Architectural Building Services - 708

SEM. 7 ,SESSION -4
SYLLABUS Marks -50 – Paper Internal -50 Max. – 50 MIN. - 20
Theme- Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning
• Comfort conditions- temperature control, Humidity control, air filtration, and air changes.
• Heating of spaces- local and central heating- heating equipment, Thermal conductivity, and insulation.
• Ventilation
• Mechanical ventilation in buildings- Mechanical
⁻ Ventilation in Basements
⁻ Fans, blowers, air filters
•Air conditioning
⁻ Concept of refrigeration cycle, and air cycle
⁻ Systems of air conditioning- local and central
⁻ Duct work and air conditioning layouts
⁻ Fittings and fixtures
Mon 29/06/2020 Mechanical ventilation 10- assign. 1 understanding the working of system
system design.- details in indoor areas, elements of
about the system and mechanical ventilation systems,
working, intro. Intro. HVAC Centralized ventilation system i.e
SYSTEM HVAC requirement of heating and
cooling places artificially in greater
amount

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 HVAC -2
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION

ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

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HEATING

VENTILATION
 Process of changing or replacing air in any space to control
temperature or remove any combination. Ventilation maintains
adequate mixture of gases in air. Remove contamination from
occupied spaces. Ventilation can be accomplished passively through
natural ventilation or actively through mechanical distribution
system.

AIR CONDITIONING

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ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
Artificial Ventilation is process of circulating air in enclosed space in built structure (indoor) with the
help of artificial or mechanised means supported by various types of energies.

 Indoor air is withdrawn and replace continuously, from clean external source
 Artificial ventilation used to maintain the oxygen level , aprrox. 21% of air volume
 Removal of Carbon dioxide
 Control Humidity between 30 to 70 % ( accepted as human comfort)
 Prevention from heat concentration from lighting, furniture, machinery, people etc.
 Removal of micro pollution and contamination
 Preserve freshness
 Controlled indoor environment
The requirement of artificial ventilation for particular facility can be decided with the help of code of
practice or rules and regulations approved by authority e.g ISO, British standard, NBC etc.

A simple formula produce the air changes per hour

A conversion of m3/hour per person to air changes
Per person
m3/hour per person – volume of air required by
single person Within enclosed space/ hour

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PILLAS HOC COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION
A better alternative for unreliable natural ventilation .Circulates fresh air using ducts and fans rather than
relying on any airflow.

BENEFITS OF USING MECHANICAL VENTILATION

 Better indoor air quality – can remove pollutants, poisonous gas and humidity
 More control- provide proper fresh air flow , remove or improve odour
 Improve indoor comfort – allow a constant flow of fresh air, also filters, dehumidify and condition the
air if require.
TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
 Exhaust-only ventilation natural inlet and mechanical extract or Vacuum System
 Supply-only ventilation mechanical inlet and natural extract or Pressure System
 Balanced ventilation mechanical inlet and extract
 Energy Saving reduces the energy loss

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EXHAUST-ONLY VENTILATION (COLD CLIMATE)
Key points:
• Work by depressurizing a structure.
The system exhausts air from the house, thus causing a change
in pressure that pulls in make-up air from the outside through
openings in the building shell.
• Most appropriate for colder climates
In warmer climates, depressurization can draw moist air into
wall cavities where it may condense and cause moisture
damage.
• Simple and inexpensive to install
Typically, an exhaust ventilation system consists of a single fan
connected to a centrally located, single exhaust point in the
house.
• A better design is to connect the fan to ducts from several
rooms, preferably rooms where pollutants are generated, such
as bathrooms and kitchens.
• Adjustable, passive vents through windows or walls can be
installed in other rooms to introduce fresh air . Passive vents
may, however, require larger pressure differences than those
induced by the ventilation fan to work properly.
Concerns:
• One concern with exhaust ventilation systems is that, along with fresh air, they may draw in pollutants in.
(mold, toxic gases from attached garage, dust from secondary roofing system, fumes from fire places etc.)
• Exhaust ventilation systems can also contribute to higher heating and cooling costs compared with
energy recovery ventilation systems because exhaust systems don’t remove moisture from the make-up
air before it enters the house.
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EXHAUST-ONLY VENTILATION - Types
 Single point exhaust:
A single point exhaust system is often an upgraded bathroom fan. Only one fan and possibly some
simple ducting are required to exhaust the air to the outside.

 Multi-point exhaust systems:

One exhaust fan is ducted to many rooms of the house and may be remotely installed to reduce noise
levels. Multi-point exhaust systems are an improvement over single-port exhaust systems in that they
improve the room-to-room uniformity of the whole-house ventilation.

 Intermittent exhaust:
An intermittent exhaust system is installed similar to a continuous exhaust system; generally it
consists of one central fan to remove stale air from the building, but may also incorporate several
fans in areas of high sources (i.e. bathrooms and kitchens).

 Exhaust with make-up air inlets:

This ventilation system uses fans as described above, but controls the entry of supply air into the
dwelling by providing openings specifically for air supply.

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SUPPLY-ONLY VENTILATION (HOT OR MIXED CLIMATE)
Key Points:
• Use a fan to pressurize a structure,
Forcing outside air into the building while air leaks out of the
building through holes in the shell.(bath and range fan ducts)
• Relatively simple and inexpensive to install.
A typical supply ventilation system has a fan and duct system
that introduces fresh air into usually one, but preferably
several, rooms that residents occupy most, such as bedrooms
and the living room. This system may include adjustable
window or wall vents in other rooms
• This systems allow better control of the air that enters the
house compared to exhaust ventilation systems. By
pressurizing the house, supply ventilation systems minimize
outdoor pollutants in the living space.
• It also allows outdoor air introduced into the house to be
filtered to remove pollen and dust or dehumidified to provide
humidity control.
• This type of ventilation, as instead of pushing indoor air out, it
draws outdoor air in using fans.
• The indoor air escapes through a system of exhaust fan ducts as well as the building enclosure.
• The outdoor air comes in from a single source that is chosen specifically for its high air quality, which can
be a benefit for people seeking clean air in their home.

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Concerns:
• Like exhaust ventilation systems, supply ventilation systems don’t temper or remove moisture from the
make-up air before it enters the house. Thus, they may contribute to higher heating and cooling costs
compared with energy recovery ventilation systems.
• Because air is introduced into the house at discrete locations, outdoor air may need to be mixed with
indoor air before delivery to avoid cold air drafts in the winter. An in-line duct heater is another option,
but increases operating costs.
• However, it can still result in moisture problems in the walls that result from humidity drawn in from
outside.
EXHAUST-ONLY VENTILATION - Types
 Single point supply
In this strategy a supply fan provides fresh air via a small amount of ducting to a main room of the house.

 Multi-point supply
The multi-port system having the advantage of improving ventilation uniformity throughout the house,
but with the extra installation cost of the ductwork. Because each supply is of a lower flow the needs for
tempering or conditioning may be reduced.

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BALANCED VENTILATION (ALL CLIMATE)
Key Points:
• Balanced ventilation systems, if properly designed and
installed, neither pressurize nor depressurize a structure.
Rather, they introduce and exhaust approximately equal
quantities of fresh outside air and polluted inside air.
• A balanced ventilation system usually has two fans and
two duct systems. Fresh air supply and exhaust vents can
be installed in every room, but a typical balanced
ventilation system is designed to supply fresh air to
bedrooms and living rooms where occupants spend the
most time. It also exhausts air from rooms where
moisture and pollutants are most often generated, such
as the kitchen, bathrooms and the laundry room if any .
• Some designs use a single-point exhaust, and because
they directly supply outside air, balanced systems allow
the use of filters to remove dust and pollen from outside
air before introducing it into the house. Balanced
ventilation systems are also appropriate for all climates.
• However, the cost is higher than the other two options.
Concerns:
• Like both supply and exhaust systems, balanced ventilation systems don’t temper or remove moisture
from the make-up air before it enters the house. Therefore, they may contribute to higher heating and
cooling costs.
• Because they require two duct and fan systems, balanced ventilation systems are usually more
expensive to install and operate than supply or exhaust systems.

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ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION (ALL CLIMATE)
Key Points:
• Energy recovery ventilation systems provide a
controlled way of ventilating a home while minimizing
energy loss.
• They reduce the costs of heating ventilated air in the
winter by transferring heat from the warm inside
exhaust air to the fresh (but cold) outside supply air. In
the summer, the inside air cools the warmer supply air
to reduce cooling costs.
• There are two types of energy recovery systems: Energy
Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) and Heat Recovery
Ventilators (HRVs).
• Both types include a heat exchanger, one or more fans
to push air through the machine and controls. There are
some small wall- or window-mounted models, but the
majority are central, whole-house ventilation systems
with their own duct system or shared ductwork. 
Concerns:
• Some energy recovery ventilation systems can cost more to install than other ventilation systems. In
general, simplicity is key to a cost-effective installation. To save on installation costs, many systems
share existing ductwork. Complex systems are not only more expensive to install, but they are generally
more maintenance-intensive and often consume more electric power.

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EXAMPLE
in basement parking, movement of car (entry/exit) release toxic and non- toxic gases (CO,
CO2,Nox) also all sorts of impurities like dust particles, fuel particles etc. due to the
confined nature of space and risk of fire, basement need to be ventilated or air circulated .

In this case one can provide natural ventilation it should be in equal % of car park floor
area. But in this case it is difficult to improve the quality of air as there is no purification
included in the system.

Mechanical ventilation is controlled system which limits the level of CO within car park
area. It ventilates area by circulating air in cycles. Each cycle goes like extraction( taking
impure air and filtering) of impure air from parking area in %(30 parts/ millions) for 8 hrs.
duration, smoke clearance in 10 air changes( after 10 time inhale & exhale of air).
So to ventilate a basement one can use traditional system of mechanical ventilation i.e
ducted system or impulse or induction system (jet fan, jet vent system)

PILLAS HOC COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Service-708 Ar. Meghana Sawant.
 ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
 FAN- axial flow fan, propeller fan, centrifugal fan
 DUCT
 AIR FILTERS
 DIFFUSERS
 FIRE DAMPER
Axial flow fan
Axial flow fan is device basically works on
principle of increasing the total pressure
applied on air in device.
By increasing the pressure on air axial fan
moves air parallel to shaft.
The shaft is mounted behind the blades of
axial fan.
The fan of device is designed to maintain
the pressure difference thus it retains the
flow of air across the fan blades.
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Propeller fan
A propeller is a type of fan that transmits
power by converting rotational motion
into thrust.
A pressure difference is produced
between the forward and rear surfaces of
the airfoil-shaped blade, and a fluid (such
as air or water) is accelerated behind the
blade.
Does not creates much of air pressure and
has limited effects in duct work.
Ideal to use at air openings in window,
walls etc.
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Centrifugal fan
Can produce high pressure and has
capacity for large volume of air.
Suitable for larger installations like
mechanical ventilation with air
conditioning.
It may have one or two inlets. Various
forms of impeller can be selected
depending on the air condition.
 Balance ventilation systems with re-circulation

Balance ventilation systems incorporating indirect heat Fan-coil unit with direct fresh air supply
recovery through external wall
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PILLAS HOC COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Service-708 Ar. Meghana Sawant.