Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS PAPER 2 : STRUCTURE Question Explanation Diffusion 1(a)(i) Molecules (ii) - Made of tiny / discrete particles/ molecules - Move faster / rapidly (iii) - Between air / another particles (b)(i) (ii) 83 oC Remain, because heat absorbed is used to overcome the forces between particles. Move faster Particles gain kinetic energy. White fume Ammonium chloride Diffusion Ammonia, because ammonia is lighter than hydrogen chloride. NH3 + HCl NH4Cl Number of proton in the nucleus of an atom. 12 X and Y. Because they have same proton number but different neutron or nucleon number. 2.8.7 Marks 1 1 1+1+1

1 1+1

(iii) 2(a)(i) (ii) (iii) (b) (c) 3(a)(i) (ii) (b) (c) (d)(i)

1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1+1 1

1+1

Y
(ii) (iii) (e) 4(a)(i) 7 Y
35 17 -

1 1 1 3

(ii) (iii) (iv)

- Both axis are labeled with unit and consistent scales - All points transfer correctly - Size of graph at least of the page of the graph paper - Curve of the graph is correct and smooth 80oC Heat is absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles.

1 2 1

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1 (b) (c) 5(a) (b) (c) (d)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation To ensure uniform heating Solid X is highly flammable Iodine and ethanol copper copper ion 1 1 2 1 1 1

2010

PAPER : ESSAY No. 6 (a) Particle Proton Neutron Electron (b)(i) Rubric Relative charge +1 0 (neutron) -1 Relative mass 1 1 1/1840 Marks

1+1 1+1 1+1 4 1 1 1 1 4

Any 2 pairs 1. Nucleus contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons. 2. Electrons moves around the nucleus. 3. Two shells filled with electrons. 4. 5 valance electrons / electrons arrangement 2.5

(ii) 14 7 Nucleon number Proton number (c) Stage/Time State of matter to t 1 Solid Particle arrangement Closely packed Change in energy Kinetic energy increases Higher kinetic energy Highest kinetic energy 1 1+1+1 3 1+1+1 3 1+1+1 3

X
1 1 2

t1 t 2

Solid liquid

Close together but not in orderly arrangement Further apart

t2 t 3

Liquid

Total

10 20

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

No. 7 7 (a)

7(b)

Rubric Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at a particular pressure. Because the energy absorbed by the naphthalene is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the molecules of naphthalene. Before condensation The kinetic energy is high The particles are very far apart from each other The attraction forces between particles are very weak. During condensation The kinetic energy decreases The particles begin to move closer toward one another / the distance between the particles decrease The attraction forces between particles become stronger. After condensation The kinetic energy is low The particles are packed closely together NOT in an orderly manner The attraction forces between particles are strong.

Marks 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1

1 1 1

7(c)(i) 7(c)(ii)

Proton number = 13 Nucleon number = 14 + 13 = 27 Number of moles of Y =

10.8 = 0.4 27

1 1 1+1 1 10 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Total 20

Number of moles of Y2O3 = 0.4 2 = 0.2 Relative formulas mass of Y2O3 = 2(27) + 3(16) = 102 Mass of Y2O3 = 0.2 102 = 20.4 g

PAPER 3: STRUCTURE 8 (a) (b) (c)(i) (ii) (iii) (d) (e) Rubric To study the rate of diffusion in the three states of matter. The rate of diffusion in matter decreases in the order of gas > liquid > solid Manipulated : medium of diffusion gas, liquid and solid Responding : rate of diffusion Fixed : temperature of each medium Solid , liquid, gas Solid the particles are very closely pack Liquid the particles closely but there are more space between them Gas the particles far apart from each other Smell perfume / smell gas from leaked pipe or gas cylinder Marks 3 3 3

3 3

(f)

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION 1. Ion Chloride Nitrate Hydroxide Sodium NaCl NaNO3 NaOH Magnesium MgCl2 Mg(NO3)2 Ma(OH)2 Lead(II) Copper (II) Iron (II) Iron (III) Aluminium 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) PbCl2 CuCl2 FeCl2 FeCl3 AlCl3 Pb(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 Al(NO3)3 Pb(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Al(OH)3

Sulphate Na2SO4 MgSO4 PbSO4 CuSO4 FeSO4 Fe2 (SO4)3 Al2 (SO4)3

Carbonate Na2CO3 MgCO3 PbCO3 CuCO3 FeCO3 Fe2( CO3)3 Al2( CO3)3

oxide Na2O MgO PbO CuO FeO Fe2O3 Al2O3

CuCO3 CuO + CO2 HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2 Cu(NO3)2 + Mg Mg(NO3)2 + Cu Cl2 + 2LiOH LiCl + LiOCl + H2O 0.1 x 6.02 x 1023 1.5 x 6.02 x 1023 2.0 x 6.02 x 1023 1.5 x 6.02 x 1023 2.0 x 6.02 x 1023 = 6.02 x 1022 atoms = 9.05 x 1023 atoms = 1.2 x 1024 molecules = 9.05 x 1023 atoms = 1.2 x 1024 molecules = 1.0 mol = 30.0 mol = 0.2 mol = 4.0 x 10-4 mol = 0.5 mol

3.

4.

6.02 x 1023 6.02 x 1023 1.8 x 1021 6.02 x 1023 1.2 x 1023 6.02 x 1023 2.4 x 1020 6.02 x 1023 3.0 x 1023 6.02 x 1023 1.5 x 71 = 106.5 g 2.5 x 32 = 80 g 2 x 98 = 196 g 0.5 x 17 = 8.5 g 2.5 x 267 = 667.5 g 0.5 x 188 = 94 g

5.

6.

0.5 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 11.2 dm3 0.2 mo x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 4.8 dm3 1.5 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 36 dm3 0.5 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 12.0 dm3 2.5 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 56 dm3 250 cm3 24000 cm3 mol-1 = 0.01 mol 500 cm3 22400 cm3 mol-1 = 0.02 mol 200 cm3 24000 cm3 mol-1 = 8.3 x 10-3 mol 750 cm3 24000 cm3 mol-1 = 0.03 mol 300 cm3 22400 cm3 mol-1 = 0.013 mol

7.

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1 8. (a) (b)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 (i) 1. Mol of Mg = 2.4 /24 = 0.1 mol 2. ration : 1 mol of Mg produced 1 mol MgCl2 0.1 mol Mg produced 0.1 mol MgCl2 3. mass of MgCl2 = 0.1 x 95 = 9.5 g (ii) 1. Ratio : 1 mol of Mg produced 1 mol of H2 0.1 mol of Mg produced 0.1 mol of H2 2. volume of H2 = 0.1 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 2.4 dm3 C + 2PbO CO2 + 2Pb 2 mol of PbO produced 2 mol of Pb 0.5 mol of PbO produced 0.5 mol of Pb 2 mol of PbO reacts with 1 mol of C 0.5 mol of PbO reacts with 0.25 mol of C (i) mol of PbO = 44.6 / 223 = 0.2 mol (ii) mass of Pb produced = 0.2 x 207 = 41.4 g CuCl2 + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CuCO3 (i) mol of CuCl2 = 0.5 x 50 / 1000 = 0.025 mol (ii) 1 mol of CuCl2 produced 1 mol of CuCO3 0.025 mol of CuCl2 produced 0.025 mol of CuCO3 (iii) mass of salt = 0.025 x 124 = 3.1 g CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (i) mol CaCO3 = 5 /100 = 0.05 mol (ii) 1 mol of CaCO3 produced 1 mol of CO2 0.05 mol of CaCO3 produced 0.05 mol of CO2 (iii) Volume of CO2 = 0.05 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 1.2 dm3 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O (i) mol of NaHCO3 = 8.4 /84 = 0.1 mol 2 mol of NaHCO3 produced 1 mol of CO3 0.1 mol of NaHCO3 produced 0.05 mol of CO3 Volume of CO2 = 0.05 x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 1.2 dm3 (ii) Mass of Na2CO3 = 0.05 x 106 = 5.3 g Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 mol of HCl = 2 x 100 / 1000 = 0.2 mol volume of H2 = 0.1 x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 2.4 dm3 CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O mol of CaCO3 = 5/100 = 0.05 mol 1 mol of CaCO3 reacts with 2 mol of HNO3 0.05 mol of CaCO3 reacts with 0.1 mol of HNO3 1 mol of CaCO3 produced 1 mol of CO2 0.05 mol of CaCO3 produced 0.05 mol of CO2 Volume of CO2 = 0.05 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 1.2 dm3 Na2CO3 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O mol of HCl = 1 x 100 /1000 = 0.1 mol 2 mol of HCl reacts with 1 mol Na2CO3 0.1 mol of HCl reacts with 0.05 mol Na2CO3 mass of Na2CO3 = 0.05 x 106 = 5.3 g

2010

9.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

10.

(a) (b)

11.

(a) (b)

12.

(a) (b)

13.

(i) (ii) (iii)

14.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

15.

(i) (ii) (iii)

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1 16. (i) (ii)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation CuO + 2 HCl CuCl2 + H2O mol of CuO = 10 / 80 = 0.125 mol 1 mol CuO reacts with 2 mol HCl 0.125 mol CuO reacts with 0.25 mol HCl Molarity of HCl = 0.25 x1000 / 100 = 2.5 mol dm-3 mol of NaOH = 8/40 = 0.2 mol Molarity of NaOH = 0.2 mol dm-3 M1V1 = M2V2 0.2 x 50 = M2 x 150 M2 = 0.67 mol dm-3 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O mol NaOH = 2 x 25 /1000 = 0.05 mol 2 mol of NaOH reacts with 1 mol of H2SO4 0.05 Mol NaOH racts with 0.025 mol of H2SO4 molarity of H2 SO4 = 0.025 x 1000 / 18.5 = 1.35 mol dm-3 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O mol of Na2CO3 = 1 x 25 /1000 = 0.025 mol (i) mol of HCl = 0.025 x 2 = 0.05 mol (ii) volume of HCl = 0.05 x 1000 / 1.25 = 40 cm3

2010

17.

(a) (b)

18.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

19.

(a) (b) (c)

PAPER 2 :STRUCTURE Question 1(a) (b)(i) (ii) Explanation Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole ratio of atom of each elements in the compound. Mass of Cu = 20.35 18.75 = 1.6 g Mass of O = 20.75 20.35 = 0.4 g Mol of Cu = 1.6 / 64 = 0.025 mol Mol of O = 0.4 / 16 = 0.025 mol Mol ratio : Cu : O = 0.025 : 0.025 = 1 : 1 Empirical formula CuO CuO + H2 Cu + H2 O 1.flow dry hydrogen 2.collect the gas 3. place lighted splinter at the mouth of the test tube. Mark

(iii) (iv) (c)

Question 2 (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) (c) (d)

Explanation 46 189 2.408 1024 molecules 4.816 1024 atoms 0.0015 mol 434 g

Mark 1 1 1 1 1 1

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1 Question (e)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation Explanation Mark 1 1 1 Total 9

2010

8.28 = 0.03 mol Ag2CO3 276

2 mol of Ag2CO3 produce 2 mol of CO2 0.03 mol of Ag2 CO3 produce 0.03 mol of CO2 0.03 24 dm3 = 0.72 dm3

Question 3(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e)(i) (ii)

Explanation 1. green turns black 2. lime water turns cloudy CuCO3 CuO + CO2 Mol of CuCO3 = 3.1 / 124 = 0.025 mol 1 mol of CuCO3 produced 1 mol of CO2 0.025 mol of CuCO3 produced 0.025 mol of CO2 Volume of CO2 = 0.025 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 0.56 dm3 Black turns brown CuO + H2 Cu + H2 O Mass of Cu = 0.025 x 64 = 1.6 g

Mark 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10

ESSAY 4. (a) (i) mol C 85.70 12 7.14 7.14 ratio 1 H 14.30 1 14.30 7.14 2 1..3 1 1

The empirical formula CH2 (ii) ( CH2 )n = 56 [ 12 + 2(1) ]n = 56 56 // 4 14 The molecular formula C4H8

1 1..3

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1 (iii)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation Empirical formula The formula shows that carbon and hydrogen are present The formula shows that the ratio of carbon to hydrogen is 1:2 Molecular formula The formula shows that carbon and hydrogen are present The formula shows that one molecule of X consists of 4 carbon atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms

2010

(b)

1 2 3 4 5

An empty crucible and its lid are weighed and the mass are recorded Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper, placed in crucible and weighed again. The mass are recorded The crucible and its contents are heated over a strong flame The crucible lid opened once in a while during the experiment When the magnesium does not burn anymore, the crucible and its contents are cooled in room temperature,

1 1 1 1

1 6 7 and then weighed. The mass is recorded The heating, cooling and weighing is repeated until the final mass becomes constant 1 8 Result Mass of crucible + lid = ag Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon = b g Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide = c g Mass of magnesium = (b a) g Mass of oxygen = (b c) g Mol of magnesium atom = b-a 24 Mol of oxygen atom = b-c 16 Simplest ratio mol of magnesium atom to mol of oxygen atom = x:y/ 1:1 Empirical formula : MgxOy / MgO 1

1 1 1

9 10

11 12

1 1

PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1 5(a)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

Rubric [Able to state three inferences according to the observations correctly] Example: Observations i) white fumes is released. ii) Bright burning. iii) The mass increases. Inferences magnesium oxide is produced // magnesium has been oxidised. magnesium is a reactive metal. magnesium has combined with oxygen.

Score 3

5(b) Rubric [Able to record the data correctly] Example: Description The crucible and lid. The crucible, lid and magnesium powder. The crucible, lid and magnesium oxide. Score 3 Mass / g 123.36 128.16 131.36

5(c) Rubric [Able to calculate the mass of magnesium, mass of oxygen and show the steps to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide accurately] Example: i) Mass of magnesium = 128.16 123.36 = 4.80 g ii) Mass of oxygen = 131.36 128.16 = 3.2 g iii)The empirical formula of magnesium oxide: Element No. of moles Mg 4.8 24 = 0.2 1 O 3.2 16 = 0.2 1 Score

Simplest ratio Empirical formula : MgO 5(d) Rubric Cannot. Lead is less reactive metal

Score 3

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1