mity coefcient should be done by conducting eld experiments in future.

References
Capra, A., and Scicolone, B. 2004. Emitter and lter test for wastewater reuse by drip irrigation. Agric. Water Manage., 682, 135 149. Christiansen, J. E. 1942. Hydraulics of sprinkler systems for irrigation. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 107, 221239. Duran-Ros, M., Puig-Barques, J., Arbat, G., Barragan, J., and de Cartagena, F. R. 2009. Effect of lter, emitter and location on clogging when using efuents. Agric. Water Manage., 961, 6779. ISO. 2003. ISO/TC 23/SC 18/WG5 N4: Clogging test methods for emitters, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Li, G. Y., Wang, J. D., Alam, M., and Zhao, Y. F. 2006. Inuence of geometrical parameters of labyrinth ow path of drip emitters on hydraulic and anticlogging performance. Trans. ASABE, 493, 637 643. Nakayama, F. S., and Bucks, D. A. 1986. Trickle irrigation for crop productionDesign, operation, and management developments in agricultural engineering, 9, Elsevier, New York. Wei, Q. S., et al. 2008a. Evaluations of emitter clogging by two-phase ow simulations and laboratorial experiments. Comput. Electr. Eng., 632, 294303. Wei, Q. S., Shi, Y. S., Dong, W. C., and Huang, S. H. 2006a. Advanced methods to develop drip emitters with new channel types. Appl. Eng. Agric., 222, 243249. Wei, Q. S., Shi, Y. S., Dong, W. C., Lu, G., and Huang, S. H. 2006b. Study on hydraulic performance of drip emitters by computational uid dynamics. Agric. Water Manage., 8412, 130136. Wei, Q. S., Shi, Y. S., Lu, G., Dong, W. C., and Huang, S. H. 2008b. Rapid evaluations of anticlogging performance of drip emitters by laboratorial short-cycle tests. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 1343, 298304. Wu, I. P. 1997. An assessment of hydraulic design of micro-irrigation systems. Agric. Water Manage., 323, 275284. Wu, I. P., Lin, B. Y., and Lau, L. S. 1991. Plugging evaluation in the reuse of sewage efuent by drip irrigation. Proc., ASCE National Conf., Honolulu.

The proposed iterative step method incorporates the variations along the side weir, of the specic energy due to the bottom and friction slope, of the weir coefcient, and of the velocity distribution coefcient. The results, in comparison with experimental data and with the solutions obtained assuming constant specic energy, are also presented. To improve the solution, the author incorporates the variations along the side weir for different parameters, but for achieving a direct integration of the spatially varied ow equation, these parameters have been assumed constant for the computational weir segments x. In this case, the accuracy of the proposed analytical solution is inuenced. Considering constant energy along the computational weir segment causes c1 = 0. Thus, this parameter can be omitted in the proposed analytical solution. In such a case, the solution reduced to the solution proposed by De Marchi 1934. Also since x 0 the application of Eq. 22 or Eq. 23 in the original paper requires a tedious trial and error procedure.

Suitable Governing Equation

For a short weir, the hypothesis of constant specic energy along the side weir is acceptable S f = S0. Considering this assumption and assuming = 1, the nonlinear ordinary differential equation governing spatially varied ow with decreasing discharge takes the form 4CW E yy p3 dy 3W = dx 3 y 2E

Muslu 2001 derived the weir coefcient for subcritical ow conditions in the case of x = 0 CW = 0.61131 0.0362E/y 1 y /E 2 2

Discussion of Method of Solution of Nonuniform Flow with the Presence of Rectangular Side Weir by Maurizio Venutelli
November/December 2008, Vol. 134, No. 6, pp. 840846.

DOI: 10.1061/ASCE0733-94372008134:6840

Ali R. Vatankhah1 and M. Bijankhan2

1

Asst. Prof., Irrigation and Reclamation Eng. Dept., Univ. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Univ. of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj, Iran 31587-77871. E-mail: arvatan@ut.ac.ir 2 M.Sc. Student, Irrigation and Reclamation Eng. Dept., Univ. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Univ. of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj, Iran 31587-77871. E-mail: bijankhan@ut.ac.ir

An analytical solution of Eq. 1 is not possible for variable weir coefcient. In this case, Eq. 1 can be numerically integrated with the aid of any mathematical software such as MathCad, Maple, or Mathematica. To verify Eq. 1, it is referred to the experimental observations carried out by Hager 1982 and mentioned by the author. In current research, specic energy at the control section is considered a constant for numerical integration of Eq. 1. The computed and measured values are given in Table 1 together with computed values by Muslu 2001. In comparison with the authors solution, the numerical integration method gives better results as indicated by the standard error values. Discharges and ow depths calculated in the current study are also shown in Fig. 1. As seen, the predicted values are in good agreement with the measured ones.

Alternative Governing Equation

The discussers would like to thank the author for presenting an iterative step method for solving the spatially varied ow equation with decreasing discharge. The discussers, however, would like to add a few points. Considering = 1, subcritical depth in a rectangular canal can be determined by the inversion of the specic energy equation as Chanson 1999

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Table 1. Experimental Verication of Simple Numerical Solution E = Cons. and = 1 Using Data of Hager 1998 Depth of ow cm Distance from upstream end of the weir m Run E 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Run F 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Run G 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 17.72 17.43 18.61 18.27 18.95 19.46 18.12 18.36 18.63 18.90 19.18 19.46 ry = 0.54316 17.95 18.23 18.53 18.84 19.15 19.46 ry = 0.46135 39.06 38.82 36.40 34.46 31.92 29.60 39.20 37.88 36.22 34.35 32.14 29.60 rQ = 0.44634 40.07 38.61 36.86 34.80 32.39 29.60 rQ = 0.56786 24.36 24.48 24.92 25.32 25.55 25.69 24.59 24.83 25.06 25.29 25.50 25.69 ry = 0.19920 24.49 24.76 25.02 25.27 25.49 25.69 ry = 0.14926 39.79 35.79 32.40 28.70 25.67 21.70 40.12 37.1 33.86 30.13 26.12 21.7 rQ = 1.11391 41.21 38.01 34.45 30.54 26.28 21.7 rQ = 1.72656 19.20 19.31 19.88 20.50 20.78 20.88 19.30 19.64 19.98 20.30 20.61 20.88 ry = 0.19890 19.16 19.54 19.91 20.27 20.59 20.88 ry = 0.16994 38.87 35.49 31.97 28.44 24.23 19.52 36.93 34.38 31.36 27.97 23.95 19.52 rQ = 1.06462 37.88 35.20 32.04 28.37 24.19 19.52 rQ = 0.46381 Measured Computed by Muslu 2001 Computed by discussers Measured Rate of ow l/s Computed by Muslu 2001 Computed by discussers

y=E

1 2 1 27Q2 + cos cos1 1 3 3 3 4gw2E3

Using Eq. 8 of the original paper

weir, this nonlinear ordinary differential equation can be numerically solved for Q. As seen, in such a case, S0 and S f does not appear in the differential equation. After determining Q, y can be calculated by Eq. 3. It should be noted that predicted values by Eq. 3 are the same as those by Eq. 1.

dx =

2CW2gy p3/2

dQ

Conclusion
Considering a variable weir coefcient, the classical hypothesis about constant specic energy is still acceptable for a short side weir and for subcritical ow conditions. In this case, there is not an analytical solution for the governing equation, and numerical integration methods can be used for solving the equation. It should be noted that considering the term of S f -S0 in the governing equation reduces the accuracy of the predicted values in the case of constant specic energy. As shown, S0 and S f can be omitted from the governing equation. Also predicted values Table 1 show = 1 is acceptable in the computations.

Substituting Eqs. 2 and 3 in Eq. 4 yields dx = f Q, w, p, EdQ 5

where f function of Q, w, p, and E. For a given problem, w and pconstant. Assuming constant specic energy along the side

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Fig. 1. Depths of ow and discharges computed and observed along the side weir using data of Hager 1998

References
Chanson, H. 1999. The hydraulics of open channel ows: An introduction, 1st Ed., Edward Arnold, London. De Marchi, G. 1934. Saggio di teoria del funzionamento degli stramazzi laterali. Energ. Elettr., 1111, 849860 in Italian.

Hager, W. H. 1982. Die hydraulik von verteilkanlen. Teil 12, Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, No. 5556, Zurich, Switzerland. Muslu, Y. 2001. Numerical analysis for lateral weir ow. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 1274, 246253.

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Closure to Method of Solution of Nonuniform Flow with the Presence of Rectangular Side Weir by Maurizio Venutelli
November/December 2008, Vol. 134, No. 6 , pp. 840846.

DOI: 10.1061/ASCE0733-94372008134:6840

Maurizio Venutelli1
1

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Universit di Pisa, Via Gabba 22, I-56126 PISA. E-mail: m.venutelli@ing.unipi.it

The author would like to thank the discussers for their interest in the paper. The writer is of an opinion that it is practically impossible incorporate all the parameters in the general integral of Eq. 15. Therefore, has proposed an method in which the weir coefcient Cw and the velocity distribution coefcient are assumed constant in the step weir segment x. At contrary, the bottom slope So and the energy slope S f are integrated explicitly. However, it is important to notice the better results obtained by the discussers with Cw variable, from the numerical integration of the basic ordinary differential equation of the De Marchis theory. On the other hand, as it can be veried, for all test cases presented, on side weir with a length of 1 m, we have a Froude number Fr 0.6. The results obtained by the discussers conrm, as indicate theoretically by De Marchi 1934 and experimentally by Gentilini 1938 and Collinge 1957, that for short side weir and for subcritical ow conditions, the validity of constant energy and of the coefcient of velocity distribution equal to 1. But if these hypotheses are not veried, De Marchis theory show serious disagreement from the experimental results Hager and Volkart 1986. For a reasonable accuracy, the friction gradient and, for any weir segment an appropriate value of distribution

velocity and weir coefcients are take into account in the proposed model. Energy losses, in particular for supercritical ow, produce proles above the De Marchis solution and in good agreement with the observed values as shown in Fig. 6. Under this ow conditions, in accordance with the recent study of Durga Rao and Pillai 2008 on several test cases, the values of the differences from the bottom and the energy slope term c1 in the paper are signicant. Moreover, as been observed by El-Khashab and Smith 1976 for subcritical ow the value of , as a consequence of the nonuniform velocity distribution, becomes very high towards the end of the weir. This aspects, as can be see from Fig. 4, is evaluated in the paper by Hagers model for rectangular channel of Eq. 7. The effects of the variations of along the side weir are examined in details in the works of Lee and Holley 2002 and May et al. 2003. In conclusion, the versatility of Eq. 22 or 23 allows to compute, for wholly subcritical and wholly supercritical ow proles, the longitudinal variations of the bottom and energy slope, and the longitudinal variations of the weir coefcient and of the velocity distribution coefcient continuously and step by step, respectively.

References
Durga Rao, K. H. V., and Pillai, C. R. S. 2008. Study of ow over side weirs under supercritical conditions. Water Resour. Manage., 22, 131143. El-Khashab, A., and Smith, K. V. H. 1976. Experimental investigations of ow over side weirs. J. Hydr. Div., 1029, 12551268. Lee, K.-L., and Holley, E. R. 2002. Physical modeling for side-channel weirs. CRWR Online Rep. 02-2, Center for Research in Water Resources, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. May, R. W. P., Bromwich, B. C., Gasowski, Y., and Rickard, C. E. 2003. Hydraulic design of side weirs, Thomas Telford, London.

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