ISSN 0323-0570

Acta Mus. Moraviae, Sci. soc. XCVII: 2, 225234, 2012

KELTSK BOJOVNK Z HROBU 30 V HOLUBICCH (OKR. VYKOV)

CELTIC WARRIOR FROM GRAVE NR. 30 IN HOLUBICE (DIST. VYKOV)

JAN HORK Slezsk univerzita v Opav

ABSTRACT: Warrior, whose remains were discovered in 1930 in Holubice, grave 30 was burried sometimes at the beginning of the phase LTB2. As grave goods he was given the spear, that he had been using during his life. Its a special kind of spear, whose butt has shaped template in the area of Mediterranean, most probably in Greece; indeed the spearhead is fixed by two rivets with half-ball plastic shaped bronze capitals, wearing typical characteristics of the Celtic style. This finding is considered to be rare. From the evaluation follows, that the individual belonged to a part of highest social layer and could be a part of Celtic crowds, which worked on Balkan and Greece at the beginning of the 3rd century BC, according to ancient written sources perhaps as the mercenaries. The article also tries to refer to possible combat specialization of the Celtic warrior with this type of spear. KEY WORDS: Celts, Middle La Tne period LTB2, Weapons, Spear, Mercenaries in Greece

VOD Keltt bojovnci patili podle zprv antickch autor, zvlt pak G. I. CAESARA (VI: 13), mezi nejvy sloku spolenosti sv doby. Jejich pohby jsou povaovny za hroby elity obyvatelstva (FILIP 1956, 308). Vsady bt pohben se zbranmi se zejm dostvalo jen sti musk populace aktivnm bojovnkm (BUDINSK WALDHAUSER 2004, 108). Hrob 30 se nalzal v severnj sti (IM 1972a, obr. 1: B; PROCHZKA 1937, obr. 24) nejvtho zkoumanho pohebit doby latnsk na Morav, v Holubicch (IMOV 2009, 12). Podle dochovanch zprv byl odkryt dne 28. 8. 1930 uitelem A. Prochzkou. Hrob se nachzel v hloubce 140 cm pod povrchem, rozmry hrobov jmy nejsou znmy, ale orientovna byla ve smru SJ, bez odchylky. Uvnit hrobu se nachzela kostra v nataen poloze naznak, doprovzen nkolika artefakty (IMOV 2009, 67; PROCHZKA 1937, 74). Podl prav nohy byl uloen elezn me v pochv. U pasu ml pohben 3 dut bronzov krouky z opasku. Za hlavou smrem ikmo do stny byl open elezn list kop s plasticky zdobenmi bronzovmi hlavicemi nt a jeho profilovan elezn botka byla umstna mezi chodidly (IMOV 2009, 67; PROCHZKA 1937, 74). Do bn vbavy bojovnka patil tak tt, jeho pozstatky nebyly v hrob 30 z Holubic nalezeny. Antropologick vyhodnocen provedeno nebylo, kostra se a do dnen doby bohuel nedochovala (IMOV 2009, 20). A. PROCHZKA (1937, 74) pouze zmiuje kulatou krtkou lebku se zdravm, mrn otelm chrupem. V nlezov zprv (. j. 1696/87, uloena v archvu AR AV R Brno) uvd J. Meduna st pohbenho asi 30 let. Poheb bojovnka z hrobu 30 v Holubicch svoj skladbou na prvn pohled nijak nevybouje ze standardizovanho pohbvn spoleensky vy vrstvy doby latnsk fze LTB2 na Morav. Vbavou odpovd skupin 1 B M. IME (1972a, 78), tzv. chudch bojovnickch pohb obsahujcch vzbroj + do dvou dalch pedmt, ppadn pohebn gar-

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nitue varianty 120 J. WALDHAUSERA (1987, 39), tedy bojovnkm s meem, kopm, opaskem a eventuln jednou nebo dvma sponami. Prv kop, svm tvarem a vzdobou odliuje tento hrob od ostatnch bojovnickch hrob na Morav zkoumanch. ANALZA A DATOVN NLEZ
ME

Me byl uloen v pochv po prav stran nebotka, co je ve fzi LTB2 na Morav standardn poloha mee uvnit hrobovho celku (HORK 2011, 82), ze kterho vybouj pouze poheb z Hotic, kde byl me umstn pes levou polovinu trupu (IM 2006, 55), hrob 122 v Nechvaln, kde leel podl lev pae (BUKOV 1985, 145) a poheb v Nemilanech, kde se me nachzel mezi stehennmi kostmi (SKUTIL 1941, 14). epel mee (obr. 1: 1) je vrazn postiena koroz a v souasn dob dosahuje dlky 670 mm, co je o 20 mm mn, ne za as Prochzkovch (PROCHZKA 1937, 74). Z tto dlky tvo 94 mm ap kvadratickho prezu, na jeho konci nen patrno dn ukonen. Stejn tak se nenaly nebo nedochovaly nty, ani organick sloka rukojeti, tedy nlezy pznan pro jlce latnskch me (srovnej jin hroby holubick nekropole (26, 37, 44, 46, 55, 70; IMOV 2009, 6676; PROCHZKA 1937, 7377), hrob 15 z Lanhota (DOSTL 1962, 19), i hroby z Mnsingenu (25, 50, 55, 72, 79; EMMERLING 1977, 186190; HODSON 1968, Pl. 100101). Tlo epele s chybjcm hrotem a koroz pokozenou patkou se zachovalo v dlce 576 mm, jej maximln ka dosahuje 47 mm; A. PROCHZKA (1937, 74) uvd 50 mm. Profil epele je kosotveren. Na tvar hrotu vzhledem k jeho absenci usuzovat nelze, mee fze LTB2 vak bvaj vce uzpsobeny k bodu (BRUNAUX LAMBOT 1987, 120121). Z pochvy zstalo dochovno vt mnostv drobnch fragment a nkon s jednodum, mrn zahrocenm prolamovanm kovnm (obr. 1: 2) o rozmrech 4070 mm. Kovn stejnho typu pochz tak z hrobu 816 v Hoticch (IM 2006, 55) nebo ojedinlch nlez z Kosdu a Litru v Maarsku, kde jsou datovny do fze LTB2 (SZAB PETRES 1992, 9394, Pl. 39, Pl. 44). Tento typ kovn se objevuje mezi 5. a 3. stol. p.n.l. (RAPIN 1999, 49, Fig. 6: 3), pesnj datovn je u patn dochovanch a nekonzervovanch nlez nesnadn.
OPASKOV KROUKY

Ti dut krouky z bronzovho plechu (obr. 1: 3); dva tm pln a jeden nepln ( 37 mm, v. 9 mm), byly uloeny u pasu, jak uvd A. PROCHZKA (1937, 74) a s pihldnutm k jeho popisku polohy mee, cit.: Podle prav nohy el. me v pochv., lze pedpokldat obdobn uloen opasku i mee, jak znzoruje fotografie bojovnka z hrobu 5 (PROCHZKA 1937, obr. 26), tedy ve funkn poloze. Tento typ krouk je na Morav charakteristick pro fzi LTB2 (IM 1975, 426, obr. 6: 6). Nejinak je tomu v echch: J. WALDHAUSER (1978, 121; 1987, Abb. 3: 6) je stav na konec fze LTB1 a potek LTB2. Jedn se o pevn z fze pedel, nebo v prbhu LTB2a se ji objevuje vrazn inovace v podob typickch eleznch kroucench opask, kter opaskov krouky zcela nahradily (RAPIN 1999, 55, 57).
KOP

Jak bylo zmnno, elezn list kop byl umstn za hlavou pohbenho ikmo do stny; jedn se o jeho nejastj situovn v latnskch hrobech na Morav (HORK 2009, 69). Botka kop se nachzela mezi chodidly. Absence fotografick i kresebn dokumentace znemouj urit, zda kop bylo uloeno cel i zlomen. Lmn ratit, a u z dvod ritulnch nebo praktickch kdy se kop do hrobov jmy nevelo, je praxe, se kterou se na latnskch pohebitch bn pot (IM 1972a, 76). V kadm ppad z Prochzkova popisu je zejm, e pekraovalo vku zemelho. Vka keltskch bojov226

Obr. 1. Holubice, hrob 30 invent hrobu (podle IMOV 2009).

nk na Morav se pohybovala mezi 155 a 190 cm (IMOV 2005, 83, 89). Dlky kop znme nap. z Domamyslic 185 cm (IM 1973, 620), Mnsingenu, hr. 68 205 cm (HODSON 1968, 52), Buovic, hr. 15 210 cm (CHLEBORD 1930, 16), Brna-Malomic, hr. 36 232 cm (IMOV 2005, 85), Vevey, hr. 26 240300 cm (BRUNAUX RAPIN 1988, 93). V La Tne byla dokonce vyzvednuta dv kop s kompletnmi ratiti o celkov dlce 243 a 247 cm (VOUGA 1923, 54, Pl. IX: 14, 15). List kop z Holubic (obr. 1: 4) je rhomboidnho tvaru a m 570 mm. Celkov stav dochovn je velmi dobr. Z jeho celkov dlky tvo 60 mm tulej (19 mm), kter byla k ratiti pichycena dvma nty s plkulovitmi bronzovmi hlavicemi (2924 mm) zdobenmi spirlami v keltskm plastickm stylu (obr. 1: 5). epel kosotverenho profilu s nevraznm konkvnm podbrusem1 se vrazn roziuje a ve vzdlenosti 90 mm od zatku tuleje dosahuje maximln ky (66 mm), odkud sbh do vrazn bodnho hrotu, co znamen, e vlastn funkn st epele m dlku 480 mm. Rozmry list kop ve fzi LTB2 bvaj bn podstatn men. List kop, jejich epel pesahuje 350 mm, nen na Morav mnoho. Pat sem napklad nlez kop z Nkovic (PROCHZKA 1937, 89), hrobu 227

2 o dlce 390 mm, Lanhotu o 408 mm (DOSTL 1962, 19) nebo Sivic, hrobu vykopanm v r. 1982, jeho list je dokonce 650 mm dlouh (SALA 1984). Podobn velk listy kop se nachzej i jinde: nap. ze Simnoce a Radostynu (Maarsko) uvd I. HUNYADY (1944, 120) dlku pes 70 cm. Dost mon prv tyto listy kop ml na mysli Diodros Sicilsk (KOCH 2003, 13), kter o Keltech napsal, e cit.: mvaj kopmi, kter maj elezn listy, je jsou loket i vce dlouh a necel dv dlan irok... a jejich listy jsou del, ne mee ostatnch nrod. V ppad ji zmnnho listu kop ze Sivic o celkov dlce 650 mm by toto tvrzen platilo jednoznan. Tulejovit botka kop (obr. 1: 6) kruhovho prezu o 19 mm s profilovanm bodcem dosahuje dlky 250 mm. Ve vzdlenosti 80 mm od otvoru tuleje se nachz kulikovit zduen prez botkou je dle kvadratick, ke hrotu se zuujc, s dalm pechodem po 70 mm. Tulejovit botky pat mezi bn se vyskytujc typ v moravskm prosted, ale takto profilovan exempl zde nem obdoby. Tvarov podobn botky pochzej nap. z hr. 8 ve Wien-Leopoldau (Rakousko; OSTERHAUS 1966, 120, Taf. 56: B2) nebo hr. 75 v Bucyle-Long (Francie; RAPIN 2000a, Taf. I: 2e) a jejich pedlohy jsou spatovny v eckch botkch kvadratickho prezu typu sauroter2 (BAITINGER 2001, 54, Taf. 56). Tyto saurotery byly botkami kop eckch tkoodnc hoplt (SCHNFELDER 2007, 313). Kop s takto zdobenmi nty se objevuj zcela vjimen: ti dal exemple znme z Moravy (Brno-Brnnsk Ivanovice; IM 1991, 132, Abb. 5: 3; FILIP 1956, 393; BrnoMalomice, hr. 68; IM 1991, 132, Abb. 5: 2; POULK 1942, 30, Taf. 12: 12, 13; Nemilany; IM 1991, 132, Abb. 5: 5; SKUTIL 1941, 16, obr. 3), jeden z ech (Velk ovice; SANKOT 1991, Fig. 22: 5), ze Slovenska (Dubnk; BUJNA 1989, 262, Taf. XV: 9, z Maarska (Kosd; JACOBSTHAL 1944, Pl. 72: 131; SZAB PETRES 1992, 91, Pl. 27) a Francie (DUVAL 1982, 138139). Podobn nty se mohou vyskytnout i na dalch soustech vzbroje jako jsou pilby (Apahida, Rumunsko; ZIRRA 1976, Fig. 11: 1) nebo tty (Mistn; FILIP 1953, 354, obr. 171), ppadn kroukov brnn (Ciumeti; RUSU 1969, Fig. 5). Kop s plasticky zdobenmi hlavicemi nt pinle na Morav fzi LTB2 (IM 1975, 426). VZNAM Je jist, e kop z hrobu 30 v Holubicch odkazuje na zvltn funkci zbran (SCHNFELDER 2007, 315). Jeho profilovan botka je adaptac/imitac eck botky typu sauroter (SCHNFELDER 2007, 313) a mohla by bt archeologickm dokladem nejen obchodnch vztah, ale hlavn dom se vracejcch bojovnk z vojenskch taen na Balkn a do ecka. Tvrzen by mohl potvrzovat i nlez monho helnistickho zlatho perku z Krome (pochzejc patrn z bojovnickho hrobu; IM 1972b, 569). Kontakt keltskch bojovnk s helnistickm svtem, bhem a po velk expanzi, a zvlt pak trval konflikty mezi dynastiemi vchodn sti stedomo vytvoily rodnou pdu pro oldnsk aktivity. Z antickch pramen je dobe znmo (STRABN, Gographica VII: 3.8), e v tto dob Keltov na Dunaji stanuli ped samotnm Alexandrem Makedonskm a tak, e se nechvali zaleovat jako oldni do mnoha armd helnskho svta (ELLIS 1996, 22). Dost mon prv v tto souvislosti mohl bt vyroben i specifick tvar listu kop ze zkoumanho hrobu. Morfologicky zcela vybouje z rmce bn se objevujcch list kop doby latnsk, a to nejen na Morav. Listy kop jsou nejastji tvaru kapkovitho Holubice, hr. 21 (IMOV 2009, tab. 9: 1), eliptickho Bluina, hr. 16 (IM 1993, tab. 264: 11), nebo vrbovho listu Brno-Malomice, hr. 76 (IMOV 2005, obr. 81: 14), ale rhomboidn formy jsou vzcn (LUDIKOVSK 1954, 62). J. MEDUNA (1956, 165) pedpokld, e by moravsk exemple mohly bt vrobkem jedn dlny. Tyto tvary nebo jim podobn se sice mohou vyskytnout ji v pedchzejc fzi LT B1 (v Bedichovicch, IM 1985, obr. 1: 2; v Domamyslicch, IM 1973, tab. II: 4), ale jsou podstatn mench rozmr; teprve s nastupujc fz LTB2 se listy kop vrazn prodluuj (IM 1975, 228

Obr. 2. Rhomboidn listy kop z Moravy. 1 Holubice, hr. 5, 2 Holubice, hr. 26, 3 Holubice, hr. 30, 4 Holubice, hr. 44, 5 Holubice, hr. 46, 6 Kenovice, hr. 15 (13, 5 podle IMOV 2009; 4, 6 podle PROCHZKA 1937).

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426; RAPIN 2000b, 200). V moravskm materilu byly identifikovny ti tm stejn listy kop: Holubice, hr. 5 (obr. 2: 1), 46 (obr. 2: 5) a Kenovice, hr. 15 (obr. 2: 6), a dal dva tvarov velmi podobn, Holubice, hr. 26 (obr. 2: 2) a 44 (obr. 2: 4). Vechny zmiovan maj rhomboidn tvar s epel del ne 350 mm kosotverenho profilu s konkvnm podbrusem, vrazn bodnm hrotem a nejirm mstem epele do 90 mm od zatku tuleje. Vjimkou je list z hrobu 26 v Holubicch, kde je nejir msto a ve vzdlenosti 150 mm, funkn st epele je tedy dlouh 260 mm. Vzhledem k vrazn velikosti tchto list je jejich funkce jako kop zcela zejm, otpy jako zbran uren pro boj na dlku maj listy krat a jsou charakteristick absenc stedovho ebra na epeli (RAMSL 2002, 8182). Kop slouilo jako sen, ezn a bodn zbra. Sledovan kop z Holubic nedisponuje oblmi bity zvyujcmi eznou slu zbran, proto od pouit zbran pro sek i ez meme upustit. Namsto toho vrazn bodn a dlouh hrot zeslen stedovm ebrem s konkvnm podbrouenm umooval vynikajc bod3, a to dle mnn autora i proti obrnnmu protivnkovi: hrot snadno pronikl kyrysem, ppadn mezi krouky, kter postupn se roziujc epel listu roztrhla; jinmi tvary listu toho tak snadno doclit nelze. Napklad modern ton dky maj identick profil jako sledovan kop a snadno proraz i neprstelnou vestu (ERN 2008, VIIVIII). C. von CLAUSEWITZ (1996, 77) poukazuje na vzjemn psoben a ovlivovn bojov innosti a zbran, mezi n prava zbran proti obrnnmu protivnkovi pat. V neposledn ad vhodou epele kosotvercovho prezu s vym ebrem je, e po vniknut do tla ji je mon, i pes obemknut tkn, velmi snadno vythnout a optovn pout, co v ppad epel bez eber nelze (TORA 1998, 76). Optovn pouit zbran je pi boji nezbytnost. Zapomenout ovem v tto chvli nesmme ani na botku, kter svm kosotvercovm prezem zuujcm se do hrotu mohla rovn slouit jako Panzerstecher4, jak by tomu mohly nasvdovat nlezy poniench ttovch puklic v Gourney-sur-Aronde (BRUNAUX RAPIN 1988, 176). Ppadn mohla slouit k doren na zem padlch neptel (HANSON 1991, 24). Pravotoiv spirly (triskely) vyobrazen na hlavicch nt jsou soust plastickho stylu, kter navazuje na konvence stylu waldalgesheimskho (HARDING 2007, 119). Tento typ ornamentu bv nejastji spojovn se solrn symbolikou (REJSEK 2006, 257258). M. SZAB a E. F. PETRES (1992, 57) zastvaj nzor, e zbran zdoben v plastickm stylu jsou natolik vjimen, e nle spoleensk elit vedouc invaze. Bojovnci disponujc kopm s plasticky zdobenmi nty by v tom ppad nleeli mezi nejvznanji postaven leny vojensk hierarchie. Dokladem toho me bt i jejich minimln zastoupen v hrobovch nlezech, obdobn jako u bojovnk s pseudoantropomorfnmi mei (IM 1996, 119). Ostatn moravsk bojovnick hroby s kopm se zdobenmi nty pat do stejn kategorie jako sledovan hrob v Holubicch. Vjimkou je hrob z Nemilan, kde byl krom kop nalezen tak dlouh me, pseudoantropomorfn mek, ti krouky z opasku, dv ndoby a spona (SKUTIL 1941). Kop velkch rozmr, zdoben bronzovmi nty anebo proezvnm jsou rovn pokldny za majetek vznanch bojovnk, kte dokonce mohli stt v ele cel bojov skupiny, kde jim tato kop slouila jako standarty (MEGAW MEGAW 1994; RAMSL 2006, 198) pro odlien jejich specializovan funkce (RAPIN 1999, 51). ZVR Bojovnk pohben v hrob 30 z Holubic byl jednoznan lenem mstn elity. Spolen se svmi druhy patrn tvoil druinu, kter se na potku fze LTB2 mohla vydat do ecka, snad jako nmezdn oldni zmiovan v antickch pramenech. Doklady pro to lze spatovat v profilovan botce, kter je vyrobena po eckm vzoru; a zvltnm tvaru listu kop, kter slouil k boji s obrnnm protivnkem. Obdobn i botka mohla bt pouita k proraen protivnkova brnn. Je velice pravdpodobn, e ve vojensk hierarchii stl ve ne ostatn, vzhledem k velikosti listu a plasticky zdobenm bronzovm ntm, jimi se tento list honosil. Prv tato kop spolen s typy proezvanmi mla slouit jako standarty

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bojovch skupin, snad i specializovan funkce, jak naznauje A. RAPIN (1999, 51). V tomto ppad snad mohla slouit jako standarta bojovnkm zvlt vykolenm ke stetu s tkoodnci.
POZNMKY 1 2 3 4 Co znamen, e epel je opatena stedovm ebrem, vytvoenm, jak popisuje R. PLEINER (1993, 76), ale pechod od ost k ebru je zetelnj. Tento termn oznauje botku kop a prvn se objevil v Homrov Iliad (HANSON 1991, 24). Plastick lenn epele mlo svj vznam v otzce odolnosti zbran na ohyb tzn. krizovho okamiku pi bodu (TORA 1998, 76). Bodn zbra, vtinou trojhrannho nebo kosotverenho prezu, slouc k proren brnn (KEK ECH 1999, 119, 187). LITERATURA BAITINGER, H. 2001: Die Angriffswaffen aus Olympia. BerlinNew York. BRUNAUX, J.-L. LAMBOT, B. 1987: Guerre et armement chez les Gaulois (45052 av. J.-C.). Paris. BRUNAUX, J.-L. RAPIN, A. 1988: Gournay II. Boucliers et lances dpts et trophes, Revue Archeologique de Picardie. Paris. BUKOV, E. 1985: Keltsk kostrov pohebisko v Nechvalne. Z A SAV 21, 137186. BUDINSK, P. WALDHAUSER. J. 2004: Druh keltsk pohebit v Radovesicch (okres Teplice) v severozpadnch echch, Archeologick vzkumy v severnch echch sv. 31. Teplice. BUJNA, J. 1989: Das latnezeitliche Grberfelder bei Dubnk I. SlA XXXVII, 245354. CAESAR, G. I. 1972: Comentarii de bello gallico; peklad BURE, I. Praha. VON CLAUSEWITZ, C. 1996: O vlce. Brno. ERN, P. 2008: Ochrann prostedky pro pslunky policie. Policista 9, IXIV. IM, M. 1972a: Spoleensk struktura moravskch Kelt podle vzkumu pohebi. AMM LVII, 7381. IM, M. 1972b: Upozornn na nlez helnistickho perkastv na Morav. AR XXIV, 569570. IM, M. 1973: Keltsk kostrov hrob se tvercovm pkopem z Domamyslic, okres Prostjov. AR XXV, 615625, 669671. IM, M. 1975: Relativn chronologie keltskch pohebi na Morav. PA LXVI, 417437. IM, M. 1985: Latnsk pohebit v Bedichovicch, okr. Brno-venkov. AR XXXVII, 442445. IM, M. 1991: Neue Erkenntnisse zur Verzierung keltischer Waffen in Mhren. tudes celtiques XXVIII, 127136. IM, M. 1993: Keltsk okupace Moravy (doba latnsk). In: Podborsk, V. (ed.), Pravk djiny Moravy, Brno, 380423. IM, M. 1996: Pseudoanthropomorphe Schwerter aus keltischer Grbfelder in Mhren. AMM LXXXI, 111124. IM, M. 2006: Doba latnsk. In: im, M. Geislerov, K. (eds.), Vzkumy Ausgrabungen 19992004, stav archeologick pamtkov pe, Brno, 5561. IMOV, J. 2005: Keltsk pohebit v Brn-Malomicch. Pravk-Supplementum 14, stav archeologick pamtkov pe Brno. Brno. IMOV, J. 2009: Keltsk pohebit z Holubic a Kenovic. Pravk-Supplementum 19, stav archeologick pamtkov pe Brno. Brno. DOSTL 1962: Pravk pohebit u Lanhota na Morav. SPFFBU XI (E 7), 931. DUVAL, A. 1982: Note sur une pointe de lance provenant de Rebourseaux (Yonne). In: Duval, P.-M. Kruta, V. (dir.), Lart celtique de la priode dexpansion , IVe et IIIe sicle av. notre re, Genve-Paris, 137147. ELLIS, P. B 1996: Keltov: Prvn tiscilet keltskch djin. Praha. EMMERLING, J. 1977: Technologische Untersuchungen an Griffen und Scheidenumbrdelungen von latnezeitlichen Schwertern aus Mnsingen. Alt-Thringen 14, 186193. FILIP, J. 1953: Keltsk pohebit v Mistn a eh u moravskch Kelt. AR V, 332336, 346361, 369372, 422423, 429430. FILIP, J. 1956: Keltov ve stedn Evrop. Monumenta archaeologica Tomus V. Praha. HANSON, V. D. 1991: Hoplites. The Classical Greek Battle Experience. New York. HARDING, D. W. 2007: The Archaeology of Celtic Art. Routledge, Abingdon. HODSON, F. R. 1968: The La Tene Cemetery at Mnsingen-Rain. Bern. HORK, J. 2009: Kop v keltskch hrobech na Morav. Rkp. nepublikovan bakalsk prce, uloen na A FPF SU Opava.

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HORK, J. 2011: Keltsk me v kontextu hrobovch celk z Moravy. Rkp. nepublikovan magistersk prce, uloen na A FPF SU Opava. HUNYADY, I. 1944: Keltk a Krptmedencben. Szvegktet. Dissertationes Pannonicae II. 18. Budapest. CHLEBORD, M. 1930: Gallsk pohebit u Buovic (u Liek). Roenka spoitelny msta Buovic. JACOBSTHAL, P. 1944: Early Celtic Art. Oxford. KOCH, J. T. 2003: The Celtic Heroic Age, Literary Sources for Ancient Celtic Europe & Early Ireland & Wales. Aberystwyth. KEK, L. ECH, Z. J. K. 1999: Encyklopedie zbran a zbroje. Praha. LUDIKOVSK, K. 1954: Keltov na Morav do potku n. l. Rkp. nepublikovan magistersk prce, uloen na AM FF MU Brno. MEDUNA, J. 1956: Osdlen Moravy Kelty ve stedn a pozdn dob latnsk (do potku naeho letopotu). Rkp. nepublikovan magistersk prce, uloen na AM FF MU Brno. MEGAW, M. R. MEGAW, J. V. S. 1994: Excavating in museums: Two La Tne heraldic spearheads. In: Dobiat, C. (Hg.), Festschrift fr O.-H. Frey, Marburger Studien zur Vor- und Frhgeschichte 16, 395404. OSTERHAUS, 1966: Die Bewaffnung der Kelten Zur Frhlatnezeit in der Zone nrdlich der Alpen.Unpublizierte Dissertation Marburg. PLEINER, R. 1993: The Celtic Sword. Oxford. POULK, J. 1942: Das keltische Grberfeld von Brnn-Malmeritz. Zeitschrift des Mhrisches Landesmuseums, Neue Folge 2, 4986. PROCHZKA, A. 1937: Gallsk kultura na Vykovsku (La Tne stedomoravsk), 1. st archeologick. Slavkov u Brna. RAMSL, P. 2002: Das eisenzeitliche Grberfeld von Pottenbrunn, Fundberichte aus sterreich, Materialhefte A 11. Wien. RAMSL, P. 2006: Die durchbrochen gearbeitete Lanzespitze aus Grab 180 von Mannersdorf/Lgb., Flur Reinthal Sud. Pravk N 16, 185200. RAPIN, A. 1999: Larmement celtique en Europe: chronologie de son volution technologique du Vme au Ier s. av. J.-C. Gladius, XIX, 3367. RAPIN, A. 2000a: Larmement latnien en Hongrie. In: Guillamet, J.-P. (Hrsg.), Dix ans de coopration francohongroise en archologie 19881998. Collegium Budapest Workshop Series 9, 97134. RAPIN, A. 2000b: Les quipements militaires celtes dans la collection Lamarre. Antiquits nationales 32, 183207. REJSEK, M. 2006: Koeny ornamentu: pvod a symbolika svastiky. In: KOV, A. VLKA, M. (eds.), Stedovk a novovk zdroje tradin kultury, 251265. RUSU, M. 1969: Das keltische Frstengrab von Ciumeti in Rumnien. Bericht RGK 50, 267300. SALA, M. 1984: Dal latnsk kostrov hroby ze Sivic (okr. Brno-venkov). PV 1982, 3435. SANKOT, P. 1991: Motifs zoomorphes dans lart latnien de la Boheme au IIIe siecle avant J.-C. tudes celtiques XXVIII, 401433. SCHNFELDER, M. 2007: Zurck aus Griechenland Spuren keltischer Sldner in Mitteleuropa. Germania 85, 307328. SKUTIL, J. 1941: Nlez latnskho hrobu v Nemilanech u Olomouce. VSMO 54, 1416. STRABN 18541857: The Geography of Strabo: Literally Translated, with Notes, peklad Hamilton, H. C. & Falconer W. London. SZAB, M. PETRES, . F. 1992: Decorated Weapons of the La Tne Iron Age in the Carpathian Basin. Budapest. TORA, P. 1998: Vojenstv doby bronzov. Rkp. nepublikovan magistersk prce, uloen na AM FF MU Brno. VOUGA, P. 1923: La Tne. Leipzig. WALDHAUSER, J. 1978: Das keltische Grberfeld bei Jeniv jezd in Bhmen II. Archeologick vzkum v severnch echch, sv. 7. Teplice. WALDHAUSER, J. 1987: Keltische Graberfelder in Bhmen. Dobr Voda und Letky sowie Radovesice, Strnce und Tuchomyl. Bericht RGK 68. ZIRRA,V. 1976: La ncropole La Tne dApahida. Nouvelles considrations. Dacia 20, 129165. SUMMARY According to the reports of the ancient writers, Celtic warriors belonged to the highest ranks of society of their time (CAESAR VI: 13). Their burials are considered to be the graves of the elite (FILIP 1956, 308). Grave 30 was a part of the largest examined necropolis of the La Tne period in Moravia (IM 1972a, obr. 1: B; PROCHZKA 1937, obr. 24). It was uncovered on the 28th of August 1930 by a teacher A. Prochazka (IMOV 2009, 12). An iron sword in a scabbard, 3 hollow bronze ringlets from a belt, iron spearhead with plastic ornamented bronze rivet heads and a profiled iron spearbutt were discovered in the grave (IMOV 2009, 67; PROCHZKA 1937, 74). The remains were not anthropologically analyzed; the age was probably 30 years (NZ . j.

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1696/87, uloena v archvu AR AV R Brno). Burial of the warrior from grave 30 in Holubice does not at first sight differ by its content from standardized burying of the elite in La Tne B2 phase in Moravia. It is the spear that makes this garniture exceptional. The sword was placed in a scabbard on the right side of the deceased; this is a standard position (HORK 2011, 82). The sword blade (Fig. 1: 1) is strongly affected by corrosion; the blade is currently 670 mm long. 94 mm of this length makes quadratic cross-sectioned tang which has no apparent ending. The profile of the blade is diamond-shaped. The shape of the tip cant be assumed due to its absence, however, swords of the LTB2 phase are rather of pointed character (BRUNAUX LAMBOT 1987, 120121). From the scabbard a large number of small fragments and a chape with castellated forging remained preserved (Fig. 1: 2). The three hollow ringlets of bronze plate (Fig. 1: 3) were situated at a waist, probably in a functional position. This type of the ringlets is characteristic for LTB2 phase in Moravia (IM 1975, 426, obr. 6: 6). During the LTB2a an innovation occurs: the belt ringlets were completely replaced by the typical twisted iron belts (RAPIN 1999, 55, 57). The iron spearhead was placed behind the head at an angle toward the wall; this is the most frequent location (HORK 2009, 69). The spearbutt lay between the feet. The spearhead of the rhomboid shape (Fig. 1: 4) is 570 mm long. It was attached to the shaft by two rivets with half round bronze heads (2924 mm) ornamented with triskelions in Celtic plastic style (Fig. 1: 5). The blade has a diamond-shaped profile and has a considerably pointed tip. The proportions of the spearhead in LTB2 phase are usually much smaller. Exceptionally large spearheads might suggest the report of Diodorus Siculus (KOCH 2003, 13), who notices that the spearheads of Celtic spears are longer than swords of other nations. For example: the total length of spearhead from Sivice is 650 mm. The length of Socketed spearbutt (Fig. 1: 6) with round cross-section of 19 mm with profiled tip is 250 mm. The Socketed spearbutts are typical for the Celtic spears, but a specimen shaped like this is atypical and its patterns are seen is Greek spearbutts of quadratic cross-section, type sauroter this spearbutt specification first named Homer in Ilias (BAITINGER 2001, 54, Taf. 56; HANSON 1991, 24). These sauroters were the spearbutts of hoplites spear (SCHNFELDER 2007, 313). The spears with ornamented rivets appear quite rarely and belong to Moravia LTB2 phase (IM 1975, 426). The spear from grave 30 in Holubice has a special function (SCHNFELDER 2007, 315). Its profiled spearbutt is an imitation of a Greek spearbutt, type sauroter (SCHNFELDER 2007, 313) and could be archeological evidence of not only trade relations but mainly home returning warriors from the Balkans and Greece war campaigns. This statement can be confirmed by a discovery of a gold jewel in Krom from Hellenistic period (which probably comes from a grave of a warrior; IM 1972b, 569). As the written sources document, the contact between the Celtic warriors and Hellenistic world during and after the great expansion and long-lasting conflicts between the dynasties of the Mediterranean have created a fertile ground for mercenaries. The specific shape of the spearhead from the examined grave stands out from the ordinary spearheads of the La Tne period (LUDIKOVSK 1954, 62). J. MEDUNA (1956, 165) considers the Moravian specimens as products of one workshop. Five similarly shaped and similarly sized spearheads were identified in the Moravian material (Fig. 2). The size determines these findings to their use as spears. Javelins as weapons for fighting at a distance are significantly shorter and do not have a midrib (RAMSL 2002, 8182). Spear served as slashing, cutting, and stabbing weapon. Significantly pointed and long tip reinforcet by midrib with a concave backing-off allowed an excellent stab even against an armed opponent. Modern offensive daggers have an identical profile as our observed spear; it can easily pierce even bulletproof vest (ERN 2008, VIIVIII). Last but not least, the advantage of blade with diamond-shaped profile and higher midrib is that after it penetrates the body it can be easily pulled out despite the tissue contraction and it can be reused (thats crucial); which in case of midriblacking blades cant be done (TORA 1998, 76). Spearbutt due to its diamond-shaped profile that narrows to a tip could have been also used as Panzerstecher or for finishing-off the enemies lying on the ground (HANSON 1991, 24). Triskelions depicted on the bronze rivets are associated with solar symbolism (Rejsek 2006), 257258). M. SZABO a E. F. PETRES (1992, 57) maintain that the weapons ornamented in plastic style are so unique that they must have belonged to the social elite leading the invasion. Warriors possessing a spear decorated with a plastic rivets should have belonged to the highest ranks of the military hierarchy. Their minimal representation should serve as evidence similarly to warriors with pseudoanthropoid swords (IM 1996, 119). Large-sized spear ornamented with bronze rivets or with carving are also considered to be a possession of eminent warriors who could have been even the leaders of a battle group and where these spears could have served as a standards (MEGAW MEGAW 1994; RAMSL 2006, 198) differentiating their specialized functions (RAPIN 1999, 51). Warrior buried in grave 30 in Holubice was unequivocally a member of local elite. Together with his comrades they probably formed a group that in the early LTB2 phase could have gone to Greece, perhaps as mercenaries of ancient sources. Evidence for this can be seen in the profiled, which is made in Greek pattern; the second evidence is the strange shape of spearhead which served for fighting against armed enemy. Similarly, the spearbutt could have been used to break through the opponents armor. It is very likely that in the military

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hierarchy this warrior was higher ranked than the others given the size of the spearhead and plastic ornamentation of the bronze rivets which the spearhead had. As A. RAPIN (1999, 51) suggests, these spears together with the carved (proezvan) ones should serve as standards of the battle groups and perhaps specialized functions. In this case, for warriors whose were specially trained for fighting with hoplites.

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