.........................................................................................................................

15
.................................................................................................................. 18

1 ......................................................................................... 19
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

........................................................................................................... 19
............................................................................................................ 19
................................................................... 20
................................................................................... 20
............................................................................... 22
............................................... 23
.............................................................. 24
........................................................................................ 25
........................................................................ 27
H
RAYLEIGH-RITZ ................................................................................................ 27
, .................................................................................... 27
Rayleigh-Ritz .............................................................................. 30
GALERKIN...................................................................................... 32
SAINT VENANT...................................................................................... 35
VON MISES.............................................................................................. 36
H/Y ........................................................................................ 36
.............................................................................................. 37
.................................................................................... 37
........................................................................................................... 37

2 Gauss...................................................... 43
2.1

...................................................................................... 43
................................................................... 44
................................................................................. 44
................................................................ 44
........................................................................... 44
..................................................................................................... 45
........................................................................... 45
...................................................................................... 46
........................................................................................... 46
......................................................................................... 46
........................................................................................ 47

2.2

2.3

................................................................................... 47
......................................................................................... 47
...................................................................................... 48
.......................................................................... 49
................................................................................ 50
Cholesky .................................................................................... 50
GAUSS ........................................................................................... 51
Gauss ................................................. 52
........................................................................................ 55
............................................................................ 56
........................................................................ 58
Gauss .............................................................. 59
..................................................................................... 61
............................................................................................... 62
......................... 62
.......................................................................... 62
........................................................................................................... 63
/ .......................................................................................... 66

3 ........................................................................... 69
3.1
3.2

........................................................................................................... 69
.................................... 70
......................................................................................... 70
........................................................................................... 71
3.3 ....................................... 73
3.4 .................................................... 76
.......................................................................... 77
............................................................................................... 78
3.5 GALERKIN.............................................................................. 81
......................................................................................... 81
............................................................................................... 82
3.6
....................................................................... 83
3.7 I ............................................................................................. 86
3.8 E EI .................................... 88
......................................................................... 88
................................................................................... 89
......................................................................................... 94
......................................................................... 100
3.9 .................................................. 103
3.10 ...................................................................... 109
........................................................................... 113
......................................................................................................... 113
/ ........................................................................................ 123

4 ..................................................................................................... 129
4.1
4.2

4.3
4.4

......................................................................................................... 129
................................................................................ 130
................................................ 130
m ................................................................... 131
........................................................................ 132
....................................................................................... 133
............................................................................ 137
........................................................... 141

.................................................. 142
............................................................................. 142
........................................................................... 146
......................................................................................................... 147
/ ........................................................................................ 155

5
.............................................................................................. 157
5.1
5.2
5.3

5.4
5.5

......................................................................................................... 157
I............................. 158
(CST).......................................... 160
................................................................... 162
.................................................................. 166
....................................................................................... 167
............................................................................................... 168
Galerkin.................................................................................... 173
....................................................................................... 175
............................................................................ 177
.. 179
.......................... 181
................................................................................... 182
............................................................................ 185
........................................................................... 188
......................................................................................................... 190
/ ........................................................................................ 202

6
........................................................................ 207
6.1
6.2
6.3

......................................................................................................... 207
...................................................... 208
:
.................................................................................... 210
.................................................................. 212
................................................................................ 213

10

6.4

........................................................................ 214
................................................................................ 214
Galerkin.................................................................................... 216
....................................................................................... 219
............................................................................... 220
.. 220
............................................ 220
........................................................................................ 221
..................................................... 222
..................................................... 222
Belleville ...................................................................................... 223
............................................................................ 224
........................................................................... 227
......................................................................................................... 228
/ ........................................................................................ 236

7 ....... 239
7.1
7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5
7.6

......................................................................................................... 239
.................................................. 239
..................................................................................... 239
........................................................................ 242
..................................................................... 244
....................................................................... 245
................................................................................... 248
................................................................................ 248
....................................................................................... 249
...................................................................... 251
.......................................................................... 251
.......................................................................... 253
..................................................................................... 255

....................................................... 257

....................................................................................................... 258
............................................................................... 258
........................................................................... 260
......................................................................................................... 262
/ ........................................................................................ 265

8 ........................................................................................... 269
8.1
8.2
8.3

......................................................................................................... 269
.................................................................. 270
Galerkin.................................................................................... 271
....................................... 272
..................................................................................... 275

8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

11

.............................................................................. 276
........................................... 277
........................................................... 279
.......................................................................................... 280
............................................................................... 285
............................................................................................. 289
........................................................................... 290
......................................................................................................... 293
/ ........................................................................................ 300

9 .................................. 309
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7

......................................................................................................... 309
....................................... 310
....................................................................................... 313
............................................................................................. 314
................................................................................... 314
..................................................................... 315
.................... 319
.......................................................... 321

....................................................................................................... 323
...................................................... 324
............ 325
........................................... 326
....................................................................... 326
......................................................... 326
........................................................................... 327
......................................................................................................... 328
/ ........................................................................................ 332

10 ..................................................................... 341
10.1 ......................................................................................................... 341
10.2 ......................... 343
................................................................ 344
.............................. 351
................................ 355
................................................................................... 364
Heat2D ................................................. 366
10.3 ............................................................................................................. 366
....................................................................................... 367
Galerkin*...................................................................................... 368
10.4 , ,
................................................................ 372
............................................................................................... 372
........................................................................................................ 373

12

........................................... 374
.............................................................................. 377
..................................................................................................... 379
................................................................................... 379
............................................................................. 380
............................................................... 381
................................................................................. 384
10.5 ................................................................................................. 385
....................................................................... 385
......................................................................................................... 386
/ ........................................................................................ 397
11 ........................................................................................... 403
11.1 ......................................................................................................... 403
11.2 ............................................................................................... 403
............................................................ 404
11.3 ...................................................................... 406
11.4 ........................... 411
.................................................................... 412
-....................................................... 412
Jacobi ........................................................................ 418
............................. 422
....................... 422
........................................................................................ 423
QR Wilkinson
....................................................................................... 426
11.5

............................ 427
11.6 GUYAN .......................................................................................... 429
11.7 ........................................................ 431
11.8 ................................................................................................. 433
........................................................................... 434
......................................................................................................... 436
/ ........................................................................................ 442
12 & .............................................................. 449
12.1 ......................................................................................................... 449
12.2 .......................................................................... 449
.............................................................. 449
, ....................................... 450
12.3 .......................................................................................... 457
....................................... 457
................................................................. 458
............. 459

13

..................................................................................... 461
12.4 ................................................................................................. 462
........................................................................... 464
......................................................................................................... 464
/ ........................................................................................ 467
.................................................................................................................... 481
.................................................................................................................. 485
....................................................................... 489
....................................................................................................................... 491