VENTILATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Topics covered
Ventilation Its importance Factors affecting Ventilation Types Natural Ventilation, Types Mechanical / Forced Ventilation, Types HVAC Hybrid Ventilation, Advantages & Disadvantages

VENTILATION
Ventilation Free passage of clean air in a structure. The systematic removal of heated air, smoke, and gases from a structure and replacement with cooler, cleaner

air.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the

outside as well as circulation of clean air within the

building.`

IMPORTANCE
To reduce Carbon-di-oxide content in the air. To control dust and other impurities in the air. To suppress odours ,smoke ,concentration of bacteria, etc.

IMPORTANCE
To remove the body heat

generated or liberated by
the occupants.

To To

maintain

desired

relative humidity.

maintain

favorable

ambiance to live-in..

IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS, VENTILATION IS NECESSARY..

To maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work area. To remove

any undesirable odors from a given

area. To control temperature and humidity. To remove undesirable contaminants at their source before they enter the work place air.

APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Optimization of energy costs.
Reduction of occupational

health disease claims. Control of contaminants to acceptable levels.

APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Control of heat and
humidity for comfort.

Prevention of
explosions.

fires and

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
Sl.No. Nature of Building Rate of fresh air in m3 per head per hour
15 23 25 28 35

1 2 3 4 5

Factories, Workshops Educational Buildings Restaurants, Dining halls Community Buildings Theatres, Hospitals

6
7

Residential Buildings
Gymnasiums, Amphitheatres

50
80

FACTORS AFFECTING VENTILATION

Air Changes(rate of air change = 3-5)
Humidity(at 21c relative humidity = 30-70%)

Quality of Air(odour ,organic and inorganic dust)

Temperature(20c and 22c w.r. to winter and

summer)
Use of Building(no.&age of occupants, working

hrs)

GUIDELINES FOR GOOD AIRFLOW

Maximize air velocities in occupied rooms. Two openings on opposite sides increase airflow.

Locate windows on opposite sides of the house.

An inlet window smaller than the outlet creates higher inlet velocity (e.g. 50% smaller) Horizontal window openings are more effective than square or vertical openings Vertical air shafts or open staircases or roof ventilation can take advantage of stack effects to increase airflow

VENTILATION - TYPES
There are mechanical. mainly two types of ventilation: natural and

Natural ventilation includes the movement of outdoor air

through intentional openings such as doors and windows and through unintentional openings in the building shell such as cracks which result in infiltration and ex-filtration. Mechanical or forced ventilation is intentional ventilation

supplied by fans or blowers. These fans are usually part of the

buildings HVAC system which heats, cools, mixes and filters the air being supplied to the building.

VENTILATION STRATEGIES
NATURAL VENTILATION
Flow driven by wind and temperature.

FORCED AIR MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Exhaust ,Supply and plenum process.

HVAC
Mechanical cooling, heating and air conditioning.

HYBRID VENTILATION
Combinations of the above systems.

NATURAL VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION
This ventilation type is mostly used in smaller buildings . Normally it is driven by wind pressure and density variations. The various types are, single sided ventilation (density driven) stack ventilation (density driven) cross flow ventilation (wind driven)

SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION (NATURAL)

STACK VENTILATION. (NATURAL)

This air is replaced by cold outdoor air that enters near the bottom of the building or
from the ground. This phenomenon is called the building Stack Effect.

CROSS FLOW VENTILATION (NATURAL)

NATURAL VENTILATION
Influenced by: wind direction wind speed ventilation opening location interior/exterior temp. difference building geometry Etc....

TYPES OF NATURAL VENTILATION OPENINGS

Windows (Windows sliding vertically, sliding horizontally, tilting, swinging). Doors, monitor openings and skylights. Roof Ventilators (weather proof air outlet). Stacks connecting to registers. Specially designed inlet or outlet openings.
20

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

FORCED VENTILATION
Mechanical or forced ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can often be

controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air.

Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhaust to control odours and sometimes humidity. Ceiling fans and table fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature because

of evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants.

TYPES
Supply System
Supplying fresh air by input fans in outside walls.

Exhaust System
Creating partial vacuum by exhaust fans and blowers.

Plenum process
Supply of fresh air by inlet ducts and exhaust of
vitiated air by outlet fans.

SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Components: Air inlet section Filters

Heating and/or cooling equipment

Fan Ducts Register/grills for distributing the air within the work space

EXHAUST SYSTEMS
Purpose: An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and airborne contaminants from the work place air The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at its source itself

Types of exhaust systems:

General exhaust system

Local exhaust system

What is the difference between Exhaust and Supply systems?

An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and air borne contaminants from the work place, whereas, the Supply system adds air to work room to dilute contaminants in the work place so as to lower the contaminant

concentrations.

Plenum Process

HVAC
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. The three central functions of heating, ventilating, and airconditioning which are interrelated, and provides thermal comfort, acceptable indoor air quality, within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. It can provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces.

 Heating Necessary in winter to supply heated air. Done by warm air furnaces, hot water circulation.

Cooling
Necessary in summer to supply cool air. Done by refrigeration, sprayers, cool water circulation. Air Conditioning Necessary for producing--CONDITIONED AIR Done by filters, precipitators, coolers ,humidifiers

Hybrid ventilation is a two mode system combining of natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is used when natural driving forces cannot fulfill the required ventilation level.

Hybrid Ventilation-Advantages
Hybrid ventilation systems offer many advantages:
Relative low running costs for energy conditioning the ventilation air Energy savings compared to full mechanical ventilation systems Easily controlled by the inhabitants compared to natural ventilation Relative low maintenance Reduced use of mechanical equipment compared to mechanically ventilated buildings Possibilities for night or passive cooling

Hybrid Ventilation-Disadvantages
Disadvantages include:
Relative high initial costs Depending on climatic conditions, hybrid ventilation is not suitable for many types of buildings where mechanical ventilation might be the only solution Room space for equipment might be needed (space for ducting) Building design might impose restrictions to the use of hybrid ventilation The urban aspects (noise, outdoor pollution, wind velocity, humidity) might limit its use

Design Strategies for Ventilation

Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School

The CTU has been awarded

BREEAM Excellent status under the BRE Environmental Assessment Method and achieved an 'A' Energy Performance Rating with a very low emission of 17 kg of CO2 per floor area (m2) per year.

Design Strategies for Ventilation

Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School

Design Strategies for Ventilation

Elizabeth II Court for Hampshire County Council, Winchester
The existing building was stripped back to its structural concrete frame. Then in order to allow wind driven ventilation, ducts were placed on the outside facades. Ventilation air is drawn into the building from the courtyards, across the floorplate and then up acoustically attenuated ventilation ducts on the street facades of the building. The wind troughs on top of the ducts exploit wind blowing across the roof to create suction, which draws air through the building.

Design Strategies for Ventilation

Wessex Water, Bath
Cross Ventilation: The floor plates are limited to 15m in width to optimise the effect of natural ventilation and daylight. The communal spaces that require mechanical ventilation are placed along the west elevation, which acts as a buffer zone to the naturally-ventilated offices to the East. Ventilation of the office areas is via simple opening lights on either side of the floorplate, allowing cross ventilation. Night ventilation: Pre-cast exposed concrete coffers help to provide about 25w/m2 of cooling during the day. During summer the coffers are pre-cooled during the night through purge ventilation via high-level windows controlled by building management system. This then allows the structure to soak up heat during the occupied daytime.

NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan or any other mechanical system.

It can be achieved with open-able windows or trickle vents when the

spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture permits. In more complex systems warm air in the building can be allowed to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect) thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the building naturally

through openings in the lower areas.

These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants' comfort.

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