Chemistry Salt Analysis Cheatsheet

Version 2.0
2008 Ankur Banerjee All Rights Reserved. Only important stuff for CBSE Class 2th Che!istry "ra#ti#al sylla$us has $een in#luded% not everything.

2. /E ' a#idified 72Cr2O8 2 1 sol 3 turns green 3. /E ' a#idified 70nO) 1 "ink #olour of 70nO) is dis#harged ). Sulphide* Colourless gas 2ith a s!ell of rotten eggs -(2S.9 turns lead a#etate "a"er $la#k . !odium nitroprusside test* /E ' sodiu! nitro"russide ) 1 "ur"le : violet #olour 2. $ead acetate test* /E ' lead a#etate ; -a4. 1 $la#k ""t ;. Nitrite* 6ungent light $ro2n gas . !tarch-iodide test* /E ' dil (2SO) -or dil a#eti# a#id.9 $oil% then add solid 7, ' fresh star#h sol 1 dee" $lue #olouration Group II (conc H2SO4 group) & Cl(chloride) %r- (bromide) &- (iodide) "O3- (nitrate) C'3COO- (acetate) C2O(2(oxalate)# Salt ' #on# (2SO) . No reaction* +rou" ,, anion not "resent. Continue to grou" ,,,. 2. Chloride* Colourless 2hite "ungent fu!es -(Cl.9 intensify 2hen glass rod di""ed in <()O( is $rought near !outh of test tu$e . !il)er nitrate test* /E ' Ag<O3 1 2hite ""t solu$le in <()O( 2. Chromyl chloride test* Salt ' solid 72Cr2O8 ' 2=3 dro"s #on# (2SO) 1 orange : red fu!es of #hro!yl #hloride > . ?a"ours ' <aO( -a4. 1 yello2 solution 2. @ello2 solution ' a#eti# a#id ' lead a#etate sol 1 yello2 ""t
2 3 ) ; > 6otassiu! di#hro!ate Solution <a2ABe-C<.;<OC 6$-C(3COO.2 CrO2Cl2

Anions
Test mentioned next to group is the preliminary test; the ones mentioned under an anion are confirmatory tests for it. Group I (dilute H2SO4 group) & CO32(carbonate) !O32- (sulphite) !2(sulphide) "O2- (nitrite)# Salt ' dil (2SO) . No reaction* +rou" , anion not "resent. Continue to grou" ,,. 2. Carbonate* Colourless and odourless gas -CO2. . /E ' 0gSO) 1 2hite ""t 3. Sulphite* Colourless gas 2ith "ungent s!ell . /E ' BaCl2 -a4. 1 2hite ""t solu$le in dil (Cl
/ater e5tra#t* 6in#h of salt ' 2ater

www.ankurb.info

3. Bromide* Reddish $ro2n va"our . !il)er nitrate test* /E ' Ag<O3 -a4. 1 yello2 ""t "artially solu$le in <()O( 2. Organic layer test* /E ' CCl) ' dro" #on# (<O3 1 D""er layer a4ueous9 lo2er layer organi# of orange : $ro2n #olour -$ro!ine is solu$le in Group III anion" ("pecial group) & non="olar solvent. !O(2- (sulphate) -O(3- (phosphate)# <o grou" reagent ). Iodide* ?iolet va"ours . !il)er nitrate test* /E ' . Sulphate* Ag<O3 -a4. 1 yello2 ""t . %arium chloride test* /E ' insolu$le in <()O( BaCl2 -a4. 1 2hite ""t 2. Organic layer test* /E ' CCl) insolu$le in #on# (Cl ' dro" #on# (<O3 1 D""er 2. $ead acetate test* /E ' lead layer a4ueous9 lo2er layer a#etate -a4. ' a#eti# a#id 1 organi# of violet #olour -iodine 2hite ""t solu$le in is solu$le in non="olar solvent. C(3COO<( -a!!oniu! a#etate. ;. Nitrate* Bro2n fu!es 2ith "ungent s!ell% 2hi#h intensify on 2. #ho"phate* adding "a"er "ellets -!ay need . .mmonium molybdate test* heating. /E ' dil (<O3 ' a!!oniu! . %ro*n ring test* /E ' freshly !oly$date 8 ' $oil 1 "re"ared BeSO) sol ' dro" #rystalline #anary yello2 ""t #on# (<O3 added along side of test tu$e 1 $ro2n ring for!ed at jun#tion of sol and a#id >. cetate* 6ungent va"our 2ith vinegar=like s!ell . +ster test* Salt ' #on# (2SO) ' ethanol 1 fruity s!ell of ester 2. ,erric chloride test* /E ' BeCl3 -a4. 1 $ri#k red #olour . Add dil (Cl 1 red #olour disa""ears 2. Add 2ater and $oil 1 reddish $ro2n ""t

1 2hite ""t9 ""t dissolves 2hen dil (<O3 is added and 2ar!ed 2. -otassium permanganate test* Salt ' dil (2SO) ' heat9 then add 2=3 dro"s 70nO) sol 1 "ink #olour of 70nO) is dis#harged

Cations

8. O!alate* Colourless gas 2ith efferves#en#e -CO ' CO2. . Calcium chloride test* /E ' a#eti# a#id ' CaCl2 -a4. ' $oil 8 -<().20oO)
www.ankurb.info

/roup reagent is mentioned next to group cations. Test mentioned next to cation is the preliminary; ones under it are confirmatory tests for it. 0hen sulphate is detected %a21 Ca21 -b21 and !r21 are not present as sulphates of these radicals are insoluble. 0hen phosphate is detected cations of group &&& and later are absent.

Group $ & NH4+ (ammonium)# <o grou" reagent . !odium hydroxide test* Salt ' <aO( 1 "ungent s!elling gas9 gives 2hite fu!es 2hen a glass rod di""ed in #on# (Cl is $rought near !outh of test tu$e 2. "essler2s reagent 3 test* OS E ' <aO( ' <esslerFs reagent 1 Bro2n : yello2 ""t Group I & Pb2+ (lead)# OS ' dil (Cl 1 2hite ""t9 add 2ater% $oil% and divide into three "arts . Geave OS undistur$ed 1 2hite #rystals for!ed on #ooling 2. -otassium iodide test* OS ' 7, 1 yello2 ""t 3. -otassium chromate test* OS ' 72CrO) 1 yello2 ""t Group II & Cu2+ (copper)# OS ' dil (Cl ' (2S 1 $la#k ""t . Hhro2 off e5tra sol% retain ""t% and dissolve in a fe2 dro"s of #on# (<O3 1 $luish green sol% ""t dissolves9 divide into t2o "arts . 6art ' e5#ess <()O( 1 $lue #oloured sol 2. -otassium ferrocyanide test# 6art 2 ' a#eti# a#id ' 7)ABe-C<.>C 1 reddish $ro2n : #ho#olate #oloured ""t -<ote & this test is diffi#ult to get. Group III & ,e21 ,e31 (iron) .l31 (aluminium)# OS ' solid <()Cl ' e5#ess <()O( . %e2& ' %e(&* <ote & ferrous salts are green in #olour% ferri# salts are $ro2n in #olour.
8 72(g,) E Original solution* Salt ' a#id ' 2ater

. &f ferrous salt has been gi)en con)ert to ferric# OS ' #on# (<O3 ' heat 1 $ro2n ""t9 then do rea#tion 2ith grou" reagent 2. Bro2n ""t ' (Cl9 then divide into t2o "arts . -otassium ferrocyanide test# 6art ' 7)ABe-C<.>C 1 $lue ""t : #olour 2. -otassium thiocyanate test# 6art 2 ' 7C<S 1 $lood red #olour 2. l(&* +elatinous 2hite ""t . %lue la4e test# Retain ""t ' dil (Cl 1 #lear sol . Sol ' $lue lit!us and <()O( -dro"=$y=dro". 1 $lue #olour layer -FlakeF. floats over #olourless sol

Group I) & Co21 (cobalt) "i21 (nic4el) 5n21 (manganese) 6n21 (7inc)# OS ' solid <()Cl ' e5#ess <()O( ' "ass (2S gas . Co2& ' Ni2&* Bla#k ""t9 dissolve ""t in a4ua regia 0 and eva"orate sol to dryness to get residue . Co2&* Blue residue9 turns "ink : "ur"le 2hen dissolved in 2ater9 divide into t2o "arts . 6art ' dil a#eti# a#id ' 7<O2 ' 2ar! 1 yello2 ""t 2. 6art 2 ' ether - !G. ' solid <()C<S 1 $lue #olour in ether 2. Ni2&* @ello2 residue9 turns green 2hen dissolved in 2ater9 divide into t2o "arts

0 A4ua regia* 3 "arts #on# (Cl ' #on# (<O3 A!!oniu! sul"ho#yanide

"art

www.ankurb.info

. 85/ 92 test# 6art ' e5#ess <()O( ' I0+ 1 $right red ""t 2. 6art 2 ' <aO( ' $ro!ine 2ater ' $oil 1 $la#k ""t 2. *n2&* Buff : skin #olour ""t9 divide into t2o "arts . 6art ' dil (Cl ' $oil off (2S ' <aO( 1 2hite ""t9 2hi#h turns $la#k : $ro2n on adding $ro!ine 2ater 2. $ead dioxide test# 6art 2 ' 6$O2 ' #on# (<O3 ' $oil 1 after #ooling9 "ink #olouration

Group )I & 5g21 (magnesium)# <o grou" reagent OS ' <()Cl ' e5#ess <()O( ' a!!oniu! "hos"hate 1 2hite ""t Coloured "alt" Colour Blue +reen Rose red Gight green In-erence Cu"ri# salts (ydrated ni#kel salts Co$alt salts% (g,2 Berrous salts

@ello2 : $ro2n Berri# salts 3. +n2&* +reyish 2hite ""t9 divide +reen : $lue (ydrated #o""er into t2o "arts salts . 6art ' e5#ess <aO( 1 2hite ""t dissolves Iee" $lue Anhydrous #o$alt 2. -otassium ferrocyanide test# salts 6art 2 ' 7)ABe-C<.>C 1 2hite : 6ale "ink 0anganese salts $luish 2hite ""t Iark green : Chro!i# salts "ur"le Group ) & %a21 (barium) !r21 (strontium) Ca21 (calcium)# OS ' -<().2CO3 ' <()Cl ' <()O( 1 2hite ""t9 add dil a#eti# a#id% divide sol into three "arts and test for follo2ing ,< ORIER . Ba2&* 6art ' e5#ess 72CrO) 3 = /ith Br % !ost la$s only have -a4. 1 yello2 ""t <()'. 2. Sr2&* 6art 2 ' -<().2SO) -a4. 1 2' /ith Ca % !ost la$s only have 2hite ""t Cl=. 3. Ca2&* 6art 3 ' -<().2C2O) ) -a4. +asier *ay to do flame test* Dse ' <()O( -only if nothing a""ears test tu$e holder as tongs% and at first. 1 2hite ""t "i#k u" a siJea$le #hunk of salt ). %lame te"t, Hake salt and !ake 2ith it. 6ut one dro" of #on# (Cl% a "aste $y !i5ing 2ith #on# (Cl. and "ut in Bunsen $urner fla!e. Hake "aste on ti" of glass rod : Io fla!e test first9 if youFre lu#ky "latinu! 2ire% and "ut in Bunsen youFll get your #ation early. 0ost $urner fla!e 2& students s"end u" a lot of ti!e . Ba * +reen fla!e doing #ation test. 2. Sr2&* Cri!son red fla!e 2& 3. Ca * Bri#k red fla!e

Miscellaneous Notes

2 Ii!ethyl glyo5i!e reagent 3 6otassiu! #hro!ate ) A!!oniu! o5alate www.ankurb.info