AP Calculus BC

COURSE DESCRIPTION Calculus BC is the study of limits, derivatives, definite integrals, indefinite integrals, polynomial approximations and series. Included will be parametric, polar, and vector functions. The course will emphasize a multi-representational approach to calculus with concepts expressed geometrically, numerically, analytically, and verbally. Primary Textbook oerster, !aul ". Calculus Concepts and Applications. #nd ed. $meryville, C"% &ey Curriculum !ress, #''(. Teachin Strate ies !earnin by Disco"ery )e learn by investigating the relationships between ideas and problem solving to reach conclusions. This method re*uires the student to ma+e the connections and become an active learner instead of passively hearing a lecture from a teacher. There are many lessons that will start with a discovery activity to introduce a new concept. #orkin $ith %unctions in a &ariety o' #ays "ll unctions in this course% polynomials, exponentials, logarithmic, trigonometric, polar, parametric, and vectors will be explored geometrically, numerically, algebraically, and verbally. Circular learning is applied in this class as concepts will be tied to previous learning of the same calculus concepts presented in various forms. It will be stressed that students need to understand not ,ust how to solve a problem, but why a particular method is chosen and why it is the most appropriate method. (ra)hin Calculator $very student will have a graphing calculator from the TI--. or TI--/ family of calculators. The graphing calculators will be used both in the classroom and for homewor+ for problem solving and understanding the connections between the calculus concepts graphically, numerically and algebraically. 0n assessments that allow the use of the graphing calculator, it may be used to graph a function, find the zeros of a function, find the numerical derivative, or find the definite integral numerically. )hen a calculator is used for one of the above purposes, the student must still show the wor+ using correct algebraic notation for the e*uations or expressions that are being evaluated. Communicatin the Conce)ts o' Calculus 1tudents will often be as+ed to explain verbally or in written form the connections between the calculus concepts. 1tudents will have the opportunity to discuss in small groups the exploratory activities. 2uestions are assigned throughout the boo+ that as+ the students to summarize in their own words the concepts and what they still do not understand. 3any *uestions that are assigned will as+ the student to ,ustify in complete sentences the reason for the answer that they received algebraically or graphically. In the last *uarter before the exam, each student will write a unit summary, explaining the main concepts of each unit in their own words. These summaries are to foster connections and are used as a study tool for the "! exam. In class, students will often be as+ed to explain verbally their approach to solving a problem. The ability to communicate what the student has learned is extremely important.

Cha)ter * an+ ,- O"er"ie$ o' !imits. Deri"ati"es. Inte rals an+ Pro)erties o' !imits /*, +ays0 4abs% 5. $xploring rate of change numerically, using the symmetric difference *uotient #. "pproximating definite integrals numerically using trapezoids .. $xploring limits graphically and numerically using graphs and tables of data. Concept of instantaneous rate of change and the informal definition of derivative "pproximate rate of change using e*uations, graphs and6or tables Introduction to the definite integral 7efinite integral using the Trapezoidal sums 8raphical and algebraic approach to limits including one-sided limits and an intuitive understanding of the limit process 9umerical approach to limits by estimating using graphs or tables of data 4imit Theorems and properties of limits Calculating limits using algebra "n intuitive understanding and proving continuity in terms of limits Types of discontinuities in functions% graphically, numerically, algebraically and expressed verbally. 4imits involving infinity% including understanding and describing asymptotic behavior of functions graphically% both local and global behaviors 8eometric understanding of graphs of continuous functions% Intermediate :alue Theorem and $xtreme :alue Theorem

Ch1- Deri"ati"es. Anti+eri"ati"es. an+ In+e'inite Inte rals /*, +ays0 4abs% 5. $xploration of derivative of a function using the program Tanimate on a graphing calculator. #. $xploration of derivative at a point as the slope of the tangent line, and when a derivative fails to occur such as vertical or no tangent line at a point. 7efinition of derivative at a point as a limit of the difference *uotient as x approaches c Tangent line to a curve at a point and local linear approximation inding derivatives numerically from a table of values using a calculator% one-sided difference *uotients and symmetric difference *uotients 7efinition of derivative function as a limit of the difference *uotient as the change in x approaches ' Instantaneous rate of change as the limit of the average rate of change inding derivatives algebraically using the definition of the derivative !ower rule and properties of derivative of sums of functions% finding derivatives analytically 8raphical relationships between a function and its first and second derivatives Interpretation of the derivative as a rate of change in finding displacement, velocity, and acceleration of an ob,ect moving along a line 7erivative of sine and cosine functions Chain rule% derivative of composite functions 1*ueeze theorem and applications of sinusoidal functions 7erivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions "ntiderivatives following directly from derivatives of basic functions

Ch 2- Pro+ucts. 3uotients. an+ Parametric %unctions /*1 +ays0 4abs% 5. $xploration of derivative of !arametric functions at a cusp where the derivative form is indeterminate.

!roduct rule for derivatives 2uotient rule for derivatives 7efinition of differentiability and differentiability implies continuity 7erivatives of all six trigonometric functions 7erivatives of all six inverse trigonometric functions "nalysis of curves given in parametric form irst and second derivatives of parametric functions 8raphical and numeric derivatives of parametric functions at a cusp Implicit differentiation and using implicit differentiation to find the derivative of an inverse function 3odeling rates of change, including related rates problems $*uations involving derivatives. :erbal descriptions are translated into e*uations involving derivatives. 9umerical derivatives using a graphing calculator

Ch 4- De'inite an+ In+e'inite Inte rals /*5 +ays0 4abs% 5. Car 4ab% a numerical approach to an application of the definite integral using upper, lower, left, right, and midpoint ;iemann 1ums #. 8eometrical conse*uences of the mean value theorem .. 9umerical approximations of ;iemann sums using ;1<3 programs on a graphing calculator. /. 8eometrical approach to finding the definite integral using geometry formulas for area and signed areas (. :ariety of applications of definite integral including physical, biological and economic situations. 4inear approximations and differentials 7efinition of antiderivative and indefinite integral inding antiderivatives algebraically using u-substitution including change of limits for definite integrals 3ean :alue Theorem ;olle=s Theorem ;iemann 1ums% ind left, right, upper, lower and midpoint ;iemann sums when given a graph, table of values, or algebraic function undamental Theorem of Calculus% definition as the limit of ;iemann sums 8raphical relationship between area under the first derivative function and change in y 7efinite integral of the rate of change of a *uantity over an interval interpreted as the change of the *uantity over the interval !roperties of definite integrals including additivity and linearity <sing the undamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate definite integrals algebraically. "pplications of definite integrals. :erbal descriptions are translated into e*uations involving definite integrals. inding a general solution and when given an initial condition, finding the particular solution to an integral. "rea between two curves :olumes of solids with +nown cross-sections :olumes of solids formed by rotated regions% dis+ and washer methods

9umerical approximations of definite integrals on the graphing calculator

Ch 5- The Calculus o' Ex)onential an+ !o arithmic %unctions /*6 +ays0 4abs% 5. 8raphing "ccumulation unctions with transformations by varying the constant of the lower limit of integration and the functions of the upper limit of integration. 7efinition of ln x, derivatives and integrals involving ln x The definite integral as a rate of change to give accumulated change. 7erivatives of accumulation functions 8raphing other accumulation functions <ni*ueness theorem 7erivatives of logs base b 4ogarithmic differentiation 4imits of indeterminates using 4=>ospital=s rule and the definition of e Comparing the relative magnitudes of functions and their rates of change "ntiderivatives of all ? trigonometric functions.

Ch 7- The Calculus o' (ro$th an+ Decay /7 +ays0 4abs% 5. Create slopefields from various differential e*uations and find a particular solution graphically given an initial condition. #. !redator prey models as a way to apply slopefields to differential e*uations. $xponential growth and decay, writing differential e*uations modeling verbal descriptions and solving for the general and particular solutions 1olving separable differential e*uations and using them in modeling real life applications in particular y=@+y )riting e*uations from verbal models of other differential e*uations and solving for particular solutions 8eometrical interpretation of differential e*uation with slopefields and the relationship between slopefields and solution curves for a differential e*uation 9umerical solution of differential e*uations using $uler=s method and comparing accuracy and error in this method with slopefields "nalysis of logistic functions including carrying capacity and point of inflection in logistic growth

Ch 8- The Calculus o' Plane an+ Soli+ %i ures /*4 +ays0 4abs% 5. 8raphing derivatives given numerical data for intervals of first derivatives or antiderivatives. <nderstanding relationships between f, f=, and fA graphically <nderstanding the relationship between increasing and decreasing behavior of f and the sign of f= inding critical values when the derivative of f is ' or undefined <nderstanding the relationship between concavity of f and the sign of fA <nderstanding points of inflection as places where fA is ' or undefined and there is a change in sign of fA )riting verbal descriptions about the behavior of a function given information on its first and second derivatives inding relative maximum, relative minimum, and points of inflections by loo+ing at information graphically, numerically, and algebraically inding relative maximum and relative minimum using the second derivative test

)riting verbal descriptions as to why a relative maximum, relative minimum, or point of inflection occurs <nderstanding the meaning of increasing at an increasing rate, increasing at a decreasing rate, decreasing at an increasing rate, and decreasing at a decreasing rate ind absolute maximum and absolute minimum both graphically and algebraically 0ptimization of area and volume% finding absolute and relative extrema 0ptimization of distance :olume of solid using the shell method 4ength of curves% rectangular, parametric and polar "nalysis of curves given in polar form "rea in polar curves and area in enclosed regions between two polar curves

Ch 9- Al ebraic Calculus Techni:ues 'or the Elementary %unctions /*9 +ays0 4abs% 5. Connecting the algebraic techni*ues used in this chapter with previous methods of solving differential e*uations% $uler=s methods and 1lopefields. Integration by parts, including finding li+e integrals and tabular method Integration of higher power sin and cos Integration of higher power tan, sec, cot, csc !artial ractions% nonrepeating linear factors only Trigonometric substitution 4ogistic 8rowth% <nderstanding "symptotic behavior and the point of inflection 1olving logistic differential e*uations and using them in modeling ;ecognizing an antiderivative as an inverse trig function of a given integrand Improper Integrals as limits of definite integrals Ch *6- The Calculus o' ;otion- A"era es. Extremes. an+ &ectors /7 +ays0 4abs% 5. <sing a graphing calculator to explore the motion of an ob,ect on a plane and drawing in the corresponding position, velocity, and acceleration vectors for a specific time t. 7istance, displacement, velocity, and acceleration with linear motion% includes finding specific antiderivatives given an initial condition. "verage value of a function "nalysis of vector functions% 8raphically, numerically, and algebraically B both derivatives and antiderivatives inding the magnitude of the velocity vector for the speed of an ob,ect 8raphing the position, velocity and acceleration vectors, including the components of the acceleration vectors to determine curvature and whether the ob,ect is speeding up or slowing down. ;elationships between the velocity vector and the slope of a tangent line to the curve. inding times when an ob,ect is at rest and when it changes direction. inding the distance an ob,ect traveled on the plane. <nderstanding the relationships between parametric and vector functions. Ch *,- The Calculus o' %unctions De'ine+ by Po$er Series /,7 +ays0 4abs% 5. 7rawing Taylor !olynomials of degree n with a graphing calculator to explore the convergence of the polynomials to the power series. #. 7iscovering the polynomial series that approximates the sin curve. 8eometric series and se*uences with applications

" partial sum verses the sum of an infinite series. ;ewriting repeating decimals as rational numbers using geometric series unctions defined by power series "lgebraically finding Taylor and 3aclaurin polynomials and series centered at x @ c 5 3aclaurin series for the functions ex, sin x, cos x, arctan x, and . 5 x Taylor series for ln x centered at x @ 5. ormal manipulation of Taylor series and shortcuts to finding and computing series using +now series through substitution. 7ifferentiation of series and using series to rewrite an integrand to estimate definite integrals when an algebraic antiderivative can not be found. inding the open interval of convergence, center and radius using the ratio techni*ue. inding convergence at the endpoints of the interval and other series of constants by using the nth term test, geometric series test, integral test, p-series test, limit comparison test, direct comparison test, ratio test, alternating series test% including absolute verses conditional convergence. 8raphically visualizing series as rectangles and their relationship to improper integrals. >armonic series "nalysis of error% including alternating series error bound, error bound using an improper integral, and 4agrange error bound for Taylor polynomials.