Combined Cycle Power Plant

The Combined Cycle Power Plant consists of two gas turbine generator units Siemens V 94.2, two heat reco ery steam generators, a steam turbine - generator com!lete with a condenser and condensate " feedwater system and all re#uired au$iliaries. % gas turbine that dri es its own generator, e$haust into a s!ecial boiler called a &eat 'eco ery Steam (enerator )&'S(* that generates steam for use in Steam Turbine. +ne of the !rinci!al reasons for the !o!ularity of the combined cycle !ower !lants is their high thermal efficiency. Combined cycle !lants with thermal efficiencies as high as ,2- ha e been built. Combined cycle !lants can achie e these high efficiencies because much of the heat e$haust from the gas turbine)s* is ca!tured and used in the 'an.ine cycle !ortion of the !lant. 'efer figure. The heat from the e$haust gases would normally be lost to the atmos!here in an o!en cycle gas turbine.
Steam rom auxiliary steam boiler

!e t

Steam Turbine Cycle Rankine Cycle

Gas Turbine Cycle "rayton Cycle

Right
HP Stop Valve Right HP Steam Control Valve
Steam Condenser

Cooling

Gland Steam Condenser

Condensate Extraction Pumps

Block-3: Combined Cycle Gas Turbine, Compressor, HRSG & Steam Turbine

%nother reason for the !o!ularity of combined cycle !lant is that it re#uires less time for their construction as com!ared to a con entional steam !ower !lant of the same out!ut. %lthough it ta.es longer time to build a combined cycle !lant than a sim!le gas turbine !lant. /atural gas is the most common fuel used by combined cycle gas turbine !ower !lants. %t 0%PC+ three fuels are used i.e. (as, &S1 and 2urnace +il. The main com!onents of a Combined Cycle include the following3 (as Turbine Steam Turbine 1i erter 1am!er 2eedwater &'S( Condenser and Condensate

Pum!s Cooling Tower etc

Pum!s

4ntroduction to (T V94.2 and ST

5.678C&%/4C%9 P9%/T
The two gas turbines are !ro ided to fire natural gas, high s!eed diesel oil and furnace oil )hea y fuel oil*. The Siemens V94.2 gas turbines are dri ing the air cooled generators, which ha e ma$. out!ut !ower of 5:6 7V% )544 7; at !f < 6.=,*. The gas turbines flue gasses are directly con eyed to the ad>acent heat reco ery boilers the energy of which is transferred to the feedwater loo!. The &P-system of the boiler is !roducing the &P steam. 2or this !ur!ose it has to be su!!lied with the right amount of feedwater at any time during its o!eration3 e.g. during start u!, load ariations etc. %dditional it has to !roduce steam of a s!ecific #uality, which means of correct !ressure and tem!erature which aries again with the different o!eration modes and load conditions. The &P-system generates steam at ?6 bar " ,@6 AC from the thermal energy contained in the (T e$haust gas. The 9P-system of the boiler is !roducing the 9P-steam. 2or this !ur!ose it has to be su!!lied with the right amount of feedwater at any time during its o!eration3 e.g. during start u!, load ariations etc. The 9P-steam in the range of @-56 bar is used for condensate heating and for the feedwater deaeration in the deaerator. The main steam flows to the steam turbine which dri es the air cooled generator of ma$. 5:, 7V% )5,6 7; at !f < 6.=,*. The steam turbine is designed as a single - shaft machine with se!arate &P and 9P sections. The &P section is a single flow cylinder and the 9P section is a double flow cylinder. Turbine by!ass system is to dum! the e$tra steam in the condenser during startu! and steam unloading conditions. Both the e$haust steam and the by!ass steam are condensed by means of a water cooled bo$ ty!e condenser. Condensate !um!s ta.e suction from the condenser hot well and discharge through the gland steam condenser and the 9P-!reheater to the feedwater storage tan.. +ne condensate storage tan. for controlling the water le el is !ro ided. The condensate is further deaerated in the feedwater tan. to the s!ecified o$ygen content. 9Pfeedwater !um!s feed the water from the storage tan. to the drums of the !reheating system in the &'S(Cs in order to !reheat the feedwater in the feedwater storage tan.. %n au$iliary steam system
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su!!lies steam for the turbine gland sealing and for the feedwater tan. heating during start u!. &P-feedwater !um!s deli er the feedwater into boiler drums of the steam generators at the design !ressure under all o!erating conditions. The function of the circulating water system is to !ro ide a heat sin. for the condenser and remo e the heat to the en ironment ia the cooling tower. 2urther the system is connected with the closed cooling water system ia the ser ice cooling water system. The tas. of the ser ice cooling water system is to remo e the heat absorbed by the closed cooling water system in cooling com!onents of the gas turbine generator, the steam-, condensate- and feedwater cycle ia the closed cooling water heat e$changer and to transfer this heat to the circulating water system. % water treatment !lant consists of a ma.e-u! water demineraliDation !lant, regeneration station with chemical storage tan.s and regeneration wastes neutraliDation is installed with all necessary e#ui!ment for satisfactory o!eration of the CCPP. 2urthermore a chlorination !lant for the main circulating water system and for the fresh water )7uDafargarh Canal* system is installed.

2.6898CT'4C%9 SEST87
The figure 5.5 shows the electrical systems configuration of the CCPP in a sim!lified manner. 8ach gas turbine generator unit and the steam turbine generator unit are interconnected ia its own main transformers to the 226 .V switchyard. The gas turbine generator is ca!able of being fully automatically started by electrical energy fed from the main grid ia 226"55 .V main unit transformer and the unit au$iliary transformer. The steam turbine generator unit can be started ia the 55 .V switchgears either from unit 5@ or from unit 54 which are connected by means of bus-cou!ler to the 55 .V switchgear of the steam turbine generator. The au$iliary !ower system is designed to meet all !lant au$iliaries and related buildings ser ice re#uirements. Power for the au$iliary !ower systems is fed from the unit au$iliary transformer ia the 55 .V switchgear. 9ow oltage au$iliary transformers su!!ly the @=6 V unit switchgear as a 566- bac.-u!. The second su!!ly is interloc.ed from the first, so that an o!eration without interru!tion shall be !ossible.

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Siemens Gas Turbines # $%&'

The emergency diesel set has sufficient ca!acity for emergency su!!ly of the units, turning gears and emergency light. The ca!acity co ered the gas turbine units as well as the steam turbine unit. The 1C system consists of a 226V 1C and 24V 1C system. The 226V 1C system feed all !ower, control and !rotection e#ui!ment as re#uired. The 24V 1C system feed the 4 F C e#ui!ment and the !rotection e#ui!ment as re#uired. The ca!acity of each battery charger is 566- of the !ower re#uirements of the whole !lant e$tension. 8ach battery is designed to allow for normal o!eration as well as for safe shut-down of the !lant in case of a total blac.-out.

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Siemens Gas Turbines # $%&'

154H26

226 .V 2eeder /ew 7ultan 4

(S 655 (S 656 (S 652

154H 5

154H 2

15@H 5

(S 656 (S 652

2260V Bus Bar-5

(S 655 (S 656 (S 652

(S 656 (S 652

15@H @
(S 626 (S 625

(enerator 4solator

GS #$$ Portable earths

(enerator 4solator

GS #$$ Portable earths

7ain Gnit Tr. 550V " 2260V

54B%T6 5

7ain Gnit Tr. 550V " 2260V

5@B%T6 5

54B%C65(S662 550V 4solator 54B%C65(S665 550V Brea.er

5@B%C65(S662 550V 4solator 5@B%C65(S665 550V Brea.er

54BBT6 5(T662

54BB8
5@B2T6 5 (S665

550V
S!are 66B&T 64 66B9T 65 66B9T 65

550V
5@B2T6 5 5@B2T 65 (S665

5@BB8
C+BCB 66(S66 5

5@BBT6 5(T662

@=6V @=6V

66B98 66B&P

G
Turbine Com!ress or

G
(T-5@ @=6V

(T-54 @=6V

54B28

5@B28

66B78

@=6V

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81(
behind CC'-@

15@H 2

(S 655

226 0V Bus Bar2

226 .V 2eeder /ew 7ultan @

(S 655

15@H26

154H @
(S 625 (S 626 (S 622

(S 622

Gnit %u$. Transformer Start 2re#uency Transformer

Gnit %u$. Transformer

54BBT6 5 9V Gnit %u$ Transformer 5470C6 5470C 5 65 (T665 8$citation Transformer %&'"( #% 66B&% 66B&T 62 66B&T 6@ 66B&% 66B&T 65 66B7T 65 66B7T 66B72 65 9V Gnit %u$ Transformer %&")T #% To C+BCB 66B72

5@BBT6 5

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Start 2re#uency 5@70C6 Transformer 5@70C 5 65 (T665 8$citation Transformer

5@7BI6 5@7BI 65 5 (T665

6 $*#

C+/T'+9 SEST87

The CCPP !lant features a high le el of automation with !lant start u!, o!eration and shut down being carried out by the T898P8'7 78 control and data ac#uisition system. 2or the control system the total !lant is di ided into following fi e functional areas3 5. 2.
$*

4. ,.

(as Turbines &eat 'eco ery Boilers ;ater"Steam Cycles Steam Turbine %u$iliary Plant

The 4 F C e#ui!ment associated with these functional areas is distributed throughout the !lant and transmit the measured alues and !lant status information to local !rocessing units contained within Power Control Centers. These PCCCs are !refabricated units and enclosed in containers where also the !lant related switchgear is arranged. The Central Control is located in the Control 'oom Building 5, GC% )CC'-@*. 4nformation transfer between the control room and the local !lant is achie ed ia a du!licated data highway. Central redundant data ac#uisition and control !rocessors are located in the control room building for alarm monitoring, logging and !lant status dis!lay. The interface between !lant and o!erator is located in the both central and local control rooms. 2rom here, all !lant control functions can be carried out during both normal and emergency situations. %t Bloc.-@, for the !rocess automation of the CCPP, the T898P8'7 78 !rocess 4 F C system is used. 4ts functions are3 ac#uisition and !rocessing of !rocess data, o!en and closed-loo! control, calculation and o!timiDing as well as su!er ision, signaling, o!eration and monitoring of the !rocess in interacti e mode on the screen and using miniaturiDed control room e#ui!ment.
&*#

Start-u! from Gnit Coordination Program

The !lant can be o!erated in a sim!le-cycle and a combined-cycle o!eration.

Sim!le-Cycle +!eration
The !rocedure for startu! of the gas turbine in sim!le-cycle o!eration is as follows3
+ + + +

1i erter dam!er u!stream of the steam generator closed, by!ass !ath o!en Starting of gas turbine, !urging of the turbine through by!ass stac. during runu! to ignition s!eed 4gnition of the gas turbine burners 'unu! to rated s!eed and loading of the gas turbine

Combined-Cycle +!eration
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Two !rocedures are !ossible for startu! of the heat reco ery steam generator )&'S(*3
+ +

Startu! of the gas turbine as a function of out!ut load control Startu! of the gas turbine as a function of e$haust tem!erature control

The gas turbine is started u! as described in the sim!le-cycle o!eration, howe er, the gas turbine e$haust gas tem!erature is .e!t below J 350 C . %fter the !urging !rocess )for 5 min*, gas turbine out!ut is increased to rated !ower. The rated tem!erature is achie ed at about ?6- gas turbine out!ut. Startu! of the &'S( is !erformed by o!ening the di erter dam!er u!stream of the steam generator and thus simultaneously closing the by!ass !ath. 4n the case of gas turbine startup under temperature control , the by!ass !ath remains closed after the steam generator has been !urged. The gas turbine load is controlled at the !ermissible tem!erature transients for the thic.-walled com!onents of the steam generator, !i!ing and steam turbine. 2or gas turbine startup under load control, the di erter dam!er is set at an intermediate !osition after the steam generator has been !urged such that the cross-section of the line to the steam generator is o!ened by about 26-. %fter e$!ulsion of the water and when the le el in the drums stabiliDes and the steam tem!erature is almost e#ual to the gas turbine e$haust gas tem!erature, the di erter is o!ened in stages. ;hene er a tem!erature change in the &'S( !ermits, a defined time !ulse is released to o!en the di erter dam!er a stage further. The main steam line is warmed u!, in accordance with a s!ecified mean warmu! transient, for the leading item )strainer casing*. Controlled warmu! of the 9P-steam line to the feedwater tan. is not necessary owing to the reduced wall thic.ness. The steam turbine is started u! under s!eed control. %s soon as the generator is synchroniDed with the grid system, the al e lift, which is limited by the Turbine Stress 8 aluator )TS8*, is increased by the startu! control until the turbine assumes the full steam mass flow, the turbine by!ass station closes and the initial !ressure controller is acti ated. The !ressure in the 9P-e a!orator system is go erned by the 9Pstartu! station. 4f sufficient hot steam is e$tracted to the feedwater tan., the 9P-startu! station closes and lowers the res!onse set!oint.

,.6Plant 1esign %ccording to ;eather Conditions

The &'S( " Steam Turbine !lant are ca!able of utiliDing the e$haust gas from the gas turbines when o!erating o er full range of o!erating conditions u! to base load according to 0ot %ddu site ambient tem!eratures from 5 AC to ,6 AC )design tem!erature* and at relati e humidity of u! to =6 - )design ambient relati e humidity for electrical and 4 F C e#ui!ment*.
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The machines are designed according to the following !erformance data3 %mbient Tem!erature 'elati e &umidity %tmos!heric Pressure < @6AC, < ?6 < 6.99? bar.

The electric out!ut of Bloc.-@ )(T-5@, 54 F ST-5,* is 46? 7; )/et Power +ut!ut < @9: 7;*, 529 7; from each gas turbine and 54= 7; from the steam turbine. The heat in!ut amounts to =5= 7I"sec so that the o erall net efficiency is 4=., -.

Combined Cycle Com!onents

Some of the com!onents are described hereK

5.6 The (as Turbine

The first ma>or com!onent of the combined cycle !ower !lant is the gas turbine. (as Turbine is a machine which runs with the action of flue gases on its turbine blades. 2lue gases are !roduced by burning the fuel. ;hen gas turbine e$hausts directly to the atmos!here, it is said to be o!erating in Lo!en cycleL mode. ;hen a gas turbine e$hausts into a heat reco ery steam generator )&'S(* the resultant steam is used to o!erate a steam turbine, this o!eration is called Mcombined cycleN.

% model of gas turbine 5@, 54 is shown. Gnit 5@, 54 gas turbines consist of a single body including 5? stage Com!ressor, 2 Combustion Chambers and 4 stage Turbine. The turbine rotor has two bearings one at the air inlet of com!ressor side and second in the turbine e$haust. The body is di ided in arious !lanes to facilitate ins!ection. 7echanical !ower generated in the turbine is used to dri e both the com!ressor and the generator. The electric !ower is a ailable at the generator terminals in 550V. The gas turbine uses air as wor.ing fluid which is drawn in through filters and sound absorbers, it is com!ressed in the com!ressor u! to 56 bar. Com!ressed air is directed into the combustion chambers. 2uel is added and burnt in the combustion chamber, and the resultant flue gas is heated u! to a!!ro$. 56,6 AC for the turbine inlet. The hot gases are e$!anded to atmos!heric !ressure in the turbine and transfer their energy to the turbine blades, where its energy is used to dri e the shaft. The com!ressor and turbine blades are arranged on a common shaft and connected to the generator ia the intermediate shaft. The e$haust gases lea e the turbine through the

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GT *3, *% & ST *+

e$haust diffuser for being discharged into the by!ass stac. or to the &'S( for combined cycle o!eration.

1.1 Main Components of a Gas Turbine

5.5.54nta.e %ir 2ilters
These !ro ide clean, filtered and dust free air to the com!ressor inlet.

5.5.2Com!ressor
%ir is drawn in and com!ressed when !assing through rows of rotating blades and stationary anes. %t the end of the com!ressor, before reaching the combustion chamber, the air is com!ressed to about 56 bar and has been heated to about @66AC by com!ression.

5.5.@Combustor " Combustion Chamber

The combustor or combustion chamber is the heart of the engineK here the combustible mi$ture of com!ressed air and fuel is burnt. The hot gas out!ut tem!erature becomes 5666AC to 5@66ACK its olume becomes more than doubled by the tem!erature rise where as !ressure remains constant.

5.5.4Turbine
The turbine section con erts the thermal and .inetic energy of the combustion gases into rotational mechanical energy. (as turbines li.e steam turbines ha e three or four stages of rotating and stationary blades. &owe erK because gas turbines wor. with lower initial inlet !ressures, they ha e fewer stages and less change in blade height from inlet to e$haust. Turbines normally consist of combination of im!ulse and reaction ty!es. The gas turbine also differs from the steam turbine inK )5* the ty!e of blading material used )2* the lower ratio of blade length to wheel diameter )@* less number of turbine stages 2lue gases flow to the turbine with a ery high elocity v of about =6 m"s )2== .m"hr*. 4t means it has high .inetic energy Om v . The .inetic energy of flue gases is con erted to mechanical energy when flue gas is e$!anded in the stages of turbine transferring its energy to the turbine rotor. The olume of flue gases is increased by e$!ansion and thus tem!erature is decreased and at the e$haust it is about ,66 AC.
2

The turbine !arts which are mechanically stressed are at the same time sub>ect to ery high tem!erature, so that these !arts are designed with s!ecial material and cooling !aths are !ro ided for cooling air to flow.

5.5.,8$haust diffuser
4t di erts the de-energiDed )but still hot* flue gases into the ambience to com!lete the cycle. 4t is fitted with filter and silencer.

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2.6 &eat 'eco ery Steam (enerator )&'S(*

The &'S( is basically a heat e$changer com!osed of a series of economiDer, e a!orator and su!erheater sections. These sections are !ositioned from gas inlet to gas outlet to ma$imiDe heat reco ery from the gas turbine e$haust gases. The heat reco ered in the &'S( is used to su!!ly steam to the steam turbine at the !ro!er tem!erature and !ressure. The e$haust gases tem!erature lea ing turbines are in the range as gi en bellow3 Gnit /o. 5F 2 @F 4 ,P= 5@ F 54 8$haust tem!erature Steam flow rate ,66 AC to ,,6 AC 26, Tons"hour on 226 Tons"hour on ,,6 AC to ?56 AC 256 Tons"hour 4=6 AC to ,@6 AC 5,6 Tons"hour on 5?6 Tons"hour on ,@6 AC to ,,6 AC 26@ Tons"hour on 266 Tons"hour on (as 2+ (as 2+ (as 2+

&igh tem!erature gas re!resents a source of heat energy, some of which can be reco ered thus the out!ut and the efficiency of a combined cycle !ower !lant is increased. The function of a heat reco ery steam generator )&'S(* is to reco er the waste heat a ailable in these e$haust gases and transfer that waste heat to water and steam. The heat is used to generate steam at high !ressure and high tem!erature. The steam is then used to generate additional !ower in a steam turbine dri en generator. The &'S( !ro ides a lin. between the gas turbine and the steam turbine in a combined cycle !lant. Therefore, the &'S( is a .ey com!onent in combined cycle efficiency.

2.1 Main Components of an HRSG

2.5.5 1i erter 1am!er
%t outlet of the gas turbine, u!stream the boiler, a di erter is !ro ided which ma.es it !ossible to send the e$haust gas directly to the atmos!here, by means of a by!ass stac. or to heat the boiler by o!ening the !ath towards the &'S(. The di erter is !ro ided with hydraulic actuators. The actuators ha e been siDed to !ermit intermittent o!eration of the dam!er to a !redetermined !osition, but not regulated control. The Qclose !ositionR is with the blade closed to &'S( and the o!en to by!ass stac.. The Qo!en !ositionR is with the blade o!en to &'S( and the close to by!ass stac.. The di erter dam!er is actuated through the arious modes of o!eration by an electrically controlled hydraulic system. This hydraulic system com!rises an inde!endent, self contained !ower unit connected electrically and hydraulically to the di erter blade. The !ower unit consists of a weather !roof enclosure containing a system of two motor !um! units, one control al e assembly, a hand !um! system and @ hydraulic accumulators.
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11

2.5.2 ;ater F Steam &eaters

The water and steam are heated at different ste!s according to the flue gas tem!erature. These include &P 8conomiDer, &P 8 a!orator, 9P 8 a!orator and Su!erheater.

2.5.@ 1rums
&P drum and 9P 1rum or 9P se!arator tan. are installed to se!arate steam from water.

2.5.4 Pum!s
These !um!s are installed for the circulation of water and they include &P 2eedwater !um!s or &P 8 a!orator recirculation !um!s, 9P 2eedwater !um!s or 9P 8 a!orator recirculation !um!s, &P 8conomiDer recirculation !um!s etc.

2.5., Soot Blowers

They clean soot de!osits from the tubes on flue gas side of the Boiler.

@.6 Steam Turbine

The Steam Turbine is a !ower unit which !roduces !ower from a continuous action of steam on its turbine blades, the steam being deli ered to the turbine at a high !ressure and e$hausted to the condenser at a low !ressure. Steam turbine con erts the heat energy of su!erheated high!ressure steam, coming from the boiler or &'S(, into rotational mechanical energy. The con ersion of energy in the turbine occurs in two ste!s. 2irst, the heat energy in the steam is con erted into .inetic energy of a steam >et by noDDles )stationary blades*. Second, the steam >ets blow on buc.ets or mo ing blades mounted on a rotor to !roduce a mechanical force and tor#ue.

The mechanical energy of the steam turbine is then used to dri e a generator to !roduce electrical energy. The steam turbine generator is, by itself, a ery sim!le machine with few mo ing !arts. 4t is not unusual for a steam turbine-generator to o!erate continuously for more than a year without shutdown.

3.1 Main Components of a Steam Turbine

@.5.5 Turbine

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GT *3, *% & ST *+

12

The turbine con erts the thermal and .inetic energy of the steam into rotational mechanical energy. ST-5, Stage % Stage / has 2? stages of &P and =S= stages of 9P turbine and their sealing steam system. There are two ty!es of turbine blades, 4m!ulse and 'eaction ty!es. /ormally, turbine consists of combination of im!ulse and reaction ty!es.

Turbine Princi!le
Steam enters the rotating channels with absolute elocity QcR with reference to the fi$ed !arts. ;hen magnitude and direction of both elocities are .nown we get the relati e elocity QwR with reference to the rotating blades. Circumferential elocity QuR at rotating blade ti! can be calculated by the difference of QcR and QwR.
c absolute elocity w elocity in rotating channel < relati e elocity u circumferential elocity 4ndices 5 4nlet rotating wheel 2 +utlet rotating wheel 0/ 1 C/ 2 3/ 4m!ulse Ty!e Turbine 0% 1 C% 2 3% Guide .heel Rotating .heel Guide .heel

#elocities in Steam Turbine Sta,es

The basic idea of an im!ulse turbine is that a >et of steam from a fi$ed noDDle !ushes against the rotor blades and im!els them forward. The elocity of the steam is about twice as fast as the elocity of the blades. +nly turbines utiliDing fi$ed noDDles are classified as im!ulse turbines.

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13

'eaction Ty!e Turbine

% reaction turbine utiliDes a >et of steam that flows from a noDDle on the rotor. %ctually, the steam is directed into the mo ing blades by fi$ed blades designed to e$!and the steam. The result is a small increase in elocity o er that of the mo ing blades. These blades form a wall of mo ing noDDles that further e$!and the steam. The steam flow is !artially re ersed by the mo ing blades, !roducing reaction on the blades. Since the !ressure dro! is small across each row of noDDles )blades*, the s!eed is com!arati ely low. So more rows of mo ing blades are needed in a reaction turbine than in an im!ulse turbine.

@.5.2 Condenser and Vacuum Pum!s

4t condenses steam when it finishes its wor. and e$it from the turbine. Vacuum !um! regularly runs to e acuate any air accumulation in the condenser.

@.5.@ Cooling Tower

This is !ro ided to cool the close circulating water from the condenser. 4t remo es the latent heat of steam and con erts it into condensate.

@.5.4 9ube +il system

4t su!!lies lubrication and cooling for all bearings li.e com!ressor, turbine, generator and su!!lies oil to the hydraulic oil system, tor#ue con ertor and turning gear.

@.5., (enerator
The generator is connected to the gas turbine. (enerator con erts the mechanical out!ut !ower of the gas turbine into electricity. ;hen rotor rotates in the stator, there is a relati e motion between conductor and rotorRs magnetic field. Voltage is induced by this relati e motion into the three coils of stator winding. ;hen north and south !oles of rotor magnetic field !ass before a stator winding then alternating currents of sinusoidal )T* wa e sha!e are !roduced. 4n this way three !hase currents *3' -# are !roduced by the three !hases of stator winding as shown in figure.

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GT *3, *% & ST *+

14

The generator is air cooled in closed circuit. (enerator out!ut is at 550VK it is ste!!ed u! by main transformer to 5@2 0V or 226 0V and sent to ;%P1% ia transmission lines.

2.6Thermodynamic Cycles
2.1 Gas Turbine !oule"#ra$ton% C$cle
The thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine is referred to as the IouleBrayton Cycle )or sim!ly Brayton Cycle*. The four !rocesses of the Brayton Cycle are re!resented on a tem!erature-entro!y )T-s* diagram shown in figure. 8ntro!y is a !ro!erty of substances that describes the a ailability of energy to do wor.. The T-s diagram is useful in analyDing thermodynamic cycles because it re eals the amount of heat re#uired to ma.e a !rocess occur in a cycle. 4f a !rocess can be re!resented as a cur e on the T-s diagram, the area under the cur e is the amount of heat re#uired to ma.e that !rocess occur.
Temperature

HE4T 455E5 HE4T RE(ECTE5

Combustion Expansion 6Turbine7

Four Processes of Gas Turbine

Com!ression %-B Combustion B-C 8$!ansion 8ach !rocess in &eat 'e>ection 1-%

Compression

"rayton Cycle T+S 5iagram

C-1 the Brayton Cycle can be drawn on the T-s diagram. The first !rocess is the com!ression of Heat air in the com!ressor re!resented by the line %-B. %s the air is com!ressed, its tem!erature and !ressure increases and there is a corres!onding increase in enthal!y. %s wor. is done on the air, the air stores this energy in the form of tem!erature and !ressure. The !ower )energy* to !erform this wor. originates from the turbine, which is directly cou!led to the gas turbine com!ressor through a common shaft.

The second !rocess is the addition of heat to the cycle at a constant !ressure by burning of fuel re!resented by the line B-C. The tem!erature of the gas that results from the combustion increases considerably from the tem!erature of the air at the com!ressor outlet. /ormally air tem!erature at the com!ressor outlet is @66AC and the flue gas tem!erature is increased u! to 5666AC or 5@66AC.
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The third !rocess is the e$!ansion and cooling of the gas as it !asses through the turbine, is re!resented by the line C-1. &ere, the energy of the hot !ressurised gas is used to !erform wor.. The final !rocess in the Brayton cycle is the cooling of the hot gas that e$hausts to the atmos!here re!resented by line 1-%. The e$hausted gas mi$es with ambient air, thus decreasing in tem!erature. %mount of heat that is re#uired to ma.e Brayton cycle wor. is re!resented by the area under lines B-C. The area under the line 1-% re!resents the fraction of heat that is re>ected. The area between these two lines re!resents the heat that is con erted to useful mechanical energy. The heat con erted to useful mechanical energy is 26- to 2,of the total heat re#uired to ma.e the !rocess wor..

2.5.5Thermodynamics of (as Turbine

The energy at the in!ut is a ailable as fuel )furnace oil or gas* and it re!resents chemical energy. %t the out!ut we ha e energy in the most aluable form as electrical energy. 8lectricity is easily trans!orted, easily controlled and easily a!!lied at all instances when energy is used. There are se eral ste!s when energy is con erted from its chemical form to electrical form3
ST8P 4

(enerator loss )6.= -*

Com!ressor 7echanical loss )6., -* %ir 8$haust &eat 8nergy )?5 -* Turbine mechanical loss )6., -*

Combustion Chamber Ste! 53 Chemical energy is con erted radiation loss )2 -* ST8P 5 to thermal energy )heat* in the form of a flow of hot Lflue gasesL. Ste! 23 &eat energy is transformed to )0E! .inetic energy by increasing s!eed of flue gases in noDDles. Ste! @3 2lue gases act on rotor blades and rotate, in this way .inetic energy is con erted to mechanical energy. Ste! 43 The mechanical energy is used to dri e the generator rotor, and it is con erted to electrical energy.

ST8P 2 F@

Energy Conversion Processes 3 Chemical 8nergy &eat or Thermal 8nergy 0inetic 8nergy 7echanical 8nergy 8lectrical 8nergy /ow we loo. at first two ste!s more closely.

2.5.2Cyclic Process
These first two ste!s are only !ossible as !arts of a thermodynamic cyclic !rocess because nature does not grant any gifts without being !aidK i.e. we must come bac. to the initial conditions where we started. Such a cyclic !rocess describes how the fluid changes its state during its flow through a gi en machine. State of the fluid can be

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described by a cou!le of !arameters which are inter-de!endent. These !arameters are3 " &ressure " Temperature T " 'ntrop$ S &

;e use these !arameters to draw LT-S diagramsL which a!!ly to the actual fluid. 2or our !resent considerations we can use the T-S diagram for air which is a!!licable for flue gas, too. 4n the range of cyclic !rocesses we commonly use the laws for ideal gases which are alid here. By means of TPS diagrams - cyclic !rocesses can be made a!!arent - cyclic !rocesses can be e aluated how efficient they are - we learn how the machine has to be designed in which a gi en cyclic !rocess ta.es !lace. 4n the following we a!!ly these three uses to our gas turbine !rocess3

2.5.@(as Turbine Cycle of (T 5,2 F 5@,54

The ideal gas turbine !rocess normally a!!lied named LIoule-Brayton - CycleL is defined by two isentro!ic and two isobaric changes of state.
Temperature
%###

9C

4t begins at ambient conditions and an Expansion isentro!ic com!ression of the fluid )air*. 4t ;## 6Turbine7 means that the change of state of the Speci ic Po.er available fluid is made at constant entro!y, i.e. free >## at Coupling )lange of any friction and free of any heat transfer across the boundaries of the machine. %t the end of this ideal &## Evaluation o Energy % s=uare is e=uivalent to com!ression, both !ressure and /# '3 tem!erature are increased but entro!y /## remained the same. /ow heat is added to %## Exhaust the fluid by burning the fuel in the 4mbient Conditions com!ressed fluid. Thus, entro!y and # Entropy tem!erature are increased but !ressure +%## 8 ; k( remained the same. &ereafter the flue kg 9: .deal /oule 0 Brayton Cycle gas is e$!anded during an isentro!ic change of !ressure and tem!erature. The flue gas is now at ambient !ressure again but at ele ated entro!y and ele ated tem!erature. 4n order to com!lete the cyclic !rocess the flue gases are blown into the atmos!here and the energy content is dissi!ated, i.e. wasted. This is the !rice we must !ay for ha ing con erted the energy from a lower to a higher alue.

Heat <nput 6Combustion7

2.5.48 aluate

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The T-S diagram is handy for re!resenting energy and heat !er fluid mass unit. These alues a!!ear as areasK e.g. 5 s#uare shown on the T-S diagram is e#ui alent to 26 7;. 4t means, that if we .now the mass-flow we can easily calculate - the !ower a ailable at the cou!ling flange - the heat to be !ut in Flue gas mass flow: Gnit 5, 2 42? 0g"sec Gnit 5@, 54 4:5 0g"sec Gnit @, 4 @22 0g"sec Gnit ,-= 46? 0g"sec

2.2 T(e Steam")ater Ran*ine% C$cle

The 'an.ine Cycle used in con entional steam !ower !lants can be re!resented on a T-h diagram. %s with the Brayton Cycle, each line segment corres!onds to a !rocess in the cycle. % sim!le 'an.ine Cycle consists of only four com!onentsK the boiler )often called a steam generator*, a turbine, a condenser and a boiler feed !um!. Boiler is shown with a su!erheater, thus the steam entering the turbine is abo e saturation tem!erature.
@ Su!er heater 4 Steam Turbin e Boiler &8%T %1181 &8%T '8I8CT81

T
Boiler

Su!er heater Steam Turbin e

2 Condenser 5

Boiler 2eed Pum! Condenser

Boiler 2eed Pum!

Figure: Rankine Cycle T-h diagram

The first !rocess in 'an.ine Cycle )9ine 5-2* is the increase in !ressure of condensate from condenser by the boiler feed !um!. 4ncrease in !ressure occurs with a slight increase in enthal!y )h*. The second 'an.ine Cycle !rocess )9ine 2-@* is the addition of heat to water entering the boiler. ;ithin the boiler, the water is transformed from a li#uid to steam )a gas*. The generation of steam is assumed to occur at a constant !ressure. %dditional energy is added to steam as it !asses through the su!erheater )9ine @-4*. Steam is then e$!anded and cooled as it !asses through the turbine as re!resented by 9ine 4-,. &ere, the energy of steam is used to !erform wor.. The last !rocess in the 'an.ine Cycle is the condensation of steam that e$hausts from the turbine, re!resented by line ,-5. 1uring
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condensation, considerable a!oriDation, is lost.

heat,

called

the

latent

heat

of

The heat re#uired to ma.e the 'an.ine Cycle wor. is determined by the area under the lines between !oints 2 to 4K and the heat lost from the cycle is under the line between !oints , and 5. The area between the lines re!resents the heat that is con erted to useful mechanical energy. The useful mechanical energy is only about ? rd of the heat re#uired to ma.e the cycle wor.. The efficiency of con entional steam !ower !lants is about @6- to @,-. %ctual steam !ower !lants are considerably more com!le$ than the sim!le cycle shown in 2igure, because com!onents such as Condensate !um!, 2eedwater tan., 8conomiDer, 9P F &P 2eedwater heaters and %ir !reheater are added to im!ro e efficiency. Ty!ically only =,- to 96- of the heat energy in!ut is absorbed in Boilers. This means that the boiler is only =,- to 96- efficient. %dditional au$iliary e#ui!ment, such as fans and soot blowers, use !art of the !ower !roduced usually around ,-.

2.2.5%ctual Steam - ;ater Cycle " T-s diagram

The T-s diagram )2ig 4.@* illustrates the thermodynamic conditions and !arameters in the actual water- steam cycle. Clausius established entro!y in mathematic formulas in order to determine transformability of heat energy. 9ater on Bel!air found that !rinci!le of entro!y can be !resented by areas of transferable amounts of heat in the T-s diagram. 4f one follows the arious stages of the water-steam cycle, they can be !resented in the T-s diagram. The area below the cur e de!icts the su!!ly or release of heat energy in order to reach a new condition. The tem!erature a$is must then howe er be e$tended to the absolute L6 A0L !oint. 4n calculations tem!eratures are stated in 0el in, which means the origin in the diagram is 6 A0 )- 2:@.5, AC*. The region of wet steam can be easily recogniDed in the T-s diagram. The hill, the left margin of which e#uals 1 < 6, that is !ure water, is remar.able. The right cur e re!resents saturated steam ) 1 < 5*. %ll !oints in between these margins de!ict wet steam with a certain share of water. +ne must be careful, because the diagram shows the s!ecific entro!y QsR in units of .I".g"A0. So you should .ee! in your mind, that the shown alues of entro!y are good for 5 .g of the media at the gi en !oint. This T-s diagram shows the turbine cycle all o er the Plant i.e. Steam Turbine and &'S(. 4t starts with the condenser outlet to the feedwater tan.. The area underneath this line is the amount of heat brought to the cycle from the 9P e a!orator into the feedwater tan. by the 9P steam.

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% >## T A9CC h Ak(BkgC v Am$BkgC p AbarC Values at Triple Point, p 1 #*##>%%/ bar T 1 #*#% 9C s 1 #*## k(BkgB9: 6arbitrary7 Values at Critical Point, p 1 //%*/ bar 6$/#>*/ psia7 T 1 $8&*%D 9C 68#D*& 9)7 v 1 #*##$%8 m$Bkg h 1 /%#8*& k(Bkg s 1 &*&&/E k(BkgB9: 6#*## 9C 1 /8$*%D 9:7

&

>

@utlet Superheater

D##

&##

&##

T 1 Temperature

$## HP+5rum <nlet

$##

HP+5rum @utlet

HP+Turbine @utlet /##

/##

%## Condenser @utlet

)eed.ater Tank

%##

Condenser <nlet # % / $ & s 1 Speci ic Entropy D > 8 ; s Ak(BkgB9:C E

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The area underneath the line feedwater tan. to &P drum inlet shows )theoretically* the amount of heat drawn from the e$haust gases by the economiDer. The &P e a!orator draws the heat underneath of the horiDontal line in between &P drum inlet and &P drum outlet. The su!erheating is done nearly at the same !ressure, but u! to higher tem!erature. The steam condition becomes far away from the saturated condition, so the end of the turbine gets better conditions concerning the arising of water. 1ue to the heat transfer for su!erheating the enthal!y will rise too, gi es the turbine a higher Lca!acity of wor.L. The arising heat underneath of the line Loutlet su!erheaterL to Lcondenser inletL is the heat, Clausius was thin.ing of Con ersion of heat energy into mechanical energy causes a rising of the entro!y, which is sometimes e$!lained as an arising of losses. These losses in that connection are losses due to Lintermolecular frictionL, not losses to the en ironment. The amount of heat shown underneath the line Lcondenser inletL to Lcondenser outletL has to be gi en to the en ironment to condensate the steam of the turbine and to close the circuit. To calculate the real amount of heat, one has to multi!ly this alue with the actual mass flow.

2.3 T(e Combined C$cle

Cycle Combined cycle is a !ower !lant in ce Cycle which consists of a gas turbine, Boiler Heat and a Steam Turbine. 4n this cycle a ReFected gas turbine is connected to a steam turbine ia a boiler. The steam turbine cycle ma.es use of much of the heat in the gas turbine e$haust gases. Thermodynamically, the combined cycle can be re!resented by >oining the high tem!erature Brayton cycle with the moderate !ressure and tem!erature 'an.ine cycle. %n Combined Cycle T-" 2ia,ram e$am!le of a combined cycle showing the Brayton cycle )gas turbine* and the 'an.ine cycle )steam turbine* on a T-h diagram is shown in 2igure.

Gas Turbine

Steam Turbin

The area enclosed by the 'an.ine cycle is within the area that re!resents the heat re>ected from the Brayton cycle. Thus, the 'an.ine cycle area re!resents the heat energy that is con erted to useful mechanical energy that would other-wise be re>ected to the atmos!here. % large !ortion of the heat lost from the Brayton cycle is used in the 'an.ine cycle. % much greater fraction of the heat added to the cycle is actually con erted to useful mechanical energy in the combined cycle than either the Brayton cycle or the 'an.ine cycle alone. The 'an.ine cycle !arameters )!ressure and tem!erature* are selected to match the tem!erature of the a ailable gas turbine e$haust gases. Gsually, the !ressure and tem!erature used in the 'an.ine cycle !ortion of the combined cycle !lant are much lower
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than those used in con entional 'an.ine cycle !lants. The lower !ressure and tem!erature are necessary because the gas turbine e$haust gas, while ery hot, is not nearly as hot as the flue gas entering the con ection !ass of a con entional fuel fired boiler. The challenge in >oining the Brayton and 'an.ine cycles in a combined cycle !lant is the degree of integration needed to ma$imiDe efficiency at an economic cost. The sim!le combined cycle can consist of a single gas turbine, &'S(, steam turbine, condenser and au$iliary systems. 4n addition, if the en ironmental regulations re#uire, an emissions reduction system can be directly integrated within the &'S(.

%d antages of a (as Turbine

5. 4ts o!eration is sim!le, can be started #uic.ly and can be !ut on load in ery short time. 2or these reasons, gas turbine !ower !lants are able to meet !ea. - load demand, such as at e ening !ea.. They re#uire lower ca!ital in estment and occu!y less s!ace. The starting cost of the !lant is lower than e#ui alent steam !ower !lant. The time re#uired for their construction is short. The !lant does not re#uire hea y foundation and a large building. The maintenance of the !lant is easier and maintenance cost is lower. The lubrication of the !lant is easy. 4n this !lant lubrication is needed mainly in com!ressor bearing, turbine bearing and bearing of au$iliary e#ui!ment. The gas turbine !ower !lant re#uires less water as com!ared to condensing steam !ower !lant. (as Turbine au$iliary consum!tion is ery less and there are ery little standby losses in the gas turbines as com!ared to a Steam Turbine. There is a great sim!lification of the gas turbine !ower !lant o er the steam turbine !ower !lant due to less au$iliaries and absence of boilers with their feed water e a!orator and condensing system.

2.

@. 4. ,.

?. :.

=.

1isad antages of a (as Turbine

5. 7a>or !art of the wor. de elo!ed in the turbine, about ?6-, is used to dri e the com!ressor. The remainder of the turbine wor. is a ailable to !roduce !ower by dri ing a generator. Therefore networ. out !ut of the !lant is lower. 2or it starting !ur!ose starting motor is re#uired.

2.

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@.

Since the tem!erature of the !arts in the combustion becomes too high, so ser ices conditions become com!licated e en at moderates !ressures. Similarly, the first stage turbine blades face high tem!erature flue gases, therefore these are made with s!ecial material and these are coated with high tem!erature material. +n o!en cycle its thermal efficiency is low and it is about @4-. &owe er in combined cycle mode the o erall thermal efficiency is can be e en higher than 4,-.

4.

(eneral 1efinitions
a. ew!on The force re#uired to gi e a mass of 5 0g an acceleration of 5 m"sec 2 .

b. "oule ;or. done is 5 >oule when a force of 5 /ewton mo es a body by 5 meter. )5 >oule < 5 /ewton-meter*. c. #a!! Power is the rate of doing wor.. +ne watt is the !ower or rate of doing wor. when 5 >oule of wor. is done in 5 second. )5 watt < 5 >oule"sec*. d. Calorie The calorie is the #uantity of heat re#uired to raise the tem!erature of one gram of water one degree centigrade )more accurately, from 5,., to 5?., AC*. The multi!le is the .ilocalorie, #uantity of heat re#uired to raise the tem!erature of 5666 grams of water one degree centigrade. The LthermieL e#ual to 5666 .ilocalories, is the #uantity of heat re#uired to raise the tem!erature of 5666 .ilograms of water one degree centigrade e. $T% &$ri!ish Thermal %ni!' BTG is the #uantity of heat re#uired to raise the tem!erature of 5 !ound )5lb* of water by one degree 2ahrenheit )5A2* )more accurately, from ?@., to ?4.,A 2*. 5 BTG < 2,2 calories < 6.2,2 .ilocalorie f. Calorific (alue 4t is the heat e ol ed by burning a unit mass of fuel. 2or e$am!le 46,266 .I of energy is released when one .g of 2urnace +il is burnt and @2,466 .I of energy is released when 5 7 @ of (as is burnt. g. Fuel E)uivalen! 256 Ton 2uel +il < 9.9 77C2 of (as < 5 (;h h. *+ecific ,ea!

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The s!ecific heat of a substance is the heat in calories re#uired to raise the tem!erature of one gram of the substance one degree centigrade. 4n effect there are two sorts of s!ecific heat3 i. Cv - s+ecific hea! a! cons!an! volumeHuantity of heat re#uired to raise the tem!erature of the mass unit of the gas, one degree centigrade, at constant olume. .. C+ - s+ecific hea! a! cons!an! +ressureHuantity of heat re#uired to raise the tem!erature of the mass unit of the gas, one degree centigrade, at constant !ressure. /ote3 the ratio C+/Cv generally is labeled . Besides, it is im!ortant to note that in the !rocesses that constitute the thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine, C+ can be considered as constant. k. 0a!en! ,ea! 4t is the heat used to change the state of a substance e.g. change of state from water to steam at the same tem!erature in &P e a!orator. Similarly it is the heat re>ected )to cooling tower* in condenser when turbine e$haust steam at 46 AC is con erted to water )condensate* at the same tem!erature. l. En!ro+y &*' 4t is the heat #uantity e ol ed in a !rocess when the tem!erature considered uniform during the !rocess. S is e$!ressed in calories !er degree centigrade. m. En!hal+y &h' 4t is the heat su!!lied to the fluid at constant !ressure. 4t is measured in .I".g. The fall of enthal!y is e#ui alent to mechanical wor. out!ut.
n*

e! Power and #ork 1u!+u! &P- #' are those a ailable at generator terminals. Power and #ork a! Turbine Flanges &P f - # f ' are those directly a ailable from the sole engine, before reduction gear, au$iliaries, etc. *+ecific Power &P s ' is the !ower out!ut for each mass flow unit running the cycle. *+ecific #ork &# s ' 4t is the wor. obtained from the mass unit running a cycle. 2echanical Efficiency & m ' is the ratio between the wor. out!ut at turbine flange and the internal wor. of the gas on the blades. Combus!or Efficiency &
b

o*

p*

=*

r*

s*

'

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is the ratio between the heat actually su!!lied to the gas in the engine combustion system and the heat that a fully burned fuel should ha e released.
t*

1verall Efficiency & g ' is the ratio between the net !ower out!ut and the !roduct of fuel flow multi!lied by its lower heating alue.

u. ,ea! Ra!e &,R' is the in erse of the + erall 8fficiency. 4t is the heat in BTG or .I re#uired to generate 5 .; of energy.
v*

Thermal Efficiency & t '

t1%2

% rp6%2 %B
7

where3 r! < !ressure ratio < 5.4 )a constant for flue gas*

This e#uation shows that thermal efficiency de!ends u!on !ressure ratio only which relates to the com!ressor. w. E3haus! Tem+ Calcula!ion CP1 Tf < T$ U Patm .

This e#uation shows that thermal efficiency de!ends u!on !ressure ratio only which relates to the com!ressor. 3. Pressure Ra!io 4t is the ratio of com!ressor discharge !ressure to the inlet !ressureK Pressure ratio r! < P5 P6

y. #ork Ra!io 4t is the ratio of /et wor. and (ross wor.K ;or. ratio < /et wor. (ross < wor. wor. of e$!ansion P wor. of com!ression wor. of e$!ansion

8lectrical definitions
a*

Coulomb )C* 4t is the #uantity of charge of ?.62 56 2@ electrons or !rotons.

b*

4m+ere )%* 4t is the unit of current and it is e#ual to 5 coulomb charge flowing in 5 second. 5 %m!ere < 5 Coulomb"sec.

c*

(ol! )V*
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The !otential difference is 5 Volt if 5 Ioule of wor. is done for mo ing 5 Coulomb of charge between two !oints. )5 V < 5 I"C*.
d*

1hm )V* 4t is the resistance in which a dc current of 5 %m!ere generates heat at the rate of 5 >oule"second )5 watt*. #a!! );* 4t is the unit of !ower )P*. Between two !oints if the !otential difference is 5 olt and current is flowing 5 %m!ere then the electrical !ower is 5 watt. )P < V 4*. 5 .; < 5666 watt. 1omestic electric energy meters measure electricity in .;h )5 Gnit < 5 .;h*, it means 5 Gnit of electricity is consumed if an electric iron of 5666 watt wor. for 5 hour or if a bulb of 566 watt light for 56 hours.

e*

(as Turbine Terminology

Turbine 4t is a mechanical com!onent in which the thermal energy of the wor.ing medium is con erted to mechanical energy by .inetic action on a rotary element. *ingle shaf! !urbine Such turbine in which turbine and com!ressor are on one shaft is called single shaft turbine. Turbine s!age 4t consists of a set of stationary noDDles and one row of mo ing blades which are mounted on one disc. The flue gas e$!ands through the stationary noDDles to a lower !ressure, thus releasing .inetic energy which is absorbed by the mo ing blades. Turbine ro!or blades or $ucke! &GT 7-8' %erofoil sections mounted on a rotor disc and !ro!ortioned to transfer energy from the flue gas olume to the turbine rotor. Turbine s!a!ionary blades or o99les &GT 7-8' or :ia+hragm &GT ;-<' % stationary element of the turbine blades used to e$!and the flue gas and increase its elocity by reducing !ressure and direct it against the rotating blades. 43ial com+ressor The mechanical com!onent through which the air !ressure is increased. Com+ressor blades %erofoil sections mounted on a disc and !ro!ortioned to !ress the air through each successi e row of com!ressor stationary blades or dia!hragms. Com+ressor s!a!ionary blades or dia+hragms % stationary element containing a set of stator blades used to com!ress the air and direct it towards the rotating blades.
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Combus!or baske! The mechanical com!onent of the combustion system in which the fuel is burnt to increase the tem!erature of the flue gas. Transi!ion +iece 7echanical com!onent which directs the hot gases from combustor bas.et to the segmental o!ening leading to the turbine inlet. Fuel no99le The com!onent of the combustion system which meters the fuel to the combustor bas.et with the !ro!er dis!ersion !attern. =gni!er The com!onent of the combustion system which at a !redetermined !oint is energiDed to !ro ide the s!ar. for igniting the fuel in the combustor bas.et. Cross flame !ube % mechanical interconnection between combustor bas.ets for the !ur!ose of carrying the flame from a fired to an unfired combustor bas.et. Tem+era!ure con!rol sys!em Gnder any normal conditions of o!eration, it limits in!ut fuel as necessary to !re ent the tem!eratures in the turbine from e$ceeding allowable limits. Turbine !em+era!ure de!ec!or That com!onent of the control system which senses the tem!erature of the flue gases and !ro ides the signal to limit the fuel in!ut to the combustor bas.ets when ma$imum !redetermined tem!erature is reached. =gni!ion s+eed The s!eed of the com!ressor shaft at which ignition and fuel are a!!lied. *elf-sus!aining s+eed The minimum s!eed of the com!ressor shaft at which the turbine will continue to o!erate at no-load without cran.ing !ower. =dling s+eed: The s!ecified o!erating s!eed of the com!ressor shaft for noload o!eration. Ra!ed s+eed The s!eed of a designated shaft at which it runs on load. Tri+ s+eed The s!eed at which the o ers!eed !rotecti e de ice o!erates. Cranking s+eed The s!eed at which the turbine is rotated for washing. *!ar!ing +ower The e$ternal !ower which is re#uired to accelerate the com!ressor, its turbine, and any connected load to self sustaining s!eed in a s!ecified time. "ournal-bearing

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This bearing is used to su!!ort the rotating elements )shaft* and it maintains the radial !osition of the rotor with res!ect to the stator. Thrus! bearing This bearing su!!orts the a$ial thrust of the rotor to the bearing housing and it maintains the a$ial !osition of the rotor with res!ect to the stator. $earing housing %n enclosure used to contain and su!!ort the shaft bearings and may be of the brac.et or !edestal ty!e. =n!ers!age seals 7echanical de ice used to restrict the lea.age of the air or flue gas between stages. Com+ressor bleed valve %n o!en-close line used to blow off a !ortion of the air from a stage of com!ressor during a start-u! or a shut down !eriod. Ro!or assembly This is the rotating element of the gas turbine which includes all !arts attached on the shaft and has !ro ision for cou!ling. :iscs or #heels They constitute the gas turbine shaft. +n these discs the rotating blades are assembled. #heel s+ace or :isc Cavi!y 4t is the s!ace between rotor wheel and dia!hragm of the stator blade. &ere thermocou!les are !laced to measure the tem!erature. *hroud or *eal % sha!ed metallic stri! ne$t or connected to the blades in order to limit the lea.ages. Governing sys!em K which includes but it is not limited to3 S!eed go ernor on the load shaft with load setting de ice for manual o!eration at the machine and"or control !anel Chec. of turbine ma$imum o er-tem!erature 8mergency o er-s!eed go ernor on the load shaft. *+eed governing sys!em % system of control elements and de ices for the control of the s!eed or !ower out!ut of a gas turbine and includes a s!eed go ernor, s!eed changer, fuel control mechanism, and other de ices and control elements re#uired to actuate the fuel control al e. *+eed governor The !rimary s!eed-sensiti e element which is directly res!onsi e to s!eed and which !ositions or influences the action of other control elements. Fuel con!rol mechanism This mechanism controls the flow of fuel to the gas turbine. *+eed changer
Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar GT *3, *% & ST *+

28

Gsed to change the setting of the s!eed go erning system for the !ur!ose of ad>usting the s!eed and"or load of the gas turbine during o!eration. Con!rol +anel % com!onent on which are mounted the de ices used to regulate and monitor the necessary functions for safe o!eration of the gas turbine. Con!rolling device +ne which automatically initiates action of a system which controls conditions during the normal o!eration of the gas turbine. E3!ernal con!rol device %n element which is res!onsi e to signals that are e$ternal to the gas turbine. 4t may be !neumatically, hydraulically or electrically actuated from the signal source and acts to control the energy in!ut to the gas turbine. Pro!ec!ive device +ne which, alone or as !art of a system, controls or signals in some !redetermined manner, abnormal conditions which may occur during the o!eration of the unit or system to which it is connected. #arning device +ne which by isible or audible means, or both, indicates that an abnormal o!erating condition e$ists. $ase+la!e &bed+la!e' % structural metal frame for su!!orting the gas turbine and its au$iliaries as a unit. =nle! silencer The elements system which decreases the sound !ower le el transmitted by the air at the inlet of the com!ressor. E3haus! silencer The elements system which decreases the sound !ower le el transmitted by the flue gases lea ing the gas turbine. 4u3iliary gear or 4ccessory drive Con erts the gas turbine s!eed to the s!eed re#uired by the au$iliary e#ui!ment. 4ccessories %!!aratus deemed necessary for the !ro!er functioning and safety of o!eration of the gas turbine. *!ar!ing e)ui+men!

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GT *3, *% & ST *+

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The starting e#ui!ment shall be ca!able of bringing the gas turbine u! through the normal starting cycle to self-sustaining s!eed. Turning gear The turning gear rotates the gas turbine rotor at low s!eed !rior to starting and immediately after shut-down to assure uniform tem!erature distribution in the rotor. ,ea! Recovery *!eam Genera!or or E3haus! hea! boiler Gsed to reco er and transfer heat from the flue gases lea ing the gas turbine to generate steam or hot water. 0ubrica!ing sys!em K Closed forced-feed system including the following3 +il tan. of sufficient ca!acity and oil !i!ing Tan. oil le el indicator 7ain oil !um!-siDed to su!!ly oil re#uirements for the com!lete gas turbine unit during normal o!eration %u$iliary and 8mergency lube oil !um!s with means for testing their o!eration System for automatically acti ating emergency and au$iliary lube oil !um! Tem!erature measuring de ice in the oil feeding manifold 9ube oil coolers Pressure gauge on oil feeding manifold 'elief al es *u+ervisory ins!rumen!a!ion K 8lectro-!neumatic system for chec.ing and monitoring of unit !erformances. 4t include 7aster control switch for semi-automatic start and for sto!!ing the gas turbine S!eed changer chec.ing system 'elay to !ro ide the necessary functions of control and !rotecti e o!erations of the gas turbine Starting and se#uence indicating lights Tem!erature indicator for the turbine e$haust tem!erature S!eed indicator for out!ut shaft 9oss of flame indication %nnunciator with audible alarm and indi idual malfunction indicators for o ers!eed, flameout, low lube !ressure, high bearing oil tem!erature and high turbine cooling water tem!erature Pressure gauges for measuring lube oil manifold !ressure, fuel !ressure, o ers!eed oil !ressure and control air !ressure.

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

30

( %S

T G ' B14 / 8S 8 4S( /

Unit 1, 2

1%T%3
Unit 13, 14 Unit 3, 4 Unit 5-8 'S E##% E 'BS 4!ST@' )rance 'ark <V Speedtronic control E8*% '3 ;#B8EB;#B;# on Gas 8>B8>B88B8> HS5 8>B8>B88B8> on )@ ;#B8EB;#B;# on Gas 8>B8>B88B8> HS5 8>B8>B88B8> on )@ %# 'inutes & '3 ; '3Bminute /8 I 6open cycle7

Description Gas Turbine 'odel 'anu acturer

V+E&*/ V+E&*/ TG+D# Siemens 6Germany7 Siemens 6Germany7 )<4T 'Bs G<E 6<taly7 Control <S:4'4T<C TE!EPER' Conventional relay E4BEH) typeG )iat Hi Tech 5esign !oad %%&*8D '3 "ase !oad rating E& on G4S %%# B %#8 on Gas ;& B ;$ on G4S according to <5C E% on HS5 %#D B %#$ on HS5 ;$ B ;& on HS5 test in %EE> E% on )@ %#D B %#$ on )@ "ase !oad rating E& on G4S %%# B %#8 on Gas ;& B ;$ on G4S according to 45C E% on HS5 %#D B %#$ on HS5 ;$ B ;& on HS5 test E% on )@ %#D B %#$ on )@ Starting time upto & 'inutes & 'inutes /D 'inutes $### RP' Spining Reserve /# '3 /# '3 / '3H a ter E# Sec 4uto !oading %% '3Bminute %% '3Bminute > '3Bminute gradient upto base load upto base load 4pp* net thermal /> I /E I /D I e iciency 6open cycle7 6open cycle7 6open cycle7 Critical speed %D## 2 %;D# rpm Turbine Turbine Stages & & & 'ax* Turbine <nlet %#D# 9C %#D# 9C %#D# 9C Temperature Turbine exhaust D## to D$# 9C D## to DD# 9C DD# to >%# 9C temp* at ull load Heat rate 6k(Bk3h7 %%H/## on Gas %%H$## on HS5 %%H>## on ")@ )lue gas mass lo. &/> :gBsec &8% :gBsec $// :gBsec )uel lo. 6kgBs7 ;*8$ on Gas E*/; on HS5 ;*DD on ")@ Description Compressor Compressor Stages 5ischarge pressure varies acc to speed Compression Ratio <nlet guide vanes "leed valves Unit 1, 2 %> %+E bar E*%% )ixed J %*% is electric operatedH J %*/ is air operated and both Unit 13, 14 %> %+E bar Unit 3, 4 /# %+E bar

$ %#D# 9C &;# to DD# 9C

&#> :gBsec

Unit 5-8 %8 %+E bar

E*%% %/ E*%% VariableHmodulated VariableHmodulated VariableHmodulated at $&9H D89H ;&9 J %*% and J %*/ $H &H close .ith comp are air operatedH J %H stage > close discharge air K and both are at above /;## rpm* open .ith spring* stage DH these close J /H stage %/ close 4ll close at EDI
GT *3, *% & ST *+

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

31

are at stage DH these close above /ED#rp* J / is air operatedH at stage %#H close above /$## rpm Starting System Starting 5evice

above /E&# rpm* above /8## rpm* speed J / is air operatedH J $H stage %D close at stage %#H close above %E## rpm above //;# rpm

S*)*C 'ax* startup rating /E## k3 5eclutching Speed /%## to /$## RP' Combustion and ue! System Lo o Combustors / )uel Lo--lesB ; per combustion "urners chamber Spark Plugs % or each no--le

S*)*C %%:V 2 %E%D :3 >*>:V 2 %### :3 'ax* startup rating /E## k3 /%## to /$## RP' %E%# to %E;# RP' %;## RP' / ; per combustion chamber % or each no--le %; Lo--les % per combustor /H located at burners %/ K %$* %& reverse lo. % per combustor

/H electrode typeH spring+inFectedH sel +retractingH located at burners %/ K %$* )lame detectors /H one at each le t /H one at each le t &H ultra+violet typeH &H ultra+violet typeH and right chambers and right chambers )5%H/ at no--le %H located at burners $H )5$H& at no--le %;* &H D K %%* )uel pump %H Electric motor /H Electric motor %H Electric motor %H 4ccessory gear+ driven* )ixed driven* )ixed driven* )ixed drivenH )ixed displacementH displacementH displacementH displacementH scre. scre. type pump scre. type pump scre. type pump type pump )lo. divider + + Ram type CircularH ree .heelingH %& elements )uel oil emergency @pen by hydraulic @pen by hydraulic 4ir operated @pen by electro+ stop valve 6ESV7 control oilH close by control oilH close by hydraulic servo spring orce spring orce control oilH close by spring orce Description Unit 1, 2 Combustion and ue! System )uel oil control 4t return lineH valve hydraulic control )uel oil pressure lo. )uel oil pressure high 5osing pumps >+8 bar >D bar Unit 13, 14 4t return lineH hydraulic control >+8 bar >D bar / pumps .ith lo. and high range TRESS@+&> >D+8# bar / pumps .ith lo. and high range TRESS@+$/ Unit 3, 4 4ir operated Unit 5-8 VC $ )uel bypass valve and lo. divider control the uel oil lo. D+> bar >D+8# bar / pumps .ith lo. and high range 5TE+8/&
GT *3, *% & ST *+

/ pumps .ith lo. and high range "ubrication System !ube @il Grade TRESS@+&>
Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

32

Total @il Capacity %%*& m$ 'ax* @il !evel $/# mm rom top

%$*D m$

%#*D m$

$H$## gallons or %/HD&# litres

$/# mm rom top %/*%$ m$ 'in* @il !evel &&# mm 6 rom top &&# mm rom top o oil tank7 %#*D& m$ 'ain lube oil pump @ne 4C motor Lo* %H 4C motor driven Press 1 D bar driven 4uxiliary lube oil %H 4C motor driven Lo* /H 4C motor pump driven

/H 4C motor driven Pressure 1 &+D bar 4ny one can be selected as main and other standby Emergency lube oil %H 5C motor driven %H 5C motor driven %H 5C motor driven pump Pressure 1 %*/ bar Pressure 1 %*/ bar Pressure 1 %*/ bar (acking oil pump %H 4C motor driven %H 4C motor driven Lil Pressure 1 %&# bar Pressure 1 %&# bar #earings at Compressor, Turbine and Generator $otor Muantities /N/ /N/ /N/ !ubrication Pressure lubricated Pressure lubricated Pressure lubricated J % bearing '"5%%H (ournal '"5%%H (ournal !ocated at Turbine !ocated at Turbine Exhaust Exhaust (ournal 4ctive thrust <nactive thrust J / bearing '"5%/H (ournal N ThrustH !ocated at Compressor air <ntake '"5%/H (ournal N ThrustH !ocated at Compressor air <ntake Unit 13, 14 Unit 3, 4 ':5%%H !ocated at Generator on Compressor side ':5%/H !ocated at Generator on slip+ ring side +

%H accessory gear drivenH Pressure %H4C motor drivenH verticalHsubmergedH centri ugal type 5C motor drivenH verticalHsubmergedH centri ugal type Lil

$N/ Pressure lubricated !ocated in inlet casing assemblyH 4ctive and inactive thrust Elliptical Tilting padH sel +e=uali-ing Tilting padH non+e=uali-ing !ocated in compressor discharge casingH Elliptical Fournal Unit 5-8 !ocated in exhaust rameH (ournalH tilting pad

Description J $ bearing

Unit 1, 2 ':5%%H !ocated at Generator on Compressor side J & bearing ':5%/H !ocated at Generator on slip+ ring side %ydrau!ic supp!y system 'ain hydraulic + supply pump

4uxiliary hydraulic + supply pump Contro! oi! system

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

4ccessory gear drivenH variable positive displacementH axial piston 4C motor driven ;;HM

GT *3, *% & ST *+

33

"ooster oil pump

%H 4C motor driven %H 4C motor driven /H 4C motor driven + Press 1 ;+E bar

&tomi'ing air system 'ain compressor no air atomi-ing no air atomi-ing uel burnH pressure uel burnH pressure atomi-ation atomi-ation Starting 6booster7 + + + compressor 4ir pre+cooler + + +

4ccessory gear driven D%H### rpmH centri ugal type 4xial lo.H positive displacementH belt driven by 4Cmotor 3ater+to+4ir heat exchanger

Data (rom )er(ormance Section )uel Calori ic Values Let Complex @utput 6'37 in <5C %EE> Let Complex @utput 6'37 in 45C /##& 'aximum Generation in a 'onth 64pril /##&7 'aximum Generation in one day 'aximum Plant !oad Con*ersion % mm o 3ater Column % bar 61 % ' .ater column7 $&%/ "T0 1 $>## k(

Sui Gas , $/H&## k(Bm$H HS5 , $>H$## k(B!tr )@ , &#H/## k(Bkg %$&D '3 %$># '3 8;EH>>D '3h $DH>>8 '3h %D&% '3 /*;% mbarG /*%#8 mm o 'ercury %&*8 PS< 1 %##H### Pascal % k3h

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

34

S T 8 % 7
Description Steam Turbines 'ake Type Rated Po.er Lo* o Cylinders irst Cy!inder Stages Second Cy!inder Stages HP steam inlet pressure Temperature !P steam inlet pres Temperature Vacuum Turning Gears 'ake 5rive Turning Speed Condensers 'ake Type 3ater passes Cooling 4rea Circulating .ater lo. Vacuum Total steam lo. C3 lo. C3 vel in tubes C3 inlet temp Cond pres loss Lo* o tubes Tube outer dia Tube thickness Tube 'aterial

T G ' B 4/ 8 S
Unit +, 1, 4""H Germany 5: /#D> %%/*/ '3 / %> Reaction

1 8 S 4( /
Unit 11, 12 R4TE40H )rance VEG4 /#E %%# " %#$*& '3 % %/ HPH D !P

1 % T % 3
Unit 15 S<E'ELSH Germany #$#+%>H L$#+/OD+"+E %&;*> '3 / /> Reaction ;N; reaction double lo. D8 bar D/; 9C D*8; bar //% 9C #*#E% bar 6a7 :30H Germany D8 bar D; rpm :30 Rigid mounted sur ace condenser / EE;/ m/ D*>E# m$Bsec or /#H&;& TonBhr #*#E% bar 6a7 %/;*#& :gBsec D>D#*% :gBsec %*E mBsec /;*D 9C #*&% bar %>#$/ N %/$> /$ mm % mm K #*8 mm CuPn/;Sn%)$/ O /CrLi'o L%8%$D Epoxy Paint

8N8 reaction double lo. + &8*E bar &# bar &ED 9C $*EE bar %E#*> 9C #*#E% bar 6a7 4""H Germany 4C motor driven reduction gear &$ rpm 4""H Germany Spring mounted sur ace condenser / ;/#& m/ D%#*; 9C + + #*#E% bar 6a7 )!ELSERH )rance 4C motor driven reduction gear D# rpm 5E!4S Rigid mounted sur ace condenser / ;>D% m/

#*#E% bar 6a7 %%#*DD% :gBsec &>;%*> :gBsec %*E% mBsec /E 9C #*$; bar %$### /& mm % mm CuPn/;Sn O /CrLi'o Corrosion prot or Rubber !ined 3ater "ox

#*#E% bar 6a7 E8*>& :gBsec &>/> :gBsec %*ED mBsec $# 9C #*&> bar %/D$/ /& mm % mm 4dmiralty "rass Stainless Steel Epoxy Paint

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

35

Description Unit +, 1, Circu!ating -ater )umps 'ake T@R<SH<'4 Type %/##+SP" )lo. E>$# TonBhr T5H /$*/ m LPSH Dm Speed $/D rpm Po.er E/# :3 Material Casing (<S )C/D Sha t (<S S&DC <mpeller SCS% Condensate )umps Type 3:T4+/##B/ )lo. 6tBh7 &#$*% T5H 6m7 8D*> LPSH 6m7 $*$ Speed 6rpm7 %&;# Po.er 6k.7 %$# :3 Material Casing (<S SCP' / Sha t (<S S0S&/@!/ <mpeller (<S SCD% ") eed.ater )umps 'ake T@R<SH<'4 Type RP:D#+&## )lo. 6tBh7 $# Head 6m7 %E# LPSH 6m7 %*E Speed 6rpm7 /E&D Po.er 6k.7 DD Material Casing (<S SCS% Sha t (<S S0S&/#(/ <mpeller (<S SCS%

Unit 11, 12 :S" PHP E##+EE# ;$># TonBhr %8*/ m $*D m DE# rpm &>/ :3 Cast <ron Carbon Steel "ron-e GCu SL%#

Unit 15 T@R<SH<'4 SPV %/## %%$/# TonBhr //*$ m %/*$ m /ED rpm %### :3 (<S )C /D# (<S S&DC SCS%

)EO*$>+$ &// E> $$*& %&;# %D# 4&/#C' P%DCL%>+#/ P&CL5%$+&%/

%/M!MC /%B>#B$ &>D %ED /*D %&;# $%> 4ST'4 &; C!*$D 4ST'4 /8>+&%# 4ST'4 8&$C4>L'

<LGERS@! 5RESSER ERP%##+/## %8D >*8 8*; /ED# $#*% 4/%>Gr3C" 4%E$Gr"8 4&8$C4>L'

3@RTH<LGT@L HE5 $E*/& /# #*;;& /E;# >D 4/%> GR 3C" 4/8> 2 &%# 4&;8 GR 2 C4>L'

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

36

Description

Unit +, 1,

Unit 11, 12

Unit 15

%) eed.ater )umps 'ake T@R<SH<'4 Type HGC &B; )lo. 6tBh7 /#>*E Head 6m7 ;$%*/ LPSH 6m7 > Speed 6rpm7 /E8# Po.er 6k.7 >8% Material Casing Sha t <mpeller

"QR@L (4C:S@L %;$*D >8D >*D% /E;#

3@RTH<LGT@L $$8 E$$ %#*D# /E;# %/##

S)VE/ %$CR SCS%T/

48&$+C4+>'' 4/8>+TP&%# 48&$+C4+>''

4 &;8 GR C4"L' 4 /8> TQ &%# 4 &;8 GR C4"L'

/acuum )umps 'ake S<E'EL Type /"3&$#$+#1@'!&E H@GG<LG @PER4T<@L Suction Pressure #*$ bar 5esign )lo. D/## m$Bh Rated Po.er >D k. H@!5<LG @PER4T<@L Suction Pressure #*#$/> bar Suction Temp* 9C &# 5esign vapor mixture lo. $8*$ :gBh

H<"@L SHR/%D##>H##*ED# #*$E bar /D*D kgBh &/ k. #*#;$ bar && %#; :gBh

S<E'EL /"E %$#$+@PQ&P $## mm bar $# :gBhrs

#*% bar %## >8*D :gBh

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

37

( 8 / 8 ' % T + ' S
Description Type 'ake Rated @ut Put 6'V47 Po.er )actor Rated Voltage 6:V7, Rated Current 647 )re=uency 6HP7 Speed 6RP'7 @ver Speed !imit 6RP'7 )ield Voltage 6V7 )ield Current 647 Short Circuit Ratio 5irect+4xis sub+ transient Reactance 6Od 7 per unit 5irect+4xis Transient Reactance 6Od 7 per unit 5irect+4xis Transient @pen circuit time constant TRd 6Sec7 5irect+4xis Transient short circuit time constant T d 6Sec7 Rotor Resistance 6ohm7 Stator Resistance 6ohm7 <nsulation Class Excitation system Unit 1,2 T!R< %#;B&% :30 %$D #*;D %#*D 8&/$ D# $### $>## $$$ >&% #*D #*%&; Unit 3,4 SGT<C /&$8#&
ERC@!E '4RE!!<

Unit 5-8 Unit +,1, Unit 11,12 T //E+$/# 3O /%!+ T+//E+$/# #>&!! 4!STH@' 4"" 4!STH@' %/D*ED #*;D %%*D >//$ D# $### $>## %D% /%%# #*D% #*%ED %$/ #*;D %%*# >E/; D# $### $>## /$> %&ED #*D #*%8 %/%*>&8 #*;D %%*D >%#8 D# $### $>## %&> /#%% #*D; #*%8D

Unit 13,14 T!R< %#;B$> :30 %8# #*;D %%*# ;E/$ D# $### $>## &$/ E&> #*D#/ #*%;$

Unit 15 T!R< %#;B&% :30 %8D #*;D %%*# E%;D D# $### $>## &$/ ;>D #*D$& #*%8>

;8 #*;D %%*# &D>8 D# $### $>## %&/ ;%# #*> #*%%&

#*/&/

#*%&D

#*/8D

#*/>

#*/D/

#*$#&

#*/;>

%$*$

%%*>

>*D>

8*&

8*/

%%*$&

%#*;

#*/8

#*#&

#*&#

#*#&

#*/D

%*D>

%*>/

#*$>$; 6at /# C7 #*###>% 6at /# C7 ) SE'<P@! 6Static7

#*%8D 6at 8D C7 #*##%% 6at8D C7 ) ST4T<C

Cold 4ir Temp C DD

D#

#*#D#; 6at /# C7 #*##%#8 6at /# C7 ) R@T4 50CT 6Rotary7 "rushless D#

#*%%>D 6at /# C7 #*###8E 6at /# C7 ) ST4T<C

$$*$

#*//> 6at /# C7 #*##% 6at 8D C7 ) R@T4 50CT 6Rotary7 "rushless $>

#*$/&/ 6at /# C7 #*###D; 6at /# C7 ) SE'<P@! 6Static7 &#

#*$>8% 6at /# C7 #*###D$ 6at /# C7 ) SE'<P@! 6Static7 &#

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

38

S ; 4T C & ( 8 % ' S
Description Unit +, 1, Unit 11, 12 Unit 15 22, 0/ C1$CU1T #$2&02$S 'ake Lova 'agrin Galiloo <taly GEC 4!STH@' Type S)> B 4ir operated S)> B Hydraulic oil operated Rated Voltage %&D :V %&D :V Rated current /### 4mp /### 4mp Rated breaking &# 6:47 &# 6:47 capacity "<! %#D# :V %#D# :V Lo* o circuit > %; breaker 132 0/ C1$CU1T #$2&02$S 'ake Lova 'agrin Galiloo <taly Type S)>B4ir operated Rated Voltage %&D :V Rated current %>## 4mp Rated breaking &# 6:47 capacity "<! >D# :V Lo* o circuit %8 breaker 11 0/ C1$CU1T #$2&02$S Description Unit 1,2 'ake S<E'ELS Germany Type Vacuum Rated Voltage Rated current Rated breaking capacity Lo* o circuit breaker %/ :V %/D# 4mp /D 6:47 /> Unit 3,4 Unit 5-8 S<E'ELS S)> B Hydraulic oil operated %&D :V /### 4mp &# 6:47 %#D# :V E

Lova 'agrin Galiloo <taly S)>B4ir operated %&D :V $### 4mp &# 6:47 >D# :V %

Lova 'agrin 'arlin Galiloo <taly Gerin

Unit +,1, 4EG Vacuum %/ :V /D 6:47 &#

4ir 'agnetic %/ :V %/D# 4mp /D 6:47 /&

S)> %/ :V %/D# 4mp /D 6:47 &/

Unit 11,12 'arlin Gerin S)> %/ :V >$# 4mp /D 6:47 $>

Unit 13,14 S<E'ELS 4"" Vacuum %/ :V ;## 4mp /# 6:47 &;

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

39

G/4T P+;8' T'%/S2+'78'S

Description 'ake Rated Po.er 'V4 Rated Voltage :V 6!VBHV7 Rated )re=uency Lo o Phases Rated Current 647 6!VBHV7 Connection Symbol Type o Cooling Temp* Rise 9C 3indingB@il Type o Tap Changer Total Lo* o Taps <mpedance I Connection 6HVB!V7 Description 'ake Type o cooling Rated po.er 6:V47 )re=uency 6H-7 <mpedance I Rated voltage :V 6HVB!V7 Rated current 64'P7 Vector group Total no* o taps Type o tap changer Temp* rise oilB.inding Connection 6HVB!V7 3eight o oil :G Unit 1,2
TR4)@ 0L<@L

Unit 3,4

Unit 5-8 %/D %%*DB/&# D# H$

Unit +,1, Unit 11,12 Unit 13,14 Unit 15

4!STH@' TR4)@ 0L<@L TR4)@ 0L<@L

4LS4!5@ 4!STH@' T@SH<"4

%%8*>B%&8 88BED*D %#*DB%$E %%*%$E D# H$ D# H$

E#B%$D %%B%$E D# H$

%%/B%/D %%*D B /&#*%; D# H$

%>; %% B /D; D# H$

%E# %% B /D; D# H$

;#;$B>%% D#%/B$E> >/8>B$## 8#E#BD>% >/8>B$## ;;%EB&// ;#;$B>>% QLd%% QLd%% QLd%% QLd%% QLd%% QLd%% Qnd%% @L4LB @L4) DDBD# @L4LB @L4) DDBD# @L4LB @L4) DDBD# @L4LB @L4) DDBD# @L4LB @L4) DDBD# @L4LB @L4) DDBD# @ !oad @L4LB @L4) DDBD# @ !oad

@n !oad @n !oad @

!oad @n !oad @ !oad

%8 %D #E %8 #E %% %% E*/B%%*D %#*E %&*D %/*>$ %& %& %D*D StarB5elta StarB5elta StarB5elta StarB5elta StarB5elta StarB5elta StarB5elta

G/4T %GW494%'E T'%/S2+'78'S

Unit 1,2 Unit 3,4 S<E'ELS @*T*E @L4L %### D# D*&8 %%B#*& D/*DB %&&$*& 5QL%% D @ !oad @L4L /D## D# ;*$; %%B#*&%D %$%*/B $&8; 5QL%% D @ !oad Unit 5-8
4!STH@'

@L4L %/D# D# D*D %%*DB#*&

Unit +,1, Unit 11,12 Unit 13,14 4!STH@' TR4)@ PE! 0L<@L @L4L @L4L @L4L >$# >$# ;##:V4 D# &*#E %%B#*& D# &*/% I %%B&## D# D*; I %%B&##

Unit 15 S<E'ELS @L4L %/D# D# D*E; %%B#*&

>*D>B%;#& $$*%B E#E*$ 5QL%% 5QL%% D D @ !oad @ !oad D#BDD

$$*%BE#E*$ &/B%%DD 5QL%% D @ !oad

>D*>B %;#&*/ 5QL% 5QL%% D D @ !oad @ !oad DD

5eltaBStar 5eltaBStar 5eltaBStar 5eltaBStar 5eltaBStar 5eltaBStar 5eltaBStar SBT SBT SBT SBT SBT SBT SBT %#$D %/## D%## >## $;D %/D8

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

40

(8/8'%T+' 8WC4T%T4+/ T'%/S2+'78'

Description 'ake Type o cooling Lo* o phases @peration Rated po.er6:V47 )re=uency Rated current HVB!V647 Rated voltage HVB!V6"7 Type o tap changer Lo* o taps Vector group Temp* Rise at D# C 3indingBoil <mpedance I Unit 1,2 S<E'ELS @L $ Continuous >$# D# $$*#>B >8$*> %%###BE&# @ !oad Unit 3,4 STE'+ TRELT@ @L4L $ Continuous &D# D# /$*>BE/8 %%###B/;# @ !oad Unit +,1, '4Q K CHR<STE 4L $ Continuous ;## D# &/B%&EE*> %%###B$;# @ !oad Unit 13,14 TR4)@ 0L<@L 4L $ Continuous %>># D# ;8*%B%//E %%###B8;# @ !oad $ Q5D D# C D*E Unit 15 TR4)@ 0L<@L 4L $ Continuous %#/D D# D$*DB;&D %%###B8## @ !oad

D Q5+D D#B&D D*DD

D Q5+%% D#B&D 8*#

D Q5+D D#B&D >*#D

$ Q5+D

D*;

8WC4T%T4+/ SEST87
Description Type 'ake Rated po.er 6k.7 Rated voltage 6V7 Rated Current 647 Converters B "lade 5uty Class o <nsulation Supply source Unit 1,2
"rushes*

Unit 5-8 ST4T<C ST4T<C Rotating .ith Carbon .ith Carbon 5iodes
"rushes

Unit 3,4

Unit +,1, Unit 11,12 Unit 13,14 Unit 15 ST4T<C Rotating ST4T<C ST4T<C 5iodes '4Q K Christe $D$ /$> %&ED $
Continuous

4EG
Tele uncon

Ercole 'arelli %%D %&/ ;%# $

Continuous

4lsthom $%E %D% /%%# %;

Continuous

/%D $&/ >D; >

Continuous

4ls 4EG tho Tele uncon m /E$*> &#; %&> &/$ /#%% E&> %; >
Continuous Continuous

4EG
Tele uncon

$>> &/$ ;>D >

Continuous

) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4uxiliary 4uxiliary 4uxiliary 4uxiliary 4uxiliary 4uxiliary 4uxiliary

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

41

&8%T '8C+V8'E ST8%7 (8/8'%T+'S

Description "oiler output 6TBH7 5esign Gauge Pressure 6bar7 Superheater outlet Pressure 6bar7 Superheater Steam Temp* 69C7 %eating Sur(ace &rea !P Evaporator HP Economi-er HP Evaporator HP Superheater Total heating Sur ace Unit 1,2 /#; >/ &8*% D#D 6m/7 6m/7 6m/7 6m/7 6m/7 &$&D %;/## /;//# D&%D 5318, Unit 3,4 %;#*; >/ &; D## %#/## %8ED# //;/# $/%/ 54182 Unit 11,12 E>*/D D% &/ D%/ 8&$E %$%$E />#%& E8E& 53383 Unit 15 /$& >#*8 >#*8 D$# EE%& $$E#E $&D8; D>E$ 84,+4

'8HG4'878/TS +2 ;%T8' %T &'S(s

FEED WATER AND WATER FOR SPRAY ATTEMPERATOR
Description General re=uirements Conductivity PH+Value @xygen Total <ron Total Copper Silica Carbon dioxide Hardness :'n@& Consumption @il Unit + at /D 9C USBcm at /D 9C + @/ mgBkg )e mgBkg Cu mgBkg Si@/ mgBkg C@/ mgBkg mvalBkg mgBkg mgBkg Clear and Colorless #*/ E #*#/ #*#/ #*##$ #*#/ Lot detectable Lot detectable D #*$

BOILER WATER
Description Conductivity PH+Value Silica Phosphate Unit at /D 9C USBcm at /D 9C + Si@/ mgBkg P@& mgBkg %D# E*D 2 %#*D D >%

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

42

Symbols in System 1iagrams

Symbols used in System 1iagrams are sti!ulated in 14/ 24=5. This standard !ro ides the full sco!e of symbols which are used in !ower !lant engineering. %n e$cer!t of this standard containing most fre#uently used symbols in the system diagrams is filed here.

14/ Standard Val e Symbols

Shut off al e general &and +!erated 7otor +!erated

Shut off through al e 2itting with constant setting action 2itting with safety function

Solenoid +!erated

/on-return al e general

/on-return through- al e

2luid +!erated /on-return al e without s!ring Piston +!erated Controlled non-return al e /on-return al e with s!ring

1ia!hragm +!erated

Control al e %ngle al e or ball al e Chec. al e Three way al e Safety shut off al e Cou!ling general Safety relief al e Throttle al e with constant restriction Throttle al e ad>ustable

2our way al e

Pressure reducing al e (ate al e or 7ain slide al e Ball"coc. al e @-way coc. al e

Se!arator general

%ir 2ilter 9i#uid 2ilter Strainer

Cooling Tower general Butterfly al e

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+

)itting .ith constant setting action 43 Lon+return through+valve

14/ Standards Pum!s

Pum! general Centrifugal !um! 'eci!rocating !um! 'otary !um! Screw !um! (ear !um!

Com!ressors
Com!ressor general 1ia!hragm Com!ressor 'otary ane 'eci!rocating Turbo Com!ressor 9i#uid ring Com!ressor Screw Com!ressor 'oot Com!ressor

S!ecial %ccessories
+rifice 2low meter 4ns!ection glass 7i$ing section (as Turbine

Surface heat e$changer

Steam Turbine

4gnition gas cylinder (enerator Burner Tan.

Combustion chamber

Prepared by: a!al-ur-Re"man Babar

GT *3, *% & ST *+