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ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE BELIEFS OF THE PHRA ATTHARASA

AND INFLUENCE TO BUDDHIST ART


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ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE BELIEFS OF THE PHRA ATTHARASA


AND INFLUENCE TO BUDDHIST ART

Bunyakorn Wachirathienchai

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of


The Requirement for the Degree of
Master of Arts
(Buddhist Studies)
Graduate School
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University
Bangkok, Thailand
(Copyright by Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University)

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Thesis Title

: Analytical Study on the Beliefs of the Phra Attharasa


and Influence to Buddhist Art

Researcher

: Mr. Bunyakorn Wachirathienchai

Degree

: Bachelor of Arts (Thai Architecture)

Thesis Supervisory Committee


: Phramaha Suthit Aphakaro (Oboun), Dr., Pali VII,B.A.(Pol),
Ms.A. (Community Development), Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies)
: Assoc. Prof. Somkid Jiratatsanakul, BA. (Architecture), MA.
(History of Architecture), M.A. (Historic Preservation)
Date of Graduation

:
ABSTRACT

This thesis purposes to study the origin of beliefs of Phra Attharasa which
have been found in Buddhism. The study analyzed how beliefs of Phra Attharasa
affected Thai Buddhist art and influenced Thai societies.
The study used a qualitative research method which based on Buddhist
sculpture, architecture, and art objects gathered from primary and secondary sources
and fieldwork study. They were analyzed to seek for relations among beliefs of Phra
Attharasa, their creation, and influences to Thai societies.
The study found that beliefs of Phra Attharasa appeared in the Commentary
on the Buddhavamsa [History of the Buddhas], known as the Madhurattha-vilasini, no
later than the 5th century. Buddhavamsa was the fourteenth book of the Khuddaka
Nikaya [the minor collection] in the Sutta Pitaka which contains five nikayas [collections]
of suttas. The commentary was widespread in Sri Lanka during Polonnaruwa Period in
the 12th to 13th centuries which this period found Buddha statues having the size of the
living Buddha. Sukhothai also had similar Buddha statues known as Phra Attharasa
referring to Gautama Buddha with the height of eighteen soks [a sok is equivalent to 50
centimetres] according to the size of the Buddha wrote in the commentary. Buddhism
in Thailand related to that in Sri Lanka around or prior to the 14th and 15th centuries.

According to fieldwork in Thailand, besides standing Buddha statues, Buddha images in


other postures were also built according to beliefs of Phra Attharasa. In previous
practice, Phra Attharasa was referred only to standing Buddha statues. Architecture
enshrining Phra Attharasa can be divided into two types, vihara and mandapa.
Beliefs of Phra Attharasa during Sukhothai and related periods appeared in
both material objects, such as literature in stone inscription, Buddhist chronicles, and
Buddhist art sculpture and architecture - as well as in abstract meanings, for instance
the physical size of Gautama Buddha and placement of Phra Attharasa and regulation
of monastic administration under Sukhothai rulers. Furthermore, beliefs of Phra
Attharasa associated with the Buddha footprint on Adams Peak (Samanala-kanda) in
Sri Lanka and the duplication of the Buddha footprint, Sukhothai in the reign of Phra
Maha Thammaracha I, Phaya Lithai, (1347-1368). After Sukhothai Period, they also
affected world views on beliefs of the physical size of the Buddha.

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Anil Chandra Banerjee. History of India. Culcatta : Print-O-Graph,1995.
Ulrich von Schroeder. Buddhist Sclupture of Sri lanka. Hong Kong : Visual Dharma
Publications Ltd., 1990.
Di Crocco Virgnia Mckeen. Footprints of the Buddhas of This Era in Thailand. Thailand :
The Sia, Society Under Royal Patronage, 2004.

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-- () Lankatilaka Buddha image () Sesseruwa Buddha image


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Buddhist Sculpture of Sri lanka, 1990.

Ibid., p.160.
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Anil Chandra Banerjee. History of India. Culcatta : Print-O-Graph,1995.
Ulrich von Schroeder. Buddhist Sclupture of Sri lanka. Hong Kong : Visual Dharma
Publications Ltd., 1990.
Di Crocco Virgnia Mckeen. Footprints of the Buddhas of This Era in Thailand. Thailand :
The Sia, Society Under Royal Patronage, 2004.

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