad 20-dan 200%-mde izrdeba. amis gamo kontraqtebis umetesoba mijaWvulia fasebis zrdasTan an konvertirebul valutasTan (amerikuli dolari, evro...). fuli iwyebs swraf materializacias saqonelSi da naklebad dainteresebulia ukontrolo sargeblis ganakveTiT. saqme is aris, rom Wenebad inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi mTlianad gamowveulia ganuWvretelobiT. es problemebi ki aRmocendebian ara imitom, rom fulis Rirebuleba ecema, aramed imitom, rom fulis momavali Rirebuleba ganuWvretelia. swored amis gamo inflaciis maRali, magram Tanabari tempi ufro nakleb problemebs warmoSobs, vidre inflaciis ufro dabali, magram uTanabro tempi. hi perinflacia inflaciis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romlis dros mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli fulis raodenoba da saqonlis fasebi astronomiuli tempebiT matulobs (fasebis zrdis wliuri tempi, Cveulebriv, 200%s aRemateba), fasebi da xelfasebi katastrofulad Sordeba erTmaneTs, ecema sazogadoebis yvelaze uzrunvelyofili fenebis keTildReobis donec ki. hi perinflaciis Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi praqtikulad umarTavia. hi perinflacia metwilad mosalodnelia omisa da omisSemdgom periodebSi. istoriam mravali aseTi ma611

galiTi icis. ase magaliTad, avstriaSi 1921-1922 wlebSi fasebis umaRlesma Tviurma zrdam 134%-s miaRwia. amis gamo ludis barebSi misulebi erTbaSad ludis or porcias ukveTavdnen, ramdenadac fasebi izrdeboda ufro swrafad, vidre ludi gemosa da Zalas dakargavda. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi magaliTia 20-iani wlebis, I msoflio omSi damarcxebuli germania. gamarjvebulma qveynebma germaniisagan moiTxoves mniSvnelovani reperaciis * gadaxda. aman gamoiwvia germaniis saxelmwifo biujetis uzarmazari deficiti, romlis dafarva xdeboda fulis emisiis xarjze. fulis miwodebis kolosalurad gadidebam, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia fasebis donis swrafi zrda. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom gazeTis fasma, romelic 1921 wlis ianvarSi Seadgenda 0,3 germanul markas, or welze naklebi drois Semdeg 70 mln markas miaRwia. fasebi sxva saqonelzec TiTqmis aseTive siswrafiT izrdeboda. 1923 wlisaTvis girvanqa karaqi 1,5 mln marka Rirda, 1 kg xorci _ 22 mln, 1 kg puri _ 200 aTasi marka. sagulisxmoa, rom 1922 wlis dekembridan 1923 wlis dekembramde fasebis saSualo Tviurma zrdam germaniaSi Seadgina astronomiuli cifri _ 500%.**

aseT katastroful inflacias, romelmac, bunebrivia, mZlavri dartyma miayena germaniis ekonomikas, xSirad faSizmis gavrcelebisa da II msoflio omis gamomwvev mizezTa ricxvSi ganixilaven. Tanamedrove germaneli politikosebi, kargad gaacnobieres da aiTvises ra ekonomikuri istoriis mware gakveTili, fasebis zrdis problemas sagangebo yuradRebas uTmoben, ris Sedegadac ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi inflaciis tempebi germaniaSi iyo bevrad ufro dabali, vidre aSS-sa da zogierT sxva ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. hi perinflacia metad iSviaTi movlenaa, magram mravalma qveyanam ukve ganicada misi mwvave Sedegebi. magaliTad, boliviaSi 1984 wels inflaciam Seadgina 2000%, xolo 1985 wels _ TiTqmis 8000%; argentinaSi 1984 wels fasebis zrdis tempma miaRwia 1100%-s, braziliaSi _ 2360%-s, peruSi _ 8292%-s, nikaraguaSi _ 8555%s; saqarTveloSi 1993-1994 wlebSi kuponis gaufasurebis saSualo Tviuri tempi Seadgenda 100%-s* da a.S. sxvadasxva jgufis saqonlis fasebis zrdis dabalansebulobis mixedviT gamoyofen inflaciis or saxeobas: dabalansebul da daubalansebel inflacias. dabalansebuli inflaciis dros fasebis zrda

* reperacia (laT. reperatio _ aRdgena) _ saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, damarcxebuli saxelmwifos mier sxva qveynebisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba. ** am periodis fotoebze gamosaxulia germaneli diasaxlisi, romelic Rumels qaRaldis fuliT anTebs da bavSvebi, romlebic qaRaldis fulisagan Sekruli burTiT TamaSoben.

* am periodSi profesoris Tviuri xelfasi kuponebSi, amerikul valutaze gadayvaniT, 0,5 dolars ar aRemateboda, amitom igi maSinve cdilobda mis moSorebas da gadacvlas amerikul dolarze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi Semosavali Tvis bolos orjer gaufasurdeboda.

612

613

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis umravlesobaze zomieri da erTdroulia. amitom sxvadasxva jgufis saqonlis fasebis doneTa urTierTTanafardoba ucvleli rCeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi fasebis yovelwliuri zrdis proporciulad matulobs sargeblis (procentis) ganakveTi, rac stabilurfasebiani ekonomikuri situaciis tolfasia; daubalansebeli inflaciis dros sxvadasxva jgufis saqonelze fasebi izrdeba gansxvavebuli tempebiT. amitom fasebis donis mixedviT maT Soris Tanafardoba sistematurad icvleba. inflaciis mosalodnelobisa da winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT gamoyofen: mosalodnel da moulodnel inflacias. m os alo dneli inf laciis gardauvaloba winaswarve cnobilia da SeiZleba misi prognozireba romeliRac periodisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad `igegmeba` igi qveynis mTavrobis mier, amitom SedarebiT organizebul xasiaTs atarebs; moulodneli inflacia xasiaTdeba fasebis uecari (moulodneli) naxtomiseburi aweviT, rac friad uaryofiT gavlenas axdens fulis mimoqcevasa da gadasaxadebiT dabegvris sistemaze. aseT viTarebaSi mosaxleoba (Tuki aqvs adrindeli periodis odnavi gamocdileba mainc), misi Semosavlis Semdgomi gaufasurebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, intensiurad iZens saqonelsa da momsaxurebas (xSirad misTvis araaucilebelsac ki), rac, Tavis mxriv, siZneleebs uqmnis ekonomikas, araswor warmodgenas iZleva sazogadoebaSi arsebul moTxovnaze da arTulebs meurneobis proporciuli ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas.
614

gamoricxuli araa aseTi situaciac: _ Tu fasebis uecari naxtomiseburi aweva daiwyo mosalodnel inflaciaze mosaxleobis sruliad Seumzadeblad, momxmareblebi mas miiCneven droebiT movlenad da Tavs Seikaveben saqonlis SeZenisagan. es Seamcirebs moTxovnas da gavlenas moaxdens fasebis dawevaze, rac xels Seuwyobs wonasworobis aRdgenas. imis mixedviT, Tu rogor formebs iRebs bazrebis inflaciuri wonasworoba , ganasxvaveben: Ria da daTrgunvil (CaxSobil) inflacias. Ria inflacia Tavs iCens bazrebze, sadac moqmedebs Tavisufali fasebi. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia fasebis zrdis tendencia. amasTan, Ria inflacia savsebiT uTavsdeba bazrebze calkeuli saqonlis fasebis periodul Semcirebas an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, maTi zrdis Senelebas. fasebis araTanabarzomieri zrdis pirobebSi Ria inflacia, marTalia, iwvevs sabazro meqanizmis deformirebas, magram ar spobs mas. vidre sabazro meqanizmi cocxalia, arsebobs inflaciis daZlevis imedic. daTrgunvili (CaxSobili) inflaciis dros, romelic warmoiqmneba mkacrad regulirebadi an fiqsirebuli fasebis mqone ekonomikaSi, fasebis zrda SeiZleba arc ki iyos SesamCnevi, fulis gaufasureba ki gamoxatulebas poulobdes mwvave deficitsa da grZel rigebSi. aseTi inflaciis arsebobisas, fasebis zrdiT Sewuxebuli saxelmwifo ebmeba masTan brZolaSi da awesebs mkacr kontrols fasebsa da Semosavlebze, e.i. yinavs maT gansazRvrul doneze. magram, didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, aseTi RonisZiebebi radikalur Sedegebs ver uzrunvelyofs. swored movlenis amgvar mdgomareobasTan gvqonda
615

saqme 1995-2003 wlebis saqarTveloSi.

inflaciis ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebi. uwinares yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos,

rom inflacia ekonomikaze moqmedebs ori mimarTulebiT: pirveli, igi aisaxeba warmoebis mTlian moculobaSi (makroekonomikuri efeqti). rogorc cnobilia, inflacia Zlierdeba maRali dasaqmebisa da warmoebis moculobis zrdis fazaSi da, piriqiT, inflaciis Semcireba Seefardeba warmoebis dacemas da umuSevrobis zrdas. magram, rogorc Tanamedrove makroekonomika mowmobs, inflacias, warmoebis moculobis donesa da umuSevrobas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar arsebobs; meore mimarTuleba aisaxeba resursebis gadaadgilebasa da ekonomikur efeqtianobaSi ( mikroekonomikuri efeqti ). inflaciis mikroekonomikuri Sedegebi naRdi fulis gaufasurebiT warmoiSoba. inflaciis dros fasebi da xelfasebi sxvadasxva tempiT moZraobs. amitom xdeba Semosavlebis da simdidris gadanawileba mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris. aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac _ Teoriuladac da praqtikuladac, maSinac ki, roca gairkveva inflaciis namdvili sidide, sazogadoebis yvela wevrs ara aqvs moqmedebis erTnairi SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, zogierT bazarze (sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi, nedleuli...) fasebi wesdeba mokle vadiT, xolo zogierTi saqonlis bazarze (saijaro qira, binis gadasaxadi...) fasebi fiqsirebulia kontraqtebSi da ar icvleba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi. igive SeiZleba aRiniSnos muSebisa da mosamsaxu-reebis xelfasze, romelic fiqsirebulia grZelva616

dian SeTanxmebaSi. ra Tqma unda, SeTanxmeba SeiZleba Seicavdes gansazRvrul daTqmas. sabazro ekonomikaSi inflaciis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli Sedegia urTierTndobis Seryeva. TanamSromloba, romelic sazogadoebisa da civilizaciis safuZvelia, sazogadoebis wevrebisagan moiTxovs TviTSezRudvas da sakuTari miznis miRwevis dros sxva adamianebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas: Tu adamianebi im daskvnamde mivlen, rom maT atyueben, maSin isini advilad Camoicileben Semakavebel eTikur normebs. inflaciasTan dakavSirebulia ganuWvretlobis problemis warmoSoba, romlis msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdes urTierTTanxmoba, romelzec dafuZnebulia sabazro ekonomikis sazogadoeba. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom inflaciis mier Seqmnili problemebi TiTqmis mTlianad dakavSirebulia ganusazRvrelobasTan. es problemebi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, imitom ki ar warmoiSoba, rom fulis fasi ecema, aramed imis gamo, rom momavali fasi ganuWvretelia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas deflaciasa da dezinflaciaze (inflaciis tempis Senelebaze). inflaciis realuri xarjia simdidris TviTneburi gadanawileba socialur jgufebs Soris, xolo mis bazaze warmoSobil urTierTdaukmayofileblobas SeuZlia daamsxvrios sazogadoebis wevrTa miswrafeba TanamSromlobisaken. aranakleb mniSvnelovania inflaciisagan dacvis xarji. ukanasknel wlebSi gamoqveynebuli mravalricxovani literatura iZleva sxvadasxva saxis rekomendacias inflaciisagan Tavis dasacavad. inflaciis xarjis analizi SeiZleba ganxiluli
617

iqnas ori poziciidan: pirveli, ramdenad dabalansebulia inflacia, anu ekonomikaSi zomieri inflaciaa Tu Wenebadi; meore, ramdenadaa ekonomika adaptirebuli inflaciasTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi yovelwliuri fasebis zrdas, davuSvaT 4-5%-iT, Seesabameba `samomxmareblo kalaTis` Rirebulebis gadideba. erTdroulad icvleba sargeblis ganakveTic. msgavsi inflacia arafers cvlis ekonomikaSi. daubalansebeli inflaciis SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, zaraldeba fulis mimoqceva da sagadasaxado sistema. saqme isaa, rom inflaciis 10%-iT zrdis pirobebSi imave 10%-iT ecema realuri sargeblis ganakveTi fulze. es exeba yvela im aqtivs, romelsac fiqsirebuli fuladi sargeblis ganakveTi aqvs. garda amisa, inflaciis zrda aiZulebs mosaxleobas damatebiTi xarji gaiRos maTTvis aucilebeli saqonlis SesaZenad. es iwvevs pirad sabanko angariSebze mosaxleobis naRdi fulis Semcirebas. inflaciis zrda xels uwyobs gadasaxadis formiT mosaxleobidan saxsrebis amoRebis gadidebas, rac ekonomikur literaturaSi cnobilia `inflaciis gadasaxadis` saxelwodebiT. inflacia arTulebs rogorc nominaluri, ise realuri Semosavlebis gazomvas. dRemde verc erT qveyanaSi ver moxerxda Semosavlis koreqtireba inflaciis zrdis kvalobaze. amrigad, daubalansebeli inflacia, romelic adaptirebuli araa ekonomikasTan, warmoSobs Semosavlebisa da simdidris gadanawilebas. inflaciuri procesebi gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad moqmedeben mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis doneze. amasTan, gansakuTrebiT Zlieria es moqmedeba im fenebze,
618

romlebic Rebuloben fiqsirebul Semosavlebs. am SemTxvevaSi gadanawileba xdeba imaT sasargeblod, vinc Rebulobs arafiqsirebul maRal Semosavlebs. ekonomikur literaturaSi inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli kidev ramdenime xarjia cnobili, romelTagan TiToeuli gviCvenebs, rom fulis miwodebis uwyveti zrda, ama Tu im gziT, garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens sazogadoebis cxovrebis doneze. inflaciuri danakargis pirveli saxe dakavSirebulia inflaciur gadasaxadTan, romelic iwvevs mosaxleobis gankargulebaSi fulis realuri maragis Semcirebas. es garemoeba aiZulebs moqalaqeebs xSirad moxsnan bankSi arsebuli anabridan maTTvis saWiro Tanxa. am movlenas xSirad uwodeben `fexsacmlis spontanur xarjs`, radgan bankSi xSirad siaruli aCqarebs fexsacmlis cveTas. inflaciuri danakargis meore saxe dakavSirebulia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis xSiri Secvlis aucileblobasTan. igi moiTxovs axali katalogebis dabeWdvasa da gavrcelebas. es ki mewarmisagan moiTxovs damatebiTi xarjis gaRebas. am danakargma miiRo `menius xarjis` saxelwodeba, ramdenadac, rac ufro maRalia inflaciis tempi, miT ufro xSirad uxdebaT restornebs dabeWdon axali meniu. inflaciuri danakargis mesame saxe dakavSirebulia sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis formasTan. saqme is aris, rom sagadasaxado dabegvris mravali debuleba ar iTvaliswinebs inflaciur zemoqmedebas. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom inflaciis wliuri tempi Seadgens 20%-s, xolo moqalaqis mier nayidi aqciis Tavdapirveli fasi
619

iyo 100 lari. momaval wels imave realuri fasis misaRebad aucilebelia misi realizacia 120 larad (100l + 20% inflacia). mocemul SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba am operacias ganixilavs rogorc 20 laris Semosavlis miRebas TiToeul gayidul aqciaze da, Sesabamisad, mas begravs. es imiT aixsneba, rom ibegreba ara realuri Semosavali, aramed nominaluri. es ki amcirebs mocemuli moqalaqis realur Semosavals. inflaciuri danakargis sxva saxea cvalebadi fasebis donis samyaroSi cxovrebis mouxerxebloba. realur cxovrebaSi fuli gamodis Taviseburi `saxazavis` rolSi, romliTac izomeba ekonomikuri operaciebi. inflaciis dros icvleba am saxazavis sigrZe. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad 2005 wels erTi metri iqneba 80 santimetris toli, 2006 wels _ 50 sm, 2007 wels _ 30 sm da a.S. ra Tqma unda, metris sigrZis aseTi cvlileba Zalze mouxerxebelia. igi moiTxovs sigrZis sazomis mudmiv dazustebas romelime mudmiv ricxvTan. analogiurad, Tu laris yidviTunarianoba ganuwyvetliv meryeobs, maSin igi kargavs Rirebulebis sazomis funqcias, radgan am situaciaSi lari sistematurad moiTxovs `inflaciur` Sesworebas. Tu ufro konkretulad gavaanalizebT inflaciis ekonomikur da socialur Sedegebs, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi momentebi: * fuladi Semosavlis gaufasureba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris Semcireba, rac realuri Semosavlis dacemas iwvevs. Tu ojaxis nominaluri fuladi Semosavali Seadgenda, vTqvaT, 200 lars da amiT SeeZlo ojaxs 200 kg Saqris SeZena, fulis
620

orjer gaufasurebis Semdeg, imave TanxiT mxolod 100 kg Saqris SeZena SeuZlia, e.i. realuri Semosavali orjer mcirdeba. aseTi procesi warmoiqmneba maSin, roca nominaluri Semosavali stabiluria an inflaciis tempTan SedarebiT ufro nela izrdeba. inflaciis Sedegad, ai, ratom zaralobs yvelaze ufro metad fiqsirebuli nominaluri Semosavlis mqone da socialurad daucveli nawili sazogadoebisa (maswavleblebi, eqimebi, mecnierebi, pensionerebi da a.S.); * Semosavlisa da simdidris gadanawileba. inflaciis dros SeiZleba moqalaqeTa erTi nawili dazaraldes, meorem ki moigos. vTqvaT, erTma moqalaqem meores erTi wliT asesxa 500 lari, romliTac mocemul momentSi SeeZlo 500 kg Saqris yidva. erTi wlis Semdeg, inflaciis Sedegad, orjer gaufasurda fuli da valSi dabrunebuli 500 lariT man mxolod 250 kg Saqris yidva SeZlo. waago mevalem da moigo movalem, radganac vali gaufasurebuli fuliT gadaixada. ase xdeba mTeli qveynis masStabiT yvela sxva angariSworebis drosac, Tu xelSekrulebaSi winaswar araa gaTvaliswinebuli inflaciis Sedegad fulis mosalodneli gaufasureba. amrigad, rac ufro moulodnelad, swrafad da erTimeoris mimarT daubalanseblad gaizrdeba fasebi, miT ufro sasargebloa calkeuli ekonomikuri agentebisaTvis da sazaralo _ sxvebisaTvis. amis kvalobaze xdeba Semosavlisa da simdidris gadanawileba imaTgan, vinc xangrZlivi vadiT iZleva kredits, imaT xelSi, vinc Rebulobs am kredits da gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg gaufasurebuli saxiT ubrunebs kreditors (Tu aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis kompensaciis Taobaze winaswar raime piroba ar iyo dafiqsirebuli xelSekrulebiT);
621

* grZelvadiani garigebebisadmi interesis Seneleba. bunebrivia, sabazro ekonomikis subieqtTa Soris garigeba rac ufro xangrZlivia, miT ufro metia riski da inflaciis saSiSroeba. amitom investorebi cdiloben misgan Tavis daRwevas da xelSekrulebis mokle vadiT Semofargvlas. Tumca es, bevri sxva TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba xels ar aZlevdes investors. aseT SemTxvevaSi cdiloben ganaxorcielon iseTi investiciebi (dabandebebi), romelTa rentabelobis done uzrunvelyofs ara marto normaluri mogebis miRebas, aramed mosalodneli inflaciiT gamowveuli zaralis kompensirebasac; * fuladi danazogebis gaufasureba. inflacia aufasurebs fulad danazogebs, miuxedavad imisa, iqneba igi bankSi moTavsebuli Tu skivrSi Senaxuli, an kidev, iqneba firmebis Tu kerZo pirebis sakuTreba. vTqvaT, meanabrem komerciul bankSi daabanda 1000 lari, anu iyida 1000 lariani obligacia wliuri 10%-iani ganakveTiT. wlis bolos igi miiRebs 1100 lars, magram, inflaciis donis 20%-mde gazrdis gamo, dabandebuli 1000 laris Rirebuleba, anu msyidvelobiTi unari daecema 917 laramde (1100:1,20) da menabre, saboloo angariSiT, mogebis nacvlad, izaralebs. maSasadame, fuladi danazogebis msyidvelobiTunarianoba ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia inflaciis donesTan. amitom am ukanasknelis mosalodneloba zRudavs fulis dazogvas, zrdis mimdinare moxmarebas da aferxebs msxvilmasStaburi investiciebis ganxorcielebas, warmoebis daCqarebul ganviTarebas; * fuladi saxsrebis faruli konfiskacia. inflacia firmebisa da mosaxleobis xelSi arsebuli fuladi saxsrebis farul konfiskacias axdens gadasax622

adebis meSveobiT. es xdeba Semdegnairad: inflaciis bazaze nominaluri Semosavlis zrdis Sedegad fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi eqcevian gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa ufro maRal jgufSi, riTac saxelmwifos xelSi gadanawildeba maTi ara marto mogeba, aramed mimdinare moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili Semosavlis nawilic. am negatiuri movlenis Tavidan asacileblad ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimarTaven sagadasaxado ganakveTebis indeqsacias inflaciis tempis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram igi ar iZleva sasurvel Sedegs, ramdenadac fasebis daubalansebeli zrdis kvalobaze xdeba simdidris gadanawileba, Rrmavdeba nominalur da realur Semosavals Soris sxvaoba, Tanac, sxvadasxva socialur jgufSi sxvadasxvanairad, sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva siswrafiT. erTian indeqsacias ar ZaluZs aseTi niuansebis gaTvaliswineba, igi yvela Semosavals afasebs formalurad. inflaciisagan zaralobs TviT saxelmwifoc, ramdenadac gadasaxadebi saxelmwifo xazinaSi Sesvlamde sakmaod ufasurdeba. SedarebiT ufro mZimea da damangreveli ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebi, rac Tan sdevs daTrgunvil (CaxSobil) inflacias . igi saSineli socialuri senia imitom, rom: angrevs TviTregulirebis sabazro meqanizms. bazris meSveobiT ver xerxdeba dargTa Soris wonasworobis damyareba da am funqcias saxelmwifo kisrulobs, Tumca igi awydeba TiTqmis gadauWrel siZneleebs. investirebis procesi Wianurdeba da ecema ekonomikis efeqtianoba; gayinuli fasebi araxelsayrels xdis kapitalis dabandebas im dargebSi, sadac maRalia warmoebis xarjebi. es iwvevs warmoebis kidev ufro metad dacemas
623

da deficitis gaRrmavebas. deficiti qronikul xasiaTs Rebulobs; deficitis pirobebSi moTxovna srulad ver realizdeba da mosaxleobas ugrovdeba iZulebiTi danazogebi, rac apirobebs uzarmazar rigebs da did gasaqans aZlevs spekulacias Sav bazarze. amrigad, daTrgunvili inflaciis pirobebSi warmoeba gaCerebulia an izrdeba umniSvnelod, ris gamoc Senelebulia mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis procesic. amitomaa misi Tavidan acilebisaTvis zrunva saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocana.
inflaciisa da umuSevrobis urTierTkavSiri. didi xania, rac cnobilia keinzianuri Tval-

sazrisi umuSevrobasa da inflacias Soris arsebuli ukuproporciuli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.* es sakiTxi safuZvlianad Seiswavla da mecnierulad ganazogada ingliselma ekonomistma o.fili psma. man XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, inglisis ekonomikis 95-wliani (1861-1956 ww.) ganviTarebis monacemebis yovelmxrivi gaanalizebis safuZvelze daamuSava originaluri modeli (`fili psis mrudi` ), romlis Tanaxmad, umuSevrobis donis gadideba 2,5-3,0%-s zeviT iwvevs

fasebisa da xelfasebis zrdis mkveTrad Senelebas da piriqiT, umuSevrobis Semcirebas Tan sdevs fasebisa da xelfasis gadideba, rasac, saboloo angariSiT, inflaciamde mivyavarT (ix. nax. 9.7). gamodis, rom sazogadoebam umuSevrobis donis Semcireba unda uzrunvelyos inflaciis tempebis daCqarebis xarjze, rac winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis matarebelia. amerikeli ekonomistebis p.samuelsonisa da r.solous mier erTgvari modificirebis (kerZod, xelfasis ganakveTebis saqonlis fasebis zrdis tempebiT Senacvlebis) Semdeg, 60-iani wlebidan, sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebma fili psis mrudi safuZvlad daudes TavianT ekonomikur politikas da scades dasaqmebasa da inflacias Soris optimaluri Tanafardobis damyareba. amgvari ekonomikuri regulirebis praqtikam cxadyo, rom fili psis mrudis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia mxolod moklevadiani periodis ekonomikur situaciebSi, ramdenadac grZelvadian (510 weli) periodSi, umuSevrobis maRali donis miuxedavad, inflacia ganagrZobs zrdas,* rac aixsneba garemoebaTa mTeli kompleqsiT.

* umartivesi keinzianuri modeli aCvenebs, rom ekonomikaSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas an umuSevroba, romelic ganpirobebulia warmoebis daqveiTebiT, an inflacia, romelic gamowveulia warmoebis aRmavlobiT, magram erTdroulad ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas umuSevroba da inflacia.

* ase magaliTad, aSS-is ekonomikaSi rogorc 1973-1974 da 1978-1980 wlebSi, aseve 1982-1990 wlebSi umuSevroba da inflacia moZraobda erTi da imave mimarTulebiT, anu umuSevroba da inflacia ar moZraobdnen sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebda 60-iani wlebis fili psis mrudi. Tumca, yuradReba unda mieqces erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas: 70ian wlebSi inflacia da umuSevroba erTdroulad izrdeboda , xolo 80-ian wlebSi (ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi) erTdroulad mcirdeboda .

624

625

am xarvezis gamo, filipsis mrudi Secvala umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis Teoriam , romelic 70-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 80-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi ekonomikuri analizisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneboda aSS-sa da inglisSi. misi arsi isaa, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi inflaciis zomier, anu sazogadoebisaTvis xelsayrel doned SeiZleba miCneuli iqnas umuSevrobis mxolod bunebrivi done. mniSvnelovani upiratesobis miuxedavad, verc es koncefcia CaiTvleba problemis saboloo da warmatebul gadaWrad, ramdenadac umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis pirobebSic inflacia raRac drois ganmavlobaSi inerciiT ganagrZobs zrdas da ver xerxdeba misi tempebis mkveTrad Semcireba. amasTan, umuSevrobis TviT bunebrivi donec ukanasknel ocdaaTwleulSi praqtikulad dasavleTis yvela qveyanaSi izrdeboda da dReisaTvis, 60-iani wlebis donesTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis gaorkecebulia.
antiinflaciuri regulireba. saeWvoa, saWiro iyos mtkiceba imisa, rom SeuZlebeli an Zalian Znelia fasebis inflaciuri zrdis faqtorTa mTlianad amoZirkva. rogorc Cans, ufro realuria vawarmooT brZola ara imdenad fulis gaufasurebis mizezebTan, ramdenadac maT SedegebTan. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, inflacia gavxadoT marTvadi, xolo misi done zomieri (mcocavi). es Tezisi safuZvlad udevs antiinflaciuri regulirebis RonisZiebaTa mTel kompleqss. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebis gamocdilebiT cnobilia antiinflaciuri regulirebis ori varianti: inflaciuri procesebisadmi adaptireba (Segueba) da aSkara 626

P2
inflaciis tempi

2
fi l ip

si

mr

ud

P1

U2
umuSevrobis done

U1

nax. 9.7. fili psis mrudi

antiinflaciur RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba. adaptaciuri politikis arsi isaa, rom sabazro ekonomikis subieqtebi (saojaxo meurneobebi, firmebi da saxelmwifo) TavianT moqmedebaSi winaswarve iTval627

iswineben inflaciis negatiur Sedegebs. msoflio praqtikaSi cnobilia inflaciiT gamowveuli danakargebis kompensaciis ori meTodi: sargeblis ganakveTis sistematuri indeqsacia (anu koreqtireba) inflaciis tempebis gaTvaliswinebiT da investiciis pirveli sawyisi Tanxis indeqsacia, romlis koeficientic aseve inflaciis tempebiT ganisazRvreba. saojaxo meurneobebi inflaciisadmi adaptirebas cdiloben Semosavlis damatebiTi wyaroebis gamoZebniT, fuladi saxsrebis materialur faseulobebSi swrafi materializaciiT, kontraqtebis dadebisas xelfasebis inflaciuri koreqtirebiT da a.S. inflaciisadmi firmebis adaptirebis politika gamoixateba, magaliTad, imaSi, rom isini xels hkideben mxolod moklevadiani proeqtebis realizacias, raTa swrafad daibrunon dabandebuli Tanxebi. garda amisa, firmebi sakuTari sabrunavi saSualebebis naklebobis Sevsebas cdiloben aqciebisa da obligaciebis gamoSvebis safuZvelze, gare wyaroebis gamoyenebiT da a.S. aSkara antiinflaciuri politika moicavs saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebul da gatarebul grZelvadian da moklevadian RonisZiebaTa kompleqss. grZelvadiani antiinflaciuri politika moicavs iseT RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa: * saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis Sekveca ara fulis emisiis gaZlierebiT, aramed gadasaxadebis gadidebiT da saxelmwifo xarjebis SemcirebiT; * fasebisa da Semosavlebis regulireba, maTi zrdis tempebis Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa. am miznis miRwevis erT-erTi saSualebaa SemosavalTa indeqsacia
628

_ Semosavlebis (xelfasis) Secvla cxovrebis minimumis, anu `samomxmareblo kalaTis` Rirebulebis Sesabamisad; * inflaciaze gare faqtorebis gavlenis Sesusteba. igulisxmeba biujetis deficitis dasafaravad mTavrobis mier ucxouri kreditebis aRebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba; * fulis mimoqcevis efeqtiani regulireba, kerZod, fulis masis yovelwliur matebaze mkacri limitis daweseba, rac xels Seuwyobs inflaciis donis kontrols. fulis mimoqcevis mosawesrigeblad da gansamtkiceblad saxelmwifoebi atareben fulad reformebs. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs erTi fuladi erTeulidan meoreze gadasvlas an fuladi sistemis nawilobriv cvlilebebs. istoriisaTvis cnobilia fulis reformis Semdegi saxeebi: erTi fuladi saqonlidan meoreze gadasvla (magaliTad, spilenZis fulidan vercxlisaze da vercxlis fulidan oqrosaze gadasvla); arasrulfasovani da gaufasurebuli monetebis Secvla srulfasovaniT an dauxurdavebeli fuladi niSnebis Secvla daxurdavebis unaris mqoneTi; cvlilebebi fulis emisiis sistemaSi (magaliTad, 1913 wels aSS-Si banknotebis gamoSvebis ufleba miiRo 12 federalurma sarezervo bankma); axali fuladi sistemis warmoSoba saxelmwifoebriv gardaqmnasTan dakavSirebiT (magaliTad, ssr kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axalma nacionalurma saxelmwifoebma SemoiRes Tavisi fuladi sistemebi);
629

 fulis mimoqcevis stabilizacia, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva meTodebiT. maT Soris yvelaze ti piuria: * deflacia _ fulis masis Semcireba mimoqcevidan Warbi qaRaldis fulis amoRebis gziT; * nulifikacia _ Zveli fulis niSnebis likvidacia da axali fulis SemoReba; * denominacia _ fuladi niSnebis nominaluri Rirebulebis Secvla axal ufro msxvil fulad erTeulebze garkveuli TanafardobiT maTi gacvliT, fasebisa da xelfasebis imavdrouli gadaangariSebiT. moklevadiani antiinflaciuri politika mimarTulia ZiriTadad inflaciis tempebis droebiT Semcirebisaken. magaliTad, solidur Sedegs iZleva, erToblivi moTxovnis gaudideblad, erToblivi miwodebis gafarToeba. am mizniT saxelmwifo: * SeRavaTebs uwesebs im firmebs, romlebic TavianT ZiriTad nawarmTan erTad uSveben Tanamdev produqcias; * axdens Tavisi sakuTrebis nawilis privatizebas, raTa Semovides saxsrebi biujetis deficitis dasafaravad; * axorcielebs qmediT RonisZiebebs samomxmareblo saqonlis didi raodenobiT importirebisaTvis; * axorcielebs Zlier Setevas monopolizmis winaaRmdeg ekonomikaSi; * uqmnis xelsayrel pirobebs mcire da saSualo bizness; * iZleva rekomendacias, gaiyidos yvelaferi (resursebi, nawarmi, informacia da a.S.), risi gayidvac SeiZleba.
630

antiinflaciuri ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebisas Rrmad unda gavaanalizoT da gaviTvaliswinoT misi ukuSedegebic, vinaidan araa gamoricxuli, negatiurma Sedegebma gadaaWarbos pozitiurs da mniSvnelovani ziani miayenos sazogadoebas. dasavlel specialistTa gaTvliT, inflaciis 1%-iT SemcirebisaTvis aucilebelia wlis ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis faqtiurma donem 2%-iT mainc gadaaWarbos mis bunebriv dones, rac, oukenis kanonis Tanaxmad, realur mTlian Sida produqts, potenciur SesaZleblobasTan SedarebiT, 4%-iT Seamcirebs. Tuki inflaciis 1%-iT Semcireba ara marto dafaravs umuSevrobis donis 2%-iT gazrdisa da realuri mTliani Sida produqtis, potenciur SesaZleblobasTan SedarebiT, 4%-iT Semcirebis Sedegad gamowveul danakargebs, aramed garkveul mogebasac moutans qveyanas, igi gamarTlebul RonisZiebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tavi unda SevikavoT misgan da unda davadgeT ufro realur gzas. aSS-sa da zog sxva qveyanaSi sakmaod didi popularobiT sargeblobs monetaruli antiinflaciuri koncefcia, romlis mTavari Semoqmedia milton fridmeni (igi iyo r. reiganis mrCeveli am ukanasknelis mier stabilizaciis programis gatarebisas). am koncefciis Tanaxmad, antiinflaciurma politikam aucileblad unda moicvas ori bloki: erToblivi moTxovnis regulireba da erToblivi miwodebis regulireba. erToblivi miwodebis regulireba friad sasargeblo RonisZiebaa, magram sasurvel efeqts mxolod xangrZlivi drois Semdeg iZleva da grZelvadian antiinflaciur strategias ganekuTvneba. am mimarTulebiT swraf
631

da radikalur Sedegebs erToblivi moTxovnis SezRudva iZleva. monetaristTa mtkicebiT, misi realizacia iyofa sam etapad: pirvel etapze tardeba konfiskaciuri xasiaTis fulis reforma. mosaxleobis xelT arsebuli fulis masis swrafi da mkveTri Semcireba, cxadia, uceb aqveiTebs moTxovnas; meore etapze xdeba biujetis deficitis Semcireba da kreditis gaZvireba. es ukanaskneli miuwvdomelia dabalefeqtiani firmebisaTvis (isini kotrdebian) da sarbielze gamodian yvelaze mZlavri mwarmoeblebi; mesame etapze mcirdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTebi da msxvili kompaniebis mier gamoSvebuli nawarmiT bazris gajerebas Tan sdevs fasebis Semcireba. amrigad, pirvel da meore etapebze gamoiyeneba berketebi, romlebic dabla sweven erTobliv moTxovnas, mesameze _ berketebi, romlebic astimulireben saqonlis masis zrdas da erToblivi miwodebis donis amaRlebas.

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. ekonomikis ciklur meryeobas araswori aRqmiTa da adamianTa zedmeti SromiT xsnis: a. monetaruli Teoria; b. fsiqologiuri Teoria; g. inovaciis Teoria; d. gawonasworebuli Teoria. 2. ekonomikuri ciklis amosaval fazas, tradiciulad, warmoadgens: a. depresia (anu fskeri); b. daqveiTeba (krizisi); g. aRmavloba (gamococxleba); d. bumi (piki). 3. saqonlis miwodebisa da masze moTxovnis wonasworoba damaxasiaTebelia: a. daqveiTebis fazisaTvis; b. depresiis fazisaTvis; g. aRmavlobis fazisaTvis; d. bumis fazisaTvis. 4. aRmavlobis fazisaTvis niSandoblivi ar aris: a. umuSevrobis Semcireba; b. warmoebisa da miwodebis zrda; g. kreditebis gadideba; d. investiciebis Semcireba.
633

* * *
Temis dasasruls, Cven SegviZlia diagnozi davusvaT makroekonomikis ZiriTad `daavadebaTa` saerTo mizezs. es aris meurneobis mTavari parametrebis (maCveneblebis) wonasworobis darRveva. es parametrebi SeiZleba gaumjobesdes saxelmwifos gansazRvruli socialurekonomikuri politikis zemoqmedebiT. amitom Tanamedrove pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZina erovnuli meurneobis efeqtiani marTvis (regulirebis) damkvidrebam.
632

5. saqonlis fasebis spekulaciuri zrda damaxasiaTebelia: a. daqveiTebis fazisaTvis; b. depresiis fazisaTvis; g. aRmavlobis fazisaTvis; d. bumis fazisaTvis. 6. daqveiTebis periodSi ekonomikis aRmavlobis stimulirebas ufro metad SeZlebda: a. Semosavlebis Semcireba; b. investiciebis gadideba; g. msyidvelobiTi unaris Semcireba; d. umuSevrobis gadideba. 7. fulze moTxovnis amaRleba da sabanko sargeblis zrda damaxasiaTebelia: a. daqveiTebis fazisaTvis; b. depresiis fazisaTvis; g. aRmavlobis fazisaTvis; d. bumis fazisaTvis. 8. bumis faziT dawyebuli saqmiani aqtivobis ciklebi, upiratesad, ti piuria: a. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis; b. ganuviTarebeli qveynebisaTvis; g. maRalganviTarebuli qeynebisaTvis; d. administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis qveynebisaTvis.

9. momxmarebelTa molodinis indeqsi miekuTvneba: a. dawinaurebul ekonomikur indikatorebs; b. damTxvevis ekonomikur indikatorebs; g. dagvianebul ekonomikur indikatorebs; d. arc erTs zemoT CamoTvlilTagan. 10. SemTxveva, roca kolejis umuSevari kursdamTavrebuli eZebs Tavis pirvel samuSaos, aris magaliTi: a. sezonuri umuSevrobis; b. struqturuli umuSevrobis; g. cikluri umuSevrobis; d. friqciuli umuSevrobis. 11. umuSevrobis qvemoT CamoTvlili saxeebidan grZelvadians miekuTvneba: a. struqturuli umuSevroba; b. sezonuri umuSevroba; g. friqciuli umuSevroba; d. cikluri umuSevroba. 12. SemTxvevas, roca samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da samuSao Zalis miwodebis profesiuli struqturebi erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba, ewodeba: a. miwodebis siWarbiT gamowveuli umuSevroba; b. moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba; g. friqciuli umuSevroba; d. struqturuli umuSevroba.
635

634

13. moTxovniseuli inflacia gamowveulia: a. erToblivi moTxovnis deficitiT; b. erToblivi moTxovnis siWarbiT; g. erToblivi miwodebis siWarbiT; d. erToblivi moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobiT. 14. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan, inflaciis Sedegad yvelaze metad mogebuli darCebian: a. fiqsirebuli Semosavlis mqone pedagogebi; b. obligaciaTa mflobelebi; g. sesxis amRebi pirebi; d. fulis gamsesxeblebi. 15. danaxarjebiseuli inflacia gamowveulia: a. erToblivi miwodebis zrdiT; b. danaxarjebis zrdiT; g. erToblivi moTxovnis SemcirebiT; d. danaxarjebis SemcirebiT. 16. siRatakis (diskomfortis) indeqsi ganisazRvreba: a. siRaribis doniTa da saarsebo minimumiT; b. umuSevrobis doniTa da inflaciis tempiT; g. ekonomikuri zrdis tempiTa da inflaciis tempiT; d. ekonomikuri zrdis tempiTa da umuSevrobis doniT.

10
Tema
erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi: sabazro TviTregulireba da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba
`aucilebelia garkveuli balansi sabazro meqanizmis gamoyenebasa da saxelmwifos maregulirebel rols Soris~.
v.leontievi

`orive mxare _ bazari da saxelmwifo _ arsebiTia. imis cda, rom ekonomikis marTva ganxorcieldes romelime maTganis ignorirebiT, hgavs mcdelobas _ taSi daukran cali xeliT~.
p.samuelsoni, v.nordhausi

saxelmZRvanelos wina ganyofilebebSi sxvadasxva doziT gaSuqda makroekonomikis farglebSi sameurneo saqmianobis regulirebis calkeuli mxareebi. kerZod, me637

636

2, me-3 da me-4 TemebSi Tanmimdevrulad iyo ganxiluli: saxelmwifo seqtoris socialur-ekonomikuri roli, bazris Tavisufali ganviTareba da misi regulireba, sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis pirveladi (sabazro) da meoradi (saxelmwifoebrivi) ganawileba, agreTve qveynis masStabiT warmoebuli sameurneo saqmianobis regulirebis sxva formebi. dadga dro aixsnas, ras warmoadgens is sazogadoebrivi (sameurneo) meqanizmi, romelic makroekonomikis masStabiT gansazRvrul wesrigs uqvemdebarebs meurneobis yvela subieqts, gansazRvravs da aregulirebs maT Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebis formebs. makroekonomikuri regulatori erovnuli meurneobis organizaciisa da mowesrigebis sazogadoebrivi wesia, romelic erovnul meurneobas aerTianebs erTian mTlian sistemad, organizebas uwevs da warmarTavs ekonomikis yvela qveda rgolis saqmianobas, anawilebs ekonomikur resursebs dargebisa da meurneobis saxeobaTa mixedviT sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad. aRniSnuli regulatori moqmedebas iwyebs gansazRvruli wanamZRvrebis arsebobisas, kerZod, erTiani erovnuli meurneobis pirobebSi. pirvelad aseTi pirobebi Seqmna ganviTarebulma sasaqonlo warmoebam da Tavisufalma bazarma. Sedegad, moqmedeba daiwyo sameurneo meqanizmis amosavalma ti pma _ sabazro TviTregulirebam. marTlac, gansazRvrul pirobebSi sabazro ekonomika TviTregulirebadia da uzrunvelyofs: resursebis racionalur ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas, wonasworobis avtomatur damyarebas warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris,
638

mwarmoeblis dainteresebas produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebiT, axali teqnikisa da teqnologiis danergviT da a.S. magram, sabazro ekonomika ar unda davsaxoT yovlisSemZled, romelsac TavisTavad, saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe SeuZlia sameurneo organizmis gankurneba yvela senisagan. kidev meti, igi TviTonac warmoSobs uaryofiT movlenebs, romelTa daZleva mas mxolod saxelmwifos daxmarebiT SeuZlia. swored am da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebis detaluri ganxilviT viqnebiT dakavebuli winamdebare Temis Seswavlisas.

639

leqcia 28. sabazro TviTregulireba da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis wanamZRvrebi

` baz rebi, ro go rc w es i, ekonomikuri saqmianobis organizebis sakmaod kargi saSualebaa, magram am wess mniSvnelovani gamonaklisebi aqvs~.
gr.menqiu

`aucilebelia... qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Careva davuSvaT mxolod im ekonomikuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad, romelTa gadaWra bazrebs ar SeuZliaT an wyveten uxeirod~.
i.li psici

sabazro TviTregulirebis arsi da ZiriTadi niSnebi. albaT, yvelaze didi moulod-

neloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavisufal sabazro meurneobaSi ar arian is adamianebi da organizaciebi, romlebic moawesrigebdnen makroekonomikas mTlianad. kidev meti, ramdenadac aseTi ekonomika viTardeba stiqiurad, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom SeuZlebelia masSi arsebobdes ramenairi wesrigi. marTalia es Tu ara? am kiTxvaze pasuxi gasca inglisma jer kidev XVIIXVIII saukuneebSi, rodesac iq ganmtkicda kapitalizmi
640

Tavisufali konkurenciis bazriT. amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizmi pirvelad gaxsna a.smiTma cnobil wignSi `gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb`. man axsna, rom yoveli mewarme cdilobs gamdidrdes _ miiRos rac SeiZleba meti axali Rirebuleba, magram a.smiTis sityvebiT, `igi uCinari xeliT miemarTeba miznisaken, romelic sruliad ar Sedioda mis ganzraxvaSi`. miuxedavad imisa, rom mewarmeebi misdeven sakuTar interesebs, isini qmnian saqonels sxva adamianTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad da amitom, saboloo angariSiT, emsaxurebian sazogadoebriv sikeTes. Tavisufali konkurenciis bazari `uCinari xeliT` mimarTavs gamyidvelTa da myidvelTa qmedebebs Semdegnairad: Tavisufali bazari gulisxmobs konkurenciis monawileTa SeuzRudav raodenobas, yvelas uflebas, _ daiwyos an Sewyvitos warmoeba, daiqiraos sxva piri an TviTon gaaqiraos sakuTari Sromis unari. Tavisufali konkurenciis ekonomika gamoricxavs momxmareblis (myidvelis) raime diskriminacias; TiToeul momxmarebels aqvs Tavisi fuladi Semosavlis gankargvis ufleba. gamyidvelTa (mwarmoebelTa) da myidvelTa (momxmarebelTa) gamaerTianebeli yvela ekonomikuri kavSiri dgindeba horizontalurad, sameurneo garigebaTa safuZvelze. maTi simtkice ganisazRvreba imiT, rom sabazro gacvla mis monawileebs Soris sruldeba nebayoflobiT da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare garigebidan moelis materialuri sargeblis miRebas. aucilebeli Tanafardoba miwodebasa da moTx641

ovnas Soris miiRweva Tavisufali sabazro fasebis meqanizmis meSveobiT. Tavisufali konkurenciis bazris arc erT monawiles ar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos sxva monawileTa gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. es aixsneba maTi simravliT da TiToeuli monawilis mcire wiliT gasayidi saqonlis mTlian masaSi. es imas niSnavs, rom Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaSi monopoliis arc erTi ti pi ar arsebobs, gamoricxulia inflacia (Warbi moTxovna), saqonlis deficiti (naklebi miwodeba), warmoebis simciriT ganpirobebuli iZulebiTi umuSevroba da Warbwarmoeba. sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizmi moicavs pirdapir da uku ekonomikur kavSirebs saqonlis miwodebasa da sabazro moTxovnas Soris. pirdapiri kavSiri gamoixateba imaSi, rom saqonlis warmoeba (miwodeba) warmoSobs sakuTar moTxovnas, anu miwodeba da moTxovna srul SesabamisobaSi imyofebian.* yvela kerZo, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli mwarmoebeli erTpirovnulad wyvets myidvelTa moTxovnilebebTan (moTxovnasTan) dakavSirebul problemebs: ra, rogor da visTvis iyos warmoebuli. magram Tavisufali konkurenciis bazris pirobebSi

* es Sexeduleba cnobilia j.b.seis kanonis saxelwodebiT, romelic klasikosebmac (d.rikardo, j.mili...) gaiziares. aseTi mosazreba gamoricxavda Seusabamobas erTobliv miwodebasa da erTobliv moTxovnas Soris, anu Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sayovelTao Warbwarmoebisa da ekonomikuri krizisebis SesaZleblobas.

erTpirovnuli saqonelmflobelebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT gavlenis moxdena sabazro fasebze, moqmedeben TiTqosda `brmad`, ar ician-ra realuri myidvelebi maTi saWiroebebiT. amitom stiqiurad Camoyalibebuli kavSiri warmoebasa (miwodebasa) da moTxovnas Soris SeiZleba xSirad Seferxdes da ver ganxorcieldes pirdapir dasaxuli miznebi. amgvari SemTxvevebisagan yvela saqonelmwarmoebels ixsnis uku kavSiri, romelic midis bazridan warmoebisaken. sabazro informacia fasebis Sesaxeb SesaZleblobas iZleva Setanili iqnes Casworebebi mewarmeTa warmoebriv qmedebebSi da Tavidan iqnes acilebuli mosalodneli garTulebebi. rogorc Cans, sabazro urTierTobaTa ganiTarebis sawyis safexurze sameurneo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Careva iyo sruliad zedmeti. aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukunis inglisSi popularuli iyo lozungi cxovrebis idealuri mowyobis Sesaxeb: `anarqia plius konstabeli` (policiuri Cini). ekonomikaSi normalurad iyo aRiarebuli uxelisufleboba (bazris monawileTa stiqiuri TamaSi), xolo saxelmwifo mowodebuli iyo mxolod saerTo wesrigis SenarCunebaze _ yofiliyo, rogorc maSin ambobdnen, `Ramis daraji`. axla SevecadoT warmovidginoT, ramdenad gansxvavdeba Tavisufali bazris niSnebi da misi meqanizmi (moTxovna, miwodeba, fasi) Tanamedrove realuri bazrisagan. gansxvaveba Zalian didia. saqme is aris, rom Tavisufali bazari, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, arc erT qveyanaSi ar Seqmnila da verc Seiqmneboda. Tavisufali bazari iseTive abstraqtuli cnebaa, rogorc, davuSvaT, sruli vak643

642

uumi. amasTan, yoveli realurad funqcionirebadi bazari moicavs Tavisufali bazris elementebs. erTdroulad masSi SeiZleba moqmedebdes arasrulyofili konkurenciis elementebic. amrigad, srulyofili da arasrulyofili konkurenciis elementebis sinTezi iZleva Tanamedrove, realuri bazris suraTs.
sabazro TviTregulirebis fiasko da misi mizezebi. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Tavis-

ufalma bazarma Sewyvita erovnuli meurneobis regulatoris rolSi gamosvla Semdegi seriozuli mizezebis gamo: pirveli mizezi. rogorc cnobilia, sabazro ekonomikis yvela qveyanaSi radikalurad Seicvala sakuTrebiTi urTierTobani. erTpirovnulma kerZo sakuTrebam TandaTanobiT dakarga Tavisi ganuyofeli ekonomikuri Zalaufleba. XX saukuneSi aseTi Zalaufleba gadavida saerTo wilobriv da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mikroekonomika, romelic viTardeboda sabazro TviTregulirebis safuZvelze, gardaiqmna erovnuli ekonomikis erT-erT seqtorad. meore mizezi. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze sabazro Zalaufleba gadavida monopolistur gaerTianebebze. Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi gamyidvelTa da myidvelTa qmedebebi damokidebuli iyo moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebiT regulirebul sabazro fasebze. magram Semdeg sabazro fasebis karnaxi iwyes monopoliebma, daarRvies-ra amiT Tavisufali fasebis meqanizmi. antimonopoliurma kanonmdeblobam ki ar mospo monopoliaTa upiratesi mdgomareoba bazarze, aramed mxolod
644

raRaca zomiT SezRuda monopoliuri faswarmoqmna. mesame mizezi. XX saukunis SuaxanebSi ganmtkicebulma saxelmwifo seqtorma arsebiTad SezRuda sabazro sivrcis masStabebi. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifo warmoeba ar eqvemdebareba Tavisufali bazris kanonebs. meoTxe mizezi. XX saukuneSi sabolood gairkva, rom sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizms ar ZaluZs Tavidan aicilos erovnuli ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqarebi, romelic SeiZleba modiodes ekonomikuri krizisebidan, umuSevrobidan da inflaciidan. mexuTe mizezi. aRmoCnda agreTve isic, rom Tavisufal bazars, TviTregulirebis Tavisi meqanizmiT ar SeuZlia aRmofxvras erovnuli socialuri usafrTxoebis muqara, romelic gamowveulia mzardi garRveviT simdidresa da siRaribes Soris. gamodis, rom erovnuli ekonomikis normaluri funqcionireba saWiroebs axal regulators, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos Carevas sameurneo saqmianobaSi. modiT, axla ufro detalurad ganvixiloT sabazro TviTregulirebis fiasko da masze moqmedi efeqtebi . saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvla idealur SemTxvevaSi urTierTxelsayreli unda iyos gacvlaSi monawile orive mxarisaTvis, rac im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva, roca bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasi xelsayreli iqneba rogorc mwarmoeblisaTvis, aseve momxmareblisaTvis. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi aseT fasad miCneulia wonasworobis fasi. sanam bazarze aseTi fasi Camoyalibdeba, saWiroa rigi
645

pirobebis Sesruleba, romelTa Seusruleblobam SeiZleba ganapirobos bazris fiasko. bazris fiaskoze moqmedeben rogorc gare, aseve Siga efeqtebi. gare efeqtebSi igulisxmeba warmoebis an moxmarebis is efeqtebi, romelTa zemoqmedeba mesame pirze (romelic arc mwarmoebelia da arc momxmarebeli) ar aisaxeba SesaZeni saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasis meSveobiT. magaliTad, fermerma gansazRvruli xarji gaiRo Tavis nakveTSi wylis arxis gasayvanad da amiT miwis nayofiereba gaaumjobesa rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxvis miwazec, sadac am arxma gaiara. am SemTxvevaSi wylis arxis gayvanis sikeTiT isargebla rogorc xarjis gamRebma fermerma, aseve meore fermermac im gansxvavebiT, rom ukanasknels arc erTi TeTri ar dauxarjavs am sikeTis misaRebad. pirveli fermeris iniciativiT meorem, romelsac xarji ar gauRia, ufro meti moigo da Sesabamisad, am ukanasknelis warmoeba ufro efeqtiani aRmoCndeba, xolo misi saqoneli ufro konkurentunariani iqneba. sabazro meqanizmi, msgavs SemTxvevaSi, uZluria gazomos gare efeqti da uzrunvelyos ekonomikis fsevdowonasworobis damyareba. es mxolod saxelmwifos saqmea. mas SeuZlia meore fermeris Semosavlis specialuri dabegvra da warmoqmnili finansuri resursis gadacema pirveli fermerisaTvis. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi aseTma gadasaxadma miiRo pigus gadasaxadis saxelwodeba. Siga efeqtebSi Sedis sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi da arasakmarisi konkurencia. yovel miwodebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas aqvs
646

ori saerTo Tviseba: 1. miwodebis ganmaxorcielebel pirs SeuZlia visac surs imas mihyidos Tavisi saqoneli. am movlenas ewodeba gamoricxvis Tviseba; 2. erTi piris an pirTa jgufis mier saqonlis erTeulebis gamoyeneba zRudavs misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas sxva pirebis mier, rasac ewodeba metoqeobis Tviseba. zogierTi saqoneli ar flobs gamoricxvisa da metoqeobis Tvisebebs da aseT saqonels ewodeba sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi. sazogadoebriv saqonels ar gaaCnia gamoricxvis Tviseba, ar SeiZleba erT pirs ise miewodos, rom ar miewodos maSinve sxvasac. amve dros, mas ara aqvs metoqeobis Tviseba, Tu igi erTxel miewodeba erT pirs, SeiZleba miewodos sxva pirebsac damatebiTi danaxarjis gareSe. yvelaze wminda saxiT sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis magaliTia erovnuli Tavdacva. igi erTdroulad yvelas miewodeba. Tumca, wminda saxiT sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia SezRuduli sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi, romelsac nawilobriv axasiaTebs gamoricxvisa da metoqeobis Tvisebebi. SezRuduli sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis TvalsaCino magaliTia policiis momsaxureba. roca policia asrulebs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis dacvis funqcias, igi moqalaqeebs miawodebs sazogadoebriv dovlaTs, xolo roca igi axorcielebs konkretuli danaSaulis gaxsnas, amiT upiratesad igi dinteresebul pirs uwevs kerZo momsaxurebas. sazogadoebriv dovlaTTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis warmoiSoba `ubileTo mgzavris` (kurdReli`) problema. magaliTad, kompiuterebis programuli uzrunvely647

ofa metwilad atarebs sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis Tvisebas. magram, rogorc ki saTamaSo programa, programaredaqtori an eleqtronuli cxrili moxvdeba romelime piris gankargulebaSi, sxvebs SeuZliaT misi aslis damzadeba, romlis xarji faqtobrivad nulis tolia. miuxedavad am Taviseburebisa, programebis momzadeba da gayidva kerZo biznesia. bazris fiaskos sxva wyaroa arasakmarisi konkurencia. rogorc cnobilia, sabazro fasebi, Tu isini efeqtianad aregulireben resursebis ganawilebas, unda asaxavdes alternatiul Rirebulebas . gare efeqtebis wyalobiT bazarma SesaZloa fiasko ganicados imis gamo, rom fasebi ecema alternatiul Rirebulebaze dabla. im SemTvevaSi, roca adgili aqvs arasakmaris konkurencias, bazris fiasko SeiZleba imis gamo moxdes, rom fasebi Zalze maRalia alternatiul RirebulebasTan SedarebiT. aseTi situacia, rogorc wesi, warmoiSoba monopoliis SemTxvevaSi. monopolia iseTi situaciaa, romlis dros bazarze mxolod erTi gamyidveli gamodis romelime saqonlis an momsaxurebis mimwodeblis rolSi. am situaciis sailustraciod SeiZleba aseTi tradiciuli magaliTis moyvana: davuSvaT, rom `Telasi` Tbilisis momxmareblebs 1 kvt eleqtroenergias awodebs 0,18 larad. am fasSi eleqtroenergiis miyidva momxmareblisaTvis warmoadgens energiis sxva wyaroebis (magaliTad, navTobi, airi...) arCevanis gakeTebis orientirs. mosaxleobas rom SeeZlos eleqtroenergiis yidva Tavisufal bazarze, iseve rogorc benzinis an kartofilis yidva, maSin konkurencia gadawevda sabazro fass alternatiuli Rirebulebis doneze. magram eleqtro648

momaragebis, iseve rogorc airmomaragebis xaziT, konkurencia ar arsebobs. komunaluri momsaxurebis mimwodebeli firmebi erTimeoresTan ar imyofebian konkurenciaSi. marTlac, Tbilisis yoveli saxli, saboloo jamSi, SeerTeblia eleqtrogadamcem da airgamtarebel erT xazTan. aseT situaciaSi `Telass` da `yaztransgazs` SeuZliaT TavianTi mogebis gadideba fasebis amaRlebis xarjze, romelic alternatiul Rirebulebaze meti iqneba. ra Tqma unda, eleqtroenergiaze fasebis momatebas momxmarebeli upasuxebs masze moTxovnis SemcirebiT, magram fasis zrdiT ganpirobebuli mogeba, gansazRvrul momentamde, gadawonis moTxovnis SemcirebiT gamowveul danakliss. roca eleqtroenergiaze an airze metismetad maRali fasi dawesdeba, maSin mosaxleoba Rebulobs gadawyvetilebas _ saerTod uari Tqvas maT gamoyenebaze. `yaztransgazi` mas pasuxobs mosaxleobisaTvis airis miwodebis sruli SewyvetiT. am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebi Rebuloben cru signals eleqtroenergiis an airis alternatiuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. mosaxleobam SesaZloa ganaxorcielos eleqtroenergiis an airis ekonomikurad dausabuTebeli Secvla. magaliTad, TbilisSi farTo gavrceleba hpova bunebrivi airis Secvlam Txevadi airiT, romlis SeZena kerZo pirebisagan ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre bunebrivi airisa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas navTisa da SeSis gamoyenebaze. es ukanaskneli mkveTrad amcirebs mwvane nargavebis raodenobas TbilisSi da mTlianad saqarTveloSi. amrigad, saboloo jamSi, momxmareblebis alternatiuli arCevani SeiZleba iseT Tbomatareblebze SeCerdes, romelTa alternatiu649

li Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba airisa da eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebas, rac isev da isev bazris fiaskoze miuTiTebs. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ganixileba bazris fiaskos sxva wyaroebic. magaliTad, umuSevroba da inflacia. magram isini warmoadgenen makroekonomikur fenomens da amitom ar Seadgens mikroekonomikis kvlevis obieqtebs.
bazris fiasko da saxelmwifo. bazari udides rols asrulebs ekonomikuri triadis gadawyvetaSi, magram igi ar iRebs yvela gadawyvetilebas. zogierTi maTgani miiReba ierarqiul struqturebSi. misi yvelaze sailustracio magaliTebia gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic miiReba kerZo kompaniebis SigniT da saxelmwifos samTavrobo dawesebulebebSi. ierarqiul sistemaSi wesi dgindeba ara gankerZoebul individTa spontanuri moqmedebiT, aramed direqtivebis saxiT, romlebsac menejerebi ugzavnian TavianT daqvemdebarebul pirebsa da organizaciebs. am SemTxvevaSi fasebs, romlebic Cveulebriv did rols asruleben informaciis gadacemaSi, cvlian sxvadasxva monacemebimoxsenebebi, instruqciebi da wesebi. materialuri stimulebi (premia, dawinaureba...) moqmedeben daqvemdebarebul pirebze, magram maT mcire Sexeba aqvT sabazro fasebTan. saxelmwifos rolis gageba dakavSirebu;lia bazris fiaskosa da rentis Ziebis sakiTxTan. bazris fiaskos Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mTavari ekonomikuri roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi iq Caerios, sadac bazars SesaZlebloba ara aqvs efeqtianad da samarTlianad gaanawilos resursebi. bazris 650

fiaskos yoveli ti pi iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos Carevis gansazRvrul ti ps. CvenTvis cnobilia ekonomikuri renta, romelSic igulisxmeba warmoebis romelime faqtoris gamoyenebidan miRebuli safasuri da igi aRemateba mis alternatiul Rirebulebas. mewarmeebi da warmoebis faqtorTa sxva mflobelebi mudmivad imyofebian wminda ekonomikuri mogebis miRebis SesaZleblobis ZiebaSi, magram fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi yovelTvis ar kmayofildebian rentis Ziebis sabazro meTodebiT. xSirad isini xelisuflebis organoebsac mimarTaven. samTavrobo programaSi monawileobidan miRebuli Semosavali, romlis wyalobiT sawarmo Tavis produqcias yidis ufro maRal fasSi an resursebs yidulobs ufro dabal fasSi, arafriT Camouvardeba sabazro saqmianobidan miRebul mogebas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi ufro ukeTesia, ramdenadac mTavrobas SeuZlia ara mxolod rentis Seqmna, aramed misi dacva konkurentuli Zalebisagan. samTavrobo moqmedebis daxmarebiT ekonomikuri rentis Seqmna da dacva cnobilia politikuri rentis Ziebis , anu ubralod, rentis Ziebis saxelwodebiT. politikuri rentis Ziebis procesis erT-erTi Sedegia subsidiebi. rentis generirebis sxva saSualebaa konkurenciis SezRudva. magaliTad, proteqcionistuli politika sagareo vaWrobaSi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos funqciebis realizacia, romelic, uwinares yovlisa, miznad isaxavs bazris fiaskos Tavidan acilebas, amave dros qmnis samTavrobo politikis fiaskos wanamZRvrebs. samTavrobo fiasko warmoiSoba iseT situaciaSi, romlis drosac samTavrobo politika gamoiwvevs resursebis araefeqtian gamoyenebas.
651

leqcia 29. sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba

` saxelm w if o Rm erTi ar aris. mas ufleba ara aqvs wagarTvas is, risi dabrunebac ar SeuZlia, Zalianac rom moindomos~.
a.Cexovi

`saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansazRvrul farglebSi daexmaros ekonomikas, xolo misi SesaZlebloba _ ziani miayenos mas, ganusazRvrelia~.
j.m.keinzi

e k o no m i k a S i s a x e l m w i f o s C a r e v i s aucilebloba. albaT, xSirad gsmeniaT ama da am

saxelmwifos mTavrobam esa da es dadgenileba miiRo, ama da am saxelmwifos esa da es vali aqvs, esa da es saxelmwifo ase moiqcao. erTi sityviT, saxelmwifoze ise saubroben, rogorc adamianze. saxelmwifo adamiani ar aris, Tumca xSirad is adamianiviT iqceva. adamianiviT moiqceva aba ra, masSi xom adamianebi cxovroben _ adamianebi arian prezidentebi, ministrebi, direqtorebi, muSebi, policielebi, eqimebi da a.S. saxelmwifo jadosnuri, uxilavi xomaldiviTaa, romelsac bevri kargi saqmis gakeTeba SeuZlia, Tu mcodne kapitani da eki paJi hyavs. kapitani saxelmwifos meTau652

ri, prezidentia, eki paJi ki _ parlamenti da is organizaciebi, romlebic parlamentis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebsa da kanonebs asruleben. Tuki kapitani da eki paJi SeTanxmebulad muSaoben, xomaldis mgzavrebi mSvidad cxovroben, maTi Sroma dafasebulia; maT meti dro aqvT xelovnebis, silamazis, sikeTisaTvis, radgan gaTbobis, sinaTlis, transportis, yoveldRiuri lukmapuris fulis Sovnis problemebs gemis xelmZRvaneloba agvarebs _ vinc Sromobs, fulic aqvs. xomaldze mkacri da samarTliani wesrigia. aseTi xomaldi sul win da win miiwevs axali sikeTeebisaken. is cdilobs, rac SeiZleba ukeTesi pirobebi Seuqmnas mgzavrebs keTildReobisaTvis. man icis, rom mgzavrebi valSi ar darCebian, maT meti dro eqnebaT iseT problemebze safiqralad da maT gadasawyvetad, romlebic sxva xomaldebis mgzavrebsac uxsovari droidan awuxebT. aseTi problemebi ki, marTlac, uamravia. saxelmwifo da misi mmarTvelebi uxsovari droidan ereodnen moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi. Carevis formebi mravalferovani da xSirad kuriozuli iyo, Tumca maT safuZvlad ekonomikuri mosazrebebi edo. ase magaliTad, inglisis dedofalma elisabedma Tavis qveSevrdomebs kviraSi ori dRe xorcis Wama aukrZala, raTa am gziT Tevzze moTxovna gazrdiliyo. XX saukuneSi TavCenilma rTulma da didma problemebma bevri ekonomisti daarwmuna imaSi, rom aseTi problemebis gamklaveba mxolod saxelmwifos SeuZlia, romelic yvela moqalaqis Zalisxmevas da SesaZleblobas gaaerTianebs. magram ukve mTeli saukunea ekonomistebi daoben imaze, Tu ra zomiT unda ereodes saxelmwifo
653

qveynis ekonomikaSi. es problema XXI saukunis karibWesTan isev sazogadoebis yuradRebis, mecnierebasa da sameurneo praqtikaSi mwvave kamaTis sagani gaxda. gansakuTrebiT es gamovlinda socialisturi ekonomikis transformaciis periodSi. gardamavali periodis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa is, rom saxelmwifos rols ara mxolod ekonomikaSi, aramed saerTod sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi sxvadasxva poziciidan afaseben ara marto ekonomistebi, aramed sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa TiTqmis yvela dargis warmomadgenlebi. kamaTi grZeldeba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis masStabebze, formebze, meTodebze da saerTod, mizanmimarTulebaze. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi konceptualuri midgoma: antisaxelmwifoebrivi (e.i. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mowinaaRmdegeni) da prosaxelmwifoebrivi ( e.i. saxelmwifos Carevis damcvelebi). pirveli midgomis mixedviT, saxelmwifo gamoscems kanonebs, axorcielebs sameurneo interesebis koordianacias da faqtobrivad gamodis, rogorc gare Zala ekonomikuri procesebis mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo da ekonomika TiTqos cal-calkea; pirveli _ TamaSis wesebs` gansazRvravs, meore _ TviTregulirebiT viTardeba. meore midgomis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo mesakuTrea, uSualod axorcielebs sameurneo saqmianobas da gamodis bazris subieqtis rolSi. amasTan, igi sxva subieqtebis mimarT icavs sabazro urTierTobebis fuZemdeblur princi pebs. aseT SemTxvevaSic Carevis xarisxi
654

sxvadasxva zomiT ganisazRvreba. 90-iani wlebis socialurma da ekonomikurma kataklizmebma (maT Soris msoflio savaluto krizisma), romlebic ZiriTadad sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis (gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri procesebis) regulirebidan saxelmwifos Camocilebam ufro ganapiroba, sruliad axali rakursiT daayena sakiTxi socialisturi meurneobis sistemidan sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis periodSi saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri rolis Sesaxeb. vidre am problemis mimarT Cvens pozicias gamovxatavdeT, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT saxelmwifos rolis Teoriuli evolucia da msoflioSi arsebuli zogierTi gamocdileba.
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb S exedulebaTa ev olucia . sabazro

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucileblobis Taobaze dRes TiTqmis aravin daobs. magram am sakiTxze erTiani azri imTaviTve da erTbaSad ki ar Camoyalibebula, aramed igi TandaTanobiT, evoluciuri gziT yalibdeboda. modiT, mivyveT am gzas. am problemisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba merkantilistebma jer kidev sabazro urTierTobaTa formirebis sawyis periodSi gamoxates. isini mizanSewonilad miiCnevdnen vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis, saerTod qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifos Carevasa da xelis Sewyobas. merkantilistebi Tvlidnen, rom saxelmwifo marTva is saSualebaa, romelsac SeuZlia socialuri sa655

marTlianobis dacva. amasTan dakavSirebiT interesmoklebuli ar iqneba erT-erTi TvalsaCino merkantilistis viliam staffordis (XVI s.) Semdegi gamonaTqvami movitanoT: me erTxel SevekiTxe wignis gamyidvels, ratom Cven Sin ar vakeTebT sawer qaRalds da Semogvaqvs? miviRe aseTi pasuxi: Cven ar SegviZlia ise iafad gavakeToT, rogorc sazRvargareT, magram mjera, rom Tu ucxoeTis qaRaldis Semotana maRali baJiT daibegreba anda aikrZaleba, maSin CvenTan ufro iafad daiwyeben mis warmoebas. amave skolis meore warmomadgenlis Tomas manis (XVII s.) azriT, qveynis simdidris zrdis `Cveulebrivi saSualeba` isaa, rom yovelwliurad ucxoelebze iyideba ufro meti sakuTari saqoneli, vidre maTgan vyidulobT. sul sxva midgomebs daeyrdnen klasikuri skolis warmomadgenlebi. maT, xels ar aZlevda ra saxelmwifos mxriv Tavisuflebis SemzRudav RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba, daiwyes ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideebis qadageba. mimdevrebic blomad gamouCndnen. am mimarTulebam srulyofili saxiT Camoyalibeba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, a.smiTis mecnierul SemoqmedebaSi hpova. misi kredo aseTi iyo: sabazro ekonomikas bazris `uCinari xelis` meSveobiT savsebiT Seswevs TviTregulirebis unari, amitom kerZo iniciativisa da mogebisadmi usazRvro swrafvis gamosavlenad mas sWirdeba sruli Tavisufleba. a.smiTi amtkicebda, rom `sabazro Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSi` qmnis harmoniul wyobas. sazogadoebam mxolod unda Seqmnas saxelmwifo institutebi, romlebic daicaven adamians, mis sakuTrebas rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise gareTac. adam smiTis azriT,
656

Tavisi egoisturi miznebis misaRwevad individumis miswrafeba aris sameurneo ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc individis, ise sazogadoebis keTildReobas. ra Tqma unda, adam smiTis warmodgeniT, aseTYekonomikur saistemaSi saxelmwifos dakisrebuli hqonda daqvemdebarebuli roli. mis upirveles funqciad miCneuli iyo ekonomikuri (konkurenciisa da vaWrobis) Tavisuflebis garantiebis dacva. adam smiTis ekonomikuri Sexedulebis mixedviT, umjobesia saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi ar CaerTos, radganac es sabazro meqanizmebis moqmedebis darRvevas gamoiwvevs. miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris wonasworoba TavisiT, TviTregulirebiT aRdgeba. amrigad, yvelafers, rogorc adam smiTis argumentebidan gamomdinareobs, `uCinari xeli` gaakeTebs, aseTia axalgazrda (liberaluri) kapitalizmis ganviTarebis adam smiTiseuli koncefcia,* romelsac dResac bevri mimdevari hyavs da gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelmwifom kerZo sakuTreba da masze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebi unda daicvas, maT Seuqmnas da uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi garemo. klasikuri skolis am, erTi SexedviT, Seuval da

* 1758 wels frangma ekonomistma J.gurnem fiziokratebis skolis asambleaze ganacxada: `neba darTeT akeTon (rac undaT), neba darTeT iaron (sadac undaT)`. es iyo ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mopovebisaken mowodeba. mas safuZvlad daedo adam smiTis `uCinari xelis` Zliereba.

657

TiTqos yovelmxriv dasabuTebul koncefcias mkacri gamocda mouwyo cxovrebam, praqtikam da gansazRvra kidec misi radikaluri gadasinjvis aucilebloba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ori ram: jer erTi, liberalur kapitalizmTan dapirispirebuli prosaxelmwifoebrivi koncefciebi da meore, sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis yovlismomcveli (1929-1933 ww.) msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da didi depresia. niSandoblivia, rom liberalur kapitalizms ori sruliad axali koncefcia daupirispirda: intervencionizmi da socializmi. pirvelis warmomadgenlebi (J.sismondi, a.sen-simoni da sxv.) asabuTebdnen, rom kapitalisturi warmoebis da ganawilebis wesi samarTliani ar aris. amitom Tvlidnen, rom saxelmwifos uSualo Carevas (intervencias) unda SeezRuda kerZo interesebi maSin, roca isini sazogadoebis interesebTan winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndebodnen. aseTi midgoma ufro ganaviTares pirvelma socialistebma r. ouenim, S. furiem da sxv. rogorc cnobilia, r. ouenma Tavisi Sexedulebebi Camoayaliba samomxmareblo kooperaciis ganviTarebis, xolo S. furiem _ sawarmoo-samomxmareblo kooperaciis ganviTarebis magaliTze. l.blanma ki konkurenciis uaryofiTi gavlenisagan dacvis formad miiCnia `sazogadoebrivi saxelosno`. cnobilia, rom socialisturma ideebma axali impulsi miiRo marqsis, engelsis, leninis, stalinis da sxva marqsistTa SromebSi. maT radikalurad daayenes sakiTxebi mTeli ekonomikis gansazogadoebis, kerZo sakuTrebis mospobis, ekonomikis centralizebuli dagegmvisa da marTvis Sesaxeb, rac realurad ganxorcielda
658

sabWoTa kavSirSi (centralizebul gegmian ekonomikur sistemaSi warmoebisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas saxelmwifo iRebs. masve ekisreba socialuri sferos marTva). ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaZlierebis tendenciebi uSualod aris dakavSirebuli 1929-1933 wlebis sayovelTao ekonomikur krizisTan. cnobilia, rom `didi depresiis` periodSi j.m.keinzma uaryo kapitalisturi meurneobis TviTregulirebis SesaZlebloba. misi ideebi safuZvlad daedo ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis gaZlierebas da aisaxa prezident f.ruzveltis `axal kursSi`, romelic iTvaliswinebda saxelmwifos farTod Carevas ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. am movlenebma ganapiroba `kenzianuri revoluciis` epoqis dawyeba, romlis arsi mdgomareobda bazris `uCianari xelis` saxelmwifos `xiluli xeliT` Sevsebis aucileblobis aRiarebasa da realizaciaSi. keinzianelebi TavianTi, am princi pulad gansxvavebuli, koncefciis samarTlianobas asabuTebdnen imiT, rom, maTi azriT, ganviTarebulma sabazro ekonomikam, romelic emyareba msxvil mrewvelur warmoebas, dakarga TviTregulrebis unari. es ganapiroba Tavisufali konkurenciis Secvlam monopoliebis batonobiT, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba sabazro ekonomikis princi pebs, gamoricxavs Tavisufal mewarmeobasa da Tavisufal faswarmoqmnas. sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis keinzianurma koncefciam sayovelTao aRiareba da sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze mniSvnelovani praqtikuli gamoyeneba pova, magram arc es aRmoCnda mudmivi. kvlav Tavi iCina gadaulaxavma winaaRmdegobebma.
659

70-iani wlebis meore naxevrdan farTo msjelobis sagnad iqca sabazro ekonomikis keinzianuri modelis negatiuri mxareebi da maTgan Tavis daRwevis gzebis Zieba. amjerad diskusiis epicentrad iqca ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos zedmeti Careva da amis Sedegad bazris funqcionirebis mkveTrad SezRudva. am winaaRmdegobis gadasalaxavad obieqtur aucleblobad aRiares iseTi ekonomikuri meqanizmis Seqmna, romelic optimalurad Seaxamebda bazrisa da saxelmwifos funqcionirebas anu sabazro ekonomikis TviTregulirebas saxelmwifos CarevasTan. gamoinaxa kidec aseTi meqanizmi, romelic dReisaTvis cnobilia monetaristuli koncefciis saxelwodebiT. misi arsi mdgomareobs makroekonomikur doneze, keinzianuri instrumentis _ fiskaluri politikis nacvlad, fulad-sakredito sistemis regulirebis moqnili politikis gamoyenebaSi. xatovnad Tu vityviT, keinzianelTa ZiriTadi devizia `Careva`, Tanac `qirurgiuli`, xolo monetaristebisa _ regulireba, `Terapiuli mkurnaloba`. Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT monetarizmis arss, naTlad davinaxavT im utyuar faqts, rom monetaristuli koncefcia warmoadgens, Tanamedrove istoriuli pirobebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, neoklasikuri skolisa da keinzianelobis ideaTa mTeli rigis axlebur, originalur sinTezs. es bunebrivicaa, radganac samive (neoklasikuri, keinzianuri da monetaristuli) Teoria, Sinagani winaaRmdegobebisa da zogierTi urTierTgamomricxveli poziciis miuxedavad, isaxavs erTsa da imave keTilSobilur mizans _ sabazro ekonomikis socialuri potencialis srulad realizacias. amitomaa, rom
660

arc erT momdevno koncefciaSi arsebiTad araa uaryofili is sasargeblo idea, rac mis wina koncefciaSi iyo mocemuli. metic, TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens amgvari ideebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da srulyofis cdas. amiT imis Tqma ki ar gvinda, rom monetarizmia ekonomikuri regulirebis yovelmxriv unaklo da unikaluri modeli. sinamdvileSi mas, momxreebTan erTad, bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavs, magram isic faqtia, rom dReisaTvis igi sxva modelebze ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobs. da mainc, rogorc sasiamovno faqti, unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom alternatiuli makroekonomikuri koncefciebis warmomadgenlebi dReisaTvis urTierTdapirispirebulni ki ar arian, aramed eZeben konsesuss, raTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT miaRwion qveynis ekonomikis optimalur efeqtianobas. ideis, koncefciis arseboba ar niSnavs mis avtomatur realizacias, gamoyenebas. es bevradaa damokidebuli TviT saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebze, maT politikaze. amitomac zemoT ganxiluli TiToeuli koncefcia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva zomiTa da masStabebiT gamoiyeneboda cxovrebaSi. saerTo kanonzomiereba ki isaa, rom XX saukunis meore naxevridan sabazro ekonomikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi mkveTrad gamoikveTa saxelmwifos saqmianobis masStabebis gafarToebisa da misi ekonomikuri rolis gaZlierebis tendencia. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis gaZlierebaze, uwinares yovlisa, miuTiTebs is faqti, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda erovnuli produ661

qtis is nawili, romelic saxelmwifos xelSi (biujetSi) gadadis da romelsac igi iyenebs saerTo erovnuli ekonomikis interesebis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, pirvel msoflio omamde aSS-is saxelmwifo biujetSi Sedioda erovnuli produqtis 10%-ze naklebi, amJamad ki es maCvenebeli 30%-ze metia. germaniaSi, inglisSi, safrangeTsa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi es cifri 50-60%-mdec ki aRwevs. igiveze metyvelebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifo Sesyidvisa da saxelmwifo transferuli gadasaxdelebis moculobis zrda. aviRoT igive aSS-is magaliTi. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifo Sesyidvis moculoba XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos Seadgenda erovnuli produqtis 7-8%-s, xolo meore msoflio omis Semdgom igi meryeobs 20%-is garSemo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am xnis manZilze erovnuli produqtis moculoba 103,1 mlrd dolaridan 4160,6 mlrd dolaramde gaizarda (1998 w.), gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu ra kolosalur sidides miaRwia saxelmwifo Sesyidvis moculobam. imave periodSi transferuli xarjebi 37 mlrd dolaridan 586 mlrd dolaramde, e.i. erovnuli Semosavlis 4%-dan 12%-mde gaizarda. saxelmwifos xelSi resursebis zrdas da ekonomikaSi misi Carevis gaZlierebas xeli Seuwyo mTelma rigma istoriulma garemoebebma: meore msoflio omi, mosaxleobis zrda, urbanizaciis procesis gaZliereba, garemos dacvis saWiroeba, socialuri dacvis gafarToeba da sxv. aseTia kanonzomiereba. demokratizaciis gafarToeba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis Sesustebas ki ar
662

niSnavs, aramed sameurneo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Carevis formebisa da meTodebis daxvewas, Zalismieri Carevidan ufro civilizebul formebze gadasvlas. amitom unda vebrZoloT ara saxelmwifos Carevas sabazro ekonomikaSi, aramed dausabuTebel, aramecnierul, uxeS Carevas. maSasadame, yvelasaTvis samoqmedo princi pi unda iyos: konkurencia yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia da saxelmwifos maregulirebeli zemoqmedeba yvelgan, sadac aucilebelia. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas gardamaval periodSi akisria aramarto ekonomikuri procesebis regulirebis (tradiciuli gagebiT) funqcia, rogorc es ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaSia, aramed sistemaSemqmneli faqtoris rolic. sakiTxi exeba iseTi ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic ganviTarebuli qveynebis aTeuli wlebis gamocdilebiT SeZenili uaryofiTi mxareebisagan iqneba garkveulwilad gaTavisuflebuli. am funqcias Tanamedrove pirobebSi, cxadia, sabazro meqanizmebi ver Seasruleben. saWiroa ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis sruliad axleburad gaazreba. swored amis gamo ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba upriania vaRiaroT, rogorc sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis (stabilizaciis) gadamwyveti piroba (faqtori). amrigad, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba Tanamedrove pirobebSi (miT umetes, gardamavali periodis sawyis etapze) kvlavwarmoebiT procesis organuli nawilia da, bunebrivia, politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri amocanebis Sesabamisad unda Camoyalibdes sa663

zogadoebis ganviTarebis procesebze zemoqmedebis misi sistema.

e k o no m i k a S i s a x e l m w i f o s C a r e v i s farglebi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva obieq-

turi aucileblobaa da ara vinmes neba-survili, magram ismis kiTxva: ra zomiT, ra farglebSi unda Caerios saxelmwifo sabazro ekonomikaSi? am mxriv Tanabrad sazianoa ori ukiduresoba: (1) ekonomikaSi Carevis zomis gadameteba, `cxviris Cayofa` iseT sferoebSi, romlebsac warmatebiT aregulirebs TviTon sabazro meqanizmi; (2) mxolod sabazro meqanizmis imedze yofna im sferoebSi, sadac saxelmwifos Careva aucilebelia. rogor movnaxoT zRvari `saWirosa` da `arasaWiros` Soris, rogor davadginoT sad da ramdenad aris saWiro saxelmwifos Careva _ ai, mTavrobis funqcionirebis, meurneobis marTvis mTeli xelovnebis gasaRebi! sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sameurneo saqmianobaSi mTavrobis Carevis masStabebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc `minimalurad aucilebeli` . am SemTxvevaSi amosavali princi pia: `nebadarTulia yvelaferi, rac kanoniT araa akrZaluli`. administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis pirobebSi ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva SeuzRudavia, usazRvroa: mTavroba ereva yvelaferSi. aq moqmedebs principi: `akrZalulia yvelaferi, rac kanoniT nebadarTuli araa`. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis sakiTxis udidesi avtoriteti jon meinard keinzi iZleoda gafrTxilebas: `saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansazRvrul fargleb664

Si daexmaros ekonomikas, xolo misi SesaZlebloba _ ziani miayenos mas, ganusazRvrelia` . germanuli sabazro ekonomikis sulisCamdgmeli, Teoretikosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe ludvig erhardi erTmaneTs udarebda saxelmwifos rols da fexburTis msajis rols: iseve rogorc msajs evaleba TamaSis wesebis dacva da ufleba ara aqvs TviTon Caerios TamaSSi, aseve saxelmwifo unda icavdes sameurneo `TamaSis wesebs`, e.i. dadgenil kanonebs da TviTon ar unda ereodes sawarmoTa saqmianobaSi. aSS-is yofili prezidenti r.reigani SeniSnavda: `mTavroba msajia da igi ar unda ecadods gaxdes moTamaSe`.
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb msjelo-

bisas, cxadia, igulisxmeba demokratiuli, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, romelic kanonebiT imarTeba da ara pirovnebaTa neba-surviliT. msoflioSi arc Tu cotaa qveyana, romelTac yovelTvis marTavdnen pirovnebebi, diqtatorebi, tiranebi da ara kanonebi. aseTi saxelmwifoebis roli ekonomikaSi mxolod uaryofiTia da, bunebrivia, zedmetia msjeloba misi meSveobiT an xelSewyobiT ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis Sesaxeb. jer kidev platoni werda: `me vxedav im saxelmwifos moaxloebul daRupvas, sadac kanons Zala ara aqvs da imyofeba viRacis Zalauflebis qveS. iq ki, sadac kanonebi mbrZanebloben xelmZRvanelebze, xolo es ukanasknelni kanonebs moneben, saxelmwifos xelewifeba keTeba
665

yovelgvari sikeTisa, rac mas SeiZleba uboZos RmerTma`. aristotele ki brZanebda: `iq, sadac kanons Zala ara aqvs, arc saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis raime forma arsebobs. kanonma unda ibatonos yvelaze`. `kanoni sxva araferia, Tu ara saerTo marTlwesrigi` _ werda ciceroni . didi da mravalferovani funqciebi akisria YTanamedrove civilizebuli msoflios demokratiul saxelmwifoebs. es funqciebi Zalze kompaqturad Camoyalibebulia p.samuelsonisa da v.nordhausis naSromSi `ekonomiksi`. aq gamoyofilia saxelmwifos sami globaluri ekonomikuri funqcia, romlebic exeba qveynis masStabiT efeqtianobis, samarTlianobisa da ekonomikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofas. efeqtianoba: sabazro koniunqturis gansazRvrisas daSvebul SecdomaTa gamo xSirad uWirs Tanamedrove ekonomikas da adgili aqvs warmoebis dabalefeqtianobas. mdgomareobis gajansaRebisaTvis unda imoqmedos saxelmwifom, romelic sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mowodebulia Seqmnas optimaluri pirobebi warmoebis maRalefeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs antimonopoliur RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba, konkurenciis aqtivizacia, resursebis ganawilebis koreqtireba, infrastruqturis racionaluri funqcionireba, sabazro meqanizmis srulyofa da a.S. samarTlianoba: Tu davuSvebT, rom ekonomika funqcionirebs asprocentiani efeqtianobiT, es yovelTvis ar niSnavs, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi saqonelTa moxmarebaSi gansxvaveba araa. magaliTad, Tu mocemul qveyanaSi cxovelebis Senaxvaze met produqcias xarjaven, vidre
666

xelmokleTa ganaTlebaze, gasagebia, rom defeqti Semosavlebis ganawilebaSia da ara sabazro urTierTobaSi. saxelmwifos amis gamosworeba SeuZlia gadanawilebiTi politikis gamoyenebiT, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos progresuli gadasaxadebiT, erTi mxriv, da xelmokleTaTvis daxmarebiT, meore mxriv. realuradac, bazari cnobs Semosavlis ganawilebis mxolod erT kriteriums: esaa saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze konkurenciaSi monawileobis Sedegi. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlianad iTvleba rogorc maRali Semosavali imaTTvis, vinc Tavi isaxela `TamaSis wesebis` dacviT ekonomikur metoqeobaSi, ise dabali Semosavali imaTTvis, vinc marcxi ganicada am metoqeobaSi. saxelmwifos uSualo movaleobaa reagireba im faqtze, rom bazris kanonebis mixedviT Semosavlis samarTliani ganawileba zogadsakacobrio TvalsazrisiT arcTu iSviaTad usamarTlo ganawilebad warmogvidgeba. man es `uTanasworoba` bazris ZiriTadi tendenciebis SezRudviT ki ar unda aRmofxvras, aramed unda gamoaTanabros, kargad dasabuTebuli sagadasaxado sistemis safuZvelze, Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT. stabiluroba: efeqtianobasa da samarTlianobasTan erTad, saxelmwifos sxva ekonomikuri funqciac akisria _ man unda daicvas ekonomikuri stabiluroba. igulisxmeba saxelmwifos mxriv sistematuri zrunva qveyanaSi myari ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofisa da valutis mtkice kursis SesanarCuneblad, risTvisac aucilebelia antiinflaciuri politikis ganxorcieleba. Junior Achievement-is erTsemestrian saswavlo kursSi _ `gamoyenebiTi ekonomika` (JA Economics) saxelmwifo
667

warmodgenilia arbitris (mosamarTlis), menejerisa da monawilis rolSi. amasTan, am kursis mixedviT, saxelmwifo arbitris rols asrulebs oTx ZiriTad sferoSi (kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis gansazRvra da Sesruleba, gare danaxarjebisa da sargeblianobis sakiTxebis mogvareba, sabazro konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa, momxmarebelTa dacva), menejeris rols asrulebs or sferoSi (ekonomikis stabilizeba da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis xelSewyoba), monawilis rols ki mxolod erT sferoSi (sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodeba mosaxleobisaTvis). amerikeli ekonomistis r.miusgravis mier Camoyalibebuli ti pologiiT, saxelmwifo axorcielebs sam funqcias: afeqtaciis* funqcia. igi vlindeba arasasaqonlo dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri agentebi (saojaxo meurneobebi anu hausholdebi, firmebi, samTavrobo administracia da sxv.) maragdebian ufasod an TiTqmis ufasod. es dovlaTi da momsaxureba ekonomikur literaturaSi `sazogadoebrivi saqonlis` saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi ganuyofelia moxmarebisagan (gzebi, sazogadoebrivi ganaTeba, policia, Tavdacva da sxv.). sazogadoebrivi saqoneli koleqtiuri an sameurveoa, mas erTdroulad iyenebs mravali ekonomikuri agenti da yid-

* afeqtacia (laT. affectation) _ gansakuTrebuli movlena, araCveulebrivi; xelovnuri aRgzneba.

viT ar SeiZleba misi individualizacia. saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs aRniSnuli dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, romlis dafinanseba umTavresad saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze xdeba. sazogadoebrivi saqoneli SeiZleba awarmoon kerZo sawarmoebmac, magram ZiriTadad saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs am warmoebas, raTa misi efeqti dadebiTi iyos mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. gadanawilebis funqcia. saxelmwifo sazogadoebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Semcirebas uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri agentebis SemosavalTa gadanawilebiT. Semosavlebis vertikaluri gadanawileba (yvelaze SeZlebuli fenidan yvelaze naklebuzrunvelyofili fenisaken) aisaxeba savaldebulo gadasaxdelebsa da transferebSi (socialuri daxmareba da Semweoba). regulirebis funqcia. saxelmwifo Tavis mier SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri politikiT cdilobs areguliros ekonomikuri saqmianoba, anu gamoasworos ekonomikuri wonasworobis darRveva (daqveiTeba, umuSevroba, inflacia, sagadasaxdelo balansis deficiti da sxv.). axla SevudgeT saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis, misi ekonomikuri funqciebis ufro konkretul daxasiaTebas. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saxelmwifos sameurneo moRvaweoba yovlismomcvelia, misi ekonomikuri funqciebi imdenad mravalferovania, rom maTi amomwuravi CamoTvlac ki erTob Znelia. amitom unda SemovifargloT mxolod ZiriTadiT. kempbel r. makkonelisa da stenli l. brius `ekonomiksi`-s mixedviT, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi ekonomikuri funqciebia: (1) ekonomikis funqcionirebis samarTlebrivi ba669

668

zisa da sazogadoebrivi atmosferos uzrunvelyofa; (2) konkurenciis dacva; (3) Semosavlebis gadanawileba; (4) resursebis gadanawileba; (5) ekonomikis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba; (6) saxelmwifo seqtoris funqcionireba. ganvixiloT CamoTvlili funqciebi cal-calke. samarTlebrivi bazisa da sazogadoebrivi atmosferos uzrunvelyofa. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs samarTlebriv bazas da specifikur momsaxurebebs sabazro ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis. mas ekisreba sameurneo saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis (kanonebisa da normatiuli aqtebis) SemuSaveba, ekonomikis subieqtTa `TamaSis wesebis` dadgena. saxelmwifos prerogativaa: sakuTrebis uflebis gansazRvra da Sesruleba; urTierTobaTa regulireba sawarmoTa Soris, myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris; standartebisa da zoma-wonis erTeulTa gansazRvra da kontroli; fulad-sakredito sistemis dakanoneba; brZola yovelgvari falsifikaciisa da motyuebis, `upatiosno TamaSis` winaaRmdeg; biznesisaTvis xelsayreli garemos uzrunvelyofa da a.S. aSS-Si gamocemuli erT-erTi soliduri wigni (`Tanamedrove biznesi`) gvamcnobs, rom am qveynis federaluri mTavrobis wiaRSi yovelwliurad Rebuloben daaxloebiT 4600 axal wesebsa da debulebebs. garda amisa, Statebis mTavrobebi da xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebi (munici palitetebi), Tavis mxriv, Rebuloben wesebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeuZliaT da ra ar SeuZliaT
670

sameurneo subieqtebs, mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs. sabazro ekonomika ar gulisxmobs moqmedebis (saqmianobis) SeuzRudav Tavisuflebas. saerTo wesia: aravis ara aqvs ufleba saqmes xeli mohkidos oficialuri nebarTvis (registraciis) gareSe. Tu Tqven restornis gaxsna gsurT, unda miiRoT serTifikati janmrTelobis dacvis organoebidan. nebismieri saqmianoba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca miRebulia licenzia saTanado organoebidan. dadgenilia, romeli medikamentebis yidva ar SeiZleba receptis gareSe, zogierTi saqonlis yidvagayidva saerTod akrZalulia. saxelmwifo saTanado kanonebis safuZvelze fizikur da iuridiul pirebs aiZulebs gadaixadon gadasaxadi. saxelmwifo gansazRvravs damqiraveblisa da daqiravebulis ufleba-movaleobebs. dausrulebliv SeiZleba gavagrZeloT CamoTvla situaciebisa, saqmianobis saxeebisa da urTierTobebisa, romelTa daregulireba mxolod saxelmwifo doneze unda moxdes, magram grZeli CamonaTvalis gareSec naTelia, Tu ra roli ekisreba Tanamedrove saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi bazis Seqmnasa da sazogadoebrivi atmosferos mowesrigebaSi. konkurenciis dacva. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom konkurencia aris is `uxilavi xeli`, romelic aregulirebs sabazro ekonomikas, xels uwyobs ekonomikur progress, rom mxolod Tavisufali konkurenciis drosaa SesaZlebeli momxmarebeli iyos mbrZanebeli, bazari _ misi agenti, xolo sawarmo _ msaxuri. magram konkurencias hyavs dauZinebeli mteri _ monopolia. cxovrebis drama imaSia, rom konkurencia TviTon warmoSobs Tavis antipods _ monopolias, romel671

sac SeuZlia kidevac moklas `mSobeli`, Tu saxelmwifo ar daexmara. ganvlili masalebidan CvenTvis isic cnobilia, rom monopolia, farTo azriT, iseTi situaciaa, roca gamyidvelTa (mwarmoebelTa) ricxvi imdenad mcirdeba, rom TiToeul maTgans (an yvelas erTad _ SeTanxmebis safuZvelze) SesaZlebloba aqvs gavlena moaxdinos gasayidi produqtis fasze. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi fasis mani pulireba xdeba ara momxmareblis, aramed gamyidvelis sasargeblod. monopolisti gansazRvrul farglebSi TviTon karnaxobs fass. aseTi situacia monopolists saSualebas aZlevs maRali mogeba miiRos ara teqnikisa da teqnologiis srulyofiT, aramed ufro ioli gziT _ fasis momatebiT. saxelmwifo ebrZvis monopolias, e.i. icavs konkurencias Semdegi ori meTodiT: im dargebSi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia `bunebrivi monopolia` , e.i. dargebSi, romlebSic teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo `masStabis efeqti` imdenad maRalia, rom erT formas SeuZlia mTeli bazris momarageba da Tanac produqciis erTeulze danaxarjebi naklebia (transporti, kavSirgabmuloba, eleqtro-, wyal-, airmomarageba da sxv.), saxelmwifo an Tavis xelSi iRebs aseT dargebs an aregulirebs maT saqmianobas (qmnis komisiebs fasebis dasaregulireblad da adgens momsaxurebis standartebs); konkurenciis dacvis meore meTodia antimonopoliuri, antitrestuli RonisZiebebi da kanonmdebloba. aq igulisxmeba iseTi kanonebi, romlebic an saerTod krZalaven monopoliebis arsebobas (zogierT dargSi) an
672

zRudaven monopoliebis iseT saqmianobas, romelic zians ayenebs konkurencias da progress. antimonopoliuri kanonebis miReba da gatareba, amave dros, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis elementia. Semosavlebis gadanawileba. sabazro sistema upirovno, miukerZoebeli da ulmobeli meqanizmia, romelsac Tan sdevs Semosavlebis gaumarTleblad uTanabro ganawileba. sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebic bunebam daajildova meti fizikuri Tu SemoqmedebiTi unariT, vinc moi pova an visac memkvidreobiT ergo msxvili kapitali, miwa da sxva simdidre, did Semosavals Rebuloben da fufunebaSi cxovroben, xolo isini, visac aseTi upiratesoba ar gaaCnia, ganwirulni arian Raribuli cxovrebisaTvis. garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi arian invalidebi, moxucebi, bavSvebi, mravalSvilianebi, umuSevrebi da sxv., visac ar SeuZlia gamoimuSaos saarsebo minimumi. sabazro meqanizmi maT mimarT gulqvaa, igi ar arCevs maT da siRaribe ara mxolod ekonomikur, aramed garkveul politikur problemad rCeba. amitom civilizebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi Tavis Tavze iReben sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis uTanabro ganawilebis problemis daZlevas. magaliTad, aSS-Si es xorcieldeba, jer erTi, transferuli misacemlebis meSveobiT, romliTac uzrunvelyofen daxmarebas xelmokleTaTvis, invalidebisaTvis, aseve umuSevrebisaTvis. Tavis mxriv, socuzrunvelyofis programebiT finansurad exmarebian pensionerebs da Rrmad moxucebs. yvela am programiT mTavrobis Semosavlebi gadaecemaT im saojaxo meurneobebs, romelTac mcire Semosavlebi aqvT, an saerTod ara aqvT is. meore, mTavrobas cvlilebebi Seaqvs
673

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi sabazro Carevis gziT, e.i. sabazro Zalebis mier dadgenili fasebis modifikaciiT. amave mimarTulebiT gamoiyeneba sagadasaxado sistemac, romlis meSveobiTac mniSvnelovanwilad wonaswordeba Semosavlebis ganawileba, rac miiRweva mdidarTa Semosavlebis didi xvedriTi wilis amoRebiT, vidre Raribebisa. aSS-s da zogierTi sxva qveynis dRevandeli sagadasaxado sistema Semosavlebis optimaluri gadanawilebis mniSvnelovani instrumentia. magaliTad, progresuli gadasaxadi amcirebs uTanasworobas Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi. es xdeba imiT, rom mosaxleobis jgufebi ufro maRali SemosavlebiT, gadasaxadiT dabegvrisas TavianTi Semosavlebis ufro maRal procents ixdian. miCneulia, rom es gadasaxadebis tvirTis gadanawilebis yvelaze samarTliani xerxia. resursebis gadanawileba. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi ekonomikuri resursebi sabazro meqanizmis meSveobiT nawildeba. marTalia, sabazro sistema qmnis ekonomikuri resursebis ufro racionaluri gamoyenebis (ganawilebis) SesaZleblobebs, vidre sxva sistemebi, magram iqmneba iseTi situaciebic, roca aucilebeli xdeba resursebis ganawilebis koreqtireba, e.i. gadanawileba. resursebis gadanawilebis aucilebloba iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom sabazro ekonomika, jer erTi, warmoSobs iseT Tanmxleb movlenebs, roca ziandeba momxmarebeli (sazogadoeba) da meore, uars ambobs (resursebs ver imetebs) zogierTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (sazogadoebrivi anu socialuri sikeTis) warmoebaze. pirveli movlenis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia
674

garemos gabinZureba, roca navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana atmosferoSi uSvebs Sxamian gazebs, zians ayenebs mosaxleobas, TviTon ki saxsrebis ekonomias eweva. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom unda SeZlos is xarjebi (ziani), romelic mosaxleobas miayenes, aqcios navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis Sinagan xarjebad . xarjebis aseTi transformacia gulisxmobs resursebis ganawilebaSi koreqtivis Setanas. amisaTvis saxelmwifo iyenebs kanonmdeblobas da gansakuTrebul gadasaxadebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo krZalavs garemos gabinZurebas, rac aiZulebs sawarmoebs gaiRon saxsrebi (meti resursebi gamoyon) damcavi RonisZiebebisaTvis. meore SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo awesebs gansakuTrebul gadasaxadebs, romliTac damrRvev sawarmos ekisreba miRebuli zianis kompensacia. rac Seexeba meore movlenas, sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) sikeTis saxiT, is warmodgenilia gansazRvruli saqonlebiTa da momsaxurebiT, rasac sabazro sistema ar awarmoebs, an kidev ar SeuZlia sakmao raodenobiT awarmoos. Tumca bazari, rogorc wesi, maTi warmoebisaTvis resursebs ar gamoyofs, magram misi warmoeba (arseboba) sazogadoebrivad aucilebelia, ris gamoc saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs maT warmoebas an dafinansebas, raTa ar dauSvas am sferoSi resursebis deficituri gamoyofa. resursebis ganawilebaSi koreqtivis Setanis mizniT saxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiyenos ekonomikuri xasiaTis sami meTodi: (1) moTxovnis gadideba; (2) miwodebis stimulireba da (3) saxelmwifo mewarmeoba. imisaTvis, rom stimuli mieces sazogadoebisaTvis
675

saWiro ama Tu im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, saWiroa amaRldes gadaxdisunariani moTxovna mocemul saqonelsa Tu momsaxurebaze. saxelmwifos SeuZlia talonebis sistemis gamoyenebiT aamaRlos mosaxleobis moTxovna konkretul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. magaliTad, Tu Rarib ojaxs miecema taloni, romlis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod codnis miRebisaTvis, maSin prestiJuli fasiani saswavleblebi Seuferxeblad miiReben Raribi ojaxis Svilebsac, radgan talonis fulad kompensacias kisrulos saxelmwifo. resursebis aseTi gadanawilebis azri imaSia, rom sazogadoebisaTvis ukeTesia, rac ufro meti ganaTlebuli wevri eyoleba. imave amocanis (ama Tu im saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebis waxaliseba) gadawyveta saxelmwifos SeuZlia sxva midgomiTac: subsiadias aZlevs ara momxmarebels, aramed mwarmoebels, raTa gafarTovdes mocemuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTi midgoma ufro martivi da moxerxebulia, vidre mravalricxovan momxmareblebTan muSaoba. amocanis gadawyvetis mesame gza isaa, rom saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs ama Tu im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis dafinansebas an, ubralod, saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi awyobs maT damzadebas. sazogadoebaSi, romlis ekonomika sruli datvirTviT muSaobs, romelime produqtis warmoebis gadideba SeiZleba sxva produqtTa warmoebis Sekvecis xarjze. swored es moiTxovs resursebis gadanawilebas. saxelmwifo amas aRwevs sawarmoebisa da saojaxo meurneobaTa dabegvriT: gadasaxadi amcirebs moTxovnas individualuri moxmarebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcir676

ebs kerZo seqtoris moTxovnas resursebze. samagierod, meti resursebi rCeba sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebisaTvis. ekonomikis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba saxelmwifos yvelaze axali da, garkveuli azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa. amiT is exmareba sabazro ekonomikas resursebis sruli dasaqmebisa da fasebis stabiluri donis uzrunvelyofaSi. imisaTvis, rom Searbilos ekonomikuri ciklis ryevebi, SeinarCunos sameurneo saqmianobis maRali aqtiuroba, erTi, sityviT, uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri stabiluroba, saxelmwifo iyenebs gadasaxadebs, kreditis sargeblis ganakveTebs da mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masas. ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis instrumentebia: sagadasaxadosabiujeto (fiskaluri) da fulad-sakredito (monetaruli) politika. fiskaluri politikis mizania saxelmwifos Semosavlebi da xarjebi Secvalos iseTnairad, rom SeinarCunos ekonomikuri zrdis saTanado tempebi monetaruli politikis amocanaa kontroli gauwios fulis masis moZraobas da sargeblis ganakveTis regulirebiT xeli Seuwyos Sesabamisobas warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris. ekonomikuri mecnierebisaTvis davas ar iwvevs is, rom warmoebis done uSualo kavSirSia xarjebis saerTo moculobasTan. xarjebis maRali done ganapirobebs warmoebis gafarToebas da, amrigad, materialuri da SromiTi resursebis ufro srul gamoyenebas. ekonomikaSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas ori arasasurve677

li situacia: * pirveli, kerZo seqtoris xarjebis done SeiZleba sakmarisi ar aRmoCndes imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos resursebis sruli gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo gaiRebs xarjebs, rac daemateba kerZo seqtoris xarjebs, raTa kerZo da saxelmwifo xarjebis saerTo jami sakmarisi aRmoCndes resursebis sruli gamoyenebisaTvis. amas saxelmwifo akeTebs ori gziT: jer erTi, adidebs biujetis asignebebs sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebaze da meore, amcirebs gadasaxadebs kerZo seqtorze, raTa am ukanasknelma gaadidos sainvesticio xarjebi. rogorc vxedavT, es RonisZiebebi upiratesad mimarTulia umuSevrobis Semcirebisaken. * meore situacias adgili aqvs maSin, roca sazogadoeba xarjavs mets, vidre amis saSualebas iZleva ekonomika. es iwvevs fasebis zrdas da inflacias. saxelmwifo unda Seecados bolo mouRos gadametebul xarjebs. am mizniT man, jer erTi, unda Seamciros biujetis xarjebi da, meore, gaadidos gadasaxadebi, raTa kerZo seqtormac Sekvecos Tavisi sainvesticio xarjebi. amrigad, ekonomikis stabilizeba gulisxmobs mTavrobis mier ekonomikis ukriziso ganviTarebis xelSewyobas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva sruli dasaqmebisa da inflaciis dabali tempis SenarCunebas. ekonomikis stabilizaciis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtoria saxelmwifo seqtori. saxelmwifo seqtoris funqcionireba. ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtori ama Tu im zomiT sabazro ekonomikis yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs da is mTeli sa678

zogadoebrivi warmoebis normaluri funqcionirebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis obieqtebs ganekuTvneba, uwinares yovlisa, iseTi sawarmoebi, romlebic kerZo biznesisaTvis, ekonomikuri efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT, naklebad mimzidvelia, magram qveynis saerTo interesebs Seesabameba (aseTi iyo, magaliTad, atomuri bombisa da raketuli teqnikis an kidev kosmosis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli kvleva-ZiebiTi samuSaoebis dafinanseba, romelTa dadebiTi SedegebiT winaswar aravin iyo garantirebuli). aseve ZiriTadad saxelmwifos xelSia ekonomikisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis dargTa (energetika, kavSirgabmuloba, sahaero, rkinigzisa da saqalaqo eleqtrotranspoti, samxedro mrewveloba da sxv.) sawarmoebi. da bolos, maTi specifikurobis gamo, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifos ekuTvnis sawarmoebi, romelTa saqmianobis Sedegi gankuTvnilia erToblivi moxmarebisaTvis. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qalaqdasufTaveba, quCis ganaTeba, gzebis mSenebloba, ekologiuri samsaxuri (toqsikuri narCenebiT gabinZurebuli haeris, mdinareebis, tbebis, zRvebis, niadagis gasufTaveba) da sxv., romelTa `nawarmi` sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis poduqts warmoadgens. saxelmwifo sawarmoTa garkveuli nawili mxolod saxelmwifo biujetidan finansdeba, magram sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi sakmaod naTlad ikveTeba saxelmwifo sawarmoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis sabazro urTierTobaTa sistemaSi moqcevis tendencia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saxelmwifo sawarmoTa aqcionireba, `Sereul` sawarmoebad gardaqmna, romlebsac, saxelmwifosTan erTad, kerZo investorebic afinanseben. isini saxelmwifo
679

sawarmoTa elfers inarCuneben imiT, rom maTi aqciebis sakontrolo paketis mflobelad saxelmwifo gvevlineba. amgvari sawarmoebis gverdiT sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi funqcionireben e.w. `mesame seqtoris` sawarmoebi, romlebic arc kerZoa da arc saxelmwifo, magram mkacrad kontroldeba saxelmwifo organoebis mxriv. saxelmwifoebrivi mewarmeobis nairsaxeobaa sakoncesio sistemac. vgulisxmobT saxelwifos xelSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis komerciuli arendis saxiT gadacemas kerZo mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebic maT eqspluatacias axorcieleben. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimdinare procesebi cxadyofs, rom maT ekonomikaSi TandaTanobiT matulobs saxelmwifo seqtoris xvedriTi wona. magaliTad, dasaqmebis mixedviT igi 1951-2001 wlebSi gaizarda: SvedeTSi 18-dan 39%-mde, did britaneTSi _ 20-dan 35%-mde, safrangeTSi _ 25-dan 35%-mde, aSS-Si _ 17-dan 20%-mde. es dakavSirebulia saomar daZabulobasa da saxalxo meurneobis militarizaciasTan, makrodinamikuri ganviTarebis infrastruqturul uzrunvelyofasTan, intensiur urbanizaciasTan, ekologiur krizisTan, socialuri Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofasTan da a.S. am tendencias garkveulwilad aZlierebs mosaxleobis `demografiuli daberebac` (xandazmulTa xvedriTi wonis mkveTrad amaRleba mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi), ramdenadac amiT izrdeba saxelmwifos kmayofaze myof pirTa kontingenti. aranakleb mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom es procesi yovelTvis erTi mimarTulebiT ar viTardeba. calkeul periodebSi SeimCneva ukuprocesic: saxelmwifo sawarmo680

Ta gamosyidva kerZo mewarmeTa mier, romelmac droebiT saxelmwifo seqtoris garkveuli zomiT Sekvecac SeiZleba ganapirobos. ekonomikis kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorTa Soris Zireuli gansxvavebaa, rac vlindeba imiT, rom kerZo mewarmeoba nebayoflobiTi, xolo saxelmwifo mewarmeoba _ savaldebulo xasiaTisaa. saxelmwifo mewarmeoba arsebiTad moicavs sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoebas, romelic, Tavisi bunebiT, `arakonkurentulia`, ganuyofelia da emsaxureba rogorc TiToeuli moqalaqis, ise mTeli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebis ganxilvidan is daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifo mTlianad integrirebulia, CarTulia resursebis, produqtebisa da Semosavlebis wrebrunvaSi; igi cvlis resursebisa da Semosavlebis ganawilebas, aregulirebs ekonomikur aqtivobas.
ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis arsi da meqanizmi. ekonomikis sax-

elmwifoebrivi regulireba xdeba rogorc administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis, ise sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. magram saxelmwifos roli arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis dros saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli Tavisi masStabiT yovlismomcvelia da umTavresad emyareba administraciul meTodebs, xolo sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi minimaluria da efuZneba upiratesad ekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebas. aRiarebulia, rom ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi
681

regulireba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi esaa erToblioba sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sakontrolo xasiaTis RonisZiebebisa, romlebic xorcieldeba uflebamosili saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisa da sazogadoebivi organizaciebis mier arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofisa da cvalebad pirobebTan misi adaptirebis mizniT. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika xasiaTdeba sazogadoebrivi warmoebis regulirebis meqanizmSi Rrma cvlilebebiT. sabazro meqanizmebTan ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis berketebis organulma Serwymam Seqmna ekonomikis regulirebis erTiani, garkveuli azriT, mTliani miznobrivi sistema. masSi Tanaarseboben, urTierTqmedeben da erTimeoreze zemoqmedeben kvlvawarmoebis kerZomesakuTreobiTi da saxelmwifoebrivi berketebi. amasTan, sabazro da saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas Soris urTierToba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva variants da variantTa sxvadasxva Tanafardobas: saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seaviwrovos sabazro regulireba; saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba SeiZleba eyrdnobodes sabazros, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli stimulebiTa da orientirebiT zemoqmedebis meSveobiT; saxelmwifos SeuZlia waaxalisos bazari da konkurencia monopolisturi tendenciebis SezRudviT, mTeli erovnuli ekonomikis prioritetuli ganviTarebisaTvis. mniSvnelovania xazi gaesvas imasac, rom kerZo firmebisa da saxelmwifo organoebis erToblivi moqmedebiT izRudeba sabazro stiqia, xolo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi iZenen garkveul farglebSi reglamentirebul, Segnebulad or682

ganizebul xasiaTs. princi pulad aseTi swori msjelobis fonze aucilebelia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel etapze realurad ganisazRvros ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis princi pebi. sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis saerTo strategiis ZiriTadi princi pebia: * saxelmwifos mier, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, garkveuli upiratesobis miniWeba da subsidiebis gamoyofa, pirvel rigSi, im dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis, romlebsac ar etaneba kerZo biznesi maTi `produqciis` moxmarebis specifikurobisa da, rogorc wesi, dabalmomgebianobis gamo; * kerZo biznesis mimarT iseTi politikis gatareba, romelic ki ar Seaviwrovebs da gamodevnis, aramed xels Seuwyobs mis funqcionirebas; * saxelmwifos mier iseTi finansuri, sakredito da sagadasaxado politikis gatareba, romelic yovelmxriv xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikur zrdasa da socialur stabilurobas; * qmediTunarianobis amaRlebis mizniT, saxelmwifos mier maregulirebeli funqciebis SesrulebisaTvis, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, sabazro urTierTobaTa formisa da Sinaarsis micema; * araordinarul pirobebSi (omebi, epidemiebi, stiqiuri ubedurebebi, ekologiuri katastrofebi da a.S.) qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regulirebis sagangebo RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba da realizacia. am princi pebis ubralo CamoTvlac ki migvaniSnebs imaze, rom Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika es aris sax683

elmwifoebriv-regulirebadi ekonomika, anu iseTi ekonomika, romelSic swored saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba stabilurobis, optimalurobisa da civilizebulobis garantad. literaturaSi ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva mizans gamoyofen: stabiluri ekonomikuri zrda; dasaqmebis maRali done; myari fasebi; sagareo-ekonomikuri wonasworoba. garda amisa, xSirad saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis miznebad asaxeleben ganaTlebas, Semosavlebisa da resursebis samarTlian gadanawilebas, garemos dacvas da mis gajansaRebas. aRniSnaven, rom TiToeuli dasaxelebuli mizani arsebobs ara calke TavisTvis, aramed erTmaneTTan uSualo kavSirSi. es Tavisebureba ekonomikur politikaSi srulad unda aisaxos. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis obieqtebs. aRiarebulia, rom aseTi obieqtebia: pirobebi, procesebi, urTierTobebi, ekonomikis seqtorebi, romlebic sabazro meqanizmebis meSveobiT aradamakmayofileblad funqcionireben; miaCniaT, rom es obieqtebi sabazro ekonomikis susti adgilebia. amitom maT gajansaRebas unda Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifoebrivma regulirebam. tradiciulad, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis mravalricxovan obieqtebs Soris gamoyofen Semdeg mTavar obieqtebs: ekonomikuri cikli, sameurneo koniunqtura, kapitalis dagroveba, fulis mimoqceva, dasaqmeba, konkurenciis pirobebi, fasebi, samecniero-teqnikuri progresi, kadrebis momzadeba, sagadasaxdelo balansi da erovnuli konkurentunarianoba, socialuri urTierTobebi, garemos dacva da a.S.
684

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis obieqtebis mniSvneloba (maTi prioritetuli mdgomareoba) ganisazRvreba ganviTarebis strategiuli miznis Sesabamisad qveynis sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis doniT, ekonomikis struqturiT, gadasawyveti amocanebis xasiaTiT, sazogadoebis mentalitetiT da a.S. bunebrivia, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis mizanTa miRweva gulisxmobs gansazRvruli meqanizmis funqcionirebas. saxelmwifos, uwinares yovlisa, unda gaaCndes regulirebis Sesabamisi materialuri da aramaterialuri resursebi, e.i. saSualebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac dasaxul miznebs praqtikulad ganaxorcielebs. regulirebis saSualebaTa mizanswrafuli gamoyeneba moiTxovs gansazRvrul meTodebsa da instrumentebs. regulirebis meTodebi SeiZleba kvalificirebuli iqnas Semdegnairad: saxelmwifoebrivi sakuTrebis marTva; ekonomikaze zemoqmedeba saxelmwifoebrivi moxmarebis, socialur saWiroebebze danaxarjebis, sabiujeto politikis, dabegvris, fuladi mimoqcevis regulirebis, dakreditebis Tu dafinansebis meSveobiT; administraciul-ekonomikuri zemoqmedeba sakredito sistemaze, Semosavlebze, faswarmoqmnaze kontroliT; wminda administraciuli zemoqmedeba kanonmdeblobiT an sxvadasxva administraciuli SezRudviT; informaciuli zemoqmedeba da sxv. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis instrumentebi iyofa or jgufad: (1) administraciul da (2) ekonomikur instrumentebad. ekonomikis regulirebis administraciuli instrumentebi emyareba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalas
685

da moicavs nebarTvis, akrZalvisa da iZulebis zomebs. saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis ekonomikuri instrumentebia: sargeblis ganakveTis Secvla, fulisa da fasiani qaRaldebis emisia, saxelmwifo biujeti, gadasaxadebi, fasebi. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis ekonomikuri berketebis sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtors da ekonomikur programirebas. ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtori esaa kompleqsi sameurneo erTeulebisa, romlebic mTlianad an nawilobriv ekuTvnis saxelmwifos centralur da adgilobriv organoebs. rogorc viciT, esenia, uwinares yovlisa, is sameurneo obieqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia, magram kerZo biznesi uxalisod abandebs iq saxsrebs an uars ambobs maTze. biujetis saxsrebis miznobrivi warmarTvis gziT saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikis dargobriv struqturaze; xels uwyobs axali, perspeqtiuli, magram jer kidev naklebmomgebiani da, amdenad, kerZo kapitalisaTvis arasaintereso dargebis ganviTarebas. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis umaRlesi formaa ekonomikuri programireba . ekonomikur programirebaSi igulisxmeba mTavrobis mier ekonomikis ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis SerCeva; mokle-, saSualo- da grZelvadiani amocanebis gansazRvra; maTi gadawyvetis wesisa da pasuxismgebelTa dadgena; aucilebeli saSualebebis (resursebis) gamonaxva. miznobrivi programebis obieqtebi SeiZleba iyos: erovnuli meurneobis dargebi, regionebi, socialuri sfero,
686

mecnieruli kvlevis esa Tu is mimarTuleba, garemos dacva da sxv. gamoyofen Cveulebrivsa da sagangebo programebs. Cveulebrivi programebi, rogorc wesi, saSualovadiania da miznad isaxavs ekonomikaSi warmoSobili siZneleebisa da disproporciebis rac SeiZleba umtkivneulod gadalaxvas. sagangebo programebis SemuSaveba xdeba kritikul situaciebSi (krizisi, masobrivi umuSevroba, inflacia da sxv.). msoflios mraval qveyanaSi dagrovili gamocdileba mowmobs, rom ekonomikuri programireba metwilad indikaturi xasiaTisaa. magram igi, eyrdnoba ra mTavrobis Sesabamis institutebs, kerZo da saxelmwifo korporaciebis sabiujeto subsidirebas, fiskalur da sxva SeRavaTian RonisZiebebs, arsebiT zemoqmedebas axdens sameurneo procesebis regulirebaze. Tanamedrove programireba aris mTeli perspeqtiuli regulirebis erTerTi konkretuli forma. programirebis sistemaSi Sedis ara mxolod saerTo sameurneo gegmebi, aramed SezRuduli xasiaTis programebi: calkeuli dargisa da regionis ganviTareba; calkeuli erovnuli problemis, magaliTad, dasaqmebis, sagareo gacvlis, saxelmwifo seqtoris ganviTarebis problemebi. saSualovadiani gegmebi ivseba erT welze gaangariSebuli saerTo sameurneo programebiT. programirebas erTvis regulirebis Sereuli forma stabilizaciis gegmis saxiT, romlis meSveobiTac wydeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi warmoebis dabalansirebulobis perspeqtiuli, ise mimdinare amocanebi. Tavisi safuZvliT stabilizaciis gegmebi ganekuTvnebian koni687

unqturul regulirebas, Tumca isini SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc struqturuli regulirebis da, Sesabamisad, programirebis sistemis elementebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom gegmebis rekomendaciuloba ar niSnavs, rom isini ar sruldebian, Tu aucilebeli iqneba maTi Sesruleba. gegma saxelmZRvaneloa moqmedebisaTvis, magram ara dogma. gegmis monaxazebi _ orientiria da ara mkacri SezRudva. regulireba rTuli, bevr rameSi ganusazRvreli procesia. misi Sedegianoba damokidebulia bevr obieqtur da subieqtur garemoebaze. regulirebis SesaZleblobaTa Sefasebisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom is mxolod konkurentunariani meqanizmis damatebaa da amitom misi regulirebis efeqti damokidebulia am meqanizmis muSaobis Sedegebze. saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi didi adgili uWiravs sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis regulirebas. amitom mTavrobis ekonomikur funqciebSi sul ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs transnacionalur kapitalTan urTierTobis regulireba, rac gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania ekonomikis internacionalizaciis pirobebSi. saboloo angariSiT, ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba gadaiqca Tanamedrove sameurneo meqanizmis umniSvnelovanes elementad, romlis sferoSic CarTulia sazogadoebrivi kvlavwarmoebis yvela mxare _ warmoeba, ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba. arc is unda iyos sadavo, rom momavalSi ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro gaizrdeba. garda `tradiciuli sferoebi688

sa`, misi rolis zrdas xels Seuwyobs iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa: msoflioSi energetikuli, savaluto da ekologiuri krizisebi; warmoebis avtomatizaciis farTod ganviTareba; warmoebisa da kapitalis koncentraciis gaZliereba; socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis (umuSevroba, inflacia) gamwvaveba; mzardi winaaRmdegobebi ganviTarebul da ganuviTarebel, did da patara qveynebs Soris.

689

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. istoriulad, amosaval makroekonomikur regulatorad mogvevlina: a. regulirebadi bazari; b. veluri bazari; g. civilizebuli bazari; d. Tavisufali bazari. 2. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi moicavs iseT saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romelic: a. gamoiyeneba mxolod sabiujeto organizaciebis muSakTa mier; b. iwarmoeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier; g. gamoiyeneba mxolod socialuri sferos muSakTa mier; d. ar flobs gamoricxvisa da metoqeobis Tvisebebs. 3. sityvebi: `mTavroba msajia da igi ar unda ecados gaxdes moTamaSe` ekuTvnis: a. ludvig erhards; b. jorj buSs; g. jon meinard keinzs; d. ronald reigans. 4. bazris fiaskoze moqmed Siga efeqtebSi igulisxmeba: a. warmoebis is efeqtebi, romelTa zemoqmedeba mesame pirze ar aisaxeba fasis meSveobiT;
690

b. moxmarebis is efeqtebi, romelTa zemoqmedeba mesame pirze ar arisaxeba fasis meSveobiT; g. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi da arasakmarisi konkurencia; d. nebismieri saqoneli da momsaxureba.

5. transferuli gadasaxdeli aris: a. Sromis anazRaurebis gansakuTrebuli forma; b. saxelmwifo biujetidan mosaxleobaze fuladi daxmareba, romelic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo samsaxuris SesrulebasTan; g. usasyidlo naturaluri daxmareba sazogadoebis calkeul pirebze; d. saxelmwifo biujetidan mosaxleobaze fuladi daxmareba, romelic araa dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo samsaxuris SesrulebasTan. 6. saxelmwifos sami globaluri ekonomikuri funqcia, romlebic exeba qveynis masStabiT efeqtiano bis , samarTliano bis a da stabiluro bis uzrunvelyofas, Camoayaliba: a. irving fiSerma; b. pol samuelsonma da viliam nordhausma; g. viliam staffordma; d. kempbel r. makkonelma da stenli l. brium. 7. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikur funqciebs ar miekuTvneba: a. konkurenciis dacva; b. fasebis daweseba kerZo mewarmeTa mier gamoS691

vebul produqciaze; g. Semosavlebis gadanawileba; d. ekonomikis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba.

11
Tema
ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis safinanso-sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito berketebi

8. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi demokratizaciis gaf arToeba niSnavs saxelmw ifos ekonomikuri rolis: a. Sesustebas; b. ucvlelobas; g. gaZlierebas; d. daxvewas. 9. Semosavlebisa da resursebis samarTliani gadanawileba miekuTvneba ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis: a. princi ps; b. mizans; g. obieqts; d. instruments. 10. ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtoris arsebobis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia: a. kapitaltevadi da ararentabeluri dargebis arsebobiT; b. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdis miswrafebiT; g. sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis aucileblobiT; d. qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis amocanebiT.
692

`arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis damxobis yvelaze utyuari da qmediTi s aS ualebaa fuladi sistemis moSla~. j. m. keinzi `kargi mwyemsi Tavis cxvars parsavs, magram tyavs ar aZrobs~. tiberiusi ` adam ianebi s axelm w if os Tavis i qonebis nawils aZleven imisaTvis, rom m Svidad mo ixm aron qo nebis danarCeni nawili~. S. monteskie `bankis procesebma arc dasveneba ician da arc RvTis msaxureba. isini muSaoben RamiTac, kviraobiTac da avdarSic~. b. Sou
saxelmZRvanelos wina ganyofilebebidan gasagebi gaxda, rom Tanamedrove civilizebul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifom SeiZina Taviseburi niSnebi: jer-erTi, is
693

iqca ekonomikis erT-erT qmediT regulatorad; da meore, man aqtiuri zegavlenis moxdena daiwyo sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaze. Tumca, mTlad naTeli araa sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu saxelmwifo romeli ekonomikuri meqanizmis meSveobiT axorcielebs Tavis farTomasStabian ekonomikur da socialur amocanebs. saWiroa pasuxis moZebna am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul kiTxvazec: rogori safinanso-sabiujeto da sabankosakredito berketebi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove ekonomikis saxelmwifoebriv regulirebaSi? swored am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiTa da axsniT viqnebiT dakavebuli winamdebare Temis Seswavlisas.

leqcia 30. safinanso-sabiujeto sistema da fiskaluri politika

`aucilebelia, rom fuli, romelsac saxelmwifo arTmevs Tavis qveSevrdomebs, Seesabamebodes maT SesaZleblobebs da, ara Tu ar apartaxebdes, aramed mniSvnelovan ziansac ar unda ayenebdes qonebas. magram, Tu saWiro ar aris zedmetad damZimeba, maSin arc imaze naklebi unda mosTxovos, rac aucilebelia saxelmwifosaTvis~. a. riSelie ` Tu Tqven wes s arRvevT, maS in gajarimeben; Tu wess icavT, maSin gadasaxadiT gbegraven~. lorens piteri `gadasaxadebis akrefa es aris xelovneba, ise gabdRvna bati, rom miiRo bumbulis maqsimumi minimaluri wri piniT~ J. kolberi
finansebis arsi da funqciebi. finansebi

saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti da sabazro urTierTobebis ganuyofeli nawilia. termini `finansebi~ warmoSobilia laTinuri sityvidan, rac niSnavs Semosavals, gadasaxads. pirvelad Tavisi namdvili mniSvnelobiT _ `fuladma gadasaxadma` gamoyeneba hpova XII-XV saukuneebis italiaSi, rodesac
694 695

qalaqebi _ genua, florencia da venecia evropis umsxviles savaWro da sabanko centrebs warmoadgendnen. XVI-XVIII saukuneebis germaniaSi terminma _ `finansebi`, ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis _ fuladi gadasaxadebis _ paralelurad, SeiZina gamomZalvelobis, TaRliTobis mniSvnelobac. XVI saukunis safrangeTSi termins _ `finansebi~ saxelmwifo qonebis erTobliobis aRmniSvnel sinonimad iyenebdnen. saqarTveloSi, gviandel Sua saukuneebSi, finansebis sinonimad gamoiyeneboda farTod cnobili cneba _ `xazina~, romelic arabuli warmoSobisaa. XII saukunidan saqarTveloSi `xazinis` SemoRebamde, xmarebaSi iyo `saWurWle~, xolo dRevandeli gagebiT finansTa ministrs `meWurWleTuxucesi~ ewodeboda. finansebi Tavisi materialuri SinaarsiT miznobriv fulad fondebs warmoadgens, anu qveyanaSi Seqmnili mSpis nawils da mTlianobaSi moicavs qveynis finansur resursebs. finansuri resursebi saxelmwifosa da sawarmoebis, korporaciebis da sxva organizaciebis (sakuTrebis miuxedavad) gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuladi saxsrebis fondebis erTobliobaa. finansuri resursebis ZiriTadi wyaro swored mTliani Sida produqti da erovnuli Semosavalia. nebismier qveyanaSi finansuri resursebi sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisa da xalxis keTildReobis amaRlebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. xSirad termins _ `finansebi~ aigiveben fulTan da mis sinonimad miaCniaT, magram es ase ar aris. sinamdvileSi saqme gvaqvs or sxvadasxva kategoriasTan, or ekonomikur berketTan, romlebic gamoxataven or sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv movlenas. amis gamo arasworia `finansebis~ gaigiveba `fulad resursebTan~, Tumca finansebis arseboba696

funqcionireba fulis gareSe SeuZlebelia. igi finansebis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa. saxelmwifo, finansuri meqanizmis daxmarebiT, qmnis fulad fondebs, romelTac Tavisi mravalricxovani (politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri) funqciebis Sesasruleblad iyenebs. finansebi fulisagan gansxvavdeba rogorc SinaarsiT, ise Sesasrulebeli funqciebiT. fuli sayovelTao eqvivalentia, romliTac izomeba asocirebuli mwarmoeblis Sromis danaxarjebi, finansebi ki mTliani erovnuli produqtis da erovnuli simdidris nawilis ganawileba-gadanawilebis ekonomikuri instrumentia. finansur urTierTobebTan mxolod maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adgili aqvs fuladi saxsrebis realur moZraobas, upiratesad kvlavwarmoebis procesis ganawilebisa da gacvlis stadiebze. amitom, fuli mxolod maSinaa finansebi, rodesac Rirebulebis ganawilebasa da gadanawilebas axorcielebs. finansuri urTierTobebi formirdeba: sawarmoebs Soris sasaqonlo-materialur faseulobaTa SeZenisa da mza produqciisa da momsaxurebis realizaciis procesSi; sawarmoebsa da maT zemdgom organizaciebs Soris centralizebuli fondebis Seqmna-ganawilebis procesSi, kerZod, saxelmwifosa da sawarmoebs Soris, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis (gadasaxadebis Setana) da, meore mxriv, sawarmoos winaSe saxelmwifos mier aRebuli valdebulebebis (xarjebis dafinansebis) procesSi; sawarmoebs, moqalaqeebsa da arasabiujeto organizaciebs Soris resursebis miRebisa da gadasaxdelebis Setanis procesSi; calkeul sabiujeto dawesebulebebs Soris; sadazRvevo organizaciebsa da sawarmoebsa da moqalaqeebs Soris; dabolos,
697

saxelmwifoTa Soris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa angariSsworebisa da finansuri resursebis gadanawilebis procesSi. Sesabamisad, finansebis mTavari daniSnulebaa ara marto saxelmwifoebrivi fuladi fondebis Seqmnagamoyeneba, aramed sawarmoTa da saojaxo meurneobebis finansuri uzrunvelyofa. ganasxvaveben finansebis sam dones: saxelmwifo finansebs, arasaxelmwifo, anu kerZo sawarmoTa da korporaciaTa finansebsa da saojaxo meurneobebis finansebs. saxelmwifo finansebi _ es aris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic yalibdeba saxelmwifos mier Tavisi funqciebis ganxorcielebisas gaweuli xarjebis dasafinanseblad saWiro fuladi fondebis Seqmnis mizniT mTliani erovnuli produqtis ganawilebis, gadanawilebisa da moxmarebis procesSi. am urTierTobis materializacia xdeba centralur da adgilobriv biujetebSi, specialur biujetgareSe saxelmwifo fondebsa da saxelmwifo sawarmoTa gankargulebaSi Tavmoyril fulad fondebSi. amave fondebSia ganivTebuli, agreTve, saxelmwifoTaSoriso finansuri urTierTobebisas gadanawilebuli fuladi resursebic. maSasadame, saxelmwifo finansebi, esaa ekonomikur (fulad) urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic yalibdeba saxelmwifos centralizebuli fuladi fondebis formirebisa da gamoyenebis procesSi. es saxsrebi akumulirdeba saxelmwifos sabiujeto sistemis, samTavrobo biujetgareSe da saxelmwifo sawarmoTa fondebSi. kerZo sawarmoTa da korporaciaTa finansebi gamoixateba fulad urTierTobebSi, romlebic warmoiSobian maTi ekonomikuri saqmianobis procesSi,
698

uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process da mogebis miRebas. isini materializebulia fuladi kapitalisa da sawarmoTa sxvadasxva fuladi fondebis saxiT. kerZo sawarmoTa da korporaciaTa finansebi ekonomikuri (fuladi) urTierTobebia, romlebic xels uwyoben sawarmoTa decentralizebuli fuladi fondebis wrebrunvas. saojaxo meurneobebis finansebi gamoixateba fulad urTierTobebSi, romlebic warmoiSobian calkeuli ojaxebis (moqalaqeebis) Semosavlebisa da xarjebis formirebis procesSi da romlebic uzrunvelyofen maTi kvlavwarmoebis process. finansuri urTierTobebis nebismier doneze, finansuri resursebis materialuri wyaroebia erovnuli simdidre, mTliani erovnuli produqti da erovnuli Semosavali. maT SeqmnaSi monawileobs warmoebis xuTive faqtori _ miwa, kapitali, Sroma, mewarmeobiTi unari da mTavrobis ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi saqmianoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sabazro urTierTobebis pirobebSi warmoebis am xuTive faqtors axasiaTebs Semosavlebis formirebis unari. amasTan, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi TiToeul faqtors Tavisi bazari gaaCnia. aq Camoyalibebuli faswarmoqmna gansazRvravs warmoebis faqtorebis anu resursebis sabazro fasebs, romlebic aisaxeba warmoebuli produqciis RirebulebaSi da saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros, Tu ra ujdeba qveyanas, resursebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, mocemuli wminda produqtis warmoeba. TiToeuli faqtoris Rirebulebis wili qveynis mTliani erovnuli produqtis SeqmnaSi, warmoadgens am ukanasknelis ganawilebis proporciebis safuZvels. amitom, erTi mxriv, warmoebis faqtorebis Rirebulebebis moZraoba, meore mxriv, maTi monawileobiT Seqmnili Rirebulebis ganawileba da gadanawileba gvixasiaTebs, Tu saxelmwifo
699

visi monawileobiT uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi finansur urTierTobebs anu vis xarjze qmnis finansur resursebs da risTvis xarjavs maT. finansebis socialur-ekonomikuri arsi mis funqciebSi vlindeba. finansebi or ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs: ganawilebisa da kontrolis funqciebs , romlebsac isini erTdroulad axorcieleben. TiToeuli finansuri operacia niSnavs mTliani erovnuli produqtisa da erovnuli Semosavlis ganawilebasa da am ganawilebaze kontrols. ganawilebis funqciis meSveobiT, upirveles yovlisa, vlindeba finansebis saxelmwifo-sameurneo daniSnuleba: erTi mxriv, meurneobis TiToeuli subieqti, meore mxriv, xelisufleba saxelmwifos uzrunvelyofs misTvis aucilebeli finansuri resursebiT. finansebis ganawilebis funqciis moqmedebis obieqtad gamodis mTliani erovnuli produqtis Rirebuleba, erovnuli Semosavali, agreTve, fulad formaSi gamoxatuli erovnuli simdidre. finansebis ganawilebis funqciis arseboba uSualo kavSirSia kontrolis funqciasTan, romelic vlindeba mTliani erovnuli produqtis Sesabamis fondebSi moqcevisa da SemdgomSi misi miznobrivi ganawilebis kontrolSi.
finansuri sistem is rgolebi da sferoebi. `finansuri sistemis~ cneba `finansebis~

cnebis ganviTare-bul formas warmoadgens. finansur sistemas ayalibebs saxelmwifo Tavisi funqciebisa da amocanebis efeqtiani realizaciis mizniT, romlis sferoebi da ZiriTadi rgolebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi araerTgvarovania.
700

finansebis, rogorc sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, klasifikacia SesaZlebelia am urTierTobebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli fuladi fondebis formirebisa da gamoyenebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. swored aseTi fondebis erToblioba qmnis finansur sistemas. maSasadame, finansuri sistema _ es aris saxelmwifosa da sawarmoebis fuladi fondebis warmoSobis, ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis formebisa da meTodebis sistema. misi mTavari funqciaa finansuri resursebis efeqtiani ganawileba . finansuri sistema finansuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva sferoebis erTobliobaa , romelTa farglebSi xorcieldeba fuladi saxsrebis fondebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba. am sferoebis gamoyofis safuZveli finansebis doneebia. amitom nebismieri qveynis finansuri sistema iyofa sam ZiriTadsferod: saxelmwifo finansebis, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finansebisa da saojaxo meurneobebis finansebis sferoebad. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke. s ax elm w if o f ina ns ebis (s f er o s ) anu finansuri urTierTobebis mkveTri ganviTareba SeimCneva XX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdgom. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi adgili hqonda erovnuli Semosavlebis gansaxelmwifoebriobas, rodesac saxelmwi-fos biujetSi Tavs iyrida am Semosavlebis 30-50%. Sedegad, gaizarda saxelmwifos roli ekonomikis kvlavwarmoebis procesSi, gafarTovda finansuri urTierTobebi. maT Semdgom gaRrmavebas xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi, sabiujeto saxsrebis

701

paralelurad, mravalricxovani arasabiujeto fondebis saxiT fuladi saxsrebis Tavmoyram. saxelmwifo finansebis sfero moicavs centraluri da teritoriuli erTeulebis (adgilobriv) biujetebs, saxelmwifo sawarmoTa, arasabiujeto da sxva specialur fondebs. saxelmwifo finansebis ZiriTadi mizania centraluri finansuri resursebis formireba da misi ganawileba sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasafinanseblad. mniSvnelovani ganviTarebiT xasiaTdeboda agreTve sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finansebi , romelic didi moculobis fuladi fondebis wrebrunvas emsaxureba. amitom, maTi marTva (anu finansuri menejmenti) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finansebis sfero moicavs iuridiuli pirebis finansebs. sameurneo subieqtebis finansebis mizania finansuri resursebis formireba im moculobiT, romelic aucilebelia sameurneo saqmianobis mimdinare da sainvesticio saqmianobisTvis. saxelmwifo da sawarmoTa finansebis ganviTareba xels uwyobs saojaxo meurneobebis finansebis ganviTarebas. saojaxo meurneobebis finansebis sferos mTavari mizania calkeuli ojaxebis (moqalaqeebis) finansebis anu biujetebis saSemosavlo nawilis formireba da misi gamoyeneba ojaxis mimdinare moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad da dagrovebis uzrunvelsayofad. safinanso sistemis samive sfero mWidro urTierTkavSirSia, kerZod: saxelmwifo finansebis sfero uzrunvelyofs saojaxo meurneobaTa biujetebis saSemosavlo nawilis formirebas (sabiujeto dawesebulebebSi dasaqmebuli
702

muSakebis xelfasebi, pensiebi, sti pendiebi da a.S.); sabiujeto uwyebebis, dawesebulebebis dafinansebas; saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebebis dafinansebas; sameurneo subieqtebis finansebis sfero uzrunvelyofs saojaxo meurneobaTa biujetebis saSemosavlo nawilis formirebas. esenia: sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli muSakebis xelfasi, dividendebi da mogebis angariSze gacemuli socialuri gacemebi; centraluri da adgilobrivi biujetebis, arasabiujeto da specialuri fondebis Semosavlebi; saojaxo meurneobebis biujetebis sfero monawileobs centraluri da adgilobrivi biujetebis saSemosavlo nawilis formirebaSi gadasaxadebis, mosakreblebisa da sxva savaldebulo gadasaxdelebis saxiT, agreTve, fasian qaRaldebSi investiciebis gziT. saxelmwifos finansuri sistema Sedgeba Semdegi rgolebisagan: sxvadasxva donis mmarTvelobiTi organoebis biujetebi; saxelmwifo krediti; saxelmwifo savaluto rezervebi; dazRveva; sawarmoebis, organizaciebis, firmebis, korporaciebis, komerciuli da arakomerciuli struqturebis finansebi; danarCeni specialuri fuladi fondebi. finansuri sistemis TiToeuli rgoli warmoadgens finansuri urTierTobebis gansazRvrul sferos da gaaCnia Tavisi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri Taviseburebebi da funqciebi, romlebic vlindeba maTi zemoqmedebisas kvlavwarmoebis procesebze. maTi Semosavlebis wyaroebi da xarjvis mimarTulebebi ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT. ase magaliTad, sawarmoTa (korporaciaTa) finansebi emsaxureba materialur warmoebas da maTi monawileobiT iqmneba
703

mSp, romelic nawildeba sawarmoebisa da dargebis SigniT; saxelmwifo biujetis saSualebiT, saxelmwifos mTavar centralizebul fondSi Tavs iyris resursebi, romelic gadanawildeba meurneobis dargebs, ekonomikur regionebs, mosaxleobis calkeul socialur jgufebs Soris; biujetgareSe specialur fondebs aqvT mkacrad miznobrivi daniSnuleba da a.S. dasavleTis ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi finansuri sistema ZiriTadad oTx rgols moicavs: saxelmwifo biujeti, adgilobrivi (teritoriuli erTeulebis) finansebi, specialuri biujetgareSe fondebi, saxelmwifo korporaciaTa finansebi.
saqarTvelos finansuri sistema .

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove finansuri sistema Sedgeba finansur urTierTobaTa Semdegi rgolebisagan: saxelmwifos sxvadasxva donis biujetebi; saxelmwifo krediti; qonebrivi da piradi dazRvevis fondebi; sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finansebi. finansuri sistemis ZiriTadi rgolia saxelmwifo sabiujeto sistema, romlis marTvis (dagegmva, Sesruleba da a.S.) safuZvels fiskaluri politika warmoadgens. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva donis biujetebi qmnian mis sabiujeto sistemas anu qveynis biujetebis erTianobas, romelic efuZneba saxelmwifos administraciulteritoriul mowyobas, ekonomikur urTierTobebsa da iuridiul normebs. amJamad igi, faqtobrivad, moicavs sami donis biujets:

saqarTvelos centralur biujets, romelic 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan konsolidirebulia biujetgareSe fondebTan da iwodeba saxelmwifo biujetad; afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis biujetebs; saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis anu adgilobriv biujetebs. aRniSnul biujetebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi an mis calkeul regionebSi sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos parlaments prezidentis wardgeniT SeuZlia daamtkicos sagangebo biujeti sagangebo mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul RonisZiebaTa miznobrivi dafinansebisTvis. biujetis xarjebis dasafinanseblad gadasaxadebs, mosakreblebsa da sxva savaldebulo gadasaxdelebs awesebs parlamenti prezidentis wardgeniT. yvela zemoT aRniSnuli biujeti erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelia da muSavdeba `saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gansazRvruli princi pebis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema faqtobrivad dasavleTis ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis sabiujeto sistemis identuria. saqarTvelos finansuri sistemis erT-erT rgols 2005 wlis 1 ianvramde waroadgenda specialuri biujetgareSe fondebi. qveyanaSi funqcionirebda ori fondi: socialuri dazRvevis erTiani saxelmwifo fondi da saxelmwifo sagzao fondi. saxelmwifo krediti warmoadgens saxelmwifosa da sxva iuridiul da fizikur pirebs Soris sakredito urTierTobaTa formas, romlis drosac ZiriTadad saxelmwifo gamodis msesxeblis rolSi. saxelmwifo
705

704

kreditis mizani biujetis deficitis dafinansebaa. saxelmwifo krediti da mis safuZvelze warmoSobili saxelmwifo valebi imarTeba saqarTvelos Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT. sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, sul ufro Zlierdeba dazRvevis (qonebis, piradi, pasuxismgeblobis, ekonomikuri riskebis) roli, rac ganpirobebulia ara mxolod bunebriv-stiqiuri movlenebiT, aramed ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabilurobiT, konkurenciiT da a.S. gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba sadazRvevo riskebis done ekonomikuri, kerZod warmoebis dacemis periodebSi. sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finansebi moicavs saxelmwifo, munici paluri, saaqcio, kerZo, saijaro da sxva saxis sawarmoTa finansebs, romelic sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens. sawarmoTa finansebis ganviTarebis donesa da siZlierezea damokidebuli mTlianad qveynis finansuri siZliere.
finansebis roli ekonomikaSi .

kvlavwarmoebiT procesebze gavlenas saxelmwifo iseTi finansuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT axdens, rogoricaa sabiujeto da sagadasaxado meTodebi, am meTodebiT marTva erTnairad exeba rogorc socialur sferos, ise meurneobis yvela sxva dargs. dafinansebis sabiujeto meTodi gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifos sainvesticio politikas anu saxelmwifo kapitalur dabandebaTa moculobis zrdas, ris Sedegadac izrdeba moTxovnileba nedleulsa da masalaze, axal teqnologiebze, samuSao Zalaze; iqmneba axali samuSao adgilebi; stimuli eZleva kerZo
706

investiciebis gafarToebas. garda amisa, saxelmwifo asignebebis xarjze, stimuli eZleva da, amave dros, izrdeba moTxovna rogorc infrastruqturis, ise materialuri warmoebis dargebis ganviTarebaze. xdeba mTlianad sameurneo koniunqturis gamococxleba. centralizebuli fondebis xarjze saxelmwifo investiciebiT warmoebis gafarToeba da stimulireba xorcieldeba makrodoneze. xolo qveynis calkeuli regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri gamoTanabreba uzrunvelyofilia im finansuri resursebis dargTaSorisi da teritoriuli gadanawilebis saSualebiT, romlebic meurneobrivi subieqtebis xelSia Tavmoyrili. dasavleTis mowinave qveynebSi saxelmwifos sainvesticio politikas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva. am mizniT yovelwliurad mxolod saxelmwifo biujetidan misi saxsrebis 20%-ze mets xarjaven. saxelmwifo, Tavisi politikiT, amcirebs umuSevrobas da zrdis mSromelTa realur Semosavlebs, infrastruqturis ganviTarebiT ki xels uwyobs warmoebis xarjebis Semcirebas, kerZo kapitalis dagrovebas, Cqardeba kapitalis brunvadoba. Sedegad izrdeba mogebis norma. niSandoblivia, rom nebismier ganviTarebul qveyanaSi samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis mniSvnelovan elementad gvevlineba finansebi, kerZod, finansuri resursebi, romelic, Sromis anazRaurebis garda, moicavs agreTve danaxarjebs ganaTlebaze, jandacvaze, socialur uzrunvelyofaze. kvlavwarmoebiT procesebSi mniSvnelovania sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoebis finansebis roli, ramdenadac uSualod maTi monawileobiT xorcieldeba mSp-is warmoeba da misi ganawileba sawarmoebisa da dargebis SigniT. pasiuri saxelmwifo
707

sainvesticio politikis pirobebSi, misi kompensacia xdeba sawarmoTa finansebis rolis amaRlebiT. am ukanasnels xels uwyobs sameurneo subieqtis gankargulebaSi darCenili mogebis moculobis zrda da finansur bazarze maT mier aRebuli sxvadasxva formis sesxebi. sawarmoTa sakuTari saxsrebiT dafinansebaze did gavlenas axdens sagadasaxado politika. qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebSi Carevis mizniT saxelmwifo iyenebs iseT finansur meTodsac, rogoricaa sagadasaxado meTodi . igi gulisxmobs sagadasaxado politikis elementebis (gadasaxadebis saxeebis, maTi ganakveTebis, SeRavaTebis, gadasaxadebis reJimis cvlilebebis) mani pulirebis gziT sawarmoTa finansuri uzrunvelyofis marTvas. ase magaliTad, gadasaxadebis raodenobisa da ganakveTis SemcirebiT, SeRavaTebis gafarToebiT izrdeba mewarmeTa Semosavlebi da mogeba, daCqarebuli amortizaciiT xdeba investiciebis stimulireba da a.S., saxelmwifo xels uwyobs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis amaRlebasa da warmoebis gafarToeba-ganaxlebas. amasTan, gadasaxadebis gadidebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios sawinaaRmdego movlenebi: finansuri resursebis nakleboba da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Seneleba-SeCereba. finansebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mecnierulteqnikuri progresis daCqarebaSi, sawarmoo-teqnikuri potencialis srulad da efeqtianad gamoyenebaSi, fundamenturi mecnieruli kvlevebis ganviTarebaSi, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyos ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas, warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli Semosavlebis zrdas. finansebi did

gavlenas axdens ekonomikis marTvis gamartivebaze, mis srulyofasa da gaiafebaze. Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifoTa funqciebis gafarToebam da integraciuli procesebis swrafi tempebiT ganviTarebam moiTxova saxelmwifo xarjebis gadideba. saWiro gaxda am xarjebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaroebis, kerZod, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biujetebis Semosavlebis zrda, rac upirvelesad sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdiT miiRweva. sagadasaxado Semosavlebi biujetebSi fuladi resursebis mobilizaciis mTavar finansur wyaros warmoadgens. amitom, sabiujeto sistemis ganxilvamde, mizanSewonilia vnaxoT, Tu ras warmoadgens gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado sistema.
gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado s i s t e m a . Tanam edro ve sagad as axad o s is tem a

civilizaciis xanrgZlivi ganviTarebis Sedegia. igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rogorc ekonomikis, ise mTlianad saxelmwifos ganviTarebasTan. kacobriobis istorias ar axsovs arc erTi saxelmwifo, romelsac gadasaxadebis gareSe earseba. gadasaxadebi es Cveni gadasaxdelia sazogadoebis civilizebisaTvis. aseTia dasavleTis mowinave qveynebis midgoma am sakiTxisadmi. kerZo sakuTrebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis pirobebSi gadasaxadebi saxelmwifos arsebobis ekonomikuri safuZveli da misi saqmianobisTvis aucilebeli finansuri resursebis ZiriTadi wyaroa. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom saxelmwifos bevri, arsebiTad udidesi mniSvnelobis funqcia gaaCnia, romelTa gansaxorcieleblad aucilebeli finansuri resursebis formirebis wyaro ZiriTadad gadasaxadia.
709

708

im ekonomikur berketebs Soris, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo zemoqmedebas axdens sabazro urTierTobebze, gansakuTrebuli adgili gadasaxadebs uWiravs. saxelmwifos xelSi gadasaxadebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebis regulirebis saSualebaa. gadasaxadi warmoadgens fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis savaldebulo gadasaxdels, romelsac saxelmwifo amoiRebs. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodqsis mixedviT `gadasaxadi aris... saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebisa da adgilobriv biujetebSi savaldebulo upirobo Senatani, romelsac ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis aucilebeli, araeqvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdinare~ . gadasaxadis gadamxdelia mesakuTre. moqalaqis mier sxvadasxva momsaxurebisTvis gadaxdili safasurebi ki warmoadgens gadasaxdelebs, romlebic pirdapir da mTlianad biujetSi ar Sedis. gadasaxadis gadaxda socialuri valdebulebaa, romelic gamomdinareobs kerZo sakuTrebis uflebidan. gadasaxadis gadaxdis gziT kerZo sakuTreba emsaxureba sazogadoebriv interesebs. gadasaxadis daweseba mxolod sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis prerogativaa. amitom misi rogorc daweseba, aseve akreba xorcieldeba sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT gansazRvruli wesiTa da pirobebiT. gadasaxadi kompleqsuri kategoriaa da gaaCnia rogorc ekonomikuri, ise samarTlebrivi da iuridiuli mniSvneloba. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, gadasaxadi sazogadoebis safinanso-sabiujeto sistemis kuTvnileba da misi
*saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2007, muxli 6.

Semosavlis wyaroa. gadasaxadebi aris iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis savaldebulo Senatani da maTi samewarmeo saqmianobidan an sxva wyaroebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis (mogeba, xelfasi, qoneba da a.S.) nawilis amoRebis forma. saqarTvelos konstituciis 94-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadebis gadaxda savaldebuloa kanoniT dadgenili odenobiTa da wesiT. arasavaldebulo gadasaxadebi ar arsebobs. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi sagadasaxado valdebuleba asea ganmartebuli: `sagadasaxado valdebulebad iTvleba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis valdebuleba, gadaixados kanoniT dawesebuli gadasaxadi. sagadasaxado valdebulebis warmoSobis, Secvlisa da Sewyvetis, agreTve misi Sesrulebis wesi da pirobebi regulirdeba mxolod am kodeqsiT an/da sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis sxva aqtebiT. sagadasaxado valdebuleba ekisreba gadasaxadis gadamxdels sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil im garemoebaTa warmoqmnis momentidan, romlebic iTvaliswineben gadasaxadis gadaxdas~*. kacobrioba didxan eZebda gadasaxadis amoRebis efeqtian meqanizms, romelic erTdroulad uzrunvelyofda gadamxdelTa interesebis dacvasa da saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmtkicebas. hamurabis (1792-1750ww. Cv.w./aR-mde) kanonebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda sagadasaxado disciplinis dacvas. dadgenili iyo gadasaxadis ganakveTi da gadasaxadis vadebi. sainteresoa darios I-is (522486ww. Cv. w./aR-mde) mier sparseTis imperiaSi Seqmnili sagadasaxado sistema. man qveSevrdomebisagan miRebuli
* saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2007, muxli 57.

710

711

saCuqrebis nacvlad SemoiRo fuladi da naturaluri gadasaxadi, romelic dawesebuli normebis mixedviT dadgenil vadebSi unda gadaxdiliyo, da Seqmna am gadasaxadebis amoRebis specifikuri samsaxuri. aRsaniSnavia, rom iberiis pirvelma mefem farnavazma, rogorc es `qarTlis cxovrebaSia~ Cawerili, axali saxelmwifos teritoriuli dayofa da gadasaxadebis saxelmwifos xelSi Tavmoyra dariosis sqemis mixedviT ganaxorciela: gadasaxadebis erTi nawili (`xarki sameufo~) mefis gankargulebaSi rCeboda, xolo meore nawili (`xarki saerosaTvis~) adgilobriv xelisuflebas ekuTvnoda. romis imperiaSi moqalaqeebidan amoiReboda 46 dasaxelebis gadasaxadi da gamosaRebi, maT Soris iarliyi virebisaTvis, gamosaRebi meZaveobaze, saponze, qandakebis aRmarTvaze, gadasaxadi xorbalze, kitrze, monebis flobaze da a.S. amboben, rom roca imperatorma vespasaniem tualetebze gadasaxadi daawesa, imperatoris Svilma iuxerxula aRniSnuli gadasaxadis SemoReba. ganawyenebulma vespasaniem mas cxvirTan miutana tualetis gadasaxadidan miRebuli oqros moneta da mrisxaned dauyvira: `ecunia nov volet!~ (`fuli usunoa!~). radganac gadasaxadi amcirebda gadamxdelTa Semosavals, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli misgan Tavis arideba. amitom Cveuli gaxda urC gadamxdelTa sajaro dasja (gamaTraxeba, monad gayidva, sikvdiliT dasja...). gadasaxadebis gadaxdis aucileblobaze miuTiTebda qristianuli ideologiac. roca farisevlebi iesos SeekiTxnen: `rogor fiqrob, unda vaZlioT xarki keisars Tu ara?~, man farisevlebs Txova, misTvis eCvenebinaT xarkis moneta. mas miutanes keisris gamosaxulebiani dinari. `visia es saxe da warwera?~ _ ikiTxa iesom. maT upasuxes: `keisrisa~.
712

maSin iesom farisevlebs ganucxada: `mieciT keisrisa keisarsa da RvTisa RmerTsa~ sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam ganapiroba axali sagadasaxado sistemis Seqmna, romlis mixedviT gadasaxadebi diferencirdeboda ara socialuri warmoSobis, aramed Semosavlis mixedviT. a. smiTma sagadasaxado sistemas safuZvlad daudo oTxi princi pi: gadasaxadebi gadaixdeba adamianTa SesaZleblobisa da Zalis gaTvaliswinebiT; gadasaxadis ganakveTebi da gadaxdis vadebi zustad unda ganisazRvros; gadasaxadis amoRebis vadebi gadamxdelisaTvis moxerxebuli unda iyos; gadasaxadebis akrefis xarjebi rac SeiZleba minimaluri unda iyos. amrigad, a. smiTis mixedviT, ekonomikaSi gadasaxadebi unda iyos sayovelTao da zomieri. Semdgom es Sexeduleba ganaviTara meore didma klasikosma d. rikardom Tavis cnobil SromaSi `politikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris safuZvlebi~ (1817). rikardos mtkicebiT: `xarki Seadgens qveynis miwisa da Sromis produqtis nawils, romelic gadadis mTavrobis gankargulebaSi, igi gadaixdeba yovelTvis, bolos da bolos, qveynis an kapitalidan, an Semosavlidan~. gadasaxadebis TeoriaSi didi wvlili Seitana XX saukunis udidesma ekonomistma j. m. keinzma, romelmac uaryo kapitalizmis TviTregulirebis SesaZlebloba da
*

maTes saxareba. Tavi 22. 21.

713

ekonomikuri krizisebis Tavidan asacileblad saxelmwifos daakisra e.w. `efeqtiani moTxovnis~ Seqmna, romelsac safuZvlad daedeboda gadasaxadebis gadideba da saxelmwifo sesxebis farTod gavrceleba. gadasaxadebis, rogorc finansuri kategoriis, arsi mis funqciebSi vlindeba. gamoyofen gadasaxadebis mWidrod dakavSirebul or ZiriTad funqcias: fiskalurs da maregulirebels . TiToeul maTganSi vlindeba gadasaxadebis Sinagani, imanenturi buneba, Taviseburebani da niSnebi. fiskaluri funqcia gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi funqciaa da axasiaTebs maT ZiriTad daniSnulebas: gadaanawilos erovnuli Semosavali da saxelmwifos fuladi fondebis formirebis gziT uzrunvelyos xelisuflebis funqcionirebis materialuri safuZveli. saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi xelisuflebis xelSi gadasaxadebis saxiT Tavs iyris erovnuli Semosavlis daaxloebiT 50%. ase magaliTad, SveciaSi, irlandiasa da daniaSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 50%-s aRemateba, inglisSi, italiaSi, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, avstriasa da evropis sxva mowinave qveynebSi 50%-s aRwevs, xolo iaponiaSi _ 35%-s aRemateba. gadasaxadebis fiskaluri funqcia, romlis meSveobiTac formirdeba saxelmwifos Semosavlebi, amave dros qmnis ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos CarevisaTvis obieqtur winapirobebs. Sesabamisad, igi arsebiTad ganapirobebs gadasaxadebis maregulirebeli funqciis ganviTarebasa da realizacias. gadasaxadebis maregulirebeli funqciis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gadasaxadebi axorcieleben ra erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebas, astimulireben an
714

aneleben am gadanawilebis tempebs, aZliereben an asusteben kapitalis dagrovebas anu ekonomikur zrdas, afarToeben an amcireben mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobas. gadasaxadebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos eZleva SesaZlebloba sistematuri urTierTobebi hqondes iuridiul Tu fizikur pirebTan, kerZod, maT SemosavlebTan. gadasaxadebis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba mewarmeebs umcirebs Semosavlebs anu asustebs kapitalis dagrovebis tempebs, xolo mosaxleobas umcirebs msyidvelobiTunarianobas. gadasaxadebis Semcirebis pirobebSi aRniSnuli procesebi viTareba piriqiT: daCqardeba kapiatlis dagrovebis tempebi da gaizrdeba mosaxeleobis msyidvelobiTunarianoba. am procesebis marTviT saxelmwifo aregulirebs ra saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna-miwodebis balanss bazarze, uSualod zemoqmedebs kvlavwarmoebis procesis yvela stadiaze. kerZod, aregulirebs (rogorc mewarmeTa, ise mosaxleobis mxridan miwodebul) fulis masas mimoqcevis sferoSi, finansur bazars (fulze moTxovna-miwodebaze zemoqmedebis gziT), inflaciur procesebs, dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobas (samuSao adgilebis gazrda-Semcirebaze zemoqmedebis gziT). gadasaxadebis funqciebis efeqtiani realizacia didadaa damokidebuli maTi gansazRvrisas iseTi princi pebis dacvaze, rogoricaa sam arTliano ba (Tanasworoba), efeqtianoba, gadaxdisunarianob a. samarTlianobis (anu Tanasworobis) princi pis dacvis mizania gadasaxadebis gadaxdis simZimis (tvirTis) Tanabari gadanawileba gadasaxadis nebismieri kategoriis gadamxdelze. sxva sityvebiT, nebismieri gadamxdeli qveynis sagadasaxado kanonebisadmi Tanabar mdgomareobaSi unda iqnes Cayenebuli.
715

efeqtianobis princi pma unda uzrunvelyos gadasaxadebis efeqtianoba, kerZod, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis gziT finansuri resursebis gadanawilebisas, rogorc saxelmwifosTvis, ise gadamxdelisaTvis, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis arasasurveli Sedegebi minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili. gadaxdisunarianobis princi pi gulisxmobs iseTi gadasaxadebis gansazRvras, romlis drosac amosaRebi Tanxis moculoba damokidebulia Semosavlis moculobaze an simdidreze. igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifo momsaxurebis anazRaureba mdidrebisaTvis unda iyos maRali, xolo Raribebisa da socialurad naklebad daculi fenebisaTvis _ dabali. gadasaxadebis gansazRvris princi pebis dacvis saukeTeso berkets progresuli sagadasaxado sistema uzrunvelyofs. sagadasaxado sistema warmoadgens qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoebis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebis, maTi dawesebis, Secvlisa da gauqmebis, gadaxdevinebis princi pebis, formebisa da meTodebis, sagadasaxado organoebisa da sagadasaxado kontrolis, agreTve, kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis saxeebis erTobliobas . nebismier ekonomikur urTierTobebSi sagadasaxado sistema mowodebulia uzrunvelyos saxelmwifo finansuri resursebiT. misi fiskaluri efeqtianoba didad aris damokidebuli xelisuflebis mmarTvelobiTi aparatis qmediTunarianobaze, ramdenadac gadasaxadebis amoReba mniSvnelovanwilad iZulebazea agebuli.
* saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2007, muxli 2.

nebismieri qveynis sagadasaxado sistema moicavs sagadasaxado samsaxurebis organoebs, sagadasaxado urTierTobaTa maregulirebel samarTlebriv normebs, gadasaxadebis, mosakreblebisa da sxva arasagadasaxado sabiujeto Semosavlebis erTobliobas. kerZod, sagadasaxado sistemis elementebia: gadasaxadis gadamxdeli (gadasaxadis subieqti). igi warmoadgens iuridiul an fizikur pirs, romelic kanoniTaa valdebuli gadasaxadis gadaxdaze, xolo gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, iuridiuladaa pasuxismgebeli gadasaxadis gadauxdelobisaTvis. arapirdapiri gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli mxolod formalurad gvevlineba gadasaxadis subieqtad. faqtiurad arapirdapiri gadasaxadis gadaxda gadakisrebuli aqvs mosaxleobis farTo fenebs; dabegvris obieqti. masSi igulisxmeba yvela is sagani, romelic dabegvras eqvemdebareba. es SeiZleba iyos: Semosavali, saqoneli, momsaxureba, agreTve dagrovili simdidre, qoneba da a.S. xSirad gadasaxadis saxelwodeba ganisazRvreba dasabegri obieqtis saxelwodebidan. ase magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi, miwis gadasaxadi da a.S.; gadas axadis w yaro . esaa subieqtis Semosava-li, saidanac gadasaxadi amoiReba. magaliTad, xelfasi, mogeba, sargebeli da a.S.; dabegvris erTeuli anu dasabegri obieqtis gazomvis erTeuli. magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi dasabegri obieqtis gazomvis erTeulia qveynis fuladi erTeuli, miwis gadasaxadSi heqtari da a.S.;

716

717

 sagadasaxado ganakveTi anu gadasaxadis odenoba dasabegri obieqtis erTeulze (procentebSi an fulad erTeulSi). ganviTarebul qveynebSi sagadasaxado ganakveTis dawesebas safuZvlad udevs Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis princi pi; sagadasaxado sargo . esaa gadasaxadis Tanxa, romelsac subieqti erTi obieqtidan ixdis; s a g a d a s a x a d o S e R a v a T i , ro m el ic gulisxmobs kanonis safuZvelze gadasaxadidan mTlianad an nawilobriv gaTavisuflebas. magaliTad, daubegravi minimumi, anu obieqtis is nawili, romelic mTlianad Tavisufldeba gadasaxadisagan. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvaa; sagadasaxado bazis aRricxvis meTodi . gadasaxadiT dasabegri baza SeiZleba yovelTvis ar daemTxves gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqts. dasabegri bazis dasadgenad aucilebelia Sesabamisi aRricxvis warmoeba, romlis safuZvelia sabuRaltro aRricxva. amasTan, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, gadasaxadebiT dabegvris miznebisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda iqnes sagadasaxado aRricxva, romlis meqanizmi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sabuRaltro meTodisagan; gadasaxadiT dabegvris meTodi (magaliTad, pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebiT dabegvra); gadas axadis gam oangariSebis wes i , gadaxdis xerxebi da saSualebebi. gadasaxadis Tanxis gaangariSeba warmoebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili meTodis safuZvelze. gaangariSebis formula asaxulia sagadasaxado deklara-ciis Sesabamis striqonebsa da graf ebS i. gadasaxad is Tanxis gaangariSebis as gaiTvaliswineba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;
718

sagadasaxado da saangariSo periodebi . sagadasaxado periodi, es is droa, romlis ganmavlobaSic mTavrdeba gadasaxadiT dasabegri bazis formirebis procesi da ganisazRvreba sagadasaxado valdebulebebis odenoba. saangariSo periodi moicavs im dros, romlis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado valdebulebebi unda dafiqsirdes sagadasaxado-saangariSsworebo dokumentebSi, anu sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi da wardgenili iqnes sagadasaxado organoebSi dadgenil vadebSi; ga das ax adi s g ad axd is va deb i . igi dadgenilia kanonmdeblobiT da moicavs im periods, romlis ganmavlobaSic gadasaxadis gadamxdeli valdebulia faqtiurad Seitanos gadasaxadi biujetSi. aseve, kanoniTaa gansazRvruli gadasaxadis gadaxdis wesi anu gadasaxadis Setanis normatiulad dadgenili saSualebebi da procedurebi. sagadasaxado sistemis aRniSnuli elementebis garda, arsebobs fakultaturi elementebic, romlebic gavlenas ver axdenen sagadasaxado valdebulebebis gansazRvris xarisxze, Tumca arsebiTad amcireben am valdebulebebis saTanado Sesrulebas. maT miekuTvneba: gadasaxadis dakavebisa da arasworad dakavebuli gadasaxadis dabrunebis wesi, pasuxismgebloba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis. Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagadasaxado sistemebi Camoyalibebulia sxvadasxva politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebis zemoqmedebiT. amitom isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian gadasaxadis saxeebis, maTi struqturis, ganakveTebis, sagadasaxado bazis, moqmedebis sferos, amoRebis wesebis, xelisuflebis uflebamosilebebisa da a.S. mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, maT gaaCniaT saerTo Tvisebebic. kerZod, maTi ageba xdeba
719

iseTi cnobili saerTo principebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa sagadasaxado dabegvris Tanasworoba, samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba. sagadasaxado sistema SeiZleba iyos rogorc progresuli, ise regresuli. progresulia sagadasaxado sistema, Tu gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg gadamxdelTa ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi uTanasworoba umniSvneloa. sagadasaxado sistema iTvleba regresulad, rodesac gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg gadamxdelTa Soris uTanasworoba izrdeba. sagadasaxado sistemis da masSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT iseTi ekonomikuri maCveneblis mixedviT, rogoricaa sagadasaxado tvirTi. sagadasaxado tvirTi (sagadasaxado simZime) aris ganzogadebuli maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs gadasaxadis rols sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi da ganisazRvreba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saerTo jamis mTlian Sida produqtTan SefardebiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sagadasaxado tvirTi asaxavs sazogadoebis mier warmoebuli produqtis im nawils, romelic nawildeba sabiujeto meqanizmis meSveobiT. sagadasaxado tvirTis saSualo done ucxoeTis qveynebSi meryeobs 40-45%-is farglebSi da SeimCneva misi zrdis tendencia. arsebuli gadasaxadebis mravalferovneba iwvevs gansazRvrul safuZvelze maTi klasifikaciis (saxeebad dayofis) aucileblobas. garda amisa, ama Tu im gadasaxadis gansazRvrul saxeze mikuTvneba gvaZlevs saSualebas, ufro mkafiod gavigoT mocemuli gadasaxadis arsi da Sinaarsi. gadasaxadebiT dabegvris TeoriaSi gadasaxadebis klasifikaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva kriteriumi.

gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT, upirveles yovlisa, saSemosavlo-qonebriv anu pirdapir gadasaxadebad da moxmarebis anu arapirdapir gadasaxadebad . pirdapiri gadasaxadebis akrefa xorcieldeba uSualod gadasaxadis gadamxdelTan, mis mier materialur faseulobaTa warmoebisa da dagrovebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebidan an qonebidan. amitom, gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis gadasaxadis odenoba zustadaa cnobili. ase magaliTad, gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi saSemosavlo gadasaxads ixdian Semosavlebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, qonebis gadasaxads ixdian gansazRvruli saxis qonebis mesakuTreebi da a.S. pirdapiri gadasaxadebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba davyoT realur gadasaxadebad da pirad gadasaxadebad . realuri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis savaraudo saSualo Semosavakli, romelic SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes mocemul ekonomikur pirobebSi ama Tu im gadasaxadiT dasabegri obieqtidan (uZravi qonebidan, fuladi kapitalidan da a.S.). realuri gadasaxadebiT, upirveles yovlisa, ibegreba qoneba, saidanac gamomdinareobs misi dasaxelebac (real (ing.) _ qoneba). xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros miRebuli Semosavlis odenoba an Semowmdes gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier deklarirebuli Semosavlebis siswore. magaliTad, Zalian rTulia taqsis mZRolis Semosavlis Semowmeba. amitom, aseT SemTxvevebSi, savaraudo Semosavlis mixedviT gamoangariSebuli fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis daweseba aiolebs gadasaxadiT dabegvris teqnikur mxares. realuri gadasaxadebis akrefiT xorcieldeba im pirTa gaTanabreba, romlebic qonebas iyeneben rogorc
721

720

sawarmoo, ise arasawarmoo miznebisaTvis. mxolod Semosavlebis dabegvra gaaTavisuflebda gadasaxadisagan im pirebs, romlebic iyeneben qonebas arasawarmoo miznebisaTvis (magaliTad, miwis nakveTs mxolod dasvenebis mizniT). realur gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba miwis gadasaxadi, avtosatransporto saSualebebis mflobelTa gadasaxadi da sxva. piradi gadasaxadebis gadaxda warmoebs faqtiurad miRebuli Semosavlebidan. maT miekuTvnebaT saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi, gadasaxadi memkvidreobisa da CuqebisaTvis da sxva. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi dgindeba miwodebuli saqonlis (samuSaos, momsaxurebis) fasze danamatis saxiT (aqcizi, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, gayidvidan gadasaxadi da sxva). arapirdapiri gadasaxadi saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi asea ganmartebuli: `arapirdapiri gadasaxadi gadasaxadi (dRg, aqcizi da sxva), romelic dgindeba miwodebuli saqonlis an/da gaweuli momsaxurebis fasze danamatis saxiT da romelsac ixdis momxmarebeli am gadasaxadiT gazrdili fasiT saqonlis an/da momsaxurebis SeZenisas. arapirdapiri gadasaxadis biujetSi gadaxdis valdebuleba ekisreba saqonlis mimwodebels an/da momsaxurebis gamwevs, romelic am kodeqsis miznebisTvis iwodeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelad~. pirdapir da arapirdapir gadasaxadebs Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs gadasaxadis gadaxdis wyaros formirebis adgilSi. Tu pirdapiri gadasaxadebiT dabegvrisas wyaro formirdeba uSualod gadasaxadis
* saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2007, muxli 12.

gadamxdelTan, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebisas gadasaxadis wyaro Sedis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTan sxva Senatanebis SemadgenlobaSi (ZiriTadad fasis SemadgenlobaSi). pirdapiri gadasaxadebis saboloo gadamxdelad gvevlineba is, vinc iRebs Semosavals, maSin, rodesac arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis saboloo gadamxdels warmoadgens saqonlis momxmarebeli, romelzec gadasaxadi gadadis fasze danamatis saxiT. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis simZime mTlianad gadadis saqonlis saboloo momxmareblebze da gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis materialurad naklebad uzrunvelyofil fenebze. sagadasaxado praqtikidan gamomdinare, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT arapirdapir individualur da arapirdapir universalur gadasaxadebad. arapirdapiri individualuri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba mkacrad gansazRvruli saqonlis jgufi (saaqcizo gadasaxadiT ibegreba saqonlis calkeuli jgufebi da saxeebi). arapirdapiri universaluri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba yvela saxis (gaTavisuflebulis garda) saqoneli,SeiZleba samuSao gadasaxadis gadamxdelebidan gamomdinare, da momsaxureba gamo vyo T: g ad (magaliTad, as ax a de bi damatebuli f i z i ku r i Rirebulebis pi r eb id an ; gadasaxadi). sawarmoebidan da organizaciebidan; gadasaxadebi Sereuli gadasaxadebi . fizikuri pirebidan amosaReb gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, fizikur pirTa qonebis gadasaxadi, sakurorto gadasaxadi da sxva. gadasaxadebs sawarmoebidan da organizaciebidan miekuTvneba mogebis gadasaxadi, sawarmoTa qonebis gadasaxadi da sxva. Sereul gadasaxads warmoadgens is gadasaxadebi, romlebsac ixdian rogorc fizikuri pirebi, aseve sawarmoebi da organizaciebi. magaliTad, damatebuli
723

722

Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, aqcizi, socialuri gadasaxadi da sxva. gadasaxadebis dawesebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva donis saxelisuflebo organoebis kompetenciis Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT federalur da adgilobriv gadasaxadebad . saqarTveloSi moqmedi gadasaxadebi iyofa saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv da adgilobriv gadasaxadebad. s a er T o - s ax e l m w if o e b r iv i g a da s a x a de b i s daweseba da SemoReba xorcieldeba saqarTvelos umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos gadawyvetilebiT, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom es gadasaxadebi aucileblad unda Cairicxos centraluri xelisuflebis biujetSi. maTi gadaxda savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis daweseba aseve xorcieldeba saqarTvelos umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos mier, Tumca maTi SemoReba warmoebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis gadawyvetilebiT. isini iricxeba teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebSi. maTi gadaxda savaldebuloa Sesabamisi subieqtebis teritoriaze. gadasaxadebi, SemoRebisa da gadaxdis wesis mixedviT, SeiZleba davy oT s ae r To - s av a ld e bu l o d a fakultatur gadasaxadebad . saqarTveloSi saerTo-savaldebulo gadasaxadebi dadgenilia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis aqtebiT da ikribeba mTel mis teritoriaze imisda miuxedavad, romel biujetSi iricxeba isini. maT miekuTvneba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadi.

fakultaturi gadasaxadebi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, Tumca isini uSualod SeiZleba SemoRebul iqnes aWarisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis normatiuli aqtebiT. maTi SemoReba da akreba ama Tu im teritoriaze adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis kompetenciaa. fakultatur gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvruli yvela adgilobrivi gadasaxadi. sagadasaxado Senatanebis mimarTulebebis mixedviT gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT myar (anu mimagrebul) da maregulirebel gadasaxadebad . myari gadasaxadebi uSualod da mTlianad iricxeba konkretul biujetSi an saxelmwifo fondSi. maregulirebeli gadasaxadebi sabiujeto kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili proporciebis Sesabamisad nawildeba da erTdroulad iricxeba sxvadasxva donis biujetebSi. SemoRebis miznobrivi mimarTulebidan gamomdi-nare, gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT abstraqtul (saerTo) da miznobriv (specialur) gadasaxadebad . a b s t r a q t u l i g a d a s a x a d e b i d aw esebulia mTlianobaSi biujetis formirebis mizniT, maSin, rodesac miznobrivi gadasaxadebis daweseba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xarjebis konkretuli mimarTulebebis dasafinanseblad. rogorc wesi, miznobrivi sagadasaxado SenatanebisTvis iqmneba specialuri saxelmwifo fondi an amgvari saxis gadasaxadisTvis uSualod biuetSi SemoRebulia specialuri muxli.

724

725

 specialur literaturaSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT gadasaxadebis klasifikaciis sxva safuZvlebsac. magaliTad, gamoyofen erTjerad da sistematur gadasaxadebsac. erTjeradi gadasaxadis gadaxda dakavSirebulia raime movlenebTan, romlebic ar qmnian sistemas. erTjerad gadasaxads miekuTvneba gadasaxadi memkvidreobisa an CuqebisaTvis. sistematuri gadasaxadebis gadaxda xorcieldeba gadamxdelis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis an gansazRvruli qonebis mflobelobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi gansazRvruli periodulobiT. magaliTad, korporaciis Semosavalze gadasaxadisa da mogebis gadaxda warmoebs yovelwliurad, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis yovelTviurad da a.S. saqarTvelo s sagadasaxado s is tema da sagadasaxado politika agebulia sazRvargareTis ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT da orientirebulia Cveni qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobaze. s a q a r Tv e l o s T a n a m ed r o v e s a g a d as a x a d o sistema ZiriTadad Camoyalibda 1991-1994 wlebSi qveyanaSi mimdinare Zireuli ekonomikuri gardaqmnebisa da sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis periodSi. mas safuZvlad daedo sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdileba, ris gamoc saerTo struqturiTa da agebulebis principebiT ZiriTadad Seesabameba msoflio ekonomikaSi gavrcelebuli gadasaxadebiT dabegvris sistemas. amasTan, saqarTveloSi sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi elementebi yalibdeboda erovnuli specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema moicavs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxa726

debis dawesebis, Secvlis, gauqmebisa da gadaxdevinebis princi pebis, formebisa da meTodebis, sagadasaxado organoebisa da sagadasaxado kontrolis, agreTve, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis saxeebis erTobliobas. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis agebis safuZvelia organizaciuli princi pebi , romlebic ganapirobeben misi marTvisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. es princi pebia: sagadasaxado sistemis erTianobis princi pi . igi uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado organoebis erTian centralizebul sistemas. afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis, agreTve, qalaqebisa da raionebis sagadasaxado inspeqciebi warmoadgenen saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sagadasaxado departamentis teritoriul organoebs da ara am subieqtebis organoebs. amitom, dauSvebelia iseTi gadasaxadebis SemoReba, romlebsac SeuZliaT saqonlis, samuSaoebis, momsaxurebisa da finansuri saxsrebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis farglebSi. elastiurobis princi pi. igi gulisxmobs saxelmwifos obieqturi saWiroebebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebisa da zogierTi sagadasaxado meqanizmis operatiul Secvlas sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcirebis an gazrdis mimarTulebiT. es princi pi damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis, aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagadasaxado sistemebisTvisac. kerZod, 1992 wels germaniaSi
* saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2007, muxli 7.

727

saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili iqna 125 cvlileba. stabilurobis princi pi. sagadasaxado sistema unda moqmedebdes wlebis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado reformamde, xolo reforma unda tardebodes gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi da mkacrad gansazRvruli wesiT. es princi pi mxolod gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa interesebis dacvas ar emsaxureba. sagadasaxado sistemis Secvlam Sesabamisad SeiZleba gamoiwvios biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mkveTri Semcireba, xolo wonasworobis aRdgenas ramdenime weli dasWirdes. gadasaxadebis simravlis princi pi. saxelmwifos sagadasaxado sistema diferencirebuli gadasaxadebisa da dabegvris obieqtebis iseT erTobliobaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli, romelic gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs gadaunawilebs sagadasaxado tvirTs. amasTan, gamoricxavs araefeqturi gadasaxadebisa da obieqtebis arsebobas. gadasaxadebis amomwuravi nusxis princi pi . igi zRudavs iseTi damatebiTi gadasaxadebis SemoRebas, romlebic saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad, maRali an diferencirebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis da sagadasaxado SeTRavaTebis daweseba, sakuTrebis formis, sawarmos organizaciulsamarTlebrivi formis, fizikuri piris moqalaqeobis, agreTve gadasaxadis gadamxdelis kapitalis an qonebis warmoSobis adgilis mixedviT. mocemuli princi pebi ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado politik a Tavs gamoxatulebas poulobs saqarTvelos parlamentis mier

miRebuli saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqssa da mTel rig sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. saqarTvelos parlamentma 1994 wlis dekemberSi miiRo qveyanaSi sagadasaxado politikisa da sagadasaxado sistemis Sesaxeb kanonTa mTeli kompleqsi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi kanonebi: `sagadasaxado sistemis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~, `sawarmoebis mogebis (Semosavlebis) gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, `saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sagadasaxado samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, `damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, `aqcizebis Sesaxeb~, `sawarmoTa qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, `fizikur pirTa qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, `fizikur pirTa saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~. 1996 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanonebi `sabaJo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~ da `saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis maregulirebel sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Taobaze~. yvela aRniSnuli kanoni, maTSi Setanili cvlilebebisa da damatebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, moqmedebda 1997 wlis seqtembramde anu saqarTvelos parlamentis mier imave wlis 13 ivniss miRebuli `saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis~ amoqmedebamde. aRniSnuli kodeqsi Secvala 2004 wlis 22 dekembers miRebulma axalma sagadasaxado kodeqsma, romelic ZalaSi Sevida da amoqmedda 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi gansazRvravs gadasaxadebis dawesebis, SemoRebisa da gauqmebis wesebs. am wesebis Secvla anu sagadasaxado kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setana da maTi damtkiceba SeuZlia mxolod saqarTvelos parlaments. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi erTdroulad awesebs saqarTveloSi moqmed saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv
729

728

da adgilobriv gadasaxadebs, gansazRvravs saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebis arsebiT elementebs (gamoangariSebisa da gadaxdis wess) anu erTdroulad axorcielebs saerTo-saxelmwifoebivi gadasaxadebis dawesebasa da maT SemoRebas saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. rac Seexeba adgilobriv gadasaxadebs, avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles warmomadgenlobiT organoebsa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs ufleba aqvT damoukideblad gadawyviton SemoiRon Tu ara TavianT samoqmedo teritoriaze saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dawesebuli Sesabamisi gadasaxadebi. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvruli da moqmedi gadasaxadebis sistema moicavs saerTosaxelmwifoebriv da adgilobriv gadasaxadebs. saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebis gadaxda savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. adgilobriv gadasaxadebs ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli da afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis normatiuli aqtebiT SemoRebuli gadasaxadebi, romelTa gadaxda savaldebuloa Sesabamisi subieqtebis teritoriaze. saqarTvelos axalma sagadasaxado kodeqsma Zireulad Secvala gadasaxadebis sistema gadasaxadebis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT. misi mizania biujetebis Semosavlebis formirebis realuri gaumjobeseba, sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcireba, sagadasaxado sistemis gamartiveba naklebefeqtiani gadasaxadebis gauqmebis gziT, sagadasaxado bazis gafarToeba SeRavaTebis gauqmebisa da gadamxdelTa raodenobis gafarToebis xarjze, gadasaxadebis
730

gaangariSebis meTodikis gamartiveba da gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa, gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis minimizacia finansuri kontrolis gaZlierebis gziT. saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagadasaxado sistema mniSvnelovnadaa gamartivebuli. igi moicavs mxolod 5 saerTosaxelmwifoebriv da 2 adgilobriv gadasaxads. Secvlilia maTi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi da gadaxdis reJimebi. saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba : saSemosavlo g a d as a x ad i . m is i gadamxdelebi arian rezidenti piri da ararezidenti fizikuri piri, romelic Semosavals iRebs saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyarodan. rezidenti fizikuri pirisaTvis dabegvris obieqtia dasabegri Semosavali, romelic gamoiTvleba rogorc sxvaoba kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul erTobliv Semosavalsa da am periodisaTvis sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamoqviTvebis Tanxebs Soris. ararezidenti fizikuri piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtia dasabegri Semosavali, romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc sxvaoba kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmiv dawesebulebasTan dakavSirebul saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyarodan miRebul erTobliv Semosavalsa da am periodisaTvis sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamo qviTvebis Tanxebs So ris. am ave kodeqs iT gansazRvrulia ararezidenti pirebis mier saqarTveloSi miRebuli im Semosavlebis (dividendi, procenti da a.S.) dabegvris pirobebi, romlebic mis mudmiv dawesebulebasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli.

731

fizikuri piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dasabegri Semosavali ibegreba 12%-iT. mogebis gadasaxadi . misi gadamxdelebi arian saqarTvelos sawarmo da ucxouri sawarmo, romelic saqarTveloSi saqmianobas axorcielebs mudmivi dawesebulebebis meSveobiT an/da Semosavals iRebs saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyarodan. dabegvris obieqtia mogeba, romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc sxvaoba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis erTobliv Semosavalsa da sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul gamoqviTvis Tanxebs Soris. amasTan, sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvrulia rogorc Semosavlebi, ise xarjebi. rezidentis erToblivi Semosavali Sedgeba mis mier saqarTveloSi an/da mis farglebs gareT miRebuli Semosavlebisagan. ararezidentis erToblivi Semosavali Sedgeba saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyaroebidan miRebuli Semosavlebisagan. erTobliv Semosavlebs ganekuTvneba nebismieri formiT an/da saqmianobiT xelfasis, ekonomikuri sargeblis an sxva fulad Tu naturalur formaSi miRebuli Semosavlebi. xarjebad iTvleba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier ganxorcielebuli (gaweuli) dasabuTebuli da dokumenturad dadasturebuli danaxarjebi. sawarmos dasabegri mogeba ibegreba 20%-iT, garda `navTobisa da gazis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvruli `arsebuli xelSekrulebebis~ ganxorcielebis Sedegad navTobisa da gazis operaciebiT miRebuli mogebisa, romelic ibegreba 10%-iani ganakveTiT, Tu es xelSekruleba dadebulia 1998 wlis 1 ianvramde.
* 2008 wlis 1 ianvridan sawarmos dasabegri mogeba 20%-is nacvlad ibegreba 15%-iT.

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg). am gadasaxadiT ibegreba dasabegri brunva, romelic saangariSo periodSi ganxorcielebuli dasabegri operaciebisa da dasabegri importis Tanxebis jamia. dasabegri operaciis Tanxa ganisazRvreba saqonlis/ momsaxurebis sabazro fasiT (gadasaxadebis, mosakreblebisa da sxva gadasaxdelebis CaTvliT) dRg-is gareSe. dasabegri importis Tanxa tolia saqarTvelos sabaJo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli saqonlis (da momsaxurebis, romelic ganixileba rogorc saqoneli) sabaJo Rirebulebisa da saqarTveloSi saqonlis importisas gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis Tanxebis jamisa, saqarTveloSi gadasaxdeli dRg-is CauTvlelad. biujetSi Sesatani dRg-is Tanxa ganisazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba dasabegr brunvaze daricxul dRg-is Tanxasa da CasaTvlel dRg-is Tanxebs Soris. dRg-is ganakveTi Seadgens dasabegri brunvis an dasabegri importis Tanxis 18%-s. aqcizi. aqcizis gadamxdelebi arian pirebi, romlebic awarmoeben aqcizur saqonels saqarTveloSi; axorcieleben aqcizuri saqonlis imports saqarTveloSi; axorcieleben Savi an/da feradi liTonebis eqsports. aqcizuri saqoneli ibegreba misi calkeuli saxeebis mixedviT saqonlis fizikur an woniT erTeulze fiqsirebuli (fuladi) gadasaxadiT an fasis mimarT procentuli ganakveTiT . aqcizuri saqonlis eqsporti ibegreba nulovani ganakveTiT, garda Savi an/da feradi liTonebis eqsportisa. socialuri gadasaxadi . mis gadamxdelebad iTvlebian damqiraveblebi, romlebic Sromas unazRaurebs daqiravebul muSakebs; mewarme fizikuri pirebi, amxanagobis
733

732

wevri fizikuri pirebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi ewevian ekonomikur saqmianobas; sawarmo/organizacia an mewarme fizikuri piri, romelic saqarTveloSi gaweul momsaxurebas unazRaurebs sagadasaxadoSi gadamxdelad araregistrirebul fizikur pirebs. socialuri gadasaxadiT dasabegri obieqtia xelfasi, momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis gadaxdili safasuri an sargebeli da ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavali. socialuri gadasaxadis ganakveTi gansazRvrulia dasabegri obieqtis 20%-is odenobiT; adgilobriv gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba : qonebis gadasaxadi; saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadi . qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelia piri (agreTve, lizingiT sagnis mflobeli piri), romelsac saqarTvelos teritoriaze: a) sakuTrebaSi aqvs am gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqti; b) kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sargeblobaSi an faqtobriv mflobelobasa da sargeblobaSi aqvs saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa, garda saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli miwis flobisa da miwiT kanonieri sargeblobisa. saqarTvelos an ucxouri sawarmosaTvis, organizaciisaTvis an/da fizikuri pirisaTvis am gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtia maT balansze arsebuli qoneba, romelic gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis, maT balansze ricxuli ZiriTadi saSualebebi, daumontaJebeli mowyobilobebi, daumTavrebeli kapitaluri dabandebani, aramaterialuri
*

2008 wlis 1 ianvridan gauqmda socialuri gadasaxadi, rogorc saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis saxe da is aisaxa saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi; fizikuri piris dasabegri Semosavali ibegreba 25%iT, nacvlad manam arsebuli 12%-isa, xolo 2009 wlis 1 ianvridan - 20%-iT.

aqtivebi, sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa da am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul sargeblobaSi an faqtobriv mflobelobaSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa. gadasaxadis ganakveTebi diferencirebulia qonebis saxeebis, maTi sabazro Rirebulebisa da Semosavlebis mixedviT. saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebad iTvlebian pirebi, romlebic ewevian samewarmeo saqmianobas latariebiT, kazinoebiT (samorineeebiT), azartuli an sxva saTamaSo biznesiT da aseTi saqmianoba kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad eqvemdebareba nebarTvas an licenzirebas. gadasaxadis ganakveTebi diferencirebulia dabegvris obieqtebis mixedviT, romlebic asea ganawilebuli: latariis bileTebis realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebi, ibegreba ara umetes misi 20%-isa; kazinos (samorine), TiToeuli magida _ TveSi 5 aTasidan 10 aTas laramde; TiToeuli saTamaSo magida TveSi 50-dan 200 laramde; totalizatoris, bingos, lotos TiToeuli salaro TveSi 300-dan 600 laramde; TiToeuli wamaxalisebeli gaTamaSeba saprizo fondis 10%-iT; sistemureleqtronuli formis TamaSobebi _ TveSi _ 2 aTasidan 10 aTas laramde. 2005 wlamde moqmedi saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis arsebiT naklovanebad aRiarebuli iyo misi arastabiluroba da araregulirebadoba. finansuri wlis ganmavlobaSi kanonebi gadasaxadebiT dabegvris axali reJimis SemoRebis Sesaxeb xSirad miiReboda da icvleboda. calkeul SemTxvevebSi axlad warmoqmnili urTierTobebis normatiuli regulirebis uqonlobas mivyavdiT iqamde, rom arsebuli naklovanebebi ivseboda sxvadasxva kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT, sagadasaxado organoebis axsnaganmartebiT da sasamarTlo praqtikiT. amasTan, sagadasa735

734

xado sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa kulturisa da sagadasaxado disci plinis dabali done, gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa movaleobebis gadameteba maT uflebebze da a.S. saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, SedarebiT dakonkretebulia sagadasaxado sistemis struqtura da funqcionirebis meqanizmi, Semcirebulia gadasaxadebis raodenoba da saxeebi, gansazRvrulia maTi gamoangariSebisa da gadaxdis wesi, sagadasaxado organoebisa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba, sagadasaxado-samarTlebrivi princi pebi, sagadasaxado terminologia da a.S. TiToeuli gadasaxadis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebulia SeRavaTebi da gaTavisuflebebi. nebismieri qveynis sagadasaxado sistemis mniSvnelovan ekonomikur maxasiaTebels saSinao da sagareo vaWrobidan sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Tanafardoba warmoadgens. es Tanafardoba evropis maRal ganviTarebul qveynebSi 1 : 1, xolo naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi 2 : 1 Seadgens, saqarTveloSi ki _ 2.3 : 1. pirdapir da arapirdapir gadasaxadebs Soris Tanafardoba qveynis ganviTarebis donezea damokidebuli. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili saerTo sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi maRalia naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, vinaidan maTi akrefa ar moiTxovs sagadasaxado aparatis ganviTarebas da gadasaxadebis gamoangariSebis daxvewil sistemas. saqarTveloSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis (dRgs, aqcizisa da sabaJos) wilma 2003 wels saerTo sagadasaxado Semosavlebis TiTqmis naxevari Seadgina. maSin, rodesac maRalganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia pirdapiri gadasaxadebis maRali wili. saqarTveloSi 2003 wels mogebis gadasaxadma saerTo
736

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mxolod 8.1, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadma _ 12.2% Seadgina. miuxedavad gadasaxadebis simravlisa, saqarTvelos konsolidirebuli biujetis yvela sagadasaxado Semosavlis udides nawils Seadgens dRg. kerZod, 2003 wels dRg-ma naerTi biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis 42.4% Seadgina, maSin, rodesac aqcizma _ 10.4, saSemosavlo gadasaxadma _ 20.0 da mogebis gadasaxadma 10.5%-s miaRwia. sagadasaxado sistemis umniSvnelovanes politikursamarTlebriv maxasiaTebels sagadasaxado sferoSi xelisuflebis centralur da adgilobriv organoebs Soris kompetenciebis Tanafardoba warmoadgens. mTlianad qveyanaSi amoRebuli sagadasaxado Semosavlebidan adgilobriv biujetebSi Cairicxa mxolod 27.1%. makroekonomikis finansuri regulireba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo biujetis meSveobiT. amitom qvemoT saxelmwifo biujetisa da, saerTod, sabiujeto sistemis ganxilvaze SevCerdebiT.
saxelmwifo biujeti da sabiujeto sistema. sityva `biujeti~ warmomdgaria Zveli

franguli sityvidan, rac tyavis qisas niSanavs. ingliselebma sityva `biujets~ anu inglisurad tomaras gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWes da `biujeti~ uwodes saxelmwifos Semosaval-gasavlis xarjTaRricxvis kanonproeqts, romlis mixedviTac qveynis xazinis kancleri, mTavrobis saxeliT, parlamentSi TemTa palatas fuls sTxovda. biujets uwodebdnen saxelmwifo Semosavalgasavlis xarjTaR-ricxvis ganweris Sesaxeb xazinis kancleris mier warmoTqmul sityvasac.

737

biujeti saxelmwifos Semosavlebisa da xarjebis dawvrilebiTi aRweraa. igi materialuri SinaarsiT saxelmwifo fuladi saSualebebis centralizebuli fondia, xolo arsiT _ erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebis ZiriTadi instrumenti. mTlianobaSi, biujetis socialur-ekonomikuri arsi vlindeba misi Semosavlebis (wyaroebis mixedviT) da xarjebis struqturaSi, romlebic gvixasiaTeben, Tu vis xarjze ivseba igi da vis xmardeba mobilizebuli resursebi. amrigad, biujeti Sedgeba ori urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilisagan: 1. saSemosavlo nawili, romelic moicavs Semosavlebis CamonaTvals wyaroebis mixedviT. aq Tavs iyris iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi, sxvadasxva saxis gadasaxdelebi da mosakreblebi, agreTve saxelmwifo sesxebi; 2. gasavlis nawili, romelic aerTianebs saxelmwifos mier gasawev xarjebs xarjvis mimarTulebebisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT. biujeti warmoadgens balanss, romelSic Semosavlebi xarjebis tolia. maTi utolobis SemTxvevaSi Tu xarjebi sWarbobs Semosavlebs, adgili aqvs deficitis arsebobas, xolo Tu Semosavlebi metia xarjebze, maSin piriqiT, adgili aqvs biujetis proficitis arsebobas. TiToeuli maTganis gamomwvevi mizezebi sxvadasxvaa, sxvadasxvaa maTi arsebobis socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebic da marTvis meTodebic. biujetis Semosavlebis (deficitis CaTvliT misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, xolo proficitis SemTxvevaSi _ misi gamoklebiT) da xarjebis tolobas, fiskalur balanss uwodeben. biujetis roli vlindeba mis funqciebSi . es funqciebia:

e ro v nu l i S e m o s av l is (a n m S p -s ) gadanawileba . nebismieri qveynis xelisuflebis moRvaweobis materialuri safuZveli mis biujetSi Tavmoyrili finansuri resursebia. es finansuri resursebi warmoadgens ekonomikaSi Seqmnili Rirebulebis nawils, romelic biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebisa da sxva Semosulobebis saxiT akumulirdeba xelisuflebis gankargulebaSi misi politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri saqmianobis finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom biujeti ekonomikaSi Seqmnili Rirebulebis anu erovnuli Semosavlis (an mSp-is) gadanawilebis instruments warmoadgens. misi meSveobiT gadanawildeba agreTve erovnuli simdidris Rirebulebis nawilic. Tanamedrove mowinave qveynebSi saxelmwifo biujetis meSveobiT gadanawildeba mSp-is 50-60%, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki es maCvenebeli 30-35%-s aRwevs, magram zogjer naklebicaa. ase magaliTad, ruseTSi igi 30%-ia, xolo saqarTveloSi _ 15-16%. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi r e g u l i r e b a d a s t i m u l i r e b a . xarjebis a d a gadasaxadebis saSualebiT biujeti ekonomikisa da investiciebis regulirebisa da stimulirebis, warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mniSvne-lovan instruments warmoadgens. biujetis ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis funqcia erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa. biujetis meSveobiT saxelmwifo zemoqmedebs qveynis sameurneo cxovrebis yvela sferoze. esenia: ekonomikuri zrdis daCqareba, dagrovebis normis amaRleba, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis stimulireba, meurneobis strate-giuli mniSvnelobisa da perspeqtiuli dargebis (aviamSeneb739

738

loba, atomuri mrewveloba, energomanqanaTmSenebloba da a.S.) ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. aseTi mxardaWeris mizani maRalefeqtiani da swrafadanazRaurebadi programebis realizaciaa. ekonomikis regulirebisaTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba: a) sagadasaxado politika Sesabamisi sagadasaxado meqanizmis meSveobiT, rac ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis arapirdapiri gzaa da b) biujetebidan uSualo dafinanseba, rac ekonomikaze pirdapiri zemoqmedebis gzaa. dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi ekonomikis regulireba-stimulirebaze anu investiciebze qveynis biujetebis xarjebis 20-25% mimarTaven. sxva dadebiT SedegTan erTad, aseTi xarjebis efeqtad unda CaiTvalos isic, rom isini uzrunvelyofen sabiujeto xarjebis dafinansebas momavalSi. winaaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, momavalSi gasawevi xarjebi 10-15%-iT gadaaWarbebs biujetSi amosaReb finansur resursebs. s o ci al ur i po lit ik is f in an s u ri uzrunvelyofa. ganviTarebuli qveynebis saxelmwifo biujetebis finansuri resursebis didi nawili ixarjeba saxelmwifos socialuri funqciebis Sesasruleblad. es, upirveles yovlisa, vlindeba imaSi, rom am biujetebis socialuri xarjebi samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli elementia, ramdenadac isini uzrunvelyofen ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis, socialuri dazRvevisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoebis dafinansebas. msoflios umravlesi qveynebis biujetebSi gaTvaliswinebulia transfertebi xandazmulTaTvis (socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis saSualebiT), umuSevarTaTvis (daxmarebis mizniT) da a.S. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad aSS-Si, saxelmwifo biujetSi fulad
740

SemosavlebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebulia gansakuTrebuli saxis saqonlis moxmarebis xarjebic, ramdenadac aq Tvlian, rom saarsebo keTildReobiT uzunvelyofili unda iyos yvela, miuxedavad maTi Semosavlebisa. saubaria sacxovrebel pirobebze (saxli, bina), sakvebze da a.S. ganviTarebadi qveynebis socialuri politikis prioritetebs mosaxleobis socialurad naklebad daculi fenebis (pensionerebi, invalidebi, studentebi, naklebuzrunvelyofili ojaxebi da a.S.), agreTve ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis da kulturis sferos organizaciadawesebulebebis, sabinao problemebis gadawyvetis mxardaWera warmoadgens. socialuri politikis realizaciis mniSvnelovani Sedegi mTlianad arasawarmoo sferos infrastruqturis yvela dargisa da dawesebulebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobaa. centralizebuli fuladi fondebis formirebasa da gamoyenebaze kontroli . sabiujeto dagegmvis procesSi ganisazRvreba centralizebul da decentralizebul fulad fondebs Soris racionaluri Tanafardoba anu finansuri resursebis moculoba, romelic, erTi mxriv, koncentrirdeba sawarmoTa gankargulebaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, biujetSi da axasiaTebs sawarmoTa monawileobis xarisxs sabiujeto sistemis Semosavlebis formirebaSi. es niSnavs, rom sabiujeto dagegmvisa da aRsrulebis procesSi xorcieldeba qveynis ekonomikis safinanso-sameurneo saqmianobaze kontroli. sabiujeto sistema warmoadgens qveynis biujetebis erTianobas, romelic dafuZnebulia qveynis administraciul-teritoriul mowyobaze. igi agebulia qveynis yvela donis biujetebis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa da iuridiul normaTa erTobliobaze. organizaciulad
741

sabiujeto sistema aigeba kanoniT dadgenili princi pebis Sesabamisad. qveynis sabiujeto sistema ganisazRvreba misi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobiT. Tanamedrove msoflios praqtikaSi arsebobs saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis ori forma: unitaruli da federaluri . unitarul saxelmwifoebSi sabiujeto sistema ori rgolisagan Sedgeba saxelmwifo biujetisa da mravalricxovani adgilobrivi biujetebisagan. maT Soris wamyvani adgili saxelmwifo biujets uWiravs. misi meSveobiT marTvis centraluri organoebi TavianT gankargulebaSi moaqceven erovnuli Semosavlis nawils da gadaanawileben mas Semdgomi gamoyenebisTvis. federalur saxelmwifoebSi sabiujeto sistema sam rgols moicavs. esenia: 1) saxelmwifo biujeti; 2) federaluri biujeti an centraluri xelisuflebis biujeti; 3) federaciis wevrTa (aSS-Si _ Statebi, germaniaSi miwebi, kanadaSi provinciebi) da adgilobrivi biujetebi . saqarTveloSi sabiujeto sistema gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos 2003 wlis 24 aprilis kanoniT `saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~, romelic moqmedebaSi Sevida 2004 wlis 1 ianvridan. saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema warmoadgens qveynis biujetebis erTianobas, romelic gansazRvrulia qveynis administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobiT, ekonomikuri urTierTobebiTa da iuridiuli normebiT. saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema moicavs qveynis saxelmwifo biujets, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis biujetebs, saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebs. ufro zustad, `saqarTvelos sabiujeto
742

sistema aris saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis, avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebis, adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa da specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis mizniT finansuri resursebis mobilizaciisa da gamoyenebis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis, safinanso-sabiujeto politikis, sabiujeto procesisa da Sesabamisi biujetebis erToblioba~*. saqarTvelos s abiujeto s is tem is agebis ZiriTadi princi pebi , romelTa dacva aucilebelia sabiujeto procesis yvela monawilisaTvis, Semdegia: yo vlismom cveloba , romelic gulisxmobs biujetis yvela Semosulobisa da gadasaxdelebis srulyofilad asaxvis aucileblobas Sesabamis biujetebSi; gamWvirvaloba anu biujetebis proeqtebis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi ganxilvis procedurebis sajarooba sazogadoebisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebisaTvis; damtkicebuli biujetebisa da maTi Sesrulebis angariSebis gamoqveyneba; biujetis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomoba nebismieri fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisaTvis; angariSvaldebuleba , romelic gulisxmobs sabiujeto procesis monawile yvela piris pasuxismgeblobas mis mier ganxorcielebul saqmianobaze da biujetis Sesaxeb warmodgenil informaciaze; damoukidebloba, rac gansazRvravs saxelm-wifo biujetis, avtonomiuri respublikebis biujetebisa da
*saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~. _ Tbilisi, 2003, muxli 2.

743

saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebis urTierTdamoukideblobas; erTianoba , romelic gulisxmobs imas, rom centraluri, avtonomiuri respublikebisa da adgilobrivi biujetebi uzrunvelyofilni arian erTiani ekonomikuri safuZvliT, sabiujeto klasifikaciiT, angariSTa erTiani CamonaTvaliT, sabiujeto dokumentaciiT, saxelmwifo finansuri kontrolis erTiani principebiT; universaluroba, rac imas niSnavs, rom biujetis yvela Semosuloba mimarTuli unda iqnes saerTo gadasaxdelebis dasafinanseblad, garda kanoniT gansazRvruli SemTxvevebisa; konsolidireba , romelic gulisxmobs yvela saxelmwifo SemosulobiT saxelmwifo konsolidirebuli fondis Seqmnas da mis xarjvas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. fondis marTva moxdeba saxelmwifo xazinis mier da ganTavsdeba erovnul bankSi mis angariSze. saxelmwifo biujeti warmoadgens saxelmwifos fuladi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis mimdinare wlis ZiriTad finansur gegmas, romelsac kanonis Zala aqvs. saxelmwifo biujeti sabiujeto sistemis ZiriTadi rgolia. igi asaxavs fulad-ekonomikur urTierTobebs, romelTa arsebobac ganpirobebulia saxelmwifos (centraluri an federaluri xelisuflebis) centralizebuli fuladi fondebis Seqmnisa (formirebisa) da gamoyenebis procesebiT. biujetSi gadasaxadebis amoRebis gziT saxelmwifos xelSi Tavs iyris sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa saxsrebi, agreTve saxelmwifo sesxebi (rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo) da mosaxleobis Semosavlebis nawili. mobilizebuli resursebi saxelmwifos mier gamoiyeneba Tavisi funqciebis Sesasruleblad:
744

ekonomikisa da socialuri sferos dasafinanseblad, qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis gansamtkiceblad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi organoebis Senaxvaze, qveda donis biujetebis finansuri daxmarebisaTvis, saxelmwifo valis dasafarad, saxelmwifos materialuri da finansuri rezervebis Sesaqmnelad da a.S. saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi saxelmwifos centralizebuli finansuri resursebis nawilia, romelic aucilebelia centraluri xelisuflebis funqciebis Sesasruleblad. misi mTavari wyaroa qveynis ekonomikaSi axladSeqmnili Rirebuleba anu erovnuli Semosavali (an mSp), agreTve erovnuli simdidris Rirebulebis nawili. erovnuli S em osavlis gadanawilebis a da biujetis Semo savlebis f ormirebis ZiriTadi meTodebia : gadasaxadebi, sesxebi, arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi, agreTve fulis emisia. maT Soris Tanafardoba damokidebulia qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneze, politikur situaciaze, finansur mdgomareobasa da finansur politikaze. gadasaxadebi erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebis mTavari meTodia. nebismieri qveynis saxelmwifo (centraluri) biujetis Semosavlebis 80-90% sagadasaxado Semosavlebia. Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da moculobiT saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis formirebis meore wyaroa saxelmwifo sesxebi. mas ZiriTadad mimarTaven is qveynebi, romelTac biujetis deficiti gaaCniaT. biujetis deficitis dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba sesxebis aRebis ori forma: (1) safinanso-sakredito sistemidan fuladi kreditis aReba; (2) saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da ganTavsebis gziT fuladi saxsrebis
745

mozidva. orive SemTxvevaSi sesxis aReba zrdis saxelmwifo vals, romlis dasafarad momavalSi unda gaizardos gadasaxadebi an moxdes maTi refinansireba anu axali sesxebis (maT Soris fasiani qaRaldebis saxiT) aReba. saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis formirebis erT-erT wyaros aras agadasaxado Semos avlebi warmoadgens. igi moicavs: saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebidan miRebul wminda Semosavlebs, administraciul gadasaxdelebs (maT Soris mosakreblebs), jarimebsa da sauravebs, biujetidan gacemuli sesxebis dabrunebiT miRebul da sxva arasagadasaxado Semosavlebs. biujetis Semosavlebis Semadgenloba da struqtura SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc xarisxobrivi (Tvisobrivi), ise raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT. kerZod, Semosavlebis realuri moculoba ganixileba amoRebis meTodebis, gadasaxadebis saxeebisa da warmoSobis wyaroebis mixedviT. xarjebis erTobliobas, romelic warmoiSveba saxelmwifos mier Tavisi funqciebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, biujetis xarjebi ewodeba. sxva sityvebiT, saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi _ es aris ekonomikuri urTierTobani, romelic warmoiqmneba saxelmwifos fuladi saxsrebis fondis dargobrivi, miznobrivi da teritoriuli daniSnulebiT gadanawilebasa da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. saxelmwifos funqciebis mravalferovneba da mravalmxrivoba, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli wyoba, sabiujeto saxsrebis miwodebis formebi da mravali

sxva faqtori ganapirobebs biujetis xarjebis mravalferovnebas da mravalmxrivobas. biujetis xarjebi Tavisi rolisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT klasificirdeba: warmoebis procesSi maTi rolis mixedviT, anu ekonomikuri niSnis mixedviT; dargobrivi anu funqcionaluri daniSnulebis mixedviT; uwyebrivi, miznobrivi da teritoriuli niSnebis mixedviT. kvlavwarmoebis procesSi monawileobis anu ekonomikuri niSnis mixedviT biujetis xarjebi iyofa mimdinare da kapitaluri xasiaTis xarjebad. mTliani xarjebis didi nawili mimdinare xarjebia, romelic moicavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis xarjebs, saxelmwifo mosamsaxureTa Sromis anazRaurebas, maT xelfasze danaricxebs, pensiebs, gadasaxdelebs saSinao da sagareo valebis momsaxurebaze, subsidiebs, dotaciebsa da mimdinare transferebs saxelmwifo sawarmoebsa da qveda donis biujetebze, agreTve saxelmwifo valebis dafarvisa da maTi momsaxurebis dafinansebis xarjebs da a.S. esaa xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia mimdinare moTxovnisa da moTxovnilebebis dasafinanseblad. kapitaluri xarjebi moicavs dabandebebs ZiriTadi fondebisa da maragebis zrdaze, kapitaluri mSeneblobisa da kapitaluri remontebis dafinansebis saxsrebs, romlebic gaicema grZelvadiani asignebebisa da subsidiebis, saxelmwifo sesxebis saxiT. sesxebi gaicema rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo sawarmoebsa da xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebze. funqcionaluri anu dargobrivi daniSnulebis mixedviT sabiujeto xarjebi iyofa qveynis ekonomikis calkeul sferoebsa da dargebze gamoyofili saxsrebis
747

746

mimarTulebebis mixedviT. amitom igi moicavs qveynis Tavdacvis, samarTaldamcavi saqmianobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi aparatis, socialuri sferos dargebis (ganaTleba, janmrTelobis dacva, xelovneba, kultura, religia da a.S.), mecnierebisa da samecniero-teqnikuri xasiaTis saqmianobas, sawarmoo sferos dargebis (mrewveloba, soflis meurnoeba da a.S.) xarjebs. TiToeuli sferosaTvis gamoyofili xarjebi gansazRvrulia maT ekonomikur WrilSic. biujetis xarjebis dargobrivi niSnis mixedviT dayofa sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawilebaSi dargebs Soris proporciebis dadgenis saSualebas iZleva, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebam am proporciebis Secvla, Semdgomi racionalizacia, prioritetuli programebis gamoyofa da maTi dafinanseba ganaxorcielos. uwyebrivi niSnis mixedviT xarjebi gamoiyofa saministroebis, departamentebisa da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis mixedviT, romlebic Rebuloben sabiujeto saxsrebs. maTze gamoyofili asignebebi gansazRvrulia ekonomikuri da miznobrivi niSnebis mixedviTac. sabiujeto xarjebis miznobrivi struqtura axasiaTebs danaxarjTa konkretul saxeobebs. ase magaliTad, asignebebi kapitalur dabandebebze, saoperacio xarjebze, dotaciaze, xelfasze, kapitalur remontze da a.S. xarjebis miznobrivi niSnis mixedviT klasifikacia warmoadgens sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjvaze finansuri kontrolis Sesrulebis aucilebel bazas. xarjebis klasifikacia xorcieldeba teritoriuli niSnis mixedviTac , romlis drosac ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva donis biujetebs Soris Tanafardobebi. kerZod, gamoiyofa centraluri (an
748

federaluri) xelisuflebis biujetebis, avtonomiuri formirebebis (Statis, sagrafos da a.S.) biujetebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis biujetebis xarjebi. am niSniT xarjebis dayofa saSualebas iZleva moxdes maTi racionaluri gadanawileba regionaluri ganviTarebis gamoTanabrebis mizniT. aseTi gadanawileba SesaZlebelia biujetebis Semosavlebis gadanawilebis, transferebis gadacemis, dafinansebis sxvadasxva meTodebis (magaliTad, asignebebis, sesxebis da a.S.) gamoyenebis gziT. biujetidan saxsrebis xarjvis ganxorcieleba miiRweva sabiujeto dafinansebis anu asignebebis meSveobiT. sabiujeto dafinanseba anu asignebebi niSnavs fuladi saxsrebis gacemas biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad. sabiueto dafinanseba agebulia gansazRvruli principebiT, konkretuli formebiTa da meTodebiT da emsaxureba konkretuli amocanebis Sesrulebas. sabiujeto asignebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori formis sabiujeto dafinansebiT. esenia: `neto-biujetisa~ da `bruto-biujetis~ sistemebiT dafinanseba. `neto-biujetis~ sistemiT dafinansebisas sabiujeto asignebebi gamoiyofa danaxarjTa SezRuduli wrisaTvis, romelic damtkicebuli biujetiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. `bruto-biujetis~ sistemiT dafinansebisas sabiujeto saxsrebi gamoiyofa im sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa da dawesebulebebisaTvis, romlebic mTlianad sabiujeto dafinansebaze imyofebian. sabiujeto asignebebis garda, sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sawarmoebis dakreditebis mizniT sabiujeto sesxis gasacemad. aseTi sesxi an uprocentoa,
749

an gaicema Zalian dabali procentiT. sesxi ZiriTadad gaicema strategiuli mniSvnelobis programebis an RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad. ase magaliTad, saxelmwifo sasursaTo programebis, agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis ganviTarebis, TavdacviTi mrewvelobis programebis dafinanseba da a.S. zogadad, biujeti warmoadgens balanss, romlis Semosavlebi xarjebis toli unda iyos. rodesac biujetis Semosavlebi mTlianad ver faravs mis xarjebs, maSin saqme gvaqvs saxelmwifo biujetis deficitTan da piriqiT, roca Semosavlebis moculoba metia xarjebis doneze, saqme gvaqvs biujetis saxsrebis siWarbesTan, anu mis dadebiT saldosTan, romelsac proficiti ewodeba. Semosavlebs _ xarjebi = biujetis deficiti (an proficiti) zogierTi ekonomisti Tvlis, rom aucilebelia biujetis yovelwliuard dabalanseba, magram es ase araa. sakmarisia biujeti dabalansdes ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel, ciklis fazebis mixedviT. magaliTad, ekonomikuri daqveiTebis dros, ekonomikuri krizisis dasaZlevad saxelmwifom unda Seamciros gadasaxadebi da gazardos biujetis xarjebi, e.i. Segnebulad gamoiwvios deficiti. Semdgom, aRmavlobis periodSi, aucilebelia gadasaxadebis gazrda da xarjebis Semcireba, romlis drosac deficiti SeiZleba Secvalos dadebiTma saldom. rogorc msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, biujetis deficiti ar ganekuTvneba sagangaSo, gansakuTrebul finansur movlenas, Tu misi done mSp-is mimarT ar aRemateba erTniSna cifrs. msoflioSi TiTqmis ar aris qveyana, romelsac sxvadasxva doniT biujetis deficiti ar hqondes, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi gavlena makroekonomi750

kur maCveneblebsa da mdgomareobaze sxvadasxva zomiT gamoixatos, aseve gansxvavebuli iyos misi xasiaTi. gamomwvevi mizezebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben orgvari xasiaTis biujetis deficits: ciklurs da struqturuls . cikluri deficitis arseboba ganpirobebulia warmoebis cikluri dacemisa da ekonomikuri krizisis gamwvavebis Sedegad gadasaxadebis gadaxdis SesaZleblobebis SemcirebiT. struqturuli deficiti warmoiqmneba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier xarjebis Segnebulad gadidebisa da gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT, raTa daZleul iqnes ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi dacemis procesi. deficiti SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iyos agreTve xelsiuflebis araswori fiskaluri politikiTac anu gadasaxadebis dausabuTebeli SemcirebiT, samTavrobo Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris SeusabamobiT da a.S. biujetis deficitis arseboba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos agreTve sxva faqtorebiTac. kerZod, esaa: qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis mizniT msxvili investiciebis gamoyofis aucilebloba; sagangaSo movlenebi omi, stiqiuri ubedureba, socialuri afeTqeba da sxva; mTavrobis uunaroba, ris gamoc mis kontrols miRmaa darCenili qveynis finansuri urTierTobebi da a.S. biujetis deficitis zRvruli norma (mSp-is mimarT) da moculoba sxavadsxva qveynisTvis gansxvavebulia. maTi gansazRvra qveynisaTvis misaRebi sidideebiT damokidebulia deficitis marTvis efeqtianobaze. biujetis deficitis marTva gulisxmobs: a) misi zRvruli moculobis dadgenas; b) dafinansebis wyaroebisa da am wyaroebs Soris racionaluri Tanafardobis gansazRvras. biujetis deficitis dafinansebis ori ZiriTadi wyaro arsebobs : saSinao da sagareo wyaro.
751

biujetis dafinansebis saSinao wyaro moicavs: sabanko da arasabanko anu fasiani qaRaldebis _ saxelmwifo obligaciebis ganTavsebis gziT mozidul kreditebs. amave wyaros, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, miekuTvneba agreTve saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcireba, biujetis Semosavlebis gazrda sagadasaxado ganakveTebis gazrdis an axali gadasaxadebis dawesebis gziT, xolo ukidures SemTxvevaSi, fulis emisia. biujetis dafinansebis sagareo wyaro moicavs sagareo sesxebs saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebidan, sxva qveynebis mTavrobebisagan, saerTaSoriso fasiani qaRaldebis ganTavsebis gziT mozidul sesxebs da a.S. ekonomikaze biujetis deficitis mastimulirebeli zemoqmedeba damokidebulia misi dafinansebis meTodebze. fulis bazarze sesxebis aRebiT xelisufleba zrdis maTze moTxovnas da, Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs sargeblis ganakveTis gazrdas. es, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs kerZo mewarmeebis mier sesxebis mozidvasa da maT sainvesticio da samomxmareblo xarjebs ekonomikaSi. aseT pirobebSi deficitis anu saxelmwifo xarjebis dafinansebam fulis emisiis gziT, SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi gavlena ar moaxdinos kerZo investiciebis an moxmarebis Semcirebaze. es ki niSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia axali fulis Seqmnam, sesxebTan SedarebiT, samTavrobo xarjebis dafinansebis mastimulirebeli roli Seasrulos. amasTan, aucilebelia am ukanasknelis racionaluri masStabebis gansazRvra. biujetis deficitis arsebobis Sedegia saxelmwifo valis zrda. saxelwmifo vali es aris saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dasafinanseblad moziduli Tanxis daufaravi nawili, romelic dagrovilia qveynis arsebobis mTel manZilze. am valis dafarva biujetidan xorcieldeba
752

da samTavrobo xarjebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan pozicias warmoadgens. ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb mniSvnelovania biujetis proficitis marTva. proficitis, rogorc biujetis Semosavlebis mis xarjebze nametis, ekonomikaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis procesi vlindeba, upirveles yovlisa, inflaciuri procesebis dawyebiT. aRniSnulis Tavidan acilebis mizniT aucilebelia proficitis marTvis efeqtiani sistemis Seqmna, romelic gulisxmobs misi gamoyenebis racionaluri mimarTulebebis dasabuTebas. inflaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, proficitis saxsrebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: biujeturi nametis gamoyeneba sagareo sesxebis anu valis dasafarad; proficitis saxsrebis dausaqonlebeli nawilis mimoqcevis sferodan amoReba da sarezervo fondebis formireba an Sevseba. proficitis saxsrebis gamoyeneba uaryofiTis garda, SeiZleba dadebiTi Sedegebis momtanic iyos. am saxsrebis saSualebiT saSinao, gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis, valis dafarviT xelisufleba Warb sagadasaxado Semosulobebs ukan ubrunebs fulis bazars da sargeblis ganakveTis dacemas iwvevs, riTac stimuls aZlevs investiciebsa da moxmarebas, Tumca aucilebelia fulis bazarze am gziT moxvedrili saxsrebis racionaluri moculobis gansazRvra. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti centraluri xelisuflebis organoebis funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad

753

aucilebeli fuladi saxsrebis fondebis mobilizaciisa da gamoyenebis ZiriTadi finansuri gegmaa. igi sabiujeto sistemis mTavari rgolia. masSi Tavmoyrilia qveynis sabiujeto sistemis resursebis ZiriTadi nawili, romlis gamoyenebas udidesi socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs. aRniSnuli finansuri resursebi qveynis mTel teritoriaze erTiani socialuri, ekonomikuri da finansuri politikis ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva. iseve, rogorc nebismier qveyanaSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti erovnul ekonomikaSi gadanawilebiTi procesebis organizatoris funqcias asrulebs. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti inarCunebs iseT umniSvnelovanes rols, rogoricaa sazogadoebriv warmoebasa da socialur urTierTobaTa sferoze zemoqmedebis gziT qveynis mTel teritoriaze sawarmoo ZalTa racionalurad ganTavsebisa da ekonomikis aRmavlobis uzrunvelyofa. saxelmwifo biujetis meSveobiT xorcieldeba sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa da, nawilobriv, saojaxo meurneobebis saxsrebis mobilizacia, romelic miemarTeba erovnuli meurneobisa da socialurkulturuli RonisZiebebis, qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis Senaxbis dasafinanseblad, agreTve saxelmwifo valis dafarvisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad. saqarTvelos kanonSi `saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~ saxelmwifo biujeti gansazRvrulia rogorc centraluri xelisuflebis biujeti, romelic moicavs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis Semosulobebsa da gadasaxdelebs. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujets amuSavebs finansTa saministro da amtkicebs parlamenti. `saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis formirebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli eniWeba gadasaxadebs, magram arsebobs sxva saxis Senatanebic. esenia: arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi; kapitaluri Semosavlebi; grantebi; sesxebi. aRniSnuli kanoniT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis Semosulobebi gansazRvrulia aseTi struqturiT: 1.Semosavlebi, maT Soris: 1.1. mimdinare sagadasaxado Semosavlebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad saxelmwifo biujetis kuTvnili gadasaxadebi; 1.2. mimdinare arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebidan miRebuli wminda mogeba, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT saqarTvelos erovnuli bankidan miRebuli mogeba, administraciuli gadasaxdelebi (maT Soris mosakreblebi), jarimebi da sauravebi, biujetidan gacemuli sesxebis dabrunebiT miRebuli da sxva arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi (kapitaluri Semosavlebis garda); 1.3. kapitaluri Semosavlebi fiqsirebuli kapitaluri aqtivebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali, aqtivebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali, miwisa da aramaterialuri aqtivebis realizaciidan miRebuli
*saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos sabiujetos sistemis Sesaxeb~. _ Tbilisi, 2003, muxli 3.

754

755

Semosavali da arasaxelmwifo wyaroebidan miRebuli kapita-luri transferebi; 2. grantebi saSinao da sagareo wyaroebidan fuladi formiT miRebuli grantebi an sasaqonlo formiT miRebuli da monetirebuli grantebi; 3. sesxebi saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis mier kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiTa da dadgenil farglebSi qveynis SigniT da garT arsebuli sesxebi. `saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri klasifikaciis mixedviT. saxelmwifo biujetis gadasaxdelebi ekonomikuri niSnis mixedviT gansazRvrulia aseTi SemadgenlobiT: 1.xarjebi, maT Soris: 1.1. mimdinare xarjebi xelfasebi, daxmarebebi, saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gaweuli sxva xarjebi, mimdinare transferebi, subsidiebi, procentis dafarva da sabiujeto klasifikaciiT gansazRvruli sxva mimdinare xarjebi; 1.2. kapitaluri xarjebi kapitaluri aqtivebis SeZena, kapitaluri transferebi da sabiujeto klasifikaciiT gansazRvruli sxva kapitaluri xarjebi; 2. dakrediteba, saaqcio kapitalSi monawileoba; 3. valis amortizacia sesxis ZiriTadi Tanxis dafarva. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ganisazRvreba funqcionaluri niSnis mixedviT , anu xarjebis miznebis msgavsobis mixedviT. calkeul funqcionalur rgolSi gamoiyofa xarjebi organizaciuli anu mxarjavi dawesebulebebis mixedviT, xolo TiToeuli
756

maTganis xarjebi klasificirebulia ekonomikuri niSnis mixedviTac. saqarTvelos saxelwmifo biujetis gadasaxdelebis funqcionaluri klasifikacia moicavs asignebebs Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: 1. saerTo daniSnulebis saxelmwifo momsaxureba; 2. Tavdacva; 3. sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da uSiSroeba; 4. ganaTleba; 5. janmrTelobis dacva; 6. socialuri dazRveva da socialuri uzrunvelyofa; 7. sabinao-komunaluri meurneoba; 8. dasveneba, kultura, sporti da religia; 9. saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsi; 10. soflis meurneoba, satyeo meurneoba, meTevzeoba da monadireoba; 11. samTo mrewveloba da sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da mSenebloba; 12. transporti da kavSirgabmuloba; 13. ekonomikur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva momsaxureba; 14. xarjebi, romelic ar ganekuTvneba ZiriTad ganyofilebebs. nebismier qveyanaSi saxelmwifos ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis sami ZiriTadi berketi gaaCnia: saxelmwifo xarjebis moculobisa da misi struqturis cvlileba; saxelmwifo xarjebis dafinansebis wyaroebis (anu biujetis Semosavlebis wyaroebis) cvlileba; fiskaluri politikis maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebis miReba da ganviTareba. fiskaluri politikis arsi, ti pebi da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi . saxelmwifos pirveli rigis amocanas ekonomikis regulireba warmoadgens, rac ZiriTadad fiskaluri politikis saSualebiT miiRweva. fiskaluri politika saxelmwifo xarjebisa da gadasaxadebis mani pulirebis gziT warmoebasa da
757

dasaqmebaze, inflaciis Semcirebaze saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis saSualebaa. am politikis ganxorcielebas saxelmwifo axdens biujetis meSveobiT. amitom fiskalur politikas xSirad sabiujeto-sagadasaxado procesebis marTvis politikas uwodeben. amrigad, fiskaluri politika saxelm wifos m ier gadas axadebis, samTavro bo xarjebisa da deficitis mani pulirebis gziT finansuri resursebis efeqtiani mobilizaciisa da racionaluri gamoyenebis politikaa , romelic qveyanaSi ekonomikis zrdis maRal tempebSi vlindeba. ganasxvavaben diskretul, anu winaswarganzraxul da aradis kretul anu avto m atur f is kalur politikas . diskretuli fiskaluri politika gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mier gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis Segnebul mani pulirebas erovnuli warmoebis realuri moculobisa da dasaqmebis donisa da struqturis Secvlis, inflaciaze da ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebaze zemoqmdebis mizniT. saxelmwifo aseT politikas ekonomikuri krizisis dros atarebs. igi ori saxisaa: mastimulirebeli da SemaCerebeli. m a s ti m ul ir ebe li f is kal uri p o li tik is gamoyenebis saWiroeba dRis wesrigSi dgeba ekonomikis ganviTarebis daqveiTebis periodSi. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia dabalansebuli biujetis arsebobis pirobebSi deficitis warmoqmna, xolo am ukanasknelis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi _ misi gaRrmaveba. aseTi politikis realizacia xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdis, gadasaxadebis Semcirebis, an orive mimarTulebis racionaluri TanafardobiT gamoyenebis gziT. SemaCerebeli fiskaluri politika gamoiyeneba biujetis dadebiTi saldosa da Warbi moTxovniT
758

gamowveuli inflaciis pirobebSi. igi orientirebulia dadebiTi saldos zrdasa da mis efeqtian marTvaze. SemaCerebeli fiskaluri politika xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebis, gadasaxadebis zrdis an orive mimarTulebis racionaluri TanafardobiT gamoyenebis gziT. aradiskretuli fiskaluri politika moqmedebs saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe da mxolod sabazro kanonebs emorCileba. es niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifo xarjebisa da gadasaxadebis doneebSi aucilebeli cvlilebebi Seitaneba avtomaturad e.w. `CaSenebuli stabilizatorebis~ meSveobiT. am dros sagadasaxado sistema, kerZod, ganakveTebi iseTia, rom igi uzrunvelyofs sagadasaxado Semosavlebis cvlilebas (zrdas an Semcirebas) warmoebis (mSp, erovnuli Semosavali, nebismieri sagadasaxado baza) cvlilebebis proporciulad. CaSenebuli stabilizatori fiskaluri politikis nebismieri RonisZiebaa, romelsac ekonomikuri daqveiTebis periodSi gaaCnia saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis gaRrmavebis, xolo inflaciis periodSi biujetis dadebiTi saldos gazrdis tendencia (Tu adgili ara aqvs mTavrobis mxridan raime specifikuri RonisZiebis gatarebas). aseTi stabilizatorebis rols asruleben: sagadasaxado sistema da samTavrobo xarjebi . fiskaluri politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovan stabilizators sagadasaxado sistema warmoadgens. ekonomikuri zrdis kvalobaze sagadasaxado Semosulobani izrdeba da ramdenadac isini warmoebisaTvis danakargs warmoadgenen, TandaTan aferxeben ekonomikur aRmavlobas, xolo biujetSi xels uwyoben misi nametis anu proficitis Seqmnas. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs SesaZlo inflaciis daZlevas.
759

ekonomikuri dacemis periodSi sagadasaxado Semosulobani avtomaturad mcirdeba, ris kvalobazec biujeturi nametidan TandaTanobiT deficiturobisaken gadaxris (an misi gaRrmavebis) tendencia yalibdeba. deficiti, romelic warmoebisaTvis garkveuli danakargebis Semcirebas arbilebs, ekonomikuri daqveiTebis tendenciebis TandaTanobiT daZlevis pirobebs qmnis. aseTi fiskaluri politikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia progresuli ganakveTebis upiratesi Sedegebi proporciulTan SedarebiT, Tumca es ukanasknelnic Sesabamisi sagadasaxado bazebis cvlilebis kvalobaze arsebiT gavlenas axdenen biujetis Semosavlebis cvlilebaze. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos rom sruliad sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba axasiaTebT transfertul gadamxdelebs. ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi mcirdeba biujetidan umuSevarTa subsidiebi, RaribTa daxmarebebi, subsidiebi fermerebze da a.S. ekonomikuri daqveiTebis periodSi ki, piriqiT, isini izrdeba. aradiskretuli fiskaluri politikis uaryofiTi Sdegebis Tavidan acilebis SesaZleblobebi anu Cadgmuli stabiluroba, damokidebulia gadasaxadebSi cvlilebebis Setanis unarsa da SesaZleblobebze, maT gavlenaze warmoebis cvlilebebze. aman ki SeiZleba ganapirobos aradiskretuli fiskaluri politikis diskretuli fiskaluri politikiT sruli an nawilobrivi Canacvlebis aucilebloba. fiskaluri politika samTavrobo Semosavlebisa da xarjebis marTvas gulisxmobs, rac sagadasaxado sistemisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturuli regulirebiT xorcieldeba. Sesabamisad, fiskaluri politika moicavs or ZiriTad, urTierTdakavSirebul mimarTulebas, esenia:
760

sagadasaxado politika, anu sagadasaxado dabegvra da misi saxelmwifo regulireba, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos, erTi mxriv, biujetis SemosavlebiT Sevseba da, meore mxriv, ekonomikis regulireba; sabiujeto politika anu saxelmwifo xarjebis moculobis formirebisa da misi struqturis regulirebis sfero, romlis mizania ekonomikaze zemoqmedeba da misi regulireba. mTavrobis miznebidan gamomdinare, sagadasaxado politikis da, Sesabamisad, fiskaluri politikis realizaciis ZiriTadi berketi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis cvlilebebia. es cvlilebebi moqmedebs rogorc biujetis, ise mTlianad ekonomikis Semosavlebze, zrdis an amcirebs maT. sidides, romliTac icvleba biujetis Semosavlebi, s a ga da s a xa do p o l it ik is f is ka lu ri e f e qt i ewodeba . ganasxvaveben sagadasaxado politikis pirdapir da arapirdapir fiskalur efeqts . pirdapiri fiskaluri efeqti esaa sagadasaxado Semosavlebis cvlilebebis (zrdis an Semcirebis) sidide, romelic gamowveulia sagadasaxado politikaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebiT. igi warmoadgens sxvaobas gadasaxadis moculobebs Soris sagadasaxado cvlilebebamde da cvlilebebis Semdeg da iangariSeba gadasaxadebis calkeuli saxeebis mixedviT. sagadasaxado politikis arapirdapiri fiskaluri efeqti ki aris sagadasaxado Semosavlebis cvlilebis (zrdis an Semcirebis) sidide, romelic gamowveulia sagadasaxado bazis cvlilebiT, rasac safuZvlad udevs sagadasaxado politikis gavleniT warmoebis ganviTarebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. misi raodenobrivi Sefaseba
761

gacilebiT rTulia, Tumca mTliani Sida produqtis moculobaze sagadasaxado politikis gavlenis raodenobrivi Sefaseba sagadasaxado multiplikatoris meqanizmis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia. sagadasaxado multi plikatori gviCvenebs, Tu gadasaxadis Semcirebis yovel erTeulze ramdeniT izrdeba erToblivi Semosavali. igi iangariSeba formuliT: Y/T = C/(1-C), sadac Y _ erToblivi Semosavlis nazrdia; T _ gadasaxadis Semcirebis moculoba; C _ erToblivi Semosavlis nazrdidan moxmarebis zRvruli sidide. sabiujeto politikis anu samTavrobo xarjebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens erTobliv moTxovnaze (zrdis an amcirebs mas). am xarjebs, investiciebis msgavsad, gaaCniaT multi plikaciuri efeqti, romelic gaiangariSeba formuliT: Y/G = 1/(1-C), sadac Y _ erToblivi Semosavlis nazrdia; G - saxelmwifo xarjebis nazrdi; C _ kvlav Semosavlis nazrdidan moxmarebis zRvruli sididea. s a x el m w i f o x a r j e bi s m u l ti p l i k at o r i gviCvenebs, Tu saxelmwifo xarjebis erTi erTeuliT gazrda erToblivi Semosavlebis zrdas ra moculobiT gamoiwvevs. ganvixiloT martivi magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom moxmarebis zRvruli sidide _ C = 0.6, maSin: sagadasaxado multi plikatori iqneba: Y/T = 0.6/(1-0.6) = 1.5; xarjebis multiplikatori iqneba Y/G = 1/(1-0.6) = 2.5. amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebis erTi lariT Semcireba erTobliv Semosavals gazrdis 1.5 erTeuliT,
762

xolo xarjebis yoveli erTeuliT zrda Semosavals gazrdis 2.5 lariT (erTeuliT). es niSnavs, rom xarjebis zrda am SemTxvevaSi ufro efeqtiania, vidre gadasaxadebis Semcireba. fiskaluri politikis marTva mdgradi da efeqtiani sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikis SemuSavebasa da misi funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobs. am mizniT aucilebelia: biujetis Semosavlebis, xarjebisa da deficitis analizi da dagegmva; biujetis dagegmvisa da aRsrulebis efeqtiani organizacia; biujetis dagegmvasa da aRsrulebaze efeqtiani kontroli da a.S. saxelmwifos finansuri saqmianobis efeqtianoba, upirveles yovlisa, swored aseTi mdgradi fiskaluri anu sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikis arsebobaSi vlindeba. marTalia, jer kidev araa SemuSavebuli da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli aseTi politikis Sefasebis maCveneblebi, magram sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli is faqti, rom sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politika aramdgradia, Tu igi mSp-is mimarT saxelmwifo valis SefardebiTi donis swraf zrdas ganapirobebs. es niSnavs, rom fiskaluri politikis araefetqtianobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebeli mSp-is mimarT saxelmwifo valis moculoba da misi zrdis tempebia, rasac mTeli rigi pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri uaryofiTi Sedegebi axasiaTebs. mravali qveynis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifo valis mSp-is mimarT Tanafardobis maRali done zrdis masTan dakavSirebul xarjebs, kerZod: auaresebs sabiujeto politikas; gavlenas axdens realuri saprocento ganakveTis sidideze, rac biujetis deficitis pirobebSi zrdis valis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs; zRudavs sabiujeto sferoSi manevrirebisa da

763

moqnili politikis gatarebis SesaZleblobebs. aseTi politikis pirobebSi adre Tu gvian finansuri bazris struqturebi TandaTanobiT kargaven ndobas saxelmwifosadmi. Sedegad, kidev ufro rTuldeba mTavrobis sasesxo valdebulebebis dafarva. mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis gza sabiujeto xarjebis Semcireba an Semosavlebis gazrdaa, rac zrdis, Sesabamisad an valis dafarvisa da misi gadaxdis pirobebis gadaxedvis risks, an emisiuri dafinansebis risks. amrigad, mdgrad sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikaSi unda vigulisxmoT iseTi kursis SemuSaveba, romelic gamoricxavs mSp-is mimarT saxelmwifo valis SefardebiTi donis swraf zrdas. amisaTvis, aRniSnuli maCveneblis zrdis tempebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos ekonomikuri zrdis, saprocento ganakveTisa da inflaciis racionalur doneebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi kriteriumis sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikis indikatorad gamoyeneba rTuli araa, mas mainc axasiaTebs ori ZiriTadi nakli: (1) ekonomikur mecnierebaSi jer kidev araa gansazRvruli mSp-is mimarT valis optimaluri da misaRebi Tanafardoba; (2) praqtika gviCvenebs, rom mSp-is mimarT valis stabiluri Tanafardobis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia sabiujeto politikis anu sabiujeto xarjebis sakmaod mkacri SezRudvebis pirobebSi. amitom, am Tanafardobis dasasabuTeblad SemuSavebuli iqna SedarebiT naklebad mkacri moTxovna, romelic ukavSirdeba gadaxdisunarianobis gaTvalisinebas. gadaxdisunarianoba myari sabiujeto politikis ganuyofeli nawilia. misi, rogorc princi pis, gamoyeneba gulisxmobs imas, rom valis nominaluri sidide unda izrdebodes nela, vidre nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi.
764

fiskaluri politikis upirveles mizans saxelmwifos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis Sesabamisi SemosavlebiT dabalanseba warmoadgens. ramdenadac mTavrobis erToblivi Semosavlebi yovelTvis tolia erToblivi gadasaxdelebis, amdenad sabiujeto Semosavlebi da xarjebi TiTqmis yovelTvisaa dabalansebuli. amasTan, es balansi mxolod sabiujeto Semosavlebis miRebis gziT ar miiRweva. sabiujeto procesebis analizisa da swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizniT aucilebelia yuradRebis koncentrireba biujetis Semosavlebs (grantebis CaTvliT) da mis xarjebs (wminda dakreditebis CaTvliT) Soris sxvaobaze anu fiskaluri balansis uzrunvelyofaze. tradiciulad fiskaluri balansi ganixileba rogorc sxvaoba erTobliv Semosavlebsa da erTobliv xarjebs Soris: deficiti / dadebiTi saldo = (Semosavlebi + transferebi) _ (xarjebi + + dakrediteba dafarvaTa gamoklebiT). balansis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod deficitis dafinansebis, xo lo nametis SemTxvevaS i misi arainflaciuri gziT gamoyenebis pirobebSi: deficitis mTliani sidide = dafinansebis dadebiTi saldo = (sesxebis dafarva _ amortizacia ) maragebis (rezervebis) zrda. amrigad, biujetis xarjebisa da wminda dakreditebis nameti mis Semosavlebsa da grantebze warmoadgens biujetis deficits, romelsac saxelmwifo afinansebs
* wminda dakrediteba, anu dakrediteba dafarvaTa gamoklebiT, saxelmwifos mier saxelmwifo biujetidan iuridiul pirebze, agreTve adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebsa da adgilobriv biujetebze kreditis saxiT gacemuli da mocemul konkretul periodSi arsebuli valis moculobaa. **valis amortizacia _ valis ZiriTadi Tanxis dafarvis xarjebi.

765

sesxebis an sakuTari likviduri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. fiskaluri balansis analizi metad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac igi srul warmodgenas iZleva saxelmwifo struqturebis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, agreTve imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aisaxeba igi fulad-sakredito sferoze, Sida moTxovnasa da sagadasaxado balansze. fiskaluri politikis ganviTarebis dadebiTi tendenciebi da efeqtianoba gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa, finansuri resursebis efeqtian mobilizacias da maT racionalur gamoyenebas, rac ekonomikuri zrdis maRal tempebSi vlindeba. Sesabamisad, nebismieri qveynis fiskaluri politikis Sefasebis mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili da gaanalizebuli iqnes, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebis yvela donis biujetebis Semosavlebis, xarjebisa da deficitis mdgomareoba, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblebis Camoyalibebuli tendenciebi. 1997-2005 wlebSi saqarTvelos konsolidirebuli (naerTi) biujetis realuri sakuTari Semosavlebis zrdam 126.8% Seadgina. aseTi zrda arc Tu maRalia, magram dadebiT momentad unda CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom igi upiratesad sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdiTaa ganpirobebuli. kerZod, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdam 142.5%s miaRwia. xarjebis zrdis tempi, amave periodSi arsebiTad Camouvarda Semosavlebis analogiur maCvenebels da 114.4% Seadgina. marTalia, biujetis nominaluri deficitis absoluturi moculoba 1997-2005 wlebSi meryeobda 155.7 mln laridan (2001w.) 288.3 mln laramde (2005w.), magram misi realuri moculoba 1997-2005 wlebSi Semcirda TiTqmis 30%-iT. Tumca biujetis xarjebis sakuTari SemosavlebiT dafarvis done jer kidev dabali rCeba da 2005 wels mxolod 79.1% Seadgina. aRsaniSnavia
766

is faqtic, rom am saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis ar momxdara arsebiTi cvlilebebi arc sagadasaxado Semosavlebis da arc xarjebis struqturaSi. 1997 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saerTo moculobaSi saSemosavlo da mogebis gadasaxadebis wili 24.0%-s Seadgenda, 2005 wlisaTvis ki igi gaizarda mxolod 25.4%-mde, anu 1.4 procentuli punqtiT, rac niSnavs imas, rom realuri seqtoris fiskaluri efeqtis zrda umniSvneloa da biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis udidesi nawili kvlav arapirdapiri gadasaxadebia. marTlac, aRniSnul periodSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saerTo moculobaSi, marTalia Semcirda 6.4 procentuli punqtiT, magram periodis bolos, anu 2005 wels 60.2%-s mainc gadaaWarba. maSasadame, biujetis Sevsebis sagadasaxado tvirTi modis ara ekonomikaze, aramed momxmarebelze. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis SemosavlebSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wilis Semcirebis dadebiTi tendencia SeimCneva mxolod ukanaskneli 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi. amave saanalizo periodSi biujetidan gaweuli xarjebi Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT 13.1%-dan gaizarda mxolod 17.5%-mde, xolo pensiebi, Semweobebi da daxmarebebi _ 8-dan 11.2%-mde. rac Seexeba funqcionalur struqturas, masSi gaizarda mxolod saxelmwifo momsaxurebis xarjebi 11.9-dan 18.7%-mde, socialuri sferos xarjebi ki _ 48.1-dan 40.1%-mde Semcirda, erovnuli meurneobis dafinansebis xarjebis wili 9.4dan 6.6%-mde, anu 2.8 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda, rac Cveni ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebis pirobebSi dadebiTad ver Sefasdeba.
767

bunebrivia, qveynis fiskaluri politikis aRniSnuli tendenciebi Tavs iCenda ekonomikuri zrdis arcTu maRal tempebSic. 1997-2005 wlebSi mSp-is realuri moculoba gaizarda mxolod 39.4%-iT, xolo wliuri matebis tempi meryeobda 1998 wlis 6.8%-dan 2001 wlis 0.5%-mde, Tumca 2002 wels igi 8.3%-mde amaRlda, xolo 2005 wels kvlav Semcirda da 6.1% Seadgina. mTeli saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba iyo SenarCunebuli mniSvnelovani ganmazogadebeli parametrebis dinamikaSic. konsolidirebuli biujetis Semosavlebisa da grantebis SefardebiTi moculoba mSp-is mimarT Semcirda. kerZod, igi meryeobda 1998 wlis 16.9%-dan, 2000 wlis 15.3%-mde. es ukanaskneli maCvenebeli SenarCunebuli iqna 2002-2005 wlebSic. TiTqmis analogiuri tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba biujetis mTliani, anu sakuTari Semosavlebis, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis da xarjebis absoluturi moculobebis dinamika mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT. yvela am ganmazogadebeli maCvenebliT saqarTvelo erT-erT bolo adgilzea yofil sabWoTa respublikebs Soris. saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado sistemis mouwesrigebloba da mZime sagadasaxado politika, es is problemebia, romelTa aRiarebasac bevri veRar uvlis gverds. maT ZiriTad mizezs ki sagadasaxado tvirTis simZime warmoadgens. kerZod, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis SefardebiTi maCvenebeli mSp-is mimarT 19972005 wlebSi 10.6%-dan mxolod 11.2%-mde gaizarda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxelmwifo statistika mSp-is saerTo moculobaSi iTvaliswinebs Crdilovan anu aRuricxav ekonomikas misi 33-35%-is doneze, romelic dabegvris arealSi ver eqceva, xolo mSp-is darCenili
768

nawilis 30-35% gaTavisuflebulia an eqvemdebareba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs, sagadasaxado tvirTi, Cveni SefasebiT, 42-47%-s aRwevs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis arsebuli donis pirobebSi mZime sagadasaxado wnexis qveS eqceva patiosani gadamxdeli da safrTxe eqmneba ara mxolod maT saqmianobas. 1997-2005 wlebis saqarTvelos fiskaluri politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nakls gadasaxadebis administrirebis stabilurad dabali donec warmoadgenda. ase magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Tanafardoba mSp-is mimarT saanalizo periodSi 1.6%-dan mxolod 1.8%-mde gaizarda, mogebis gadasaxadis analogiuri maCvenebeli _ 0.9-dan 1. 2%-mde, socialuri gadasaxadis _ 1.6-dan 2.1%mde, maSin, rodesac dRg-is mixedviT es maCveneblebi kvlav maRali darCa da Seadgina Sesabamisad 4.5 da 4.8%. amasTan, saaqcizo gadasaxadis administrirebis done darCa 1.2 procentis doneze, xolo sabaJo gadasaxadis _ Semcirda 1.3-dan 0.8%-mde. gadasaxadebis administrirebis dabali done saqarTveloSi ganpirobebuli iyo mravali mizeziT: xSir SemTxvevaSi misi siZviriT; gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebisa da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis farTo masStabebiT, sagadasaxado bazis, erTi mxriv, da gadasaxadis, meore mxriv, gaangariSebebSi arsebuli problemebiT. ramdenadac sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli meTodika rTuli da bundovani iyo, imdenad, saboloo jamSi, igi gadasaxadis gadamxdelsa da gadasaxdis amkrebs Soris kanonsawinaaRmdego garigebebis safuZveli xdeboda da biujets Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad akldeboda da a.S. administrirebis donis dinamikaSi Camoyalibebuli aseTi tendenciis mniSvnelovani mizezi iyo isic, rom biujetis
769

Semosavlebis dagegmvisas erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad gaiTvaliswineboda administrirebis arsebuli done da misi dinamika. Sedegad, xelovnurad mcirdeboda sagegmo parametrebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukve gulisxmobda da Tavis TavSi moicavda administrirebis dabali donis SenarCunebas. fiskaluri politikis srulyofis SesaZleblobebis gamovlenasa da gamoyenebas isaxavs miznad saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi, romelic 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedda.

leqcia 31. sabanko-sakredito sistema da monetaruli politika

`banki aris adgili, sadac Tqven gaZleven qolgas mzian amindSi, Semdeg ki gTxoven mis dabrunebas, roca wvima iwyeba~. r. frosti ` fu l i s a da s a k r ed i t o s i s t e m i s funqcionireba enisa da zneobis msgavsad iseTi spontanuri wesrigis Sedegs warmoadgens, romelic yvelaze cudad eqvemdebareba adeqvatur Teoriul axsnas da specialistebs Soris seri ozuli uTa nxmoebi s mizezad rCeba~. fridrix a. fon haieki `aucilebelia yovelmxriv ganvaviTaroT da ganvamtki-coT qveynis sabanko sistema, magram, amasTan, uzrunvelvyoT mkacri kontroli sakredito emisiis sidideze, bankebis saimedoobasa da maTi xelmZRvanelebis patiosnebaze, ra Ta ekonomikaSi ar gaC ndes ar auzrunvelyofili fuli, xolo moqalaqeebi da firmebi xalisiT sargeblobdnen sabanko momsaxurebiT da mzad i yvnen S ei na xon b a nkeb S i Ta vi s i danazogebi~. i. li psici
bankis warmoSoba da arsi . Tanamedrove

sabanko saqme xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. bankis, rogorc sakredito dawesebulebis, bunebis axsnas antikur epoqamdec mivyavarT. fiqroben, rom pirveli bankebi
770 771

warmoiSva VII-VI saukuneebis Zvel aRmosavleTSi, Semdeg ki estafeta Zvelma saberZneTma aiRo. aq yvelaze cnobili taZrebi omis dros fuls Sesanaxad iRebdnen. es gamarTlebuli iyo, ramdenadac meomar qveynebs taZrebis gaZarcva dauSveblad miaCndaT. taZrebSi danazogebis miRebisa da fulis niSnebis gacvlis adgili iyo Cveulebrivi magida, romelsac berZnulad `trapeza~ erqva, ris gamoc maSindel bankirebs `trapezitebs~ uwodebdnen. magidas laTinurad erqva `mensa~, xolo romael bankirebs _ `mensariebi~. Tanamedrove bankirebis saxeli aseve dakavSirebulia magidasTan (ital. `banco~). aqedan warmoiSva bankirebis uZvelesi devizi _ `fuli magidaze!~ ufulo kacs magidasTan ar miesvleboda, yvelaferi naRd fulze iyo dafuZnebuli. magram, es yvelaferi jer kidev ar iyo sabanko saqmianoba sruli mniSvnelobiT. sabanko saqmis namdvili ganviTareba iwyeba im momentidan, rodesac Senaxvis funqcias miemata sakredito operaciebis Sesruleba. Tanamedrove sabanko sistemas safuZveli Sua saukuneebis evropaSi Caeyara. am dros fulis ZiriTadi forma keTilSobili liTonebi da maTgan moWrili monetebi iyo. Sua saukuneebis evropis qveynebi erTimeoresTan mudmiv konfliqtSi iyvnen da, bunebrivia, rom fulis tareba an misi transportireba did riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli. usafrTxoebis asamaRleblad gaCnda adgilobrivi oqromWedlebisaTvis fulis mibarebis idea, miT umetes, rom maT hqondaT fulis sacavi da saimedo dacva. Cabarebuli fulis (oqros) sanacvlod, oqromWedlis mier gaicemoda xelwerili, romelsac, SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, sxva qalaqis romelime oqromWedeli gaanaRdebda. aseTi xelwerilebi, faqtobrivad, qaRaldis fulis yvelaze adrindeli forma iyo, romelic mTlianad
772

oqroTi iyo uzrunvelyofili. TandaTanobiT sacavebSi, masze moTxovnasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti oqro aRmoCnda. es ki iZleoda mibarebuli oqros nawilis msurvelebze (vaWrebi, mewarmeebi, feodalebi...) gasesxeb is SesaZleblobas, romlis sanacvlod msesxeblebi sargebels ixdidnen. samagierod, oqros gamsesxeblebi sargebels uxdidnen mibarebuli oqros mesakuTreebs. am or sargebels Soris warmoSobili dadebiTi sxvaoba oqromWedlis mogebas Seadgenda. orma garemoebam ganapiroba oqros ubralo Senaxvidan bankis funqciebis Sesrulebaze gadasvla. pirveli , SeamCnies, rom gadasaxdelebis gadaxdisas aucilebeli ar iyo oqros (fulis) uSualo monawileoba iseve, rogorc oqros mesakuTris uSualo misvla oqromWedelTan mibarebuli oqros wamosaRebad da misi gadacema im pirze, romlisganac SeiZina sasurveli saqoneli. sakmarisi aRmoCnda oqros mesakuTris xelmowerili sabuTi, romelic oqromWedels avalebda fuli gadaeca xelwerilis warmomdgenze. xelwerilis mflobels SeeZlo, misaRebi oqro ukve Tavis saxelze daetovebina aRniSnul oqromWedelTan. am SemTxvevaSi xelwerili asrulebda axlandeli Cekis rols. oqromWedelTan Senaxuli fuli ki depozits ganasaxierebda. Cekuri angariSsworebis formam oqromWedlebs (Tavdapirvel bankirebs) depozitze kontrolis SesaZlebloba misca. igi yidva-gayidvis ganxorcielebis ufro
* Ceki [ing. cheque, check] _ specialuri dokumenti, romelic Seicavs bankisadmi werilobiT gankargulebas kimis Taobaze, rom mis warmdgens Cekis xelmoweris mimdinare angariSidan mieces an gadaericxos gansazRvruli fulis raodenoba. ** depoziti [laT. depozitum Sesanaxad mibarebuli nivTi] _ fuli da fasiani qaRaldebi (aqciebi, obligaciebi) sakredito dawesebulebebSi (bankebi, Semnaxveli salaroebi...) Sesanaxad moTavsebuli.

773

moxerxebuli saSualeba aRmoCnda, vidre TviT oqro, romelic depozits ganasaxierebda. amasTan, warmoiSva meore ufro mniSvnelovani garemoeba. saCeko angariSsworeba ar moiTxovda oqros (fulis) uTuod gatanas. igi SeiZleba iqve, sacavSi darCeniliyo. arc depozitorebi (oqros mesakuTreebi) awuxebdnen Tavdapirvel bankirebs xSiri vizitebiT. maTTvis mTavari iyo kuTvnili oqro pirvelive moTxovnisTanave mieRoT. vivaraudoT, rom vaWars (komersants) fuli dasWirda wamowyebuli saqmis gasafarToeblad da Sesabamisad, damatebiTi Semosavlis misaRebad. sasurveli fulis miReba ki sakmaod rTuli procesia. yvelas rodis aqvs fulis is raodenoba, romelic SeuZlia gaasesxos da misgan sargebeli miiRos. aranakleb mniSvnelovania ndobis faqtori. SeiZleba msesxebeli TaRliTi aRmoCndes, an mis mier wamowyebuli saqme gakotrdes da gacemuli sesxi daikargos, rac, ra Tqma unda, mocemuli bankiris ekonomikur mdgomareobas gaauaresebs. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs gacemuli sesxis (da isic sargebliT) 100%-iani dabrunebis SesaZlebloba. aq riskze wasvlaa saWiro. amasTan, rac ufro metia riski, miT ufro maRalia sargeblis sidide. meore mxriv, yvela depozitori darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom survilis SemTxvevaSi Tavis kuTvnil oqros (fuls) ukan miiRebs. es ki oqromWedels aiZulebs, sacavSi mudmivad hqondes oqros gansazRvruli raodenoba da Tvalyuri adevnos gasesxebuli fulis ukan dabrunebas. magram, iqidan gamomdinare, rom mas saqme aqvs mraval depozitorTan da msesxebelTan, igi mxolod Tavis mexsierebas ar eyrdnoba da iwyebs maT asaxvas sabuRaltro CanawerebSi (ix. cxrili 11.1.)

cxrili 11.1. sabuRaltro Canaweri: aqtivi da pasivi

#1 tradiciuli oqromWedeli aqtivi oqro (100 erTeuli) 100 pasivi depoziti (100 erTeuli) 100 aqtivi #2 oqromWedeli bankiri pasivi oqro 20 erT. depoziti sesxi 80 erT. (100 erTeuli) 100 100

aRniSnuli Canaweri fulis miRebisa da gacemis operaciebs or nawilad yofs: aqtivebad da pasivebad. aqtivSi igulisxmeba oqromWedlis gankargulebaSi arsebuli qoneba fulad gamosaxulebaSi (vTqvaT, 100 erTeuli), xolo pasivSi aRniSnulia oqromWedlis valdebuleba fulad gamosaxulebaSi, romelic aucileblad aqtivis toli unda iyos (100 erTeuli). pirveli sabuRaltro Canaweri warmoadgens oqromWedlis angariSis balanss sesxis gacemis momentamde. mis sacavSi devs 100 erTeuli oqro (aqtivi) da, Sesabamisad, mocemul oqromWedels aqvs asi erTeuli oqros valdebuleba im pirebze, romlebmac mas es oqro miabares. es valdebuleba, anu pasivi Caiwereba balansis
*aqtivi [laT. aqtivus qmediTi] _ buRaltruli balansis nawili, romelic fulad gamosaxulebaSi asaxavs sawarmos an dawesebulebis yvela kuTvnil materialur faseulobas, maTi Semadgenlobisa da ganlagebis mixedviT (fuladi saxsrebi, gacemuli sesxebi...). **pasivi [laT. passivus pasiuri] _ sabuRaltro balansis meore nawili, romelic asaxavs sawarmos an dawesebulebis saxsrebis warmoqmnis wyaroebs da maT daniSnulebas (sakuTari rezervi, miRebuli sesxi...). ***balansi [frang. balance sityvasityviT wona], buRaltruli balansi _ krebsiTi Semajamebeli uwyisi, romelic fulad gamosaxulebaSi asaxavs sawarmos (organizaciis, dawesebulebis) saSualebebis mdgomareobas rogorc maTi Semadgenlobisa da ganaRdebis mixedviT (aqtivi), aseve maTi wyaroebis, miznobrivi daniSnulebisa da dabrunebis vadis mixedviT.

774

775

marjvena nawilSi (depoziti). meore sabuRaltro Canaweri aseve ori nawilisagan Sedgeba da asaxavs oqromWedlis situacias sesxis gacemis Semdeg. oqromWedel-bankirs adrindeliviT 100 erTeuli oqros valdebuleba aqvs meanabreTa mimarT (pasivi), magram axla mis sacavSi devs 20 erTeuli oqro, 80 erTeuli ki gasesxebulia (aqtivi), romelic mas gansazRvruli vadis Semdeg daubrundeba sargeblis CaTvliT. oqromWedel-bankiris erTaderTi problemaa is, rom axla mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi oqro yvela depozitaris moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad. mas mxolod SeuZlia gadaixados 20 erTeuli oqro, magram es arasakmarisia aRebuli valdebulebebis (100 erTeuli oqro) gadasaxdelad. marTalia, mas xelT aqvs msesxebelTa saxelze gacemuli 80 erTeuli oqros dabrunebis (Tanac sargeblis mimatebiT) sabuTi, magram es fuli mas mxolod gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg daubrundeba da, es maSin, roca depozitari dauyovnebliv moiTxovs mibarebuli oqros dabrunebas. amrigad, oqromWedeli-bankiri imedovnebs, rom misi depozitorebi erTdroulad ar moisurveben mibarebuli oqros dabrunebas. oqros im raodenobas, romelsac igi ar gascems sesxad, ewodeba rezervi. igi gamoiyeneba meanabreTa moTxovnis dauyovnebliv dasakmayofileblad. Cvens magaliTSi rezervis sidide 20 erTeuli oqroTi ganisazRvreba, xolo rezervis norma, rogorc rezervis sididisa da depozitebis Tanxis Sefardeba, Seadgens 20%-s (20 : 100 X 100). rac ufro dabalia rezervis norma, miT ufro meti iqneba oqromWedel-bankiris mogeba, magram Semcirdeba misi gadaxdisunarianoba. amitom igi

imyofeba alternativis winaSe. man arCevani unda gaakeTos mogebasa da gadaxdisunarianobas Soris. am istoriaSi yvelaze arsebiTia oqromWedel-bankiris mier miwodebuli kreditis safuZvelze ekonomikaSi fulis raodenobis gadideba. sanam oqromWedeli daiwyebda bankiris funqciebis Sesrulebas, ekonomikaSi fulis raodenoba utoldeboda oqros marags, romlis erTi nawili oqromWedlis sacavSi inaxeba, xolo meore nawili momxmareblis jibeSi devs. es ukanaskneli mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masaa. amrigad, fuli mimoqcevaSi aris fuladi Tanxa (monetebi da banknotebi), romelsac individebi da sawarmoebi gankargaven bankebis miRma . imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adamianebi oqromWedelTan mibarebul oqros ganixilaven gadaxdis saSualebad, fulis masis mTliani Rirebuleba ase gaiangariSeba: fulis masa = oqro sacavebSi + depozitebi (1). aq unda SevniSnoT, rom Cven vvaraudobT ekonomikaSi erTdroulad ramdenime oqromWedlis arsebobas. roca Cveni oqromWedeli-bankiri iwyebs sasesxo operaciebs, adamianebi oqromWedelTan mibarebul oqros kvlav ganixilaven, rogorc fuls, radgan isini erTimeoresTan angariSsworebas axorcieleben depozitebze dafuZnebuli xelwerilebis (Cekebis) meSveobiT. zemoTaRniSnuli 11.1. cxrilis mixedviT, oqromWedlis sacavSi anabarTa mTliani Rirebuleba udrida sacavSi arsebuli oqros Rirebulebas plus gacemuli sesxis Rirebuleba (20+80), anu ekonomikaSi fulis masa Seadgenda: oqro mimoqcevaSi + oqro sacavSi + gacemuli sesxebi (2). amrigad, fulis masa = oqros maragi (oqro mimoqcevaSi + oqro sacavSi) + gacemuli sesxebi (3).
777

776

sanam oqromWedeli-bankiri daiwyebda fulis sesxad gacemas, fulis masa udrida mxolod oqros marags. momdevno etapze ki fulis masa Sedgeboda oqros maragisa da gacemuli sesxis jamisagan. amrigad, sasesxo operaciebis wyalobiT, ekonomikaSi fulis masa izrdeba. marTlac, roca oqromWedeli gaasesxebs 80 erTeul oqros, axla msesxeblis gankargulebaSia gansazRvruli fuladi saSualebebi, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom viRacas ekonomikaSi es fuli (80) daaklda. oqromWedlis mimarT depozitorTa moTxovna (100) ar Secvlila, magram ekonomikaSi gaizarda fulis masa (100+80). es imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro dabali iqneba sarezervo norma, miT ufro meti iqneba fulis masa. meore mxriv, fulis masis sidide aWarbebs ekonomikaSi oqros raodenobas. TiToeuli fulis mflobeli fiqrobs, rom mas jibeSi oqro udevs, radgan darwmunebulia, rom mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia am fulis sanacvlod oqromWedel-bankirisagan oqros miReba, Tumca, oqromWedels mibarebuli oqros didi nawili (80%) sesxad aqvs gacemuli da maSinve ar SeuZlia oqros ukan dabruneba: Tu depozitis mflobelebi daeWvdebian TavianTi oqros dauyovnebliv miRebis SesaZleblobaSi, daiwyeba finansuri panika, romelic SeiZleba Cveni oqromWedel-bankiris gakotrebiT damTavrdes. amgvarad, bankebisa da sabanko saqmis ganviTareba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sakredito urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan. amitom, Tanamedrove bankebis funqcionirebis TaviseburebebSi ukeT gasarkvevad, mizanSewonilia sakredito urTierTobebis ganviTarebis procesisa da dakreditebis princi pebis ganxilva.

krediti da sakredito urTierTobebi .

rogorc vnaxeT, banki specialuri uflebis mqone, fulis mimoqcevis maregulirebeli dawesebulebaa, romelic garkveuli vadiT ibarebs fulad Tanxebs da gascems k r e d i te b s . s a k r e d i t o u r T i e r T o b e b i a r i s urTierTobebi, romlebic myardeba kreditorsa da msesxebels Soris sesxis garigebis gamo, anu fulis an materialur faseulobaTa gacemis gamo, garkveul vadaSi dabrunebis pirobiT da, rogorc wesi, sasesxo procentis gadaxdiT. sakredito urTierTobaTa warmoSoba obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgens. kanonzomieria sakredito urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis procesic, romlis drosac es urTierTobebi sam etaps gadis: uSualo urTierTobebi kreditorsa da msesxebels Soris; sakredito urTierTobebi Suamavlis monawileobiT; regulirebadi sakredito urTierTobebi. ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove dones Seesabameba sakredito urTierTobaTa umaRlesi ti pi regulirebadi sakredito urTierTobebi. ramdenadac sakredito urTierTobaTa ganviTareba xdeba dialeqtikuri uaryofis gziT, maTi yoveli momdevno ti pi warmoadgens winaTa sinTezs. sakredito urTierTobaTa mesame ti pis Camoyalibeba ar niSnavs pirveli da meore ti pis ufro martivi urTierTobebis srul gaqrobas. isini ubralod kargaven TavianT gabatonebul mdgomareobas, uTmoben mas Taviseburad axal urTierTobebs. amgvarad, dialeqtikuri poziciebidan gamomdinare, sakredito urTierTobaTa mesame ti pi warmoadgens sami
779

778

elementis erTobasL: 1. regulirebadi sakredito urTierTobebisa (mTavari Semadgeneli nawili, romelic sakredito urTierTobaTa mesame ti pis specifikas gamoxatavs); 2. araregulirebadi sakredito urTierTobebis elementebisa (kreditze Suamavlebis monawileobiT) da 3. kreditorsa da msesxebels Soris uSualo urTierTobebisa. sakredito meqanizmsac analogiuri struqtura unda hqondes. man unda moicvas, jer-erTi, kreditorsa da msesxebels Soris uSualo urTierTobaTa organizacia (dakreditebis arasabanko formebi); meore, kreditze Suamavlebis funqcia (sabanko sistema); mesame, am sistemis da, mTlianad, sakredito saqmianobis regulirebis meqanizmi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia Tavidan iqnes acilebuli dakreditebis princi pebis daucveloba da, aqedan gamomdinare, gasesxebuli saxsrebis dabrunebiTobis darRveva, garTulebebi sakredito urTierTobaTa kvlavwarmoebaSi. dReisaTvis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis sakredito sistema sami rgolisagan Sedgeba: 1. centraluri banki; 2. sabanko seqtori (komerciuli bankebi, Semnaxveli bankebi, sainvesticio da i poTekuri bankebi, bankirTa saxlebi, specializebuli bankebi); 3. arasabanko seqtoris specializebuli sakredito-safinanso institutebi (sainvesticio kompaniebi, safinanso kompaniebi, saqvelmoqmedo fondebi, sasesxo Semnaxveli asociaciebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio fondebi). miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli qveynebis sabanko sistemebi zogjer arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, maT mainc aqvT saerTo niSani. es aris yvela bankis or kategoriad dayofa. aqedan, pirvelia centraluri bankebi,
780

romelTac aqvT erovnuli fulis gamoSvebis (emisiis) da qveyanaSi fulis mimoqcevis regulirebis ufleba. meore kategorias Seadgens komerciuli bankebi, romlebic, gansazRvruli principebis dacvis safuZvelze, axorcieleben dakreditebas.
s ab anko k re d it eb is k l as if ik ac ia .

msoflio sabanko praqtikaSi ar arsebobs sabanko kreditebis erTiani klasifikacia. magram yvelaze ufro xSirad ekonomikur literaturaSi gvxvdeba sabanko kreditebis klasifikacia Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT: daniSnuleba (kreditis mizani); gamoyenebis sfero; sargeblobis vadebi; uzrunvelyofa; gacemisa da dafarvis meTodi; saprocento ganakveTis saxeoba. daniSnulebis m ixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad: samrewvelo, sasoflosameurneo, savaWro, sainvesticio, i poTekuri. samrewvelo sesxebi miecemaT sawarmoebsa da organizaciebs warmoebis ganviTarebisTvis, masalebis SesaZenad, xarjebis dasafaravad da a.S. sasoflo-sameurneo sesxebi miecemaT fermerebs, glexur meurneobebs miwis dasamuSaveblad, mosavlis asaRebad da a.S., maTi saqmianobis xelSewyobis mizniT. samomxmareblo sesxebi miecemaT fizikur pirebs gadaudebel saWiroebaTa dasafaravad, binebis, saxlebis remontisaTvis da a.S. ipoTekuri sesxebi gaicema uZravi qonebis dagiravebiT sacxovreblis mSeneblobis, SeZenis an rekonstruqciis mizniT.
781

gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba iyos ori saxeobis: sesxebi ZiriTadi an sabrunavi kapitalis dasafinanseblad. Tavis mxriv, kreditebi sabrunav kapitalSi iyofa kreditebad warmoebis sferosa da brunvis (mimoqcevis) sferoSi. sargeblobis vadebis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba iyos onkoluri (moTxovnamde) da vadiani. onkoluri sesxebi eqvemdebareba dabrunebas fiqsirebul vadaSi kreditorisagan oficialuri Setyobinebis miRebis Semdeg. isini moiTxoven stabilur pirobebs sasesxo kapitalis bazarze. vadiani kreditebi miRebulia daiyos moklevadianad, saSualovadianad da grZelvadianad. Tanamedrove sabanko saqmeSi upiratesad gamoiyeneba moklevadiani kreditebi. uzrunvelyofis mixedviT kreditebi iyofa arauzrunvelyofilad (sablanko) da uzrunvelyofilad. sablanko kreditebi miecemaT pirvelxarisxovan msesxeblebs kreditis dabrunebiTobis uzrunvelyofis raime formis gamoyenebis gareSe. sesxis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens Tanamedrove sabanko kreditis ZiriTad saxesxvaobas. uzrunvelyofis saxeobaze damokidebulebiT miRebulia maTi dayofa sagiravnoebad, garantirebulebad da dazRveulebad. praqtikul saqmianobaSi, agreTve miRebulia sabanko kreditebis dayofa uzrunvelyofis ara saxeobis, aramed xarisxis mixedviT. amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyofa uzrunvelyofili, arasakmarisad uzrunvelyofili da arauzrunvelyofili kreditebi. uzrunvelyofilia sesxi, romelsac aqvs uzrunvelyofa giraos saxiT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac girao erTdroulad pasuxobs Semdeg moTxovnebs:
782

misi realuri (sabazro) Rirebuleba sakmarisia bankisaTvis sesxis mixedviT ZiriTadi Tanxis, xelSekrulebis mixedviT yvela procentis, agreTve sagiravno uflebebis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZlo xarjebis kompensaciisaTvis; yvela iuridiuli dokumentacia bankis sagiravno uflebebTan mimarTebiT formdeba iseTnairad, rom dro aucilebeli giraos realizaciisaTvis ar aRemateba 150 dRes im dRidan, rodesac bankisTvis aucilebeli xdeba sagiravno uflebebis realizacia. arasakmarisad uzrunvelyofili sesxi sesxi, romelsac aqvs uzrunvelyofa giraos saxiT, romelic ar pasuxobs Tundac erT moTxovnaTagans, romelic waeyeneba sagiravno uzrunvelyofas uzrunvelyofili sesxis mixedviT. arauzrunvelyofili sesxi sesxi, romelsac ara aqvs uzrunvelyofa an aqvs uzrunvelyofa giraos saxiT, romelic ar pasuxobs moTxovnebs, wayenebuls sagiravno uzrunvelyofisadmi uzrunvelyofili sesxis mixedviT. gacemis xerxis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba daiyos kreditebad, romlebic atareben kompensaciur an sagadasaxdelo xasiaTs. kompensaciuri krediti gulisxmobs sasesxo saxsrebis mimarTvas msesxeblis angariSsworebis angariSze mis mier adre gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebis mizniT. sagadasaxdelo kreditis arsi isaa, rom msesxebeli aucileblobisda mixedviT gadascems banks masTan Semosul saangariSsworebo sagadasaxdelo dokumentebs da sasesxo saxsrebi miemarTeba uSualod mocemuli dokumentebis gasanaRdeblad.

783

dafarvis xerxis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi iyofa sesxebad, romlebic ifareba erTdroulad da sesxebad, romlebic ifareba ganawilvadebiT. sesxebi, romlebic ifareba erTdrouli gadaxdiT, warmoadgens moklevadiani kreditis dabrunebis tradiciul formas, rameTu mosaxerxebelia iuridiuli gaformebis poziciidan. sesxebi, romlebic ifareba ganawilvadebiT, gulisxmobs kreditis dafarvas ori an meti gadasaxdeliT dakreditebis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi. dabrunebis konkretuli pirobebi ganisazRvreba sakredito xelSekrulebiT da damokidebulia dakreditebis obieqtze, kreditis vadaze, inflaciur procesebsa da rig sxva faqtorebze. saprocento ganakveTebis saxeobis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba daiyos kreditebad, fiqsirebuli an mcuravi saprocento ganakveTiT. sesxebi fiqsirebuli saprocento ganakveTiT gulisxmobs dakreditebis mTeli periodisTvis saprocento ganakveTis gansazRvruli sididis dawesebas misi gadasinjvis uflebis gareSe. mocemul SemTxvevaSi msesxebeli iRebs Tavis Tavze valdebulebas, gadaixados procentebi ucvleli SeTanxmebuli ganakveTiT imisgan damoukideblad, Tu kapitalebis bazarze ra cvlilebebi moxdeba. dakrediteba mcuravi saprocento ganakveTiT gulisxmobs saprocento ganakveTis gamoyenebas, romlis moculobac periodulad gadaisinjeba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi saprocento ganakveTi iqmneba ori Semadgeneli nawilisagan. ZiriTadi ganakveTi, romelic icvleba bazris koniunqturaze damokidebulebiT da danamatisagan, romelic warmoadgens fiqsirebul sidides.

moculobis mixedviT miRebulia sabanko kreditebis dayofa mcire, saSualo da msxvil sesxebad. sabanko praqtikaSi ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma klasifikaciisadmi mocemuli niSnis mixedviT. sabanko dakreditebis princi pebi . sakiTxi dakreditebis principebis Sesaxeb rTuli Teoriuli sakiTxia, romelsac amave dros didi praqtikuli mnSvneloba aqvs. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT ori urTierT-dakavSirebuli problema. pirveli mdgomareobs `dakredi-tebis princi pis~ cnebis gansazRvraSi, meore _ Tavad dakreditebis princi pebis amorCevaSi. literaturaSi dakreditebis principebi ganisazRvreba sxvadasxvanairad. magaliTad, rogorc bankis mier fuladi saxsrebis sesxad gadacemis ZiriTadi wesebi; rogorc kreditis ekonomikuri kanonebis realizaciis xerxebi; rogorc dakreditebis sistemis mTavari elementi; rogorc dakreditebis fuZemdebluri pirobebi, romliTac gaicema krediti msesxebelze; rogorc dakreditebis sistemis safuZveli, mTavari elementi, rameTu asaxaven kreditis arssa da Sinaarss, agreTve obieqturi ekonomikuri kanonebis moTxovnebs, maT Soris sakredito urTierTobaTa sferoSi. `dakreditebis princi pebis~ cnebasTan erTad literaturaSi gvxvdeba cneba `kreditebis princi pebi~. amave dros, es ar aris identuri cnebebi, amitom isini mkveTrad unda ganvasxvavoT. nebismier ekonomikur kategorias, maT Soris kreditsac, aqvs gansazRvruli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsi, asrulebs Tavis funqciebs da maTi saSualebiT _ Tavis rolsac. magram arc erT ekonomikur kategorias ar SeuZlia da ar
785

784

asrulebs Tavis rols mxolod imitom, rom igi aseTs warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom ekonomikurma kategoriam `muSaoba~ daiwyos, aucilebelia gansazRvruli pirobebis SemuSaveba, misi saqmianobis meqanizmis formireba, romelic srulebiT upasuxebda am kategoriis arss. kreditTan mimarTebiT aucilebelia, ganisazRvros dakreditebis meqanizmis amosavali elementebi, anu dakreditebis princi pebi, magram ara kreditis princi pebi. gamoyofen dakreditebis Semdeg ZiriTad princi pebs: vadianoba, gadaxdisunarianoba, dabrunebadoba (kreditunarianoba), garantireba (uzrunvelyofa). ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke. vadianoba . sakuTari saxsrebis garda, bankebi kreditis gasacemad iyeneben meanabreTa depozitebs. es ukanasnkeli SeiZleba iyos: 1. depoziti moTxovnamde (mimdinare angariSi). es is anabaria, romelic meanabres pirvelive moTxovnisTanave daubrundeba; 2. vadiani depozitebi. am SemTxvevaSi depozitors fuli ubrundeba gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg. amrigad, banks SeuZlia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuli mxolod gansazRvruli vadis dawesebiT gaasesxos. Tu movale dawesebul vadaSi ar daabrunebs sesxs, maSin mas SeiZleba yovel vadagadacilebul dReze dauwesdes sauravi an es Tanxa amoRebul iqnas sasamarTlo wesiT. gadaxdisunarianoba. banki dainteresebul pirebs kreditebs awvdis gansazRvruli gadasaxadis gadaxdis pirobiT. Cveulebriv, es safasuri dgindeba procentebSi gasesxebuli Tanxis mimarT, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu banki msesxebels 10 aTas lars awodebs 20%-iani sargebliT, maSin mas wlis Semdeg unda daubrundes 12 aTasi lari. kreditze sargeblis
786

ganakveTi damokidebulia kapitalis bazris mdgomareobaze, kerZod, am bazarze fulis miwodebasa da masze moTxovnaze. rogorc wesi, komerciuli bankebi iReben moklevadian anabrebs, magram metwilad gascemen grZelvadian sesxebs. ra Tqma unda, yvela bankirisTvis cxadia, rom sjobs depoziti hqondes, rac SeiZleba xangrZlivi vadiT, xolo mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuli gaasesxos rac SeiZleba mcire vadiT. es amcirebs finansuri operaciebis risks. es asea, magram yoveldRiur praqtikaSi bankebi iZulebulni arian piriqiT moiqcnen. am riskis garkveuli kompensaciaa grZelvadian kreditze ufro maRali sargeblis ganakveTis daweseba. dabrunebadoba. krediti miewodeba gansazRvruli vadiT da am vadis gasvlis Semdeg unda dabrundes. es Teoriuli msjelobaa, magram ramdenad kreditunariania sesxis amRebi, SeuZlia daTqmul droze Tavnis da sargeblis dabruneba? yvela msurvelze SeiZleba sesxis gacema? xom SeiZleba banks gacemuli sesxi ar, an ver daubrundes? saqarTvelos sabanko praqtika xom am azris dadasturebaa? es garemoeba bankebs aiZulebs kanonis CarCoebSi Seafason msesxeblis kreditunarianoba. am cnebaSi igulisxmeba msesxeblis m zadyofna da SesaZlebloba Tavis droze Seasrulos sakredito xelSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebuleba, anu daabrunos rogorc Tavni, aseve masze dawesebuli sargebeli . garantireba (uzrunvelyofa). xSir SemTxvevaSi bankebi ar kmayofildebian msesxebelTa materialuri mdgomareobis an komerciuli operaciebis Sesaxeb ekonomikuri informaciis specialuri analiziT da Tavi rom daicvan fulis dakargvisagan, iyeneben dazRvevis kidev
787

erT saSualebas. es aris kreditis gacema giraos qveS. saqarTveloSi es metad gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da miuTiTebs qveynis sakredito sistemis moumwifeblobaze. girao aris msesxeblis (debitoris) sakuTreba, romelic kreditor banks gadaecema kontrolis uflebiT da banks rCeba valis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi. amasTan, giraos Rirebuleba sagrZnoblad aRemateba aRebuli sesxis moculobas. es ganpirobebulia giraos gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebiT (fasis dacema, klientis moZebna, sasamarTlo procedura...) sabanko dakreditebis yvela principi urTierTSoris mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli; nebismieri maTganis Sesrulebis darRveva araxelsayrelad aisaxeba sxva princi pebze. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove sabanko sistema . rogorc sakredito urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis analizi aCvenebs, centraluri da komerciuli bankebi warmoiqmna sxvadasxva dros, imyofeba ordoniani sabanko sistemis gansxvavebul doneebze (centraluri zedaze, komerciulebi qvedaze). Tanamedrove sabanko sistemis umniSvnelovanesi rgolia centraluri banki, romelic tipuri dawesebulebaa da saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis (seb) saxelwodebiT. am warmodgenaSi kargad Tavsdeba misi ZiriTadi funqciebi: maregulirebeli, makontrolebeli da sainformacio-gamokvleviTi. centra*

unda SevniSnoT, rom nebismier qveyanas erTi ti puri centraluri banki gaaCnia. am mxriv gamonaklisia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. aq centraluri bankis rols asrulebs federaluri sarezervo sistema (fss), romelic Seiqmna 1913 wels da Sedgeba federaluri sarezervo sammarTvelosagan (vaSingtoni) da 12 regionuli federaluri sarezervo bankisagan.

luri (erovnuli) banki saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia da saqme aqvs mxolod mTavrobasTan da komerciul bankebTan. centraluri bankis komerciul bankebTan urTierToba administraciul princi pebs emyareba, rac ar Sedis winaaRmdegobaSi sabazro ekonomikis safuZvlebTan. sabanko momsaxurebis saboloo momxmareblebTan (kerZo pirebsa an sawarmoebTan) ki centraluri banki kontaqtSi praqtikulad ar Sedis. amgvarad, centraluri (erovnuli) banki aris fulad-sakredito dawesebuleba, romelic ordoniani sabanko sistemis zeda safexurze imyofeba da qveynis saemisio centris, `bankTa bankis~, mTavrobis bankis, qveynis mTavari saangariSsworebo centris da ekonomikis regulirebis organos amocanebs asrulebs. centraluri (erovnuli) bankebis iuridiuli statusi yoveli konkretuli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba. saqarTveloSi am sferos ZiriTad normatiul aqts warmoadgens saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~ (1995w.). am kanonis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, `erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi amocanaa erovnuli valutis msyidvelobiTi unaris, fasebis stabilurobis miRweva da SenarCuneba, saqarTvelos fulad-sakredito sistemis funqcionirebis, agreTve, safinanso-sakredito sistemis likvidurobis, gadaxdisunarianobis da sabazro urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli myari funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa~. mogebis miReba ar warmoadgens saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis saqmianobis mizans.

788

789

sul sxva saqmea banki komerciuli. asrulebs ra Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs (droebiT Tavisufali saxsrebis akumulacia, moziduli saxsrebis ganTavseba da klienturis saangariSsworebo-sakomisio momsaxureba), is gamodis, rogorc ti puri sawarmo, romlis Semosavlebi da TviT momavali imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad kargad moemsaxureba is klientebs. aqedan gamomdinare, komerciuli banki SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc fulad-sakredito dawesebuleba, romelic imyofeba oriarusiani sabanko sistemis qveda safexurze da eweva fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis sabanko momsaxurebas safasurianobis safuZvelze, sxva komerciul bankebTan sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi. sxvadasxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobaSi komerciuli bankebis iuridiuli statusis Sesaxeb arsebiT gansxvavebebs vxvdebiT. saqarTvelos kanonSi `komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ (1995w.) termini `komerciuli banki~ ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: `komerciuli banki _ sakredito dawesebuleba, romelic mogebis mizniT eweva sabanko saqmianobas~. amgvarad, komerciuli bankebi warmoadgenen damoukidebel sabazro organizaciul struqturebs da xasiaTdebian ekonomikuri damoukideblobis maRali doniT. amavdroulad, es bankebi gasweven srul ekonomikur pasuxismgeblobas Tavisi saqmianobis Sedegebze. aranair saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebs ara aqvT ufleba, ukarnaxon bankebs bazarze maTi saqmianobis pirobebi, magram, meore mxriv, aravin ar aunazRaurebs komerciul banks zarals da ar aiRebs mis riskebs Tavis Tavze. 2007 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos sabanko seqtori warmodgenilia 17 komerciuli bankiT
790

(cxrili 11.2.), romlebsac qveynis teritoriaze gaxsnili aqvT 122 filiali (ix. cxrili 11.3.). komerciuli bankebis saerTo raodenobidan 15 banki saqarTvelos rezidenti komerciuli bankia, xolo 2 TurqeTisa da azerbaijanis bankebis filialebia. eqvs komerciul bankSi, romlebic floben sabanko seqtoris aqtivebis 34.5%-s, ucxoelebs ekuTvnis kapitalis 50%-ze meti, xolo sxva eqvs bankSi (sabanko seqtoris aqtivebis 34.5%) kapitalis 50%ze naklebi. arasabanko seqtoris sakredito-safinanso institutebi warmodgenilia 38 arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebiT, 1 safondo birJiT, 14 sadazRvevo kompaniT da 3 sapensio fondiT.

cxrili 11.2. finansuri seqtoris institutebi saqarTveloSi 2000-2006 ww. (periodis bolosaTvis)
2000
komerciul bankebi, sul maT Soris: ucxouri kapitalis monawileobiT yovel 100 000 kacze filialebi komerciuli bankebis: gancxadebuli sawesdebo fondi, aTasi lari saaqcio kapitali, aTasi lari valutis gadamcvleli punqtebi (licenzirebuli) yovel 100 000 kacze arasabanko sadepozito erTeuli dawesebulebebi, X 1 16 1 X 1 21 2 5 1 24 3 42 1 22 3 53 1 14 3 40 1 16 3 38 1 14 3 32 22 0.59 208

2001
29 19 0.54 206

2002
27 17 0.62 199

2003
25 15 0.57 201

2004
21 12 0.48 162

2005
19 12 0.43 159

2006
17 12 0.39 122

203129 234291 310 5.74

215587 270356 312 5.78

215939 315855 314 7.18

220636 353751 325 7.43

240454 372512 412 9.42

296443 479488 556 12.72

344844 898373 655 14.98

safondo birJebi, erTeuli sadazRvevo kompaniebi (moqmedi) erTeuli sapensio fondebi, erTeuli

wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (94), 2006, gv. 26.

791

cxrili 11.3
komerciuli bankebis qseli saqarTveloSi, 2007 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT*
mcxeTa-mTianeTi samcxe-javaxeTi samegrelo da zemo svaneTi qvemo qarTli raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi Sida qarTli afxazeTi1 Tbilisi imereTi kaxeTi guria aWara foTi sul

ss `saqarTvelos saxalxo banki~ ss `saqarTvelos banki~ ss `eiTibi banki jorjia~ ss `Tibisi banki~ ss banki `respublika~ ss `prokredit banki~ ss `banki qarTu~ ss `agroinvestbanki~ ssss `tao banki~ ss komerciuli banki `bta silq roud banki~ ss `banki TeTri~ ss `investbanki~ ss komerciuli banki `bazisbanki~ ss `kaskad banki saqarTvelo~ ss komerciuli banki `standart banki~ TurqeTis respublikis ss filiali
2

7 1 5 6 4 3 1

6 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

11 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16

10 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15

1 1 1 1

6 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

72 1 14 12 7 7 3 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 122

0 0 0 0 0 0

Sps erToblivi komerciuli bankis `kavkasiis ganviTarebis bankis~ Tbilisis filiali3 sul 27 0

14

ucxouri kapitalis monawileobiT moqmedi 12 komerciuli bankidan xuTi bankis kapitalSi investiciebi ganxorcielebuli aqvs sxvadasxva ucxoel finansur organizaciebs. amaTgan evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banks (ergb) 4 bankSi aqvs wili, saerTaSoriso finansur korporacias 2 bankSi, germaniis investiciebisa da ganviTarebis kompanias (DEG) 2 bankSi, saerTaSoriso mikrofinansur aqcionerul sazogadoebas _ 1 bankSi, germanul banks `komerci banks~ _ 1 bankSi, saberZneTis komerciul banks _ 1 bankSi.
*

wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (94), 2006, gv. 24. 1 afxazeTis filialebi funqcionirebs TbilisSi. 2 saTao banki mdebareobs TurqeTSi. 3 saTao banki mdebareobs azerbaijanSi.

sabanko seqtoris mTliani aqtivebis 80% da depozitebis 85% koncentrirebuli iyo 7 bankSi, romlebsac sistemaSemqmneli banki ewodeba. ganaRdebuli sawesdebo kapitalis mixedviT komerciuli bankebi dayofilia or jgufad: 1. didi bankebis jgufi, romelSic Sedis 12 banki (TiToeuli 10 milioni da meti ganaRdebuli sawesdebo kapitaliT); 2. mcire bankebis jgufi, romelSic Sedis 5 banki (TiToeuli 5-dan 10 milion laramde ganaRdebuli sawesdebo kapitaliT). 2007 wlis 31 maisis mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis mTlianma aqtivebma Seadgina 5.3 mlrd lari, saaqcio kapitalma _ 1 mlrd 7 mln lari, sesxebma 3.35 mlrd lari (maT Soris, sesxebma erovnuli valutiT 842.8 mln lari da sesxebma ucxouri valutiT 1.5 mlrd aSS dolari), depozitebma 2.1 mlrd lari (maT Soris, depozitebma erovnuli valutiT 717.1 mln lari da depozitebma ucxouri valutiT 852.8 mln aSS dolari), sabanko sistemis wminda mogebam 44.4 mln lari). depozitebis dolarizaciis koeficienti 2006 wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT 3.1 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda da man 66.6% Seadgina. saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis monetaruli agregatebisa da koeficientebis dinamikaze naTel warmodgenas iZleva cxrilebi 11.4 da 11.5. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mTliani saerTSoriso rezervebi, 2007 wlis 31 maisis mdgomareobiT, 2006 wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT, gaizarda 114%-iT da 1 mlrd 114 mln aSS dolari Seadgina. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mTliani saerTaSoriso rezervebis
793

792

moculobisa da struqturis dinamika naCvenebia 11.6 cxrilSi. sabanko-sakredito sistemis ZiriTadi rgolebis ganxilvis Semdeg upriania mivmarToT fulad-sakredito anu monetarul politikas, romelic xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mier centraluri (erovnuli) bankis saxiT.
cxrili 11.4 saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis monetaruli agregatebis dinamika 2003-2006 w.w.

cxrili 11.5
saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis monetaruli koeficientebis dinamika 2004-2006 w.w.

(periodis bolosaTvis)

savaldebulo rezervebi

k/b-is sakorespodento angariSebi seb-Si

naRdi fuli k/b-Si

k/b-is rezervebis saerTo Tanxa

procentulad komerciuli bankebis sadepozito valdebulebebTan 2004 ianvari Tebervali marti aprili maisi ivnisi ivlisi agvisto seqtemberi oqtomberi noemberi dekemberi 2005 ianvari Tebervali marti aprili maisi ivnisi ivlisi agvisto seqtemberi oqtomberi noemberi dekemberi 2006 ianvari Tebervali marti aprili maisi ivnisi ivlisi agvisto seqtemberi oqtomberi noemberi dekemberi 12.61 13.51 13.11 14.02 13.60 10.36 9.47 9.41 9.62 11.01 10.75 10.31 10.58 10.82 11.00 10.77 11.34 11.00 10.91 10.93 10.88 10.56 10.60 11.05 10.61 10.79 10.77 9.90 10.47 10.20 10.36 10.98 12.28 12.25 11.97 12.24 4.50 6.07 4.75 2.20 4.93 9.94 7.21 11.85 9.16 5.90 12.53 7.59 6.17 5.40 5.99 5.85 4.90 7.62 6.11 5.99 5.78 5.41 6.86 5.13 7.92 8.50 4.96 6.79 5.88 5.32 6.42 4.27 2.49 2.67 13.33 2.13 4.08 3.60 5.11 4.41 4.65 5.09 4.68 6.14 7.99 5.96 6.84 6.72 6.59 6.33 5.59 5.19 5.72 5.86 6.16 5.39 5.39 5.58 5.36 6.39 5.34 5.29 5.13 5.38 4.85 4.77 5.34 5.28 4.88 4.78 4.60 5.57 21.18 23.18 23.74 21.08 23.31 26.22 22.13 27.40 26.77 22.87 30.12 24.62 23.34 22.55 22.58 21.81 21.96 24.84 23.19 22.32 22.05 21.55 22.82 22.57 23.88 24.57 20.85 22.06 21.21 20.29 22.11 20.53 19.64 19.70 29.90 19.95

dolarizaciis koeficienti

fulis multiplikatori (M2)

fulis multiplikatori (M3)

fulis mimoqcevis siCqare (M2)

fulis mimoqcevis siCqare (M3)

(periodis bolosaTvis; aTasi lari)

2003 2004 162295 1484 963693 -802882 1349637 739194 1056029 917994 -445586 1511933 846097 615993 107701 1484 20408 678282 -481758 -110715 728836 721722 107885 -41000 -59772 836536 676158 160379 54595 0 265003 -210408 841345 965616 17472 948144 -124270 895940 230104 665836 2005 110486 1708 1159259 -1050481 1800695 633062 1829284 1420241 -661651 1911181 1069895 736284 341966 1708 1825 848067 -415325 -94308 659485 645835 92219 0 -78568 1001451 811400 190051 -231480 0 309367 -540848 1406377 1724292 -12773 1737065 -317916 1174896 333611 841285 2006 621343 0 1968908 -1347566 2315137 430798 2805785 2093678 -921445 2661674 1389182 827357 1006394 0 1551 1508638 -403880 -99915 186838 424571 99492 -254597 -82628 1193231 929538 263693 -385051 0 458720 -843771 2219663 2712520 6227 2706293 -492856 1834317 561824 1272493

sabanko sistema
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi oqro ucxouri valuta ucxouri valdebulebebi wminda saSinao aqtivebi mTavrobis wminda davalianeba danarCeni ekonomikis davalianeba maT Soris sesxebi ucxour valutaSi sxva muxlebi (wminda) M farTo fuli (M3) M farTo fuli ucxouri anabrebis gareSe (M2) bankebis gareT arsebuli naRdi fuli -270372 1606 638133 -910111 1330759 766370 871116 780112 -306727 1060387 527398 441535 -312828 1604 10157 385521 -594627 -115483 892690 782896 112005 6320 -8531 579862 473242 106620 42457 3 242456 -200002 576395 742585 -16527 759112 -166190 618852 85863 532989

85.52 81.82 83.17 83.61 83.55 82.27 81.21 78.27 77.89 78.00 76.68 74.32 75.63 76.30 77.05 77.16 77.21 74.47 75.20 73.67 73.58 73.08 71.03 71.61 70.67 71.59 70.76 70.56 69.65 66.39 68.06 69.06 69.65 71.15 71.71 69.37

0.92 0.94 0.92 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.99 0.93 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.11 1.10 1.13 1.20 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.14 0.98 1.16

1.94 1.89 1.88 1.92 1.91 1.81 1.93 1.77 1.77 1.86 1.74 1.81 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.87 1.90 1.85 1.87 1.91 1.94 1.96 1.98 1.91 1.97 1.96 2.05 2.09 2.13 2.19 2.12 2.19 2.21 2.25 1.97 2.23

18.24 16.76 14.02 11.78

8.92 8.42 7.55 6.59

14.30 13.06 11.83 10.86

7.76 7.14 6.43 6.08

erovnuli banki
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi oqro nasesxobis specialuri uflebebi ucxouri valuta ssf-is rezervebis gamoyeneba danarCeni ucxouri valdebulebebi wminda saSinao aqtivebi mTavrobis wminda davalianeba ekonomikis davalianeba bankebis wminda davalianeba sxva wminda aqtivebi sarezervo fuli naRdi fuli mimoqcevaSi bankebis depozitebi

12.03 10.45 10.28

6.53 5.73 5.40

komerciuli bankebi
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi oqro ucxouri valuta ucxouri valdebulebebi wminda saSinao aqtivebi Sida kreditebi mTavrobis wminda davalianeba danarCeni ekonomikis davalianeba sxva wminda aqtivebi sadepozito valdebulebebi depozitebi erovnul valutaSi depozitebi ucxour valutaSi

* wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (82), 2005, gv. 15-16; igive, #4 (94), 2006, gv. 15-18

* wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (94), 2006, gv. 10.

794

795

cxrili 11.6 saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mTliani saerTaSoriso rezervebis moculobisa da struqturis dinamika 1995-2006 w.w.

(aTasi aSS dolari)**

mTliani saerTaSoriso rezervi 1995* 1996* 1997* 1998* 1999* 2000* 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005 31.01 28.02 31.03 30.04 31.05 30.06 31.07 31.08 30.09 31.10 30.11 31.12 2006 31.01 28.02 31.03 30.04 31.05 30.06 31.07 31.08 30.09 31.10 30.11 31.12 195357 190191 2003007 123605 132924 109656 159854 198373 191646 383671 405788 403100 381604 462785 453844 438202 423683 444249 447851 739711 464605 474963 474599 456857 480557 478132 522254 538111 564098 587773 619758 618473 709234 882532 savaluto rezervi 194109 188988 199771 123073 132386 109147 159341 197737 190873 382858 404972 402288 380795 461969 453072 437391 422871 443445 446972 438833 463689 474010 473657 455824 479524 477093 521205 537046 563029 586498 618538 617282 708052 881362 ucxouri valuta 192429 188904 199626 117863 123956 105868 155376 194139 185964 371661 393970 400582 366698 460428 451543 423368 412288 441685 433292 437228 462064 472978 463953 454920 465326 474853 518856 534738 552268 584728 604791 615850 706548 880442 maT Soris: aqedan: nasesxobis specialuri uflebebi 1665 70 131 5196 8416 3266 3952 3585 4895 11183 10988 1692 14083 1527 1515 14009 10569 1746 13666 1591 1610 1018 9690 890 14184 2225 2334 2293 10746 1755 13732 1417 1489 905 sarezervo pozicia ssf-Si 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 oqro 1248 1203 536 532 538 509 513 636 773 813 816 812 809 816 772 811 812 804 879 878 917 953 942 1033 1033 1039 1049 1065 1069 1275 1220 1191 1182 1170

* periodis bolosaTvis ** wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (94), 2006, gv. 108.

monetaruli politikis arsi, miznebi da in str ument ebi. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi cnobilia, rom makroekonomikuri procesis mTavari ganmsazRvrelia fulis masa. aqedan gamomdinareobs
796

monetaruli politikis gansakuTrebuli roli ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. centraluri (erovnuli) bankis monetarul politikaSi igulis xmeba fulis mas aze S egnebuli ko ntro li, ro m lis m iz ania m xari dauW iro s ekonomikur stabilurobas, warmoebisa da dasaqmebis maqsimalur dones, rac SeiZleba dabali inflaciis pirobebSi. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli politikis strategia uaxloesi wlebisaTvis mdgomareobs ekonomikuri zrdis traeqtoriaze TandaTanobiT gadasvlaSi, gonivrulad dabali inflaciisas. mastimulirebel pirobebs am strategiis realizaciisaTvis warmoadgens sabanko sistemis gajansaReba, sagareo davalianebis problemis daregulireba, savalo valdebulebaTa upirobo Sesrulebis meqanizmis Seqmna. monetaruli politikis saboloo mizani iqneba inflaciis zrdis Sekaveba dacemis SezRudvisas ekonomikaSi. es niSnavs, rom sebis monetaruli politika xels Seuwyobs mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis SenarCunebas da umuSevrobis zrdis SezRudvas. monetaruli politikis strategiuli miznebis miRwevis mniSvnelovani faqtoria perspeqtivaSi gasvla ekonomikaSi realuri saprocento ganakveTebis dabal dadebiT doneze, rac daastimulirebs moTxovnas nasesxeb saxsrebze realuri seqtoris mxridan, agreTve _ ekonomikur zrdas. erovnuli bankis monetaruli politikis saoperacio procedura efuZneba fulad-sakredito regulirebis organoebis wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da wminda saSinao aqtivebis moculobaze kontrols. uwinares

797

yovlisa, es aris gafarToebuli kreditis gacema mTavrobasa da komerciul bankebze. sabanko momsaxurebaTa bazris reaqcia bankebis saqmianobaSi Carevis pirdapir, anu administraciul meTodebze ufro operatiulia, vidre arapirdapirze. arapirdapiri, anu ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs mikrodoneze TviTregulirebis procesebis ganviTarebis maRal xarisxs, xolo efeqti maTi gamoyenebisagan Senelebuli da araerTmniSvnelovania. administraciul meTodebs miekuTvneba centraluri bankebis mier dadgenili pirdapiri SezRudvebi (limitebi) da akrZalvebi bankebis saqmianobis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi parametrebis mimarT. zemoqmedebis administraciuli meTodebis gamoyenebisas yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven Semdeg instrumentebs: pasiuri da aqtiuri operaciebis calkeul saxeobaTa qvotireba; sxvadasxva kategoriebis sesxebis gacemisa da sakredito resursebis mozidvaze `Weris~ (limitebis) SemoReba; SezRudva filialebisa da ganyofilebebis gaxsnaze; sakomisio gasamrjelos, momsaxurebis sxvadasxva saxeobis gawevaze tarifebis, saprocento ganakveTebis sididis limitireba; operaciaTa nomenklaturis, uzrunvelyofis saxeobebis, agreTve im bankebis CamonaTvalis gansazRvra, romlebic daSvebulni arian operaciaTa calkeuli saxeobebisadmi (e.w. kontingentireba). gamoyofen marTvis ekonomikuri meTodebis sam ZiriTad jgufs: sagadasaxado, normatiuli da makoreqtirebeli. sagadasaxado meTodebis gamoyeneba warmoadgens

finansuri organoebis prerogativas, maSin roca normatiulisa da makoreqtirebelis _ centraluri bankis. zemoqmedebis normatiul meTodebs miekuTvneba iseTi instrumentebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa likvidobisa da sabanko kapitalis sakmarisobis koeficientebi, agreTve sxva koeficientebi, romlebic savaldebulia gamoyenebisaTvis da dgindeba normativebis saxiT; makoreqtirebels _ saaRricxvo politika (`saaRricxvo fanjara~) da Ria bazarze operaciebis Catareba. normatiuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sakontrolo cifrebis maCvenebelTa Tanafardobis an sxva SezRudvebis dadgenisa da perioduli gadasinjvis gziT, rogorc gazrdis, aseve Semcirebis mimarTulebiT; maTi zemoqmedebis siswrafe mcirea da efeqti SemoRebuli normativebidan mJRavndeba drois SedarebiT xangrZlivi intervalis Semdeg. makoreqtirebeli zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba centraluri bankis mier sakredito operaciebis da fasiani qaRaldebiT operaciebis Catarebis gziT, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes centraluri bankis gadawyvetilebiT aucilebeli masStabebiTa da saWiro periodulobiT, risi wyalobiTac efeqti male miiRweva. zemoqmedebis es forma ufro moqnili da operatiulia. Tu gegmur administraciul-sakomando ekonomikaSi centraluri bankis monetaruli politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi realizdeboda rogorc savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli yvela arsebuli sabanko dawesebulebis mier, maSin sabazro ti pis ekonomikisaTvis TviTregulirebis procesebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs damoukidebeli fulad-sakredito politikis ganxorcielebas yoveli sakredito dawesebulebis mier. am politikis efeqtianoba da Sedegebi gansazRvraven rogorc sakredito dawesebule799

798

bis statuss, aseve mis Semdgom rols sabanko sistemaSi, astimulireben konkurencias. qveynebis umetesobaSi sabanko operaciebis marTvis da regulirebis mizniT centraluri banki orientirdeba ZiriTadad ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyenebaze, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania: operaciebi Ria bazarze; savaldebulo rezervebis normis regulireba; procentis saaRricxvo (diskonturi) ganakveTis cvlileba. operaciebi Ria bazarze. termini `Ria bazris politika~ Tavdapirvelad gamoCnda aSS-Si XX s-is 20ian wlebSi. aSS-is centraluri bankis operaciebi Ria bazarze sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT yvelaze masStaburi iyo, rameTu am qveyanaSi fasiani qaRaldebis yvelaze didi bazaria. operaciebi Ria bazarze daiyvaneba centraluri bankis mier saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvaze. maRali koniunqturis pirobebSi, roca komerciuli bankebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad arian dakavebuli dakreditebiT, centraluri banki gadmoyris fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze saxelmwifo obligaciebs xelsayreli fasebiT. Tu maT yiduloben TviTon komerciuli bankebi, es niSnavs dakreditebaTa moculobis uSualo Semcirebas, xolo Tu maT yiduloben kerZo pirebi an firmebi, maSin mcirdeba maTi sabanko anabrebis moculoba, rasac isev da isev mohyveba bankebis sakredito SesaZleblobaTa Semcireba. orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba fulis miwodebis Semcireba. piriqiT, dacemis periodSi centralur banks SeuZlia gamoisyidos es obligaciebi xelsayreli fasebiT, rasac mivyavarT fulis miwodebis gazrdamde. Ria bazris
800

politikis warmateba bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli. komerciuli bankebi iZenen fasian qaRaldebs centraluri bankisagan mxolod mcire moTxovnisas kreditebze mwarmoeblebisa da mosaxleobis mxridan, agreTve roca centraluri banki sTavazobs Ria bazris qaRaldebs komerciuli bankebisaTvis ufro xelsayreli pirobebiT, vidre kreditebis gacemis pirobebi komerciuli bankebis mier mwarmoeblebsa da mosaxleobaze. roca aucilebelia SevinarCunoT konerciuli bankebis likvidoba da, Sesabamisad, maTi sakredito aqtivobac, erovnuli banki gamodis myidvelad Ria bazarze. am SemTxvevaSi farTod gamoiyeneba gadayidviTi SeTanxmebebi, romelTa mixedviT erovnuli banki valdebulebas iRebs, iyidos fasiani qaRaldebi komerciuli bankebisagan im pirobiT, rom ukanasknelni drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg ganaxorcieleben ukugarigebas, anu fasiani qaRaldebis ukugamosyidvas, magram ukve fasdaklebiT, e.w. ukuoperaciebi _ repo operaciebi. es fasdakleba SesaZloa iyos fiqsirebuli an mcuravi, dawesebuli or sazRvars Soris. repo operaciebi Ria bazarze ufro rbili zemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba da amitom regulirebis ufro moqnil meTods warmoadgens. dReisaTvis operaciebi Ria bazarze iTvleba fulis miwodebis kontrolis wamyvan saSualebad. savaldebulo rezervebis normis regulireba. savaldebulo rezervebi aris komerciuli bankebis aucilebeli rezervebi centralur bankSi, romelTa moculobac ganisazRvreba kanonmdeblobiT sabanko valdebulebebTan gansazRvruli mimarTebiT. sarezervo normis ramdenime saprocento punqtiT gazrda amcirebs Warbi rezervebis sididisa da fuladi multiplikatoris mniSvnelobas, ris Sedegadac komerciu801

li bankebis SesaZleblobebi, Seqmnan sakredito fuli, mcirdeba. minimaluri rezervebis politika pirvelad iqna gamocdili aSS-Si XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi da meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave is danerga praqtikaSi yvela wamyvani kapitalisturi qveynis centralurma bankma. savaldebulo rezervebis normis sidideze gavlenas axdens sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis done da mTlianobaSi ekonomikis mdgomareoba. qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli sabanko sistemiT, romelic funqcionirebs stabiluri ekonomikis pirobebSi, savaldebulo rezervebis normebi wesdeba SedarebiT xangrZlivi droiT. minimaluri rezervebis norma SeiZleba icvlebodes anabrebis rogorc koniuqturis, aseve saxeobisa da sididisagan damokidebulebiT. valdebulebaTa calkeuli saxeobebis gaTavisufleba sarezervo moTxovnebisagan iwvevs imas, rom bankebi iwyeben mani pulirebas sakuTari depozitebis SemadgenlobiT da cdiloben moziduli saxsrebis didi nawili gadaiyvanon sarezervo moTxovnilebisagan Tavisufal kategoriaSi. procentis saaRricxvo (diskonturi) ganakveTis cvlileba. centraluri bankebis tradiciul funqcias warmoadgens sesxebis gacema komerciuli bankebisaTvis. procentis ganakveTi, romliTac gaicema es sesxebi, iwodeba procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTad an refinansirebis ganakveTad. cvlis ra am ganakveTs, centralur banks SeuZlia zemoqmedeba moaxdinos bankebis rezervebze. afarToebs an amcirebs ra maT SesaZleblobas, kreditebis gacemisa mosaxleobisaTvis an sawarmoebisaTvis. saaRricxvo procentze damokidebulebiT igeba komerciuli bankebis saprocento ganakveTebis sistema,
802

xdeba kreditebis gaiafeba an gaZvireba saerTod da amiT iqmneba pirobebi mimoqcevaSi fuladi masis SezRudvisa an gafarToebisaTvis. komerciuli bankebi damoukideblad gansazRvraven wanamatis sidides centraluri bankis refinansirebis ganakveTisadmi, msesxeblis finansur mdgomareobaze, muSaobis rentabelobaze, dasakreditebeli obieqtebis perspeqtiulobasa da prioritetulobaze damokidebulebiT. centraluri banki aregulirebs saprocento ganakveTebis dones orgvari wesiT: ganakveTebis fiqsaciiT komerciuli bankebisaTvis kreditebis gacemis mixedviT, romlebic warmoadgens garkveul orientirs sabazro ganakveTebisaTvis; k o n tr o l i s ak re d it o d aw es eb u le be bi s ganakveTebze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi centraluri banki awesebs ra oficialur saaRricxvo ganakveTs, gansazRvravs bankebis mier resursebis mozidvis Rirebulebas. rac metia saaRricxvo ganakveTi, miT metia sabanko operaciebis refinansirebis Rirebuleba. meore SemTxvevaSi regulirebas eqvemdebareba mxolod kreditebis calkeuli saxeobebis Rirebuleba an mxolod zogierTi bankis operaciebi. centraluri bankis saprocento politika postkrizisul periodSi mdgomareobs saprocento ganakveTebis regulirebaSi bankis yvela operaciis mixedviT, fulis bazarze sabanko sistemis likvidobis aucilebel doneze SenarCunebis mizniT. amasTan, centraluri banki miiswrafvis saprocento ganakveTebis Semcirebisaken realur gamoxatulebaSi. Tavdapirvelad centraluri bankebis mier komerciuli bankebis refinansirebis politika gamoiyeneboda
803

mxolod fulad-sakredito mimoqcevis mdgomareobaze zemoqmedebisaTvis. sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, refinansireba sul ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, rogorc komerciuli bankebisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis aRmoCenis instrumenti. centraluri banki amgvarad gadaiqceva bolo instanciis kreditorad da asrulebs `bankTa bankis~ funqcias. refinansirebis kreditebi maT SesaZleblobas miscems, minimumamde daiyvanon likviduri saxsrebis maragi, centraluri bankebis sesxebis gamoyenebis Sedegad. refinansirebis kreditebi gansxvavdeba: uzrunvelyofis formiT _ saaRricxvo da lombarduli kreditebi; gamoyenebis vadebis mixedviT _ moklevadiani (1 an ramdenime dRiT) da saSualovadiani (6 Tvemde); gacemis meTodis mixedviT _ pirdapiri kreditebi da kreditebi, realizebadi centraluri bankis mier auqcionebis saSualebiT; miznobrivi xasiaTiT _ makoreqtirebeli da sezonuri kreditebi. saaRricxvoa (diskonturi) kreditebi, gacemuli centraluri bankebis mier komerciuli bankebisaTvis Tamasuqebis aRricxvis qveS maTi vadis amowurvamde. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonebis mixedviT, centraluri banki uflebamosilia iyidos bankebisagan da mihyidos maT komerciuli da saxazino Tamasuqebi, gamomdinare dadgenili saaRricxvo ganakveTidan. sakredito-fuladi mimoqcevis mdgomareobaze zemoqmedebis mniSvnelovani instrumentia _ bankis gankargulebaSi arsebuli saaRricxvo kreditebis raodenobrivi SezRudvebis gamoyeneba. zrdis ra limitis dones, centraluri banki miiswrafvis
804

gamoaTanabros finansuri danakargebi, romlebic aRmocendeba sabazro pirobebis cvlilebis Sedegad, an gazardos bankebis sakredito resursebi fuladi masis gaTvaliswinebuli nazardis farglebSi. amitom, sakredito limitis donis gazrda ar niSnavs centraluri bankis mier eqspansionisturi fulad-sakredito politikis gatarebas, aramed ganixileba, rogorc sabanko likvidobis regulirebis meqanizmi. lombarduli kreditebi, gacemuli erovnuli bankis mier komerciulebisaTvis, warmoadgens procentian sesxebs fasiani qaRaldebis giraos qveS. sesxebis sidide dgindeba giraos saxeobaze damokidebulebiT. sagiravno uzrunvelyofis Rirebuleba unda aRematebodes lombarduli kreditis Tanxas, lombarduli kreditebi gaicema mxolod moklevadiani siZneleebisas, romlebsac ganicdian sakredito institutebi, lombarduli kreditis saprocento ganakveTi Cveulebriv aRemateba saaRricxvo procentis ganakveTs 1-3%-iT. vadianobis kriteriumidan gamomdinare, erovnuli bankis refinansirebis kreditebi iyofa moklevadianad _ kreditebi `overnaiT~, erTdRiani kreditebi _ da saSualovadianad _ 1-2 Tvidan 6 Tvemde an 1 wlamde. sakredito auqcionebi erovnuli (centraluri) bankebis mier sakredito resursebis gacemis farTod gavrcelebul xerxs warmoadgens. sakredito auqcionebis Catarebisas potenciuri msesxeblebi gzavnian erovnul bankSi ganacxads kreditebis moculobis miTiTebiT, romelTa miRebac maT surT, agreTve miuTiTeben saprocento ganakveTis dones. miRebuli gancxadebis safuZvelze erovnuli banki adgens: auqcionis kreditebis saerTo Tanxas, saprocento ganakveTis dones, auqcionis Catarebis xerxs.
805

amerikuli xerxis dros , ganacxadebi ranJirdeba SemoTavazebuli saprocento ganakveTebis donis klebis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg kmayofildeba imave TanmimdevrobiT, dawyebuli maqsimaluri SemoTavazebuli saprocento ganakveTidan, kreditis dadgenili moculobis srul amowurvamde. Sedegad, ukanaskneli dakmayofilebuli ganacxadis Tanxa SesaZloa Semcirebuli iyos. holandiuri meTodisas, yvela ganacxadi kmayofildeba minimaluri ganakveTiT, SemoTavazebuli bankebis mier, romlebic moxvdnen myidvelTa wreSi. fiqsirebuli saprocento ganakveTiT auqcionis SemTxvevaSi yvela ganacxadi kmayofildeba, magram Tu am ganacxadebis saerTo Tanxa aRemateba auqcionisaTvis SemoTavazebuli kreditebis moculobas, yvela ganacxadi kmayofildeba nawilobriv. amgvarad, refinansirebis ganakveTi _ es aris ganakveTi, romliTac centraluri bankebi gascems kreditebs komerciul bankebze . am instrumentis gamoyeneba efuZneba imas, rom komerciul bankebs SeuZliaT gazardon TavianTi sakredito resursebi centraluri bankis saxsrebis mozidvis gziT. refinansirebis ganakveTis gazrda, bunebrivia, xdis refinansirebas, ganxorcielebuls centraluri bankis mier, naklebad mimzidvels da, sxva Tanabari pirobebisas, mivyavarT sakredito aqtiurobis Semcirebisaken. refinansirebis ganakveTis Semcireba sawinaaRmdego Sedegs iZleva. monetaruli politikis es instrumenti yvelaze Zvelia. aSS-Si is 1913 wlidan gamoiyeneba. amavdroulad qmediTobis TvalsazrisiT, saaRricxvo ganakveTis cvlileba agebs Ria bazarze operaciebTan da sarezervo politikasTan SedarebiT. saqme isaa, rom centraluri
806

bankebidan sesxebis gziT miRebuli komerciuli bankebis sakredito resursebis raodenoba Cveulebriv mcirea. aSS-Si saSualod sabanko rezervebis mxolod 2-3% SeiZineba aseTi gziT. garda amisa, Tu fulis miwodebis doneze sarezervo politikisa da Ria bazarze operaciebis gavlenis SedarebiT zusti winaswarmetyvelebaa SesaZlebeli, saaRricxvo ganakveTis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi amis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki iyenebs monetaruli politikis im instrumentebs, romelTa efeqtianobas mniSvnelovanwilad qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri garemo ganapirobebs. safinanso bazrebis ganuviTareblobis da aralikvidurobis gamo garTulebulia monetaruli regulirebis sabazro meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, ris Sedegadac sabanko sistemaSi Tavisufali likvidurobis samarTavad erovnuli banki ZiriTadad mTavrobis pirdapir dakreditebas, calmxriv savaluto intervenciebs (mxolod valutis Sesyidvis kuTxiT) da minimaluri sarezervo moTxovnebis cvlilebas mimarTavs. Ria bazarze erovnuli bankis operaciebi warmoebs sakredito resursebis auqcionebSi CareviTa da mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebSi komerciul bankebTan repo garigebebiT. bankebis likvidobaSi droebiTi siZneleebisas gaicema lombarduli kreditebi. mimdinare etapze aqtiurad funqcionirebs mudmivmoqmedi saSualebebi, rogoricaa komerciuli bankebidan depozitebis mozidva da maTTvis erTdRiani sesxebis gacema. am `overnaitis~ tipis sakredito da sadepozito operaciebis SemoRebam safuZveli Cauyara erovnuli bankis mier saprocento ganakveTis gamocxadebas. mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebSi, finansurad uaRresad mZime
807

viTarebaSi myofi bankebisaTvis, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki gamodis bolo instanciis kreditorad. fulis miwodebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaros jer kidev warmoadgens biujetis deficitis dafinansebis mizniT seb-is mier mTavrobis dakrediteba, rac `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ kanonis, dadgenili limitisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan SeTanxmebuli safinanso programis farglebSi xorcieldeba. mTavrobis dakrediteba ZiriTadad qveynis sagareo valdebulebebis momsaxurebas xmardeba, rac uzrunvelyofs mis arainflaciur xasiaTs. miRweuli safinanso-savaluto stabilurobis fonze erovnuli valutiT sabanko Suamavlobis gaaqtiurebis stimulirebisa da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcirebis xelSewyobisaTvis saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma mizanSewonilad miiCnia mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seetana minimalur sarezervo moTxovnebSi. erovnuli valutiT moziduli saxsrebis mimarT dawesebuli moTxovnebi gacilebiT dabalia ucxouri valutiT moziduli saxsrebis Sesabamis normasTan. amasTan, ucxouri valutiT moziduli saxsrebis mimarT darezervebul Tanxebs erovnuli banki aricxavs ufro dabal procents. sarezervo moTxovnebis dacva warmoebs rogorc komerciuli bankebis sakorespondento angariSze gasaSualebuli naSTis saxiT, ise fiqsirebuli saxiT specialur angariSze, erovnuli valutiT. erovnuli banki permanentulad zrunavs fuladsakredito politikis instrumentebis daxvewisaTvis, monetaruli gadacemis meqanizmis efeqturobis zrdisa da ekonomikaze sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebis mizniT.

1995 wlis 2 oqtombers saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze erTaderT kanonier sagadamxdelo saSualebad gamocxadda qarTuli erovnuli valuta `lari~. mimoqcevaSi Sevida _ 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 da 100 laris Rirebulebis sabanko bileTebi. sityva `lari~, romelic SeirCa qarTuli erovnuli valutis ZiriTadi erTeulis saxelwodebad, Zveli qarTuli sityvaa da niSnavs zogadad ganZs, qonebas. 1999 wels srulyofis TvalsazrisiT modificirebul iqna 1995 wlis emisiis yvela nominalis banknotebi, 2002 wels 1999 wlis emisiis mxolod 1, 2, 5, 10 da 20 laris Rirebulebis banknotebi, xolo 2004 wels 50 da 100 laris Rirebulebis banknotebi. yvela nominalis banknotis aversze warmodgenilia qarTuli warwerebi: `saqarTvelo~, `saqarTvelos erovnuli banki~, nominalis dasaxeleba, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentisa da finansTa ministris xelmowerebi, TariRi da Svidmklaviani borjRalis gamosaxuleba, xolo reversze _ inglisurenovani warwerebi: `GEORGIA~ da nominalis dasaxeleba.

808

809

1995 wels mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli iqna 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 da 50 TeTris Rirebulebis monetebi. `TeTri~, romelic laris meased nawils ewoda, Zveli XIII saukunidan damkvidrebuli qarTuli samoneto terminia. 1, 2, 5, 10 da 20 TeTris Rirebulebis monetebi vercxlisferia, xolo 50 TeTris Rirebulebis moneta _ oqrosferi. yvela nominalis monetis reversze gamosaxulia borjRali, miTiTebulia TariRi da qarTul-inglisuri warwera `saqarTvelos respublika~. erovnuli banki aseve uSvebs saiubileo monetebs:

500-lariani oqros memorialuri moneta gamoSvebulia 1995 wels, meore msoflio omis damTavrebisa da faSizmze gamarjvebis 50 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad.

saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma _ 1981 wlis evropis Tasebis mflobelTa Tasis finalSi Tbilisis `dinamos~ gamarjvebis 25 wlis aRsaniSnavad 2006 wlis 13 maiss gamouSva 2 laris nominalis vercxlisa da neizelbergis saiubileo monetebi;

* XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi ekonomistebs Soris xSirad imarTeboda debatebi _ `romeli politika ufro efeqtianad akontrolebs saqmiani aqtivobis ciklebis cvlilebebs, monetaruli Tu fiskaluri?~ miuxedavad imisa, rom konsensusis niSnebi SeimCneva, am sakiTxze gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis ori skola dResac arsebobs. monetaruli politikis momxreebi monetaristebis saxeliT arian cnobili, xolo fiskaluri politikis momxreebi Tavis Tavs keinzianelebs uwodeben. monetaristebs miaCniaT, rom konkurentunariani bazrebi ekonomikis stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs. isini gacilebiT naklebi xalisiT uWeren mxars ekonomikaSi mTavrobis Carevas. rodesac Careva aucilebelia, monetaristebi saWirod Tvlian monetaruli politikis gatarebas fulis masis SecvliT, da ara saprocento ganakveTebis kontrolis mcdelobiT. keinzianelebi Tvlian, rom arastabiluroba Tavisufali bazris sistemis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa da ar arsebobs aranairi meqanizmi, romelsac avtomaturad SeuZlia ekonomikis stabilizeba. isini mxars uWeren ekonomikis marTvaSi mTavrobis aqtiur monawileobas umTavresad fiskaluri politikis meSveobiT.

810

811

bolo xanebSi ekonomistebi TandaTan Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebisa da inflaciis Sedegebis Sesarbileblad SeiZleba efeqtianad gamoviyenoT rogorc fiskaluri, ise monetaruli politikis meTodebi. saerTod, fiskaluri meTodebiT sargebloba gacilebiT rTulia, vinaidan maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas didi dro unda. magram, Tuki SeTanxmebis miRweva moxerxda, axali fiskaluri politikis Sedegebi maleve iCens xolme Tavs. meore mxriv, monetaruli politikis Secvla an koreqtireba swrafad SeiZleba, magram saprocento ganakveTebis gazrdisa da Semcirebis, anda fulis masis Secvlis zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze ufro umniSvneloa, Tanac amgvari zomebis Sedegebs karga xans unda velodoT. Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi safinansosabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito sistemebi ar iketebian calkeul qveyanaTa farglebSi. isini iZenen axal masStabebsa da ganviTarebis formebs.

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis

1. mTavrobas biujetis deficiti eqneba yovelTvis, rodesac: a. gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba; b. xarjebi gaizrdeba; g. gadasaxadebi gaizrdeba; d. xarjebi gadaametebs Semosavlebs.

2 . giorgim gamomuSavebuli 1000 lari Tavis komerciul bankSi Seitana. am droisaTvis rezervis norma 20 procenti iyo. fulis maqsimaluri raodenoba, romlis `Seqmnac~ SeiZleba giorgis anabrisagan sabanko sistemaSi misi moZraobisas, iqneba : a. 200 lari; b. 2000 lari; g. 800 lari; d. 1200 lari. 3. d e pr e s ii s periodSi, ekonomikis stimulirebis mizniT, saxelmwifo : a. amaRlebs procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTs; b. SeiZens saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebs Ria bazarze; g. amaRlebs sagadasaxado ganakveTebs; d. zrdis savaldebulo rezervebis normas.

812

813

4. CamoTvlili gadasaxadebidan arapirdapirs miekuTvneba : a. mogebis gadasaxadi; b. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi; g. saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadi; d. sabaJo gadasaxadi. 5 . avtomaturi anu `CaSenebuli~ stabilizatorebi : a. ar moiTxoven sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mxridan qmedebas maT moqmedebaSi Sesayvanad; b. uzrunvelyofen cikluri umuSevrobis ararsebobas ekonomikaSi; g. mniSvnelovanwilad Sedgebian ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi umuSevrobisaTvis daxmarebebisagan; d. xels uwyoben ekonomikis ciklur meryeobaTa amplitudis gaZlierebas. 6 . biujeturi deficitis monetizaciam SeiZleba migviyvanos : a. biujetSi sagadasaxado SemosulobaTa donis dacemamde; b. saprocento ganakveTebis da savaluto kursis amaRlebamde; g. kvazifiskaluri operaciebis moculobis Semcirebamde; d. gamodevnis efeqtis zrdamde.

7. Tu ekonomikam miaRwia resursebis sruli dasaqmebis dones da, amasTan, saxelmwifo xarjebis moculoba aWarbebs biujetSi sagadasaxado SemosulobaTa moculobas, maSin: a. gamodevnis efeqti mcirdeba; b. izrdeba struqturuli umuSevroba; g. mcirdeba inflaciis done; d. Cndeba saxelmwifo biujetis struqturuli deficiti. 8 . centraluri bankis funqciebs ar miekuTvneba : a. kreditebis gacema komerciul bankebze; b. fulis emisia; g. oqrosavaluto rezervebis Senaxva; d. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Secvla. 9. monetaruli politika iwvevs fulis miwodebis Semcirebas, rodesac: a. mcirdeba saxelmwifo xarjebi; b. centraluri banki yidis saxelmwifo obligaciebs komerciul bankebze; g. mosaxleoba yidulobs navTobis kompaniis obligaciebs; d. korporacia aqciebs yidis mosaxleobaze da miRebul saSualebebs iyenebs axali sawarmos mSeneblobisaTvis 10. Tu centraluri banki aucileblad miiCnevs fulis miwodebis gadidebas, maSin mas SeuZlia : a. aamaRlos savaldebulo rezervebis norma;

814

815

b. Seamciros procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTi; g. saxelmwifo obligaciebi gayidos Ria bazarze; d. gaadidos korporaciis mogebis gadasaxadis ganakveTi.

g. gaadidebs fulis miwodebas procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTis Semcirebis xarjze; d. Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas centraluri bankis mier Ria bazarze saxelmwifo obligaciebis yidvis xarjze.

11. procentis saaaRricxvo ganakveTi aris ganakveTi, romliTac: a. centraluri banki akreditebs komerciul bankebs; b. komerciuli bankebi akrediteben erTmaneTs; g. bankebi akrediteben arafinansur korporaciebs; d. bankebi akrediteben mosaxleobas. 12. monetaruli politikis instrumentebs ar miekuTvneba : a. savaldebulo rezervebis norma; b. procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTi; g. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi; d. operaciebi Ria bazarze. 13. savaldebulo rezervebis normis gadideba : a. Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas fuladi multi plikatoris Semcirebis xarjze; b. gaadidebs fulis miwodebas fuladi multi plikatoris zrdis xarjze;

14. Tu centraluri banki gamoisyidis komerciuli bankebis agan s axelmw if o o bligaciaTa nawils, romelic gamoSvebuli iyo biujeturi deficitis dasafarad, maSin es gamoiwvevs : a. fuladi bazisa da fulis miwodebis Semcirebas ekonomikaSi; b. procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTis zrdas da fulis miwodebis Semcirebas; g. fuladi bazisa da fulis miwodebis gadidebas ekonomikaSi; d. fuladi bazis gadidebas da fulis miwodebis Semcirebas ekonomikaSi.

816

817

rekomendebuli literatura
1. asaTiani r. _ ekonomiksi. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. _ Tb., 2003. 2. gamoyenebiTi ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo ufrosi klasebisaTvis. qarTuli Targmanis pirveli gamocema. wigni iTargmna asociacia `Junior Achievement Georgia~-s mier. _ Tb., 2004. 3. gamoyenebiTi ekonomika. savarjiSoTa krebuli. qarTuli Targmanis pirveli gamocema. wigni iTargmna asociacia `Junior Achievement Georgia~-s mier. _ Tb., 2004. 4. gogoxia r. _ Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema: arsi, modelebi, ganviTarebis tendenciebi. _ Tb., 2004. 5. ekonomikuri Teoria. saxelmZRvanelo. g.adeiSvilisa da r.asaTianis redaqciiT. _ Tb., 1998. 6. vaniSvili m., badagaZe i. _ safinanso-sabanko statistika. leqciebis kursi. _ Tb., 2004. 7. vaniSvili m. _ ekonomikis safuZvlebi: leqciebis kursi (damxmare saxelmZRvanelo) or wignad. wigni I. _ Tb., 2006. 8. vaniSvili m. _ ekonomikis safuZvlebi: leqciebis kursi (damxmare saxelmZRvanelo) or wignad. wigni II. _ Tb., 2007. 9. vaniSvili m. _ saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis saSinao da sagareo ekonomikuri aspeqtebi: Teoria, meTodologia, praqtika. _ Tb., 2003. 10. kakulia r. _ sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis Teoriisa da praqtikis problemebi. _ Tb., 2003. 11. kakulia r., xelaia g. _ fulis mimoqcevisa da kreditis zogadi Teoria. _ Tb., 2000. 12. kaxniaSvili j. _ makroekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo. I nawili. _ Tb., 1996.

13. makkoneli kempbel r., briu stenli l. _ ekonomiksi, I tomi. mTargmneli da gamomcemeli prof. k.Rurwkaia. _ Tb., 2001. 14. oTinaSvili r. _ ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba. analizis antikriminaluri aspeqtebi. _ Tb., 2005. 15. papava vl. _ postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. _ Tb., 2002. 16. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi. kvartaluri mimoxilva. _ Tb., 2005, #1. 17. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli sayovelTao erovnuli aRweris ZiriTadi Sedegebi. statistikuri krebuli. _ Tb., 2004. 18. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli: 2004. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti. _ Tb., 2004. 19. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi: 2002-2003. ekonomikur-statistikuri krebuli. _ Tb., 2004. 20. silagaZe a., meqvabiSvili e., kaxniaSvili j. _ ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo X klaselTaTvis. _ Tb., 2003. 21. silagaZe a., meqvabiSvili e., kaxniaSvili j. _ ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo XI klaselTaTvis. _ Tb., 2004. 22. sisvaZe a. _ ekonomikuri Teoria: mikroekonomika, makroekonomika, megaekonomika (nawili meore). _ Tb., 2006. 23. socialuri tendenciebi saqarTveloSi: 2004. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti. _ Tb., 2004. 24. stenleiki j.f. _ ekonomiksi damwyebTaTvis. mTargmnelebi v.vefxvaZe, j. arabiZe. _ Tb., 1995. 25. qembeli d. _ biznesi arabiznesis specialobis studentebisaTvis. inglisuridan Targmna g.CixlaZem. _ Tb., 2001. 26. qvaCaxia i. _ Teoriuli ekonomika. _ Tb., 2003.
819

818

27. Rurwkaia k. _ ekonomikis princi pebi. leqciebis kursi. _ Tb., 2007. 28. yorRanaSvili l. _ saerTaSoriso biznesi. _ Tb., 1998. 29. Sromis bazari saqarTveloSi: 1998-2003. statistikuri krebuli. _ Tb., 2004. 30. Ciqava l. _ ekonomikuri Teoriis mokle kursi. _ Tb., 1997. 31. caava g. _ sabanko saqme. leqciebis kursi. damxmare saxelmZRvanelo. _ Tb., 2005. 32. ZnelaZe d., ZnelaZe l. _ biznesi, organizacia da marTva. I-II. _ Tb., 1999. 33. WiabriSvili n. _ ekonomikis anbani (eqsperimentuli saxelmZRvanelo. _ Tb., 2000. 34. jolia g. _ saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. _ Tb., 2002.
35. .. - : . -. - ., 2004. 36. . ., . . . 2- . .: , 2006. 37. . . . : . .: , 2006. 38. . . - . 2- . / . . .: , 2007. 39. . . . - .: , 2000. 40. . . . 2- . - .: , 2006. 41. . - : . . . - ., 2004. 42. . ., . . : . .: , 2007. 43. / . . . , . . . .: , 2007.

S i n a a r s i
mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

ganyofileba I. ekonomikis zogadi safuZvlebi .11

Tema 1. ekonomika da misi roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

leqcia 1. ekonomikis fundamenturi safuZvlebi da deficitis problema . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 leqcia 2. ekonomika rogorc mecniereba resursebis racionaluri arCevanis Sesaxeb . . . . . . 23 leqcia 3. ekonomikuri mecnierebis genezisi, misi klasifikacia da struqtura . . . . . . . . 36 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .52
Tema 2. ekonomikur sistemaTa formebi da tipebi 55

leqcia 4. ekonomikuri sistemis arsi, amocanebi da klasifikaciis kriteriumebi . . . . . . . . . . .56 leqcia 5. ekonomikur sistemaTa ZiriTadi ti pebi da modelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 leqcia 6. resursebis, produqtebisa da Semosavlebis wrebrunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . . 96 ganyofileba II. mikroekonomikis safuZvlebi 98
Tema 3. individualuri bazris analizi: bazari, fuli, moTxovna, miwodeba da fasi . . . . . . . . . .99

leqcia 7. bazris arsi struqtura da funqciebi . 100 leqcia 8. fulis arsi, funqciebi da formebi . . . 116 leqcia 9. moTxovna da miwodeba. sabazro faswarmoqm-

44. internet resursebi

820 821

nis meqanizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 leqcia 10. sabazro struqturis ti pebi da maTi daxasiaTeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .162
Tema 4. warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da faqtoruli Semosavleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

Tema 7.

qveynis makroekonomikuri struqtura da erovnul angariSTa sistema . . 345

leqcia 11. warmoebis faqtorTa arsi da saxeebi, maTi urTierTganpirobebuloba da urTierTqmedeba leqcia 12. warmoebis faqtorTa Semosavlebis formirebis sabazro meqanizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . 218
Tema 5. biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikuri safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

leqcia 20 . qveynis makroekonomikuri sistema da mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika .347 leqcia 21. ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi da erovnuli angariSwarmoeba . . . . . .359 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .404
Tema 8. erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri zrda da ganviTareba . . . . . . . . . 408

leqcia 13. biznesi da samewarmeo saqmianoba . . . . .222 leqcia 14. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 leqcia 15. sawarmos danaxarji da mogeba . . . . . 275 leqcia 16. marketingi sawarmos biznes-saqmianobaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . 298
Tema 6. ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi . . . . . . . .302

leqcia 22. ekonomikuri zrda: arsi, ti pebi, gaangariSebis meTodebi, daCqarebis faqtorebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 leqcia 23. ekonomikuri zrda da mis uzrunvelyofaze mimarTuli samTavrobo politika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 leqcia 24. ekonomikuri ganviTareba _ mesame samyaros qveynebis umTavresi problema474 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . .500
Tema 9. makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri meryeoba, umuSevroba da inflacia.503

leqcia 17. ojaxis adgili da roli sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi . . . . . . . . . .303 leqcia 18. ojaxis samomxmareblo biujeti . . . . .308 leqcia 19. ojaxis Semosavlebis uTanasworoba da siRaribesTan brZolis gzebi . . . . . . 337 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .343
ganyofileba III. makroekonomikis safuZvlebi 345

leqcia 25. ekonomikuri meryeoba da ekonomikis ganviTarebis cikluroba . . . . . . . . . . .505 leqcia 26. umuSevroba da dasaqmebis regulireba .543 leqcia 27. inflacia da antiinflaciuri regulireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis. . .633
Tema 10. erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi: sabazro TviTregulireba da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba . .633

leqcia 28. sabazro TviTregulireba da

823

822

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis wanamZRvrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 leqcia 29. sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . 691
Tema 11. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis safinanso-sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito berketebi. . 693

leqcia 30. safinanso-sabiujeto sistema da fiskaluri politika . . . . . . . . . . . 695 leqcia 31. sabanko-sakredito sistema da monetaruli politika . . . . . . . . . . . 771 testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .813
rekomendebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . 818

824

ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca

warmoebas

25.02.2009.

xelmowerilia

dasabeWdad

16.03.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 51,5. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77