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Exercise 1.1
Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 2.0.0

Function and Limits

Concept of Functions:
Historically, the term function was first used by German
mathematician Leibnitz (1646-1716) in 1673 to denote the dependence of one quantity on
another e.g.

1) The area A of a square of side x is given by the formula A=x
2
.
As area depends on its side x, so we say that A is a function of x.




2) The area A of a circular disc of radius r is given by the formula
A= r
2
As area depends on its radius r, so we say that A is a function of r.


3) The volume V of a sphere of radius r is given by the formula
V=
3
3
4
r . As volume V of a sphere depends on its radius r, so we say that
V is a function of r.

The Swiss mathematician, Leonard Euler conceived the idea of denoting function
written as y=f(x) and read as y is equal to f of x. f(x) is called the value of f at x or image
of x under f .
The variable x is called independent variable and the variable y is called
dependent variable of f.
If x and y are real numbers then f is called real valued function of real numbers.

Domain of the function:
If the independent variable of a function is restricted to lie
in some set, then this set is called the domain of the function e.g.
Dom of f = {0 x 5}

Range of the function:
The set of all possible values of f(x) as x varies over the
domain of f is called the range of f e.g. y = 100 4x
2
.
As x varies over the domain [0,5] the values of y = 100 4x
2
vary between y=0 (when
x=5) and y = 100 (when x=0)
Range of f = {0 y 100}

Definition:
A function is a rule by which we relate two sets A and B (say) in such a
way that each element of A is assigned with one and only one element of B. For example

is a function from A to B.
x
x
x
x
r

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
2
its Domain = {1,2,3} and Range = {4,5}
1
2
3
4
5


In general:
A function f from a set X to a set Y is a rule that assigns to each
element x in X one and only one element y in Y.(a unique element y in Y)

x y=f(x)
f
X Y

(f is function from X to Y)

If an element y, of Y is associated with an element x, of X, then we write y=f (x) &read
as y is equal to f of x. Here f(x) is called image of f at x or value of f at x .

Or if a quantity y depends on a quantity x in such a way that each value of x determines
exactly one value of y. Then we say that y is a function of x.
The set x is called Domain of f . The set of corresponding elements y in y is called
Range of f . we say that y is a function of x.

Exercise 1.1

Q1. (a) Given that f(x) = x
2
x

i. f(-2) = (-2)
2
(-2) = 4 + 2 =6

ii. f(0) = (0)
2
(0) = 0

iii. f(x-1) = (x-1)
2
(x-1) = x
2
2x + 1 x + 1 = x
2
3x + 2

iv. f(x
2
+4) = (x
2
+4)
2
- (x
2
+4) = x
4
+ 8x
2
+ 16 x
2
4 = x
4
+ 7x
2
+ 12

(b) Given that 4 ) ( + x x f


Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
3
2 2 2
) ( 2) 2 4 2
) (0) 0 4 4 2
) ( 1) 1 4 3
) ( 4) 4 4 8
i f
ii f
iii f x x x
iv f x x x
+
+
+ +
+ + + +


( )
2.
) ( ) 6 9
( ) 6( ) 9 6 6 9
( ) 6 9
( ) ( ) (6 6 9) (6 9)
6 6 9 6 9 6
6
) ( ) sin
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
( ) sin( ) sin
( ) (
Q Giventhat
i f x x
f a h a h a h
f a a
f a h f a a h a
Now
h h
a h a h
h h
ii f x x given
f a h a h and f a a
f a h f
Now



+ + +

+ +

+ +

+ + _ _


, ,
+ +
+
Q
) sin( ) sin a a h a
h h
+

[ ]
1
sin( ) sin
1 1 2
2cos sin 2cos sin
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
2cos sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2
a h a
h
a h a a h a a h h
h h
a h h h h
a
h h
+
+ + + 1 + 1
_ _ _ _

1 1
, , , , ] ]
1
_ _ _ _
+ +
1
, , , , ]


Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
4
3 2
3 2 3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2 2 2
3 2
3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2
3 3 2 2 2
) ( ) 2 1
( ) ( ) 2( ) 1 3 ( ) 2( 2 ) 1
3 3 2 4 2 1
( ) 2 1
( ) ( )
3 3 2 4 2 1 ( 2 1)
1
3 3 2
iii Giventhat f x x x
f a h a h a h a h ah a h a ah h
a h a h ah a ah h
f a a a
Now f a h f a
a h a h ah a ah h a a
h
a h a h ah a
h
+
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+
+
+ + + + + + +

+ + + +
2 3 2
3 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 2 1 2 1
1
3 3 4 2 3 3 4 2
3 3 4 2 3 2 3 4 (3 2) 3 4
ah h a a
h
h a h ah ah h h a ah a h
h h
h a ah a h h ah h a a h a h a a
1 + + +
]
1 1 + + + + + + + +
] ]
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+

+

+ +

2
sin
2
sin
2
2
sin
2
2
sin 2
1 cos ) cos(
) ( ) (
cos ) (
) cos( ) (
cos ) ( )
h h
a
h
h h a
h h
a h a
h
a f h a f
Now
a a f and
h a h a f so
x x f that Given iv


Q3. (a) If x unit be the side of square.
Then its perimeter P = x+ x+ x + x = 4x .. (1)
A = Area = x . x = x
2

(2)
From (2) A x putting in (1)
P = 4 A
P is expressed as Area

(b) Let x units be the radius of circle
Then Area = A =
2
x .. (1)
Circumference = C = x 2 .. (2)
From (2) x =
2
C
Putting in (1)
A =

4 4 2
2
2
2
2
c c c

,
_

,
_

A = nce Circumfere of function a is Area
c
Q
4
2


(c) Let x unit be each side of cube.
The Volume of Cube = x . x . x = x
3
.. (1)
Area of base = A = x
2
.. (2)
From (2) x = A Putting in (1)
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
5
V = ( )
2
3 3
) ( A A

1 ) ( . 5
2 3
+ + bx ax x x f Q

( )
2 ) 2 ( 2
0 6 3
0
0 6 2
) 2 ( ) 1 (
1 ....... .......... 0 2 6
2
) 2 ( ....... .......... 0 0 2 4 12
0 3 2 4 9
0 1 1 3 1 2 4 8
0 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 3 1 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
0 ) 1 ( 3 ) 2 (
2 3 2 3


+

+

+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + +

b a b and a
a
b a
b a
and Solving
b a
by Dividing
b a b a
b a b a
b a b a
a b a
f and f If


m
h
x a
x x h Q
30
) 1 ( 10 40 ) 1 (
sec 1 ) (
10 40 ) ( . 6
2
2

m
h
x b
5 . 17 5 . 22 40 ) 25 . 2 ( 10 40
) 5 . 1 ( 10 40 ) 5 . 1 (
sec 5 . 1 ) (
2

m
h
x c
1 . 11 9 . 28 40 ) 89 . 2 ( 10 40
) 7 . 1 ( 10 40 ) 7 . 1 (
sec 7 . 1 ) (
2

ii) Does the stone strike the ground = ?

2
4 40 10
0 10 40
0 ) (
2 2
2
t

x
x x
x
x h

Stone strike the ground after 2 sec.

Graphs of Function

Definition:

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
6
The graph of a function f is the graph of the equation y = f(x). It consists
of the points in the Cartesian plane chose co-ordinates (x , y) are input - output pairs for f
.
Note that not every curve we draw in the graph of a function. A function f can have only
one value f(x) for each x in its domain.
Vertical Line Test
No vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than once. Thus, a circle
cannot be the graph of a function. Since some vertical lines intersect the circle Twice. If
a is the domain of the function f , then the vertical line x = a will intersect the graph of f
in the single point (a , f(a)).






Types of Function

ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
Those functions which are defined by algebraic expressions.
1) Polynomial Functions:

0 1
1
1
... .......... ) ( a x a x a x a x P
n
n
n
n
+ + + +

Is a
Polynomial Function for all x where
2 1 0
, , a a a .
n
a are real numbers, and
exponents are non-negative integer .
n
a is called leading coefft of p(x) of degree n,
Where 0
n
a
4 deg 1 2 3 2 ) (
max
3 4
+

ree x x x x P
equation in x of power imum the is function polynomial of Degree
2) Linear Function: if the degree of polynomial fn is 1, is called linear function
.i.e. p(x)=ax+b
orDegree of polynomial function is one.

b x y
a b ax x f
+
+
5
0 ) (
Q

3) Identity Function: For any set X, a function I: x X of the form y = x or
f(x) = x. Domain and range of I is x. Note. I (x)= ax +b be a linear fn if a=1,b=0 then
I(x)=x or y=x is called identity fn
4) Constant Function: or
by defined y X C : y X f : If f (x)=c, (const) then f is
called constant fn

eg y=5
R x y or x C
R R C g e
y a and X x a x C

2 2 ) (
: . .
) (

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
7

5) Rational Function:

) (
) (
) (
x Q
x P
x R
1 2 5
1 4 3
) ( . .
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 3
2
+ +
+ +

x x
x x
x R g e
x Q and polynomial are x Q and x P Both

Domain of rational function is the set of all real numbers for which Q(x) 0

6) Exponential Function:
A function in which the variable appears as
exponent (power) is called an exponential function.
) 0
) 2.178
) 2
exp .
x
x
x xh
i y a x R a
ii y e x R and e
iii y or y e
are some onential functions
>




7) Logarithmic Function:

x
a
y
y then a x If log x >0
log ln log
718 . 2 )
log 10 )
' ' log
' '
1 0
10
natural called is x y
e base If ii
x of Logarithm common called is
y then base If i
a base of function c Logarithmi is y Then
function ic Logarithem of base the called is a
a a
x
e
x
x
a

> Q

8) Hyperbolic Function:
We define as
2
) sinh( )
x x
e e
x y i

Sine hyperbolic function or hyperbolic sine function

x
x
x y iv
x
x
e e
e e
Tanhx y iii
y R x function ine hyperbolic called is
e e
x y ii
R y y Range and R x x Dom
x x
x x
x x
sinh
cosh
coth )
cosh
sinh
)
) , 1 [ , cos
2
) cosh( )
} / { } / {

+

R x
e e x
hx y v
x x

+

2
cosh
1
sec )
R x x Dom
e e x
echx y vi
x x

: 0 {
2
sinh
1
cos )
9) Inverse Hyperbolic Function: (Study in B.Sc level)


Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
8
( )
( )
0
1 1
ln cos )
1
1
1
2
1
coth )
1 0
1 1
ln sec )
1 1
1
1
ln
2
1
)
1 1 ln cosh )
1 ln sinh )
2
1
1
2
1
1
2 1
2 1

,
_

+
+
>

+

<

,
_

+
<

+

> +
+ +

x
x
x
x
x ech y vi
x
x
x
x y v
x
x
x
x
x h y iv
x and x
x
x
x Tanh y iii
x and R x for x x x y ii
R x for x x x y i
Q

10) Trigonometric Function:

Functions Domain(x) Range(y)
) sin 1 1
) cos 1 1
i y x All real numbers y
x
ii y x All real numbers y
x

< +

< <
Q
Q

) tan (2 1) ' '
2
) cot
) sec (2 1) ( 1,1)
2
( 1 1)
) cos ( ) ( 1 1)
iii y x x R k R all real numbers
k Z
iv y x x R k R
k Z
v y x x R k R
k Z or R y
vi y ecx x R k R y
k Z

+
< <
< <

Q

11) Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Function Dom(x) Range(y)

y x y x x y
y x y x x y
0 1 1 cos cos
2 2
1 1 sin sin
1
1


Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
9
{ }

< <

1
]
1

'

< <

y R x y x x Cot y
y R x ecy x x Co y
y R x y x x Sec y
x or
y R x Tany x x Tan y
0 cot
0
2
,
2
) 1 , 1 ( cos sec
2
] , 0 [ ) 1 , 1 ( sec
2 2
1
1
1
1


12) Explicit Function:
If y is easily expressed in terms of x, then y is called an
explicit function of x.
. 1 . . ) (
3
etc x x y g e x f y + +

13) Implicit Function:
If x and y are so mixed up and y cannot be expressed in
term of the independent variable x, Then y is called an implicit function of x. It can be
written as. f(x , y) = 0
e.g. x
2
+
xy
+
y
2
= 2 etc.

14) Parametric Function:
For a function y =f (x) if both x& y are expressed in
another variable say t or which is called a parameter of the given curve.
Such as:
i) x = at
2
Parametric parabola
y = 2at

y
2
=
4 a
















) sec
tan
vi x a Parametricequationof hyperbola
y b

1
2
2
2
2

b
y
a
x
2 2 2
) cos
sin
ii x a t Parametricequationof circle
y a t
x y a

+
2 2
2 2
) cos
sin
1
iii x a Parametricequationof Ellipse
y b
x y
a b

+

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
10
Exercise 1.1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
7. 4 ...........................(1)
.......................( )
2 .......................( )
lim ' ' ( ) ( )
2
2 4 4
4
Q Parabola y ax
x at i
y at ii
y
Toe inating t from ii t putting i
a
y y y
x a x a x
a a a
y ax whichis s

_
_


,
,
(1)
.
ameas
whichis equationof parabola

2
2
) cos , sin
cos ...........( ) sin ...............( ) lim ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
) sec , tan
sec ............
ii x a y b
x y
i and ii Toe inating from i and ii
a b
Squaring and adding i and ii
x y
represent a Ellipse
a b
iii x a y b
x
a

_
_
+

,
,

2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
....( ) tan ...................( )
( ) ( )
sec tan 1 tan tan 1
y
i ii
b
Squaring and Subtracting i and ii
x y x y x y
a b a b a b

_ _
+

, ,


Which is equation of hyperbola


2 2 2 2
8. ( ) sinh 2 2sinh cosh
. . 2sinh cosh 2 2
2 2 4 2
sinh 2 . .
x x x x x x x x
Q i x x x
e e e e e e e e
R H S x x
x L H S

_ _ _ +


, , ,


( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
) sec 1 tan
2
. . . 1 tan 1 1
2
2 2 4 1
2
2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
ii hx hx
e e e e
R H S hx
e e e e
e e e e
e e
e e e e

_ _ +


+ + +
, ,
+ + +

+ +
+ +


Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
11
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
sec . .
cosh
) cos coth 1
2 2
. . coth 1 1
2 2 4 1 1
cos 2 . .
sinh
2
x x x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
h x L H S
x
iii eh x x
e e e e e e e e
e e
R H S x
e e
e e e e
e e e e
ech x L H S
x
e e e e e e

+ + + +
_ +

,
+ + +


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3
3
3 3
3
9. ( ) Q f x x x
replace xby x
f x x x x x x x f x
f x x x is odd function
+

1 + +
]
+

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
) 2
2
2
ii f x x
replace xby x
f x x f x
f x x is neither even nor odd
+

+ t
+

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
) 5
5 5 .
iii f x x x
replace xby x
f x x x x x f x f x is odd function
+

1
+ +
]
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
)
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
.
x
iv f x
x
replace xby x
x x x
f x f x
x x x
f x is neither evennor odd function

+ +
t
+

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
3
1
2
3 2
3
3
2
) 6
6 6 6
.
v f x x
replace xby x
f x x x x f x
f x is aneven function
+

1
+ + +
]


_______________________________________________________________________________________