Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION)
A Technical Paper
Guntur.
ABSTRACT :
fabricating and testing a sensor cooler, which uses solid materials as the refrigerant.
These materials demonstrate the unique property known as the magneto caloric effect,
magnetized/demagnetized. This effect has been observed for many years and was
used for cooling near absolute zero. Recently, materials are being developed which
have sufficient temperature and entropy change to make them useful for a wide range
design. Benefits of this design are lower cost, longer life, lower weight and higher
efficiency because it only requires one moving part - the rotating disk on which the
magneto caloric material is mounted. The unit uses no gas compressor, no pumps, no
equipment (cell phone base stations), home and commercial refrigerators, heat
pumps, air conditioning for homes, offices and automobiles, and virtually any place
INTRODUCTION:
Refrigeration:
below that of the surrounding temperature using some working medium called
refrigerants.
bacterial action and this technology was further developed and extended its use in
industrial applications. For example cool cutting oil helps in machining operations by
lowering the temperature of work piece to prevent overheating, Quenching baths for
heat treating operations, pharmaceutical field, etc are some of the industrial
applications.
heat from the refrigerator to the surrounding atmosphere. This medium may be a
solid, liquid or a gas. Some of the refrigerants which were used initially are ammonia
(NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), etc. There are some drawbacks
in the use of these refrigerants so refrigerants like F-11, F-12, F-22, F-113, etc are
boiling liquid helium under the smallest pressure obtainable. Temperatures below this
iron ammonium alum that heats up when exposed to a magnetic field, then cools
NON-CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERATION :
TYPES INCLUDE :
2. Acoustic Refrigeration.
3. Magnetic Refrigeration.
MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION:
PRINCIPLE:
because the second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy - or disorder - of a
closed system must increase with time. This is because the electron spins in the atoms
of the material are aligned by the magnetic field, which reduces entropy. To
compensate for this, the motion of the atoms becomes more random, and the material
heats up. In a magnetic refrigerator, this heat would be carried away by water or by
air. When the magnetic field is turned off, the electron spins become random again
and the temperature of the material falls below that of its surroundings. This allows it
communication with the surrounding bath of pumped helium. In operation the liquid
helium bath is cooled by pumping to the lowest practical pressure, usually achieving a
approaches that of the helium bath by conduction through the exchange gas.
Next the magnetic field is turned on, causing heating of the salt and a decrease
in entropy of the magnetic ions by virtue of their partial alignment in the direction of
the applied field. The heat produced is conducted to the surrounding bath of liquid
helium so that the temperature again approaches 1oK. If the magnetic field is
increased slowly the heat can flow out, as it is generated-the magnetization being
almost isothermal. Next the exchange gas surrounding the sample is removed by
pumping, and now, with the salt thermally isolated, the magnetic field is turned off.
The temperature of the sample decreases markedly as a consequence of the adiabatic
demagnetization, which allows the magnetic ions to regain some of their entropy at
H=H1.This magnetization, by orienting the magnetic ions of the salt and thus
decreasing their disorder, causes a reduction in entropy from S1 to S2. Now the salt is
isothermally isolated from its surroundings and thus when the magnetic field is
reduced to zero the process follows the horizontal isentropic line and the temperature
falls to 10K.The great decrease in temperature and the close approach zero is a
WORKING
ethanol serves as the heat transfer fluid for the system. The fluid
first passes through the hot heat exchanger, which uses air to
transfer heat to the atmosphere. The fluid then passes through the
Driving Shaft
Magneto
caloric Bed
Copper
Plates
Pump Electro
magnets
Cold To
To Hot
Heat Fa
Atmosph Heat
Exchan n
ere Exchan
ger ger
Vessel
A fan blows air past this cold fluid into the freezer to keep the
Driving Shaft
Magnetocalori
c Bed
Copper
Plates
Pump Electro
Magnets
Cold To
To Hot
Heat Fa
Atmosph Heat
Exchan n
ere Exchan
ger ger
Vessel
Figure below, shows how the cold air from the freezer is blown into
the refrigerator by
the freezer fan. The temperature of the refrigerator section is kept around 39°F.
the freezer represents approximately 30% of this volume. Freezers are designed to
of insulation available. The refrigerator is kept cool by forcing cold air from the
freezer into the refrigerator by using a small fan. The control system for machining
the desired internal temperatures consists of two thermostats with on/off switches.
Driving Shaft
Copper
Plates
ROOM Refrigerat
AIR or
39°F
Vessel
FIG : REFRIGERATOR WITH A FREEZER FAN
off when the temperature gets below 0oF. A second thermostat regulates the fan that
for various magnetic fields; on it is super imposed the refrigeration cycle ABCDA.
From A to B the working salt is magnetized isothermally and heat is absorbed by the
isothermally, extracting heat from the experimental region. From D to A the salt is
ADVANTAGES :
3. Does not produce toxic gases and chloro-fluoro carbons, thus reducing ozone
layer depletion.
reduced.
5. Larger temperature swings that will allow the technology to provide the
Cooling power required for specific markets, such as home refrigerators, air
7. The magnetic material in the regenerator bed will ever need to be replaced
8. When a better magnetic material is developed, the refrigerator will not need to
be redesigned.
APPLICATIONS:
systems.
REFERENCES: