B BALAMUGUNDAN

SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
UNIT I
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
1. Derive general heat conduction equation in Carteian
coordinate!
Consider a small rectanglar element o! sides d"# d$ and d% as s&o'n
in !igre(
T&e energ$ )alance o! t&is rectanglar element is o)tained !rom !irst la'
o! t&ermod$namics
Net heat conducted
into ele"ent #ro" all
the coordinate
direction
$
Heat generated
%ithin the ele"ent &
Heat tored in the
ele"ent '''''1
Net heat conducted into ele"ent #ro" all the coordinate direction(
As *er t&e +orier la' o! &eat condction t&e rate o! &eat !lo' into t&e
element in ,# -# . directions t&rog& !ace ABCD# ABE+# ADHE are
)
*
& '+ d, d-
dx
x
T

.
)
,
& '+ d* d-
dy
y
T

. ''''''''''''''''''/
)
-
& '+ d, d*
dz
z
T

.
T&e rate o! &eat !lo' ot o! t&e element in , direction t&rog& t&e !ace
E+GH is
)
* $ d*
& )
*
$
( )dx Qx
x

''''''0
S) E/ 0 in E/ 1
)
*
1 )
*$ d*
& )* 1 2)
*
$
( )dx Qx
x

.
)
*
1 )
*$ d*
&
2 3
x
T
kdydzdx
x

)
*
1 )
*$ d*
&
0
0
x
T
kdxdydx

)
*
1 )
*$ d*
&
0
0
x
T
kdxdydx

''''''3
Si"ilarl,
)
,
1 )
,$ d,
&
0
0
y
T
kdxdydx

''''''4
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
)
-
1 )
-$ d-
&
0
0
z
T
kdxdydx

''''''5
) & 2 6)
*
1 )
*$ d*
7 $ 6)
,
1 )
,$ d,
7$6 )
-
1 )
-$ d-
7 . '''' 8
S) E/ 4 # 5# 6 in E/ 7
+d*d,d- 2 +

0
0
x
T
+

0
0
y
T
0
0
z
T

. '''9
Heat generated internall, ( )g & q d*d,d- '''''':
Heat tored in the ele"ent( )
IE
&

C;
dxdydz
t
T

'''''1<
S) E/ 8# 9# :; in E/ :
+d*d,d- 2 +

0
0
x
T
+

0
0
y
T
0
0
z
T

. $ q d*d,d- &

C;
dxdydz
t
T

'''11
Ta<e d"d$d% commonl$ and di=ide )$ <
+

0
0
x
T
+

0
0
y
T
0
0
z
T

$
k
q
&
t
T

<
C*
'''' Three di"enional heat
conduction equation
#or Carteian coordinate
Cae 1( No heat generation
k
q
&<
+

0
0
x
T
+

0
0
y
T
0
0
z
T

&
t
T

<
C*
''''' Fourier Equation
Cae /( Stead, tate condition
;

t
T
+

0
0
x
T
+

0
0
y
T
0
0
z
T

$
k
q
& < ''' =oion Equation
Cae 0 ( No heat generation and tead, tate (
k
q
&<
;

t
T
+

0
0
x
T
+

0
0
y
T
0
0
z
T

& < ''' >a;lace Equation

/. ?eneral heat conduction equation in C,lindrical coordinate(
>&ile dealing 'it& *ro)lems o! condction o! &eat t&rog& s$stems
&a=ing c$lindrical geometrics it is con=enient to se c$lindrical
coordinates( Consider an elemental =olme &a=ing t&e coordinates ?r# @#
%A !or t&ree dimensional &eat condction anal$sis as s&o'n in !igre(
T&e =olme o! t&e element B C rd@ dr d%
Net heat conducted Heat generated Heat tored in the
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
into ele"ent #ro" all
the coordinate
direction
$ %ithin the ele"ent & ele"ent '''''1
a. Net heat accu"ulated in the ele"ent due to conduction o# heat
#ro" all the coordinate direction conidered(
Heat #lo% in radial direction 6r ;lane7(
Heat in!l"
dr krd Qr
r
T
d%

Heat e!!l"
Qrdr
r
Qr dr Qr

+ +
2 3 Qrdr
r
Qr Qr dr Qr Qr

+ +
C

'

dr
r
T
dz krd
r

C

,
_

r
T
r
r
drdz kd
C

,
_

r
T
r
T
r drdz kd
0
0

dr Qr Qr +
C

,
_

r
T
r r
T
drdz kd
:
0
0

DDDD0
Heat #lo% in tangential direction 6@ ;lane7(
Heat in!l"E

r
T
kdrdz Q
Heat e!!l"E

rd Q
r
Q Q
d

+
+
1
]
1

,
_

+
+



rd
r
T
kdrdz
r
Q Q Q Q
d
d
Q Q
+

C 1
]
1

0
0
0
:

T
r
dz kdrrd
DDD1
Heat #lo% in a*ial direction 6- ;lane7(
Heat in!l"E
z
T
kdrrd Q
z

Heat e!!l"E
dz Q
z
Q Q
z z dz z

+
+
dz z z
Q Q
+

C 1
]
1

0
0
z
T
dz kdrrd
DDD4
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
A. Heat generated %ithin the ele"ent(
drdz qrd Qg
DDDDDDDDDDDD 5
c. Energ, tored in the ele"ent(
drdz rd
t
T
Cp Q
IE

DDDDD6
S) E/ations 0# 1# 4# 5# 6 in E/ation :
drdz rd
t
T
Cp drdz qrd
z
T T
r r
T
r dr
T
drdz krd

+
1
]
1

0
0
0
0
0 0
0
: :

t
T
k
Cp
k
q
z
T T
r r
T
r dr
T

+
1
]
1

0
0
0
0
0 0
0
: :
Heat conduction equation #or
c,lindrical coordinate

0. E*;lain the di##erent "ode o# heat tran#er %ith a;;ro;riate
e*;reion!
Bode o# Heat Tran#er(
a( Conduction( Heat condction is a mec&anism o! &eat trans!er
!rom a region o! &ig& tem*eratre to a region o! lo' tem*eratre
'it&in a medim or )et'een di!!erent medim in direct *&$sical
contact( E"am*lesE Heating a Rod(
) & '+ A
dx
dT
)( Convection( It is a *rocess o! &eat trans!er t&at 'ill occr )et'een
a solid sr!ace and a !lid medim '&en t&e$ are at di!!erent
tem*eratres( It is *ossi)le onl$ in t&e *resence o! !lid medim(
E"am*leE Cooling o! Hot Plate )$ air(
) & h A 6 s
T
'
T
7
c( Radiation( T&e &eat trans!er !rom one )od$ to anot&er 'it&ot an$
transmitting medim( It is an electromagnetic 'a=e *&enomenon(
E"am*leE Radiation sn to eart&(
) & [ ]
4 4

T T
s

3. Chat do ,ou undertand A, critical radiu o# inulationD oAtain the

e*;reion #or the a"e!
T&e addition o! inslation al'a$s increases t&e condcti=e t&ermal
resistance( Bt '&en t&e total t&ermal resistance is made o! condcti=e
t&ermal resistance and con=ecti=e t&ermal resistance# t&e addition o!
inslation in some cases ma$ redce t&e con=ecti=e t&ermal resistance
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
de to increase in sr!ace area as in case o! a c$linder and s*&ere and t&e
total t&ermal resistance ma$ actall$ decrease reslting in increased &eat
!lo'( It ma$ )e s&o'n t&at t&e t&ermal resistance actall$ decreases and
t&en increases in some cases( T&e t&ic<ness * to '&ic& &eat !lo'
increases and a!ter '&ic& &eat !lo' decreases is termed as critical
t&ic<ness( In case o! c$linders and s*&eres it is called as Critical radis(
For C,linder(

o
c
h
k
r
For S;here(

o
c
h
k
r
0

4. The inner ur#ace at r & a and the outer ur#ace at r & A o# a hollo%
c,linder are "aintained at uni#or" te";erature T1 and T/
re;ectivel,. The ther"al conductivit, o# the olid i contant.
Develo; an e*;reion #or the one di"enional tead, tate
te";erature ditriAution in the c,linder and #or the radial heat #lo%
rate through the c,linder over a length H.
Consider a &ollo' c$linder o! inner radis a# oter radis )# inner
tem*eratre T:# oter tem*eratre T0 and t&ermal condcti=it$ <(
+rom +orier la' o! &eat condction
dr
dT
kA Q
Area A C0 F rH
dr
dT
rH k Q 0


0
:
0
T
T
b
a
dT H k
r
dr
Q
[ ] 0 : 0 ln T T H k
a
b
Q
,
_

) &
1
]
1

a
b
kH
T T
ln
0
:
0 :

B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
5. Chat i >u";ed ca;acit, anal,i and oAtain the e*;reion #or
te";erature ditriAution o# the a"e!
All solids &a=e a !inite t&ermal condcti=it$ and t&ere 'ill )e al'a$s a
tem*eratre gradient inside t&e solid '&ene=er &eat is added or remo=ed(
Ho'e=er !or solids o! large t&ermal condcti=it$ 'it& sr!ace areas t&at
are large in *ro*ortion to t&eir =olme li<e *lates and t&in metallic 'ires#
t&e internal resistance 3LG <A2 can )e assmed to )e small or negligi)le
in com*arison 'it& t&e con=ecti=e resistance 3:G&A2 at t&e sr!ace(
T$*ical e"am*les o! t&is t$*e o! &eat !lo' areE
:( Heat treatment o! metals
0( Time res*onse o! t&ermoco*les and t&ermometers
T&e *rocess in '&ic& t&e internal resistance is assmed negligi)le in
com*arison 'it& its sr!ace resistance is called t&e Ne'tonian &eating or
cooling *rocess( T&e tem*eratre# in t&is *rocess is considered to )e
ni!orm at a gi=en time( Sc& an anal$sis is called Lm*ed *arameter
anal$sis )ecase t&e '&ole solid# '&ose energ$ at an$ time is a !nction
o! its tem*eratre and total &eat ca*acit$ is treated as one lm*(
Let s consider a )od$ '&ose initial tem*eratre is t
i
t&rog&ot and
'&ic& is *laced sddenl$ in am)ient air or an$ li/id at a constant
tem*eratre t
o
as s&o'n in !igre(
H C D
( ) Ta T hA
dt
dT
VCp
T I Tem* *! )od$ at an$ time

dt
VCp
hA
Ta T
dT
A ?
Ta I Am)ient Tem*
( )
:
ln C t
VCp
hA
Ta T +

T&e )ondar$ conditions are tC; T C Ti
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
( ) Ta Ti C ln
:
S) C
:
in t&e a)o=e e/ation
( ) ( ) Ta Ti t
VCp
hA
Ta T + ln ln

1
]
1

t
VCp
hA
Ta Ti
Ta T

e"*
1. De#ine heat tran#er.
Heat trans!er can )e de!ined as t&e transmission o! energ$ !rom one region
to anot&er de to tem*eratre di!!erence(
/. Chat are the "ode o# heat tran#er!
:( Condction(
0( Con=ection(
1( Radiation
0. Chat i conduction!
Heat condction is a mec&anism o! &eat trans!er !rom a region o! &ig&
tem*eratre to a region o! lo' tem*eratre 'it& in a medim ?solid# li/id
or gasesA or di!!erent medim in directl$ *&$sical contact( In condction#
energ$ e"c&ange ta<es *lace )$ t&e <inematic motion or direct im*act o!
molecles( Pre condction is !ond onl$ in solids(
3. De#ine Convection.
Con=ection is a *rocess o! &eat trans!er t&at 'ill occr )et'een a solid
sr!ace and a !lid medim '&en t&e$ are at di!!erent tem*eratres(
Con=ection is *ossi)le onl$ in t&e *resence o! !lid medim(
4. De#ine Radiation.
T&e &eat trans!er !rom one )od$ to anot&er 'it&ot an$ transmitting medim
is <no'n as radiation( It is an electromagnetic 'a=e *&enomenon(
5. State FourierE la% o# conduction.
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
T&e rate o! &eat condction is *ro*ortional to t&e area measred normal to
t&e direction o! &eat !lo' and to t&e tem*eratre gradient in t&at direction(
dx
dT
A Q
dx
dT
A K Q
>&ere# A I Area in m
0
m K gradient e Temperatur
dx
dT
G #
J I T&ermal condcti=it$# >Gm<
8. De#ine Ther"al conductivit,.
T&ermal condcti=it$ is de!ined as t&e a)ilit$ o! a s)stance to condct &eat(
9. Crite do%n the three di"enional heat conduction equation in
Carteian co'ordinate ,te".
T&e general t&ree dimensional &eat condction e/ations in Cartesian coD
ordinate is

T
K
q
z
T
y
T
x
T :
0
0
0
0
0
0
>&ere# / C &eat generation# >Gm
0
K I T&ermal di!!si=it$# m
0
Gs
:. Crite do%n the three di"enional heat conduction equation in
c,lindrical co'ordinate ,te".
T&e general t&ree dimensional &eat condction e/ations in c$lindrical coD
ordinate is

T
K
q
z
T T
r r
T
r r
T : : :
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
1<. >it do%n the three t,;e o# Aoundar, condition.
:( Prescri)ed tem*eratre
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
0( Prescri)ed &eat !l"
1( Con=ection )ondar$ conditions
11. Crite do%n the equation #or conduction o# heat through a laA or
;lane %all
R
T
Q Transer Heat
o!era""

>&ere# LT C T
:
DT
0
s"ab o ce resis Therma"
KA
#
R tan
1/. E*;lain aAout Fourier equation.
T&is +orier e/ation is sed to !ind ot t&e condction &eat trans!er(
According to t&is e/ation# &eat trans!er is directl$ *ro*ortional to sr!ace
area and tem*eratre gradient( It is indirectl$ *ro*ortional to t&e t&ic<ness o!
t&e sla)(
#
T A K
Q
#
T A
Q

10. E*;lain aAout =oionF equation.

>&en t&e tem*eratre is not =ar$ing 'it& res*ect to time# t&en t&e
condction is called as stead$ state condction(
;

T
13. E*;lain aAout >a;lace equation.
>&en t&e condction is stead$ state condction# and t&ere is no &eat
generation# t&e general e/ation )ecomes#
;
0
0
0
0
0 0
0

z
T
y
T
x
T
14. Chat i critical radiu o# inulation!
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
Critical radis ?r
c
AE it is de!ined as oter radis o! inslation !or '&ic& t&e
&eat trans!er rate is ma"imm(
Critical t&ic<nessE it is de!ined as t&e t&ic<ness o! inslation !or '&ic& t&e
&eat trans!er rate is ma"imm(
15. E*;lain variation in ther"al conductivit, %ith te";erature.
T&e t&ermal condcti=it$ =ar$ 'it& tem*eratre according to relation
( ) T k k
o
+ :
>&ere <
o
C t&ermal condcti=it$ at ;
o
c
MC tem*eratre coD e!!icient o! t&ermal condcti=it$(
18. Chat are the #actor a##ect ther"al conductivit,!
:( Material strctre( 0( Moistre content( 1( Densit$ o! material( 4( Pressre
and tem*eratre(
19. Chat i u;er inulation and give it a;;lication.
S*er inslation is a *rocess '&ic& is sed to <ee* t&e cr$ogenic li/ids at
=er$ lo' tem*eratre( T&e s*er inslation consists o! mlti*le la$ers o!
&ig&l$ re!lecti=e material se*arated )$ inslating s*acers( T&e entire s$stem
is e=acated to minimi%e air condction(
1:. Chere do ,ou ue HeilerF chart.
HeislerNs c&arts are sed to sol=e *ro)lems I Transient &eat condction in
solids 'it& !inite condction and con=ecti=e resistances( i(e ; O B
i
O :;;(
/<. ?ive o"e e*a";le o# heat generation a;;lication in heat
conduction.
:( +el rod I nclear reactor( 0( Electrical condctor( 1( C&emical and
com)stion *rocess( 4( Dr$ing and setting o! concrete(
/1. State Ne%tonF la% o# cooling or convection la%.
Heat trans!er )$ con=ection is gi=en )$ Ne'tonNs la' o! cooling
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
( )

T T hA Q
$

//. Crite do%n the equation #or heat tran#er through a co";oite
;lane %all.
R
T
Q Transer Heat
o!era""

b a
T T T %here
A h A k
#
A k
#
A k
#
A h
R
b a
: :
1
1
0
0
:
:
+ + + +
L D T&ic<ness o! sla)
A D Area
&
a
D Heat trans!er coe!!icient at inner diameter
&
)
D Heat trans!er coe!!icient at oter side(
/0.Crite do%n the equation #or heat tran#er through co";oite ;i;e
or c,linder.
R
T
Q Transer Heat
o!era""

b a
T T T %here
1 0
0
1
:
:
0
:
:
ln ln
:
0
:
r h k
r
r
k
r
r
r h #
R
b a
+

,
_

,
_

/3. Crite do%n one di"enionalD tead, tate conduction equation

%ithout internal heat generation.
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
;
0
0

x
T
/4. Crite do%n tead, tateD t%o di"enional conduction equation
%ithout heat generation.
;
0
0
0
0

y
T
x
T
/5. Crite do%n the general equation #or one di"enional tead, tate
heat tran#er in laA or ;lane %all %ithout heat generation
t
T
z
T
y
T
x
T

:
0
0
0
0
0
0
/8. De#ine overall heat tran#er co'e##icient.
T&e o=erall &eat trans!er is de!ined as amont o! transmitted *er nit area
*er nit time *er degree tem*eratre di!!erence )et'een t&e )l< !lids on
eac& side o! t&e metal( it is denoted )$ PUP(
Heat trans!er# H C UA LT(
/9. De#ine #in or E*tended ur#ace.
It is *ossi)le to increase t&e &eat trans!er rate )$ increasing t&e sr!ace o!
&eat trans!er( T&e sr!aces sed !or increasing &eat trans!er are called
e"tended sr!aces or sometimes <no'n as !ins(
/:. State the a;;lication o# #in.
T&e main a**lications o! !ins are
:( Cooling o! electronic com*onents
0( Cooling o! motor c$cle engines(
1( Cooling o! trans!ormers(
4( Cooling o! small ca*acit$ com*ressors(
0<. De#ine Fin e##icienc,.
T&e e!!icienc$ o! a !in is de!ined as t&e ratio o! actal &eat trans!erred to t&e
ma"imm *ossi)le &eat trans!erred )$ t&e !in
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
ma"
Q
Q
in
in

01. De#ine Fin e##ectivene.
+in e!!ecti=eness is t&e ratio o! &eat trans!er 'it& !in to t&at 'it&ot !in
&ithout
in &ith
Q
Q
ess eecti!en 'in
0/. Chat i "eant A, tead, tale heat conduction!
I! t&e tem*eratre o! a )od$ does not =ar$ 'it& time# it is said to )e in a
stead$ state and t&at t$*e o! condction is <no'n as stead$ state &eat
condction(
00. Chat i "eant A, Tranient heat conduction or untead, tate
conduction!
I! t&e tem*eratre o! a )od$ =aries 'it& time# it is said to )e in a transient
state and t&at t$*e o! condction is <no'n as transient &eat condction or
nstead$ state condction(
03. Chat i =eriodic heat #lo%!
In *eriodic &eat !lo'# t&e tem*eratre =aries on a reglar )asis(
E"am*leE
:( C$linder o! an IC engine(
0( Sr!ace o! eart& dring a *eriod o! 04 &ors(
15( >&at is non *eriodic &eat !lo'Q
In non *eriodic &eat !lo'# t&e tem*eratre at an$ *oint 'it&in t&e s$stem
=aries non linearl$ 'it& time(
E"am*lesE
:( Heating o! an ingot in a !rnace(
0( Cooling o! )ars(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
05. Chat i "eant A, Ne%tonian heating or cooling ;roce!
T&e *rocess in '&ic& t&e internal resistance is assmed as negligi)le in
com*arison 'it& its sr!ace resistance is <no'n as Ne'tonian &eating or
cooling *rocess(
08. Chat i "eant A, >u";ed heat anal,i!
In a Ne'tonian &eating or cooling *rocess t&e tem*eratre t&rog&ot t&e
solid is considered to )e ni!orm at a gi=en time( Sc& an anal$sis is called
Lm*ed &eat ca*acit$ anal$sis(
09. Chat i "eant A, Se"i'in#inite olid!
In a semi in!inite solid# at an$ instant o! time# t&ere is al'a$s a *oint '&ere
t&e e!!ect o! &eating or cooling at one o! its )ondaries is not !elt at all( At
t&is *oint t&e tem*eratre remains nc&anged( In semi in!inite solids# t&e
)iot nm)er =ale is R(
0:. Chat i "eant A, in#inite olid!
A solid '&ic& e"tends itsel! in!initel$ in all directions o! s*ace is <no'n as
in!inite solid( In in!inite solids# t&e )iot nm)er =ale is in )et'een ;(: and
:;;(
( :;; : ( ; < <
i
(
3<. De#ine Giot nu"Aer.
It is de!ined as t&e ratio o! internal condcti=e resistance to t&e sr!ace
con=ecti=e resistance(
ce resis con!ecti!e $urace
ce resis conducti!e Interna"
(
i
tan
tan

k
h#
(
c
i

31. Chat i the igni#icance o# Giot Nu"Aer!
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
Biot nm)er is sed to !ind Lm*ed &eat anal$sis# Semi in!inite solids and
In!inite solids
3/. E*;lain the igni#icance o# Fourier nu"Aer.
It is de!ined as t&e ratio o! c&aracteristic )od$ dimension to tem*eratre
'a=e *enetration de*t& in time(
time in depth n penetratio &a!e e Temperatur
ension body stic Characteri
number 'ourier
dim

It signi!ies t&e degree o! *enetration o! &eating or cooling e!!ect o! a solid(

30. Chat are the #actor a##ecting the ther"al conductivit,!
:( Moistre( 0( Densit$ o! material( 1( Pressre( 4( Tem*eratre(
5( Strctre o! material(
33. E*;lain the igni#icance o# ther"al di##uivit,.
T&e *&$sical signi!icance o! t&ermal di!!si=it$ is t&at it tells s &o' !ast
&eat is *ro*agated or it di!!ses t&rog& a material dring c&anges o!
tem*eratre 'it& time(
=ROG>EBS FOR =RACTICE(
:( A )ric< 'all ?< C ;7>GmJA is ;(1m t&ic<( I! t&e tem*eratres o! t&e inner and
oter sr!ace are maintained at 5;C and 1;C res*ecti=el$( Calclate t&e &eat loss
t&rog& one s/are meter area( +ind also t&e tem*eratre at an interior *oint o!
t&e 'all 04cm distance !rom t&e oter 'all( 6An ( 35.58%H"
/
D 03C7
0( A steam *i*e 0;;mm OD is co=ered 'it& 05mm t&ic& la$er o! inslation material
'it& an a=erage t&ermal condcti=it$ o! ;(;8>GmJ( T&e tem*eratre o! t&e *i*e
sr!ace is 4;;C and t&at o! t&e oter sr!ace o! inslation is 5;C( +ind t&e loss o!
&eat !rom a lengt& o! :;m o! t&e *i*e line( 6An( 8.99+C7
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
1( Com*te t&e &eat loss *er s/are meter o! t&e sr!ace area o! !rnace 'all 05cm
t&ic<( T&e inner and oter sr!ace tem*eratres are 4;;C and 4;C res*ecti=el$(
T&e =ariation o! t&e t&ermal condcti=it$ in >GmJ 'it& tem*eratre in C is gi=en
)$ t&e !ollo'ing e/ationE < C ;(;;0T D :;
D6
T
0
6An( 484 CH "
/
7
4( T&e tem*eratre distri)tion in a long c$lindrical t)e at a certain instant is gi=en
)$ TC 8;; S :;;;r I 5;;;r
0
( +ind ?:A T&e rate o! &eat !lo' at t&e inside and
otside sr!ace *er m lengt&( ?0A T&e rate o! &eat storage *er m lengt&( ?1A T&e
rate o! c&ange o! tem*eratre 'it& time at t&e inner and oter sr!aces( Ta<e t&e
!ollo'ing data ID C 6;cm# OD C :m# < C 58 >GmJ# T C ;(;;4m
0
G&(
6An( /1:+CD 80<+CD '411+CD '8/CHh7
5( An alminim s*&ere 'eig&ing 7<g and initiall$ at a tem*eratre o! 06;C is
sddenl$ immersed in a !lid at :;C( I! & C 5;>Gm
0
J# com*te t&e time re/ired
to cool t&e s*&ere to 9;C(
1
G 07;7 m kg # c C 9;;; UG<gJ# < C 0;4 >GmC(
?AnsE :58;secA
UNIT II
CONBECTION HEAT TRANS+ER
Con=ection is t&e mode o! &eat trans!er )et'een a sr!ace and a !lid mo=ing
o=er it( T&e energ$ trans!er in con=ection is *redominatel$ de to t&e )l< motion o! t&e
!lid *articlesV t&rog& t&e moleclar condction 'it&in t&e !lid itsel! also contri)tes to
some e"tent( I! t&is motion is mainl$ de to t&e densit$ =ariations associated 'it&
tem*eratre gradients 'it&in t&e !lid# t&e mode o! &eat trans!er is said to )e de to #ree
or natural convection( On t&e ot&er &and i! t&is !lid motion is *rinci*all$ *rodced )$
some s*erim*osed =elocit$ !ield li<e !an or )lo'er# t&e energ$ trans*ort is said to )e
de to #orced convection(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
Convection Goundar, >a,er(
Ielocit, Goundar, >a,erE Consider t&e !lo' o! !lid o=er a !lat *late as s&o'n
in t&e !igre( T&e !lid a**roac&es t&e *late in " direction 'it& ni!orm =elocit$
R
( T&e
!lid *articles in t&e !lid la$er adWacent to t&e sr!ace get %ero =elocit$( T&is motionless
la$er acts to retart t&e motion o! *articles in t&e adWoining !lid la$er as a reslt o! !riction
)et'een t&e *articles o! t&ese t'o adWoining !lid la$ers at t'o di!!erent =elocities( T&is
!lid la$er t&en acts to retart t&e motion o! *articles o! ne"t !lid la$er and so on# ntil a
distance
$ C !rom t&e sr!ace reac&es# '&ere t&ese e!!ects )ecome negligi)le and t&e !lid
=elocit$ reac&es t&e !ree stream =elocit$
R(
as a reslt o! !rictional e!!ects )et'een t&e
!lid la$ers# t&e local !lid =elocit$ 'ill =ar$ !rom " C;# $ C ; to $ C (
T&e region o! t&e !lo' o=er t&e sr!ace )onded )$ in '&ic& t&e e!!ects o! =iscos
s&earing !orces cased )$ !lid =iscosit$ are o)ser=ed# is called =elocit$ )ondar$ la$er
or &$dro d$namic )ondar$ la$er( T&e t&ic<ness o! )ondar$ la$er is generall$
de!ined as a distance !rom t&e sr!ace at '&ic& local =elocit$ C ;(99 o! !ree stream
=elocit$
R(
T&e retardation o! !lid motion in t&e )ondar$ la$er is de to t&e s&ear
stresses acting in o**osite direction 'it& increasing t&e distance $ !rom t&e sr!ace s&ear
stress decreases# t&e local =elocit$ increases ntil a**roac&es
R
( >it& increasing t&e
distance !rom t&e leading edge# t&e e!!ect o! =iscosit$ *enetrates !rt&er into t&e !ree
stream and )ondar$ la$er t&ic<ness gro's(
Ther"al Aoundar, >a,er( I! t&e !lid !lo'ing on a sr!ace &as a di!!erent
tem*eratre t&an t&e sr!ace# t&e t&ermal )ondar$ la$er de=elo*ed is similar to t&e
=elocit$ )ondar$ la$er( Consider a !lid at a tem*eratre T
R
!lo's o=er a sr!ace at a
constant tem*eratre Ts( T&e !lid *articles in adWacent la$er to t&e *late get t&e same
tem*eratre t&at o! sr!ace( T&e *articles e"c&ange &eat energ$ 'it& *articles in
adWoining !lid la$ers and so on( As a reslt# t&e tem*eratre gradients are de=elo*ed in
t&e !lid la$ers and a tem*eratre *ro!ile is de=elo*ed in t&e !lid !lo'# '&ic& ranges
!rom Ts at t&e sr!ace to !lid tem*eratre T
R
s!!icientl$ !ar !rom t&e sr!ace in $
direction(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
T&e !lo' region o=er t&e sr!ace in '&ic& t&e tem*eratre =ariation in t&e direction#
normal to sr!ace is o)ser=ed is called t&ermal )ondar$ la$er( T&e t&ic<ness o! t&ermal
)ondar$ la$er
t&
at an$ location along t&e lengt& o! !lo' is de!ined as a distance $
!rom t&e sr!ace at '&ic& t&e tem*eratre di!!erence ?TDTsA

e/al ;(99 o!
?TR D TsA( >it& increasing t&e distance !rom leading edge t&e e!!ect o! &eat trans!er
*enetrates !rt&er into t&e !ree stream and t&e t&ermal )ondar$ la$er gro's as s&o'n in
t&e !igre( T&e con=ection &eat trans!er rate an$ '&ere along t&e sr!ace is directl$
related to t&e tem*eratre gradient at t&at location( T&ere!ore# t&e s&a*e o! t&e
tem*eratre *ro!ile in t&e t&ermal )ondar$ la$er leads to t&e local con=ection &eat
trans!er )et'een sr!ace and !lo'ing !lid(
Develo;"ent o# velocit, Aoundar, la,er on a #lat ;late(
It is most essential to distingis& )et'een laminar and tr)lent )ondar$ la$ers(
Initiall$# t&e )ondar$ la$er de=elo*ment is laminar as s&o'n in !igre !or t&e !lo' o=er
a !lat *late( De*ending *on t&e !lo' !ield and !lid *ro*erties# at some critical distance
!rom t&e leading edge small distr)ances in t&e !lo' )egin to get am*li!ied# a transition
*rocess ta<es *lace and t&e !lo' )ecomes tr)lent( In laminar )ondar$ la$er# t&e !lid
motion is &ig&l$ ordered '&ereas t&e motion in t&e tr)lent )ondar$ la$er is &ig&l$
irreglar 'it& t&e !lid mo=ing to and !rom in all directions( De to !lid mi"ing reslting
!rom t&ese macrosco*ic motions# t&e tr)lent )ondar$ la$er is t&ic<er and t&e =elocit$
*ro!ile in tr)lent )ondar$ la$er is !latter t&an t&at in laminar !lo'(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
T&e critical distance "
c
)e$ond '&ic& t&e !lo' cannot retain its laminar c&aracter
is sall$ s*eci!ied in term o! critical Re$nolds nm)er Re( De*ending *on sr!ace and
tr)lence le=el o! !ree stream t&e critical Re$nolds nm)er =aries )et'een :;
5
and 1 ,
:;
6
(
In t&e tr)lent )ondar$ la$er# as seen t&ree distinct regimes e"ist( A laminar s)D
la$er# e"isting ne"t to t&e 'all# &as a nearl$ linear =elocit$ *ro!ile( T&e con=ecti=e
trans*ort in t&is la$er is mainl$ moleclar( In t&e )!!er la$er adWacent to t&e s)Dla$er#
t&e tr)lent mi"ing and di!!sion e!!ects are com*ara)le( T&en t&ere is t&e tr)lent
core 'it& large scale tr)lence(
1. Chat i di"enional anal,i!
Dimensional anal$sis is a mat&ematical met&od '&ic& ma<es se o! t&e std$ o! t&e
dimensions !or sol=ing se=eral engineering *ro)lems( T&is met&od can )e a**lied to all
t$*es o! !lid resistances# &eat !lo' *ro)lems in !lid mec&anics and t&ermod$namics(
/. State Guc+ingha" J theore".
Bc<ing&am X t&eorem states as !ollo'sE YI! t&ere are n =aria)les in a dimensionall$
&omogeneos e/ation and i! t&ese contain m !ndamental dimensions# t&en t&e =aria)les
are arranged into ?n D mA dimensionless terms( T&ese dimensionless terms are called X
terms(
0. Chat are all the advantage o# di"enional anal,i!
:( It e"*resses t&e !nctional relations&i* )et'een t&e =aria)les in dimensional terms(
0( It ena)les getting * a t&eoretical soltion in a sim*li!ied dimensionless !orm(
1( T&e reslts o! one series o! tests can )e a**lied to a large nm)er o! ot&er similar
*ro)lems 'it& t&e &el* o! dimensional anal$sis(
3. Chat are all the li"itation o# di"eniona1 anal,i!
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
:( T&e com*lete in!ormation is not *ro=ided )$ dimensional anal$sis( It onl$ indicates
t&at t&ere is some relations&i* )et'een t&e *arameters(
0( No in!ormation is gi=en a)ot t&e internal mec&anism o! *&$sical *&enomenon(
1( Dimensional anal$sis does not gi=e an$ cle regarding t&e selection o! =aria)les(
4. De#ine Re,nold nu"Aer 6Re7.
It is de!ined as t&e ratio o! inertia !orce to =iscos !orce(
orce Viscus
orce Inertia
R
e

5. De#ine =randtl nu"Aer 6=r7.
It is t&e ratio o! t&e momentm di!!si=it$ to t&e t&ermal di!!si=it$(
y diusi!it Therma"
y diusi!it )omentum
Pr
8. De#ine Nuelt Nu"Aer 6Nu7.
It is de!ined as t&e ratio o! t&e &eat !lo' )$ con=ection *rocess nder a nit tem*eratre
gradient to t&e &eat !lo' rate )$ condction nder a nit tem*eratre gradient t&rog& a
stationar$ t&ic<ness ?LA o! metre(
( )
conc
con
q
q
*u *umber *usse"t
9. De#ine ?raho# nu"Aer 6?r7.
It is de!ined as t&e ratio o! *rodct o! inertia !orce and )o$anc$ !orce to t&e s/are o!
=iscos !orce(
( )
0
orce Viscus
orce (uoyancy orce Inertia
+r

:. De#ine Stanton nu"Aer 6St7.

It is t&e ratio o! Nsselt nm)er to t&e *rodct o! Re$nolds nm)er and Prandtl nm)er(
Pr Re

*u
$t
1<. Chat i "eant A, Ne%tonian and non'Ne%tonian #luid!
T&e !lids '&ic& o)e$ t&e Ne'tonPs la' o! =iscosit$ are called Ne'tonian !lids and
t&ose '&ic& do not o)e$ are called non Ne'tonian !lids(
11. Chat i "eant A, la"inar #lo% and turAulent #lo%!
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
Laminar !lo'E Laminar !lo' is sometimes called stream line !lo'( In t&is t$*e o! !lo'#
t&e !lid mo=es in la$ers and eac& !lid *article !ollo's a smoot& continos *at&( T&e
!lid *articles in eac& la$er remain in an orderl$ se/ence 'it&ot mi"ing 'it& eac&
ot&er(
Tr)lent !lo'E In addition to t&e laminar t$*e o! !lo'# a distinct irreglar !lo' is
!re/entl$ o)ser=ed in natre( T&is t$*e o! !lo' is called tr)lent !lo'( T&e *at& o! an$
indi=idal *article is %ig%ag and irreglar( +ig( s&o's t&e instantaneos =elocit$ in
laminar and tr)lent !lo'(
1/. Chat i h,drod,na"ic Aoundar, la,er!
In &$drod$namic )ondar$ la$er# =elocit$ o! t&e !lid is less t&an 99Z o! !ree stream
=elocit$(
10. Chat i ther"al Aoundar, la,er!
In t&ermal )ondar$ la$er# tem*eratre o! t&e !lid is less t&an 99Z o! !ree stream
tem*eratre(
13. De#ine convection.
Con=ection is a *rocess o! &eat trans!er t&at 'ill occr )et'een a solid sr!ace and a !lid
medim '&en t&e$ are at di!!erent tem*eratres(
14. State Ne%tonF la% o# convection.
Heat trans!er !rom t&e mo=ing !lid to solid sr!ace is gi=en )$ t&e e/ation
( ) T T hA Q
%

15. Chat i "eant A, #ree or natural convection!
I! t&e !lid motion is *rodced de to c&ange in densit$ reslting !rom tem*eratre
gradients# t&e mode o! &eat trans!er is said to )e !ree or natral con=ection(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
18. Chat i #orced convection!
I! t&e !lid motion is arti!iciall$ created )$ means o! an e"ternal !orce li<e a )lo'er or
!an# t&at t$*e o! &eat trans!er is <no'n as !orced con=ection(
19. According to Ne%tonE la% o# cooling the a"ount o# heat tran#er #ro" a olid
ur#ace o# area AD at a te";erature TD to a #luid at a te";erature TD i given
A,'''''''''
( ) T T hA Q
%

1:. Chat are the di"enionle ;ara"eter ued in #orced convection!
:( Re$nolds nm)er ?ReA(0( Nsselt nm)er ?NA(1( Prandtl nm)er ?PrA(
/<. De#ine Aoundar, la,er thic+ne.
T&e t&ic<ness o! t&e )ondar$ la$er &as )een de!ined as t&e distance !rom t&e sr!ace at
'&ic& t&e local =elocit$ or tem*eratre reac&es 99Z o! t&e e"ternal =elocit$ or
tem*eratre(
/1. Indicate the conce;t or igni#icance o# Aoundar, la,er.
In t&e )ondar$ la$er conce*t t&e !lo' !ield o=er a )od$ is di=ided into t'o regionsE
:( A t&in region near t&e )od$ called t&e )ondar$ la$er '&ere t&e =elocit$ and t&e
tem*eratre gradients are large(
0( T&e region otside t&e )ondar$ la$er '&ere t&e =elocit$ and t&e tem*eratre gradients
are =er$ nearl$ e/al to t&eir !ree stream =ales(
//. S+etch the Aoundar, develo;"ent o# a #lo%.
/0. De#ine di;lace"ent thic+ne.
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
T&e dis*lacement t&ic<ness is t&e distance# measred *er*endiclar to t&e )ondar$# )$
'&ic& t&e !ree stream is dis*laced on accont o! !ormation o! )ondar$ la$er(
/3. De#ine "o"entu" thic+ne.
T&e momentm t&ic<ness is de!ined as t&e distance t&rog& '&ic& t&e total loss o!
momentm *er second is e/al to i! it 'ere *assing a stationar$ *late(
/4. De#ine energ, thic+ne.
T&e energ$ t&ic<ness can )e de!ined as t&e distance# measred *er*endiclar to t&e
)ondar$ o! t&e solid )od$# )$ '&ic& t&e )ondar$ s&old )e dis*laced to com*ensate
!or t&e redction in <inetic energ$ o! t&e !lo'ing !lid on accont o! )ondar$ la$er
!ormation(
:( A =er$ long : cm diameter co**er rod ?<C177 >GmJA is e"*osed to an
en=ironment at 00C( T&e )ase tem*eratre o! t&e rod is maintained at :5;C( T&e
&eat trans!er coe!!icient )et'een t&e rod and t&e srronding air is :: >Gm
0
J(
Estimate t&e &eat trans!er rate !rom t&e rod to t&e srronding air(
0( Com*are t&e tem*eratre distri)tion in a !in &a=ing a diameter o! 0cm and
lengt& :;cm and e"*osed to an con=ection en=ironment 'it& &C 05>Gm
0
J !or
t&ree materials Co**er ?<C185>GmJA# Stainless steel ?<C :7>GmJA and Glass
?<C ;(8>GmJA( Also com*are t&e relati=e &eat !lo's and !in e!!iciencies 'it&
res*ect to t&e co**er !in(
1( A Co**er 'ire ;(8mm diameter at :5;C is sddenl$ di**ed into 'ater at 15C( I!
&C 85(5>Gm
0
J# estimate t&e time re/ired to cool t&e 'ire to 95C( I! t&e same
'ire 'ere *laced in air instead o! 'ater '&at 'old &a=e )een t&e time re/ired
to cool it to 95C &
air
C::(65>Gm
0
J( +or Co**er C 07;7 JgGm
1
# cC9;;;WGJgJ#
<C0;4 >GmC
4( A sla) o! alminm 5cm t&ic< initiall$ at 0;;C is sddenl$ immersed in a li/id
at 7;C !or '&ic& t&e con=ecti=e &eat trans!er coe!!icient is 505 >Gm
0
J(
Determine t&e tem*eratre at t&e de*t& o! :0(5mm !rom one o! t&e !aces : min
a!ter immersion( Also calclate t&e energ$ remo=ed *er nit area !rom t&e *late
dring : min o! immersion( Ta<e C 07;;JgGm1# cC ;9 JWGJgJ# <C 0:5
>GmJ# C 8(4" :;D5 m0Gs(
5( Air !lo's o=er a t&in *late 'it& a =elocit$ o! 0(5mGs( T&e 'idt& o! t&e *late is :m
and its lengt& is also :m( Calclate t&e )ondar$ la$er t&ic<ness at t&e end o! t&e
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
*late and t&e !orce necessar$ to &old t&e *late in t&e stream o! air( T&e *ro*erties
o! air are C :(:0JgGm
1
# C ;(86 " :;
D5
NsGm
0
(
6( Air at 0;C and : atm !lo's o=er a !lat *late at 15mGs( T&e *late is 75cm long and
is maintained at 6;C( calclate t&e &eat trans!er !rom t&e *late *er nit 'idt& o!
t&e *late( Also calclate t&e tr)lent )ondar$ la$er t&ic<ness at t&e end o! t&e
*late assming it to de=elo* !rom t&e leading edge o! t&e *late( T&e *&$sical
*ro*erties o! air at 4;C are Pr C ;(7# <C;(;0701 >GmJ# C* C :;;7 WGJgC(
7( Air at a tem*eratre o! 06(0C !lo's o=er a &eated c$linder o! :0(7mm diameter
and 94mm lengt& at a =elocit$ o! :;mGs( i! t&e sr!ace o! t&e c$linder is
maintained at :08(4C( Calclate t&e con=ecti=e &eat trans!er coe!!icient(
8( A Co**er s*&ere :;mm diameter initiall$ at a ni!orm tem*eratre o! 75C is
sddenl$ s)Wected to an air stream at 01C &a=ing a =elocit$ o! :;mGs( It
*rodces 4;>( Estimate t&e &eat trans!er coe!!icient and com*te t&e *ercentage
o! *o'er lost de to con=ection(
9( In a *ressri%ed 'ater s*ace &eater# &eated 'ater is *assed t&rog& a staggered
t)e arrangement !or '&ic& t&e t)e otside diameter is :6(4mm and S
L
C
14(1mm and S
T
C 1:(1mm( T&ere are 7 ro's o! t)es in t&e air !lo' direction( I!
t&e *stream tem*eratre and =elocit$ o! air are :5C and 6mGs res*ecti=el$ and
t&e t)e sr!ace tem*eratre is 7;C# Determine t&e air side con=ection coe!!icient
and e"it tem*eratre o! air(
:;( An instant 'ater &eater consists o! a 4 mm I( D( T)e t&rog& '&ic& 'ater !lo's
at t&e rate o! 1(6 <gG& at a tem*eratre o! 05[C( A nic&rome &eating element
'ond o=er t&e t)e *ro=ides a constant &eat !l" o! 0;; > *er metre lengt& into
t&e 'ater( +ind t&e lengt& o! t&e t)e to raise t&e tem*eratre to 75[C and also t&e
ma"imm tem*eratre at t&e e"it(
::( Et&$lene gl$col enters a 5 m lengt& o! :;; mm diameter co**er t)e in a cooling
s$stem at a =elocit$ o! 5 m"s, Estimate t&e &eat trans!er rate i! t&e a=erage )l<
tem*eratre is 0;[C and t&e t)e 'all is maintained at :;;[C( T&e *ro*erties o!
Et&$lene gl$col at 0;[C are C:(90"l;
D5
m
0
Gs# k./,0123%4m,K5 6r C 0;4
:0( Hot air at :;1[C !lo's t&rog& a dct o! :5 cm diameter 'it& a mass !lo' rate o!
;(;5 <gGs( T&e tem*eratre o! air at a distance o! 5 m !rom entr$ &as )een
measred to )e 77[C( T&e dct is losing &eat at O[C 'it& a &eat trans!er
coe!!icient o! 6 >Gm0J( Neglecting t&e dct 'all resistance calclate t&e &eat
loss !rom t&e dct o=er t&e 5 m lengt&( Also estimate t&e &eat !l" and t&e sr!ace
tem*eratre at x.7 m(
:1( In a do)le *i*eD&eat e"c&anger steam !lo's t&rog& t&e inner *i*e and t&e air
t&rog& t&e annlar s*ace( T&e oter diameter o! t&e inner *i*e is 05 cm and t&e
inner diameter o! t&e oter *i*e '&ic& is inslated is 18 cm( T&e air !lo's 'it& a
=elocit$ o! 6 mGs at an a=erage tem*eratre o! 4;[C( I! t&e steam is condensing at
:6;[C on t&e inner sr!ace o! t&e inner t)e# estimate t&e &eat trans!er coe!!icient
on t&e air side(
:4( A =ertical *late ;(05m &ig& is maintained at a tem*eratre o! 7;C in a still
atmos*&ere o! air at 05C( Com*te t&e )ondar$ la$er t&ic<ness and t&e a=erage
&eat trans!er coe!!icient at t&e trailing edge o! t&e *late( I! t&is *late 'ere *laced
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
in a air stream !lo'ing 'it& a =elocit$ o! 5mGs o=er t&e *late( Com*te t&e
)ondar$ la$er t&ic<ness and t&e a=erage &eat trans!er coe!!icient at t&e trailing
edge o! t&e *late(
:5( An nDinslated dct o! 'idt& ;(75m and &eig&t ;(1m is e"*osed to air at :5C on
its oter sr!ace( I! t&e sr!ace tem*eratre o! t&e dct is maintained at 45C#
com*te t&e loss o! &eat !rom t&e dct *er meter lengt&(
:6( A c$lindrical &eating element 05(4mm diameter and 457;mm long is inserted
=erticall$ into t&e tan< o! 'ater at 0:(:C( T&e sr!ace o! t&e &eating element is
maintained at a ni!orm tem*eratre o! 54(4C( Calclate t&e mean &eat trans!er
coe!!icient and t&e rate o! &eat loss )$ t&e !ree con=ection !rom t&e entire sr!ace
o! t&e element to t&e 'ater(
:7( A steam *i*e o! :;;mm oter diameter is *laced &ori%ontall$ in a room at 01C(
T&e otside sr!ace tem*eratre o! t&e *i*e is :65C and its emissi=it$ is ;(85(
Determine t&e rate o! &eat loss *er nit lengt& o! t&e *i*e(
:8( :;;; <g o! c&eese at :5[C is *m*ed t&rog& a t)e o! 75 mm diameter (T&e
tem*eratre o! t&e t)e is maintained at 9;[C and t&e lengt& o! t&e t)e is :0;
cm( Calclate t&e &eat trans!er coe!!icient sing HasenPscorrelation( Also !ind t&e
mean tem*eratre o! c&eese lea=ing t&e &eated section( T&e *ro*erties o! c&eese
are C ::;; JgGm
1
# C 04 JgG ms# C* C 085; UGJg J# < C ;(41 >GmJ(
:9( >ater !lo's t&rog& a t)e o! 00 mm diameter 'it& a =elocit$ o! 0 mGs# Steam at
:5;[C is )eing condensed ;:: t&e oter sr!ace o! t&e t)e t&ere)$ raising
tem*eratre o! 'ater !lo'ing inside t&e t)e !rom :5[C to 6;[C( +ind t&e &eat
trans!er coe!!icient and t&e lengt& o! t&e t)e re/ired to meet t&e a)o=e
re/irement o! &eat( T&e resistances o! t)e and !ilm ma$ )e neglected(
0;( >ater !lo's in a 5; mm diameter t)e 1 m long at an a=erage tem*eratre #o!
1;[C( T&e t)e 'all tem*eratre is maintained at 7;[C and t&e !lo' =elocit$ is
;(8 m"s, Estimate t&e &eat trans!er coe!!icient sing t&e DittsDBoelter correlation#
0:( A &ori%ontal steam *i*e o! ;(:m diameter is *laced &ori%ontall$ in a room at
0;[C( T&e otside sr!ace tem*eratre is 8;[C and t&e emissi=it$ o! t&e *i*e
material is ;(91( Estimate t&e total &eat loss !rom t&e *i*e *er metre lengt& de to
!ree con=ection and radiation(
00( One sr!ace o! a *anel 0m , 0m is inslated and t&e ot&er sr!ace is <e*t at a
ni!orm tem*eratre o! 95[C( Calclate t&e mean &eat trans!er coe!!icient de to
!ree con=ection )et'een t&e &eated sr!ace o! t&e *anel and t&e atmos*&eric air at
:;[C '&en
Heated sr!ace is =ertical
Panel is &ori%ontal 'it& &ot sr!ace !acing *
Panel is &ori%ontal 'it& &ot sr!ace !acing do'n(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
UNIT III
GOI>IN? AND CONDENSATION
Goiling Heat Tran#er =heno"ena
Boiling is a con=ection *rocess in=ol=ing a c&ange in *&ase !rom li/id to =a*or(
Boiling ma$ occr '&en a li/id is in contact 'it& a sr!ace maintained at a tem*eratre
&ig&er t&an t&e satration tem*eratre o! t&e li/id( I! &eat is added to a li/id !rom a
s)merged solid sr!ace# t&e )oiling *rocess is re!erred to as pool boiling( In t&is *rocess
t&e =a*or *rodced ma$ !orm )))les# '&ic& gro' and s)se/entl$ detac& t&emsel=es
!rom t&e sr!ace# rising to t&e !ree sr!ace de to )o$anc$ e!!ects( A common e"am*le
o! *ool )oiling is t&e )oiling o! 'ater in a =essel on a sto=e( In contrast# flow boiling or
forced convection boiling occrs in a !lo'ing stream and t&e )oiling sr!ace ma$ itsel!
)e a**ortion o! t&e !lo' *assage( T&is *&enomenon is generall$ associated 'it& t'o
*&ase !lo's t&rog& con!ined *assages(
A necessar$ condition !or t&e occrrence o! *ool )oiling is t&at t&e tem*eratre o!
t&e &eating sr!ace e"ceeds t&e satration tem*eratre o! t&e li/id( T&e t$*e o! )oiling is
determined )$ t&e tem*eratre o! t&e li/id( I! t&e tem*eratre o! t&e li/id is )elo' t&e
satration tem*eratre# t&e *rocess is called s) cooled or local )oiling( In local )oiling#
t&e )))les !ormed at t&e sr!ace e=entall$ condense in t&e li/id( I! t&e li/id is
maintained at satration tem*eratre# t&e *rocess is called satrated or )l< )oiling(
T&ere are =arios distinct regimes o! *ool )oiling in '&ic& t&e &eat trans!er
mec&anism di!!ers radicall$( T&e tem*eratre distri)tion in satrated *ool )oiling 'it& a
li/id =a*or inter!ace is s&o'n in t&e +igre:(
T&e di!!erent regimes o! )oiling are indicated in +igre 0( T&is s*eci!ic cr=e &as )een
o)tained !rom an electricall$ &eated *latinm 'ire s)merged in 'ater ) $ =ar$ing its
sr!ace tem*eratre and measring t&e sr!ace &eat !l" /
s
( T&e si" regimes o! +igre 0
'ill no' )e descri)ed )rie!l$(
In region I# called t&e free convection zone# t&e e"cess tem*eratre# LT is =er$
small and \ 5[C( Here t&e li/id near t&e sr!ace is s*er&eated slig&tl$# t&e con=ection
crrents circlate t&e li/id and e=a*oration ta<es *lace at t&e li/id sr!ace(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
Nucleate boiling e"ists in regions II and III( As t&e e"cess tem*eratre# LT is
increased# )))les )egin to !orm on t&e sr!ace o! t&e 'ire at certain locali%ed s*ots( T&e
)))les condense in t&e li/id 'it&ot reac&ing t&e li/id sr!ace( Region II is in !act t&e
)eginning o! ncleate )oiling( As t&e e"cess tem*erating is !rt&er increased )))les are
!ormed more ra*idl$ and rise to t&e sr!ace o! t&e li/id reslting in ra*id e=a*oration(
T&is is indicated in region III( Ncleate )oiling e"ists * to LT \ 5;[ C( T&e ma"imm
&eat !l"# <no'n as t&e critica" heat "ux5 occrs at *oint A and is o! t&e order o!
:M%4m0,
T&e trend o! increase o! &eat !l" 'it& increase in e"cess tem*eratre o)ser=ed *
to region III is re=ersed in region IB# called t&e film boiling region, T&is is de to t&e !act
t&at )))les no' !orm so ra*idl$ t&at t&e$ )lan<et t&e &eating sr!ace 'it& a =a*or !ilm
*re=enting t&e in!lo' o! !res& li/id !rom ta<ing t&eir *lace( No' t&e &eat mst )e
trans!erred t&rog& t&is =a*or !ilm ?)$ condctionA to t&e li/id to e!!ect an$ !rt&er
)oiling( Since t&e t&ermal condcti=it$ o! t&e =a*or !ilm is mc& less t&an t&at o! t&e
li/id# t&e =ale o! q, mst t&en decrease 'it& increase o! LT( In region IB t&e =a*or !ilm
is not sta)le and colla*ses and re!orms ra*idl$( >it& !rt&er increase in LT t&e =a*or !ilm
is sta)ili%ed and t&e &eating sr!ace is com*letel$ co=ered )$ a =a*or )lan<et and t&e
&eat !l" is t&e lo'est as s&o'n in region B( T&e sr!ace tem*eratres re/ired to
maintain a sta)le !ilm are &ig& and nder t&ese conditions a si%ea)le amont o! &eat is
lost )$ t&e sr!ace de to radiation# as indicated in region BI(
T&e *&enomenon o! sta)le !ilm )oiling can )e o)ser=ed '&en a dro* o! 'ater
!alls on a red &ot sto=e( T&e dro* does not e=a*orate immediatel$ )t dances a !e' times
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
on t&e sto=e( T&is is de to t&e !ormation o! a sta)le steam !ilm at t&e inter!ace )et'een
t&e &ot sr!ace and t&e li/id dro*let( +rom +ig(0 it is clear t&at &ig& &eat trans!er rates
are associated 'it& small =ales o! t&e e"cess tem*eratre in t&e ncleate )oiling regime(
T&e e/i*ment sed !or )oiling s&old )e designed to o*erate in t&is region onl$( T&e
critical &eat !l" *oint A in +ig(0 is also called t&e boi"ing crisis )ecase t&e )oiling
*rocess )e$ond t&at *oint is nsta)le nless o! corse# *oint ( is reac&ed( T&e
tem*eratre at *oint ( is e"tremel$ &ig& and normall$ a)o=e t&e melting *oint o! t&e
solid( So i! t&e &eating o! t&e metallic sr!ace is not limited to *oint A5 t&e metal ma$ )e
damaged or it ma$ e=en melt( T&at is '&$ t&e *ea< &eat !l" *oint is called t&e burnout
point and an accrate <no'ledge o! t&is *oint is =er$ im*ortant( Or aim s&old )e to
o*erate t&e e/i*ment close to t&is =ale )t ne=er )e$ond it(
Flo% Goiling(
+lo' or !orced con=ection )oiling ma$ occr '&en a li/id is !orced t&rog& a c&annel
or o=er a sr!ace '&ic& is maintained at a tem*eratre &ig&er t&an t&e satration
tem*eratre o! t&e li/id( T&ere are nmeros a**lications o! !lo' )oiling in t&e design
o! steam generators !or nclear *o'er *lants and s*ace *o'er *lants( T&e mec&anism and
&$dronamics o! !lo' )oiling are mc& more com*le" t&an in *ool )oiling )ecase t&e
)))le gro't& and se*aration are strongl$ a!!ected )$ t&e !lo' =elocit$( T&e !lo' is a
t'oD*&ase mi"tre o! t&e li/id and its =a*or(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
+ig 1 s&o's t&e =arios !lo' regimes inside a ni!orml$ &eated t)e( Heat trans!er to t&e
s) cooled li/id at entr$ is )$ !orced con=ection( T&is regime contines ntil )oiling
starts( T&e &eat trans!er coe!!icient in t&e )oiling regime is sddenl$ increased( In t&is
)oiling regime# t&e )))les a**ear on t&e &eated sr!ace# gro' and are carried into t&e
mainstream o! t&e li/id# so t&at a bubbly flow regime *re=ails !or some lengt& o! t&e
t)e( As t&e =olme !raction o! t&e =a*or increases# t&e indi=idal )))les coalesce and
*lgs or slgs o! =a*or are !ormed( T&is regime is called t&e slug flow regime( As t&e
=a*or /alit$ is increased# t&e !lo' )ecomes annlar 'it& a t&in li/id la$er on t&e 'all
and a =a*or core( T&e =a*or =elocit$ is mc& &ig&er t&an t&at o! t&e li/id( T&e &eat
trans!er coe!!icient remains &ig& as long as t&e li/id !ilm 'ets t&e 'all( E=entall$# dr$
s*ots a**ear on t&e 'all and t&e &eat trans!er coe!!icient dro*s s&ar*l$( T&is is called t&e
transition region5 !rom t&e annlar !lo' to t&e mist or fog flow Brnot sometimes
occrs at t&is transition )ecase a li/id !ilm o! &ig& t&ermal condcti=it$ is re*laced )$
a lo' t&ermal condcti=it$ =a*or at t&e 'all( T&e dr$ s*ots contine to e"*and ntil all
t&e remaining li/id is in t&e !orm o! !ine dro*lets in t&e 'ater( T&is is called t&e mist
flow regime( T&ere is little c&ange in t&e &eat trans!er coe!!icient t&rog& t&e mist !lo'
regime '&ic& *ersists ntil t&e =a*or /alit$ reac&es :;;Z( Be$ond t&is *oint t&e =a*or
is s*er&eated )$ !orced con=ection !rom t&e sr!ace(
CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
T&e *rocess o! condensation is t&e re=erse o! )oiling( >&ene=er a satrated =a*or
comes in contact 'it& a sr!ace at a lo'er tem*eratre# condensation occrs( T&ere are
t'o modes o! condensationV film wise5 in '&ic& t&e condensate 'ets t&e sr!ace !orming
a continos# !ilm '&ic& co=ers t&e entire sr!ace and drop wise in '&ic& t&e =a*or
condenses into small li/id dro*lets o! =arios si%es '&ic& !all do'n t&e sr!ace in a
random !as&ion( +ilm 'ise condensation generall$ occrs on clean ncontaminated
sr!aces( In t&is t$*e o! condensation t&e !ilm co=ering t&e entire sr!ace gro's in
t&ic<ness as it mo=es do'n t&e sr!ace )$ gra=it$( T&ere e"ists a t&ermal gradient in t&e
!ilm and so it acts as a resistance to &eat trans!er( In dro* 'ise condensation a large
*ortion o! t&e area o! t&e *late is directl$ e"*osed to t&e =a*or# ma<ing &eat trans!er rates
mc& larger ?5 to :; timesA t&an t&ose in !ilm 'ise condensation( Alt&og& dro* 'ise
condensation 'old )e *re!erred to !ilm 'ise condensation $et it is e"tremel$ di!!iclt to
ac&ie=e or maintain( T&is is )ecase most sr!aces )ecome P'ettedP a!ter )eing e"*osed to
condensing =a*ors o=er a *eriod o! time( Dro* 'ise condensation can )e o)tained nder
controlled conditions 'it& t&e &el* o! certain additi=es to t&e condensate and =arios
sr!ace coatings )t its commercial =ia)ilit$ &as not $et )een *ro=ed( +or t&is reason t&e
condensing e/i*ment in se in designed on t&e )asis o! !ilm 'ise condensation(
>ABINAR FI>B CISE CONDENSATION ON A IERTICA> =>ATE( 6NueltF
Anal,i O# Fil" Condenation7
+ilm 'ise condensation on a =ertical *late can )e anal$%ed on lines *ro*osed )$ Nsselt
?:9:6A( Unless t&e =elocit$ o! t&e =a*or is =er$ &ig& or t&e li/id !ilm =er$ t&ic<# t&e
motion o! t&e condensate 'old )e laminar( T&e t&ic<ness o! t&e condensate !ilm 'ill )e
a !nction o! t&e rate o! condensation o! =a*or and t&e rate at '&ic& t&e condensate is
remo=ed !rom t&e sr!ace( On a =ertical sr!ace t&e !ilm t&ic<ness 'ill increase gradall$
!rom to* to )ottom as s&o'n in +ig( 4( NsseltPs anal$sis o! !ilm condensation ma<es t&e
!ollo'ing sim*li!$ing assm*tionsE
:( T&e *late is maintained at a ni!orm tem*eratre# T
s
'&ic& is less t&an t&e
satration tem*eratre# T
sat
o! t&e =a*or(
0( T&e condensate !lo' is laminar
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
1( T&e !lid *ro*erties are constant
4( T&e s&ear stress at t&e li/id =a*or inter!ace is negligi)le
5( T&e acceleration o! !lid 'it&in t&e condensate la$er is neglected(
6( T&e &eat trans!er across t&e condensate la$er is )$ *re condction and t&e
tem*eratre distri)tion is linear(
HEAT EKCHAN?ERS(
T&e de=ice sed !or e"c&ange o! &eat )et'een t&e t'o !lids t&at are at di!!erent
tem*eratres# is called t&e heat exchanger, T&e &eat e"c&angers are commonl$ sed in
'ide range o! a**lications# !or e"am*le# in a car as radiator# '&ere &ot 'ater !rom t&e
engine is cooled )$ atmos*&eric air( In a re!rigerator# t&e &ot re!rigerant !rom t&e
com*ressor is cooled )$ natral con=ection into atmos*&ere )$ *assing it t&rog& !inned
t)es( In a steam condenser# t&e latent &eat o! condensation is remo=ed )$ circlating
'ater t&rog& t&e t)es( T&e &eat e"c&angers are also sed in s*ace &eating and airD
conditioning# 'aste &eat reco=er$ and c&emical *rocessing( T&ere!ore# t&e di!!erent t$*es
o! &eat e"c&angers are needed !or di!!erent a**lications(
T&e &eat trans!er in a &eat e"c&anger sall$ in=ol=es con=ection on eac& side o!
!lids and condction t&rog& t&e 'all se*arating t&e t'o !lids( T&s !or anal$sis o! a
&eat e"c&anger# it is =er$ con=enient to 'or< 'it& an overall heat transfer coefficient U#
t&at acconts !or t&e contri)tion o! all t&ese e!!ects on &eat trans!er( T&e rate o! &eat
trans!er )et'een t'o !lids at an$ location in a &eat e"c&anger de*ends on t&e magnitde
o! tem*eratre di!!erence at t&at location and t&is tem*eratre di!!erence =aries along t&e
lengt& o! &eat e"c&anger( T&ere!ore# it is also con=enient to 'or< 'it& logarithmic mean
temperature difference LMTD5 '&ic& is an e/i=alent tem*eratre di!!erence )et'een
t'o !lids !or entire lengt& o! &eat e"c&anger(
C>ASSIFICATION OF HEAT EKCHAN?ER(
Heat e"c&angers are designed in so man$ si%es# t$*es# con!igrations and !lo'
arrangements and sed !or so man$ *r*oses( T&ese are classi!ied according to &eat
trans!er *rocess# !lo' arrangement and t$*e o! constrction(
According to Heat Tran#er =roce(
(i) Direct contact t,;e. In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&anger# t&e t'o immisci)le !lids at
di!!erent tem*eratres are come in direct contact( +or t&e &eat e"c&ange )et'een t'o
!lids# one !lid is s*ra$ed t&rog& t&e ot&er( Cooling to'ers# Wet condensers#
des*er&eaters# o*en !eed 'ater &eaters and Dscr))ers are t&e )est e"am*les o! sc& &eat
e"c&angers( It cannot )e sed !or trans!erring &eat )et'een t'o gases or )et'een t'o
misci)le li/ids( A direct contact t$*e &eat e"c&anger ?cooling to'erA is s&o'n in +ig( 5
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
(ii) Tran#er t,;e heat e*changer or recu;erator( In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&anger# t&e
cold and &ot !lids !lo' simltaneosl$ t&rog& t&e de=ice and t&e &eat is trans!erred
t&rog& t&e 'all se*arating t&em( T&ese t$*es o! &eat e"c&angers are most commonl$
sed in almost all !ields o! engineering(
8iii9 Regenerator or torage t,;e heat e*changer. In t&ese t$*es o! &eat e"c&angers#
t&e &ot and cold !lids !lo' alternati=el$ on t&e same sr!ace( >&en &ot !lid !lo's in an
inter=al o! time# it gi=es its &eat to t&e sr!ace# '&ic& stores it in t&e !orm o! an increase
in its internal energ$( T&is stored energ$ is trans!erred to cold !lid as it !lo's o=er t&e
sr!ace in next interval of time. Thus the same surface is subjected to periodic
heating and cooling. In man$ a**lications# a rotating disc t$*e matri" is sed# t&e
continos !lo' o! )ot& t&e &ot and cold !lids are maintained( T&ese are *re&eaters !or
steam *o'er *lants# )last !rnaces# o"$gen *rodcers etc( A stationar$ and rotating
matri" s&o'n in +ig( 6 are e"am*les o! storage t$*e o! &eat e"c&angers(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
T&e storage t$*e o! &eat e"c&angers is more com*act t&an t&e trans!er t$*e o! &eat
e"c&angers 'it& more sr!ace area *er nit =olme( Ho'e=er# some mi"ing o! &ot and
cold !lids is al'a$s t&ere(
According to Contructional Feature(
8i9 TuAular heat e*changer. T&ese are also called tube in tube or concentric tube or
doub"e pipe heat exchanger as s&o'n in +ig(7( T&ese are 'idel$ sed in man$ si%es and
di!!erent !lo' arrangements and t$*e(
8ii9 Shell and tuAe t,;e heat e*changer. T&ese are also called surace condensers and
are most commonl$ sed !or &eating# cooling# condensation or e=a*oration a**lications(
It consists o! a s&ell and a large nm)er o! *arallel t)es &osing in it( T&e &eat trans!er
ta<es *lace as one !lid !lo's t&rog& t&e t)es and ot&er !lid !lo's otside t&e t)es
t&rog& t&e s&ell( T&e )a!!les are commonl$ sed on t&e s&ell to create tr)lence and to
<ee* t&e ni!orm s*acing )et'een t&e t)es and t&s to en&ance t&e &eat trans!er rate(
T&e$ are &a=ing large sr!ace area in small =olme( A t$*ical s&ell and t)e t$*e &eat
e"c&anger is s&o'n in +ig(8
T&e
s&ell and t)e t$*e &eat e"c&angers are !rt&er classi!ied according to nm)er o! s&ell
and t)e *asses in=ol=ed( A &eat e"c&anger 'it& all t)es ma<e one U trn in a s&ell is
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
called one she"" pass and t&o tube pass &eat e"c&anger( Similarl$# a &eat e"c&anger t&at
in=ol=es t'o *asses in t&e s&ell and !or *asses in t&e t)es is called a t&o she"" pass and
our tube pass &eat e"c&anger as s&o'n in +ig(9
8iii9 Finned tuAe t$*e( >&en a &ig& o*erating *ressre or an en&anced &eat trans!er rate
is re/ired# t&e e"tended sr!aces are sed on one side o! t&e &eat e"c&anger( T&ese &eat
e"c&angers are sed !or li/id to gas &eat e"c&ange( +ins are al'a$s added on gas side(
T&e !inned t)es are sed in gas tr)ines# atomo)iles# aero *lanes# &eat *m*s#
re!rigeration# electronics# cr$ogenics# airDconditioning s$stems etc( T&e radiator o! an
atomo)ile is an e"am*le o! sc& &eat e"c&anger(
8i!9 Co";act heat e*changer. T&ese are s*ecial class o! &eat e"c&angers in '&ic& t&e
&eat trans!er sr!ace area *er nit =olme is =er$ large( T&e ratio o! &eat trans!er sr!ace
area to t&e =olme is called area density, A &eat e"c&anger 'it& an area densit$ greater
t&an 7;; m
0
4m
:
is called compact heat exchanger, T&e com*act &eat e"c&angers are
sall$ cross !lo'# in '&ic& t&e t'o !lids sall$ !lo' *er*endiclar to eac& ot&er(
T&ese &eat e"c&angers &a=e dense arra$s o! !inned t)es or *lates# '&ere at least one o!
t&e !lid sed is gas( +or e"am*le# atomo)ile radiators &a=e an area densit$ in order o!
::;; m
0
4m
:
,
According to Flo% Arrange"ent(
8i9 =arallel #lo%( T&e &ot and cold !lids enter at same end o! t&e &eat e"c&anger# !lo'
t&rog& in same direction and lea=e at ot&er end( It is also called t&e concurrent heat
exchanger 'ig ;/,
8ii9 Counter #lo%E T&e &ot and cold !lids enter at t&e o**osite ends o! &eat e"c&angers#
!lo' t&rog& in o**osite direction and lea=e at o**osite ends +ig :;(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
(iii) Cro #lo%( T&e t'o !lids !lo' at rig&t angle to eac& ot&er( T&e cross !lo' &eat
e"c&anger is !rt&er classi!ied as nmi"ed !lo' and mi"ed !lo' de*ending on t&e !lo'
con!igration( I! )ot& t&e !lids !lo' t&rog& indi=idal c&annels and are not !ree to
mo=e in trans=erse direction# t&e arrangement is called nmi"ed as s&o'n in +ig ::a( i!
an$ !lid !lo's on t&e sr!ace and !ree to mo=e in trans=erse direction# t&en t&is !lid
stream is said to )e mi"ed as s&o'n in +ig ::)(
TEB=ERATURE DISTRIGUTION(
T&e &eat trans!er !rom t&e &ot to t&e cold !lid cases a c&ange in tem*eratre o!
one or )ot& !lids !lo'ing t&rog& t&e &eat e"c&anger( In some common cases# t&e
tem*eratre is *lotted against t&e distance !rom t&e cold !lid inlet
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
(
Condener and Eva;orator(
T'o s*ecial !orms o! &eat e"c&angers# namel$ condensers and e=a*orators# are
em*lo$ed in man$ indstrial a**lications( One o! t&e !lids !lo'ing t&rog& t&ese
e"c&angers c&anges *&ase( T&e tem*eratre distri)tions in t&ese e"c&angers are
s&o'n in +ig( In t&e case o! a condenser# t&e &ot !lid 'ill remain at a constant
tem*eratre# *ro=ided its *ressre does not c&ange# '&ile t&e tem*eratre o! t&e cold
!lid increases(
TCO BARLS(
1. De#ine Aoiling
T&e c&ange o! *&ase !rom li/id to =a*or state is <no'n as )oiling(
/. Chat i "eant A, condenation!
T&e c&ange o! *&ase !rom =a*or to li/id state is <no'n as condensation(
0. ?ive the a;;lication o# Aoiling and condenation.
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
Boiling and condensation *rocess !inds 'ide a**lications as mentioned
)elo'
:( T&ermal and nclear *o'er *lant
0( Re!rigerating s$stems
1( Process o! &eating and cooling
4( Air conditioning s$stems
3. Chat i "eant A, ;ool Aoiling!
I! &eat is added to a li/id !rom a s)merged solid sr!ace# t&e )oiling
*rocess is re!erred to as *ool )oiling( In t&is case t&e li/id a)o=e t&e &ot
sr!ace is essentiall$ stagnant and its motion near t&e sr!ace is de to !ree
con=ection and mi"ing indced )$ )))le gro't& and detac&ment(
4. Chat are the "ode o# condenation!
T&ere are t'o modes o! condensation
:( +ilm 'ise condensation 0( Dro* 'ise condensation
5. Chat i "eant A, Fil" %ie condenation!
T&e li/id condensate 'ets t&e solid sr!ace# s*reads ot and !orms a
continos !ilm o=er t&e entire sr!ace is <no'n as !ilm 'ise condensation(
8. Chat i "eant A, Dro; %ie condenation!
In dro* 'ise condensation# t&e =a*or condenses into small li/id dro*lets
o! =arios si%es '&ic& !all do'n t&e sr!ace in a random !as&ion(
9. ?ive the "erit o# dro; %ie condenation.
In dro* 'ise condensation# a large *ortion o! t&e area o! t&e *late is directl$
e"*osed to =a*or( T&e &eat trans!er rate in dro* 'ise condensation is :;
times &ig&er t&an in !ilm condensation(
:. Crite the #orce Aalance equation on a volu"e ele"ent #or #il" %ie
condenation on a vertical ;lane ur#ace(
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
11. Chat i heat e*changer!
A &eat e"c&anger is de!ined as e/i*ment '&ic& trans!ers t&e &eat !rom a
&ot !lid to a cold !lid(
1/. Chat are the t,;e o# heat e*changer!
T&e t$*es o! &eat e"c&angers are as !ollo's
:( Direct contact &eat e"c&angers( 0( Indirect contact &eat e"c&angers 1(
Sr!ace &eat e"c&angers( 4( Parallel !lo' &eat e"c&angers 5( Conter !lo'
&eat e"c&angers( 6( Cross !lo' &eat e"c&angers 7( S&ell and t)e &eat
e"c&angers( 8( Com*act &eat e"c&angers
10. Chat i "eant A, direct heat e*changer 6or7 o;en heat e*changer!
In direct contact &eat e"c&anger# t&e &eat e"c&ange ta<es *lace )$ direct
mi"ing o! &ot and cold !lids(
13. Chat i "eant A, indirect contact heat e*changer!
In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&angers# t&e trans!er o! &eat )et'een t'o !lids cold
)e carried ot )$ transmission t&rog& a 'all '&ic& se*arates t&e t'o !lids(
14. Chat i "eant A, Regenerator!
In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&angers# &ot and cold !lids !lo' alternatel$ t&rog&
t&e same s*ace(
E"am*lesE IC engines# gas tr)ines(
15. Chat i "eant A, Recu;erator 6or7 Sur#ace heat e*changer!
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
T&is is t&e most common t$*e o! &eat e"c&angers in '&ic& t&e &ot and cold
!lid do not come into direct contact 'it& eac& ot&er )t are se*arated )$ a
t)e 'all or a sr!ace(
E"am*lesE Atomo)ile radiators# Air *re&eaters# Economisers etc#
18. Chat i "eant A, ;arallel #lo% heat e*changer!
In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&anger# &ot and cold !lids mo=e in t&e same
direction(
19. Chat i "eant A, counter #lo% heat e*changer!
In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&anger# &ot and cold !lids mo=e in *arallel )t
o**osite directions(
1:. Chat i "eant A, cro #lo% heat e*changer!
In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&anger# &ot and cold !lids mo=e at rig&t angles to
eac& ot&er(
/<. Chat i "eant A, Shell and tuAe heat e*changer!
In t&is t$*e o! &eat e"c&anger# one o! t&e !lids mo=es t&rog& a )ndle o!
t)es enclosed )$ a s&ell( T&e ot&er !lid is !orced t&rog& t&e s&ell and it
mo=es o=er t&e otside sr!ace o! t&e t)es(
/1. Chat i "eant A, co";act heat e*changer!
T&ere are man$ s*ecial *r*ose &eat e"c&angers called com*act &eat
e"c&angers( T&e$ are generall$ em*lo$ed '&en con=ecti=e &eat trans!er coD
e!!icient associated 'it& one o! t&e !lids is mc& smaller t&an t&at
associated 'it& t&e ot&er !lid(
//. Chat i "eant A, >BTD!
>e <no' t&at t&e tem*eratre di!!erence )et'een t&e &ot and cold !lids in
t&e &eat e"c&anger =aries !rom *oint to *oint( In addition =arios modes o!
&eat trans!er are in=ol=ed( T&ere!ore )ased on conce*t o! a**ro*riate mean
B BALAMUGUNDAN
SENIOR LECTURER
PANIMALAR ENGG COLLEGE
CHENNAI
tem*eratre di!!erence# also called logarit&mic mean tem*eratre di!!erence#
t&e total &eat trans!er rate in t&e &eat e"c&anger is e"*ressed as
( )
( ) dierence e temperatur mean c #ogarithmi T
m Area A
K m % eicient co transer heat a"" o!er <
%here
T A < Q
m
m

0
0
#
G
/0. Chat i "eant A, Fouling #actor!
>e <no'# t&e sr!aces o! &eat e"c&angers do not remain clean a!ter it &as
)een in se !or some time( T&e sr!aces )ecome !oled 'it& scaling or
de*osits( T&e e!!ect o! t&ese de*osits a!!ecting t&e =ale o! o=erall &eat
trans!er coDe!!icient( T&is e!!ect is ta<en care o! )$ introdcing an additional
t&ermal resistance called t&e !oling resistance(
/3. Chat i "eant A, E##ectivene!
T&e &eat e"c&anger e!!ecti=eness is de!ined as t&e ratio o! actal &eat
trans!er to t&e ma"imm *ossi)le &eat trans!er(
ma"
Q
Q
ranser sib"eheatt )aximumpos
transer Actua"heat
ess Eecti!en