NSN Radio and Network Architecture

All-IP RAN interworking
IP RAN supports

Rel 99 Iu (for WCDMA and GERAN ), Rel 97/99 A and Gb/IP, Rel 99 Iur for WCDMA Rel 99 Iur-g for GERAN Rel'5 Rel 97/99 terminals
--> Full interoperation with installed networks
Nokia All-IP RAN

UTRAN Rel'99, Rel4 RNC
SMLC RNGW CSGW CRMS RNAS CRMS
CN interface BSS any release BSC
Iub
Rel 99 UTRAN Iur
IP BTS OMS
LMU
SMLC
Iur-g for GERAN Rel'5 only
Abis
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Optimized architecture/ products for these worlds ? 5.00

4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
Traffic growth scenario

2000 1800 1600
Non-Realtime Realtime Voice
Background Interactive Streaming Video calls CS Data Rich Call IP Voice CS Voice
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
MBytes / user / day
Bits/s BH / user ~60/20/20 % traffic reference: best effort packet/ CS-voice/ RT packet data)
'application' bits over Air interface
NOKIA
Nokia distributed All-IP RAN architecture

Multiradio architecture, with multimode All-IP BTS User plane and Control plane separated to allow optimised handling Dynamic association between BTS and Radio Access Servers Radio interface performance critical functions located in the BTS, close to radio Transport optimised by relocating functionalities
Upgrades to Nokia UltraSite and MetroSite EDGE / WCDMA Base Stations
Radio NW Common Radio Access O&M Resource Server Server Server A and Iu-cs
Nokia FlexiServer
Nokia CS Gateway
IP / ATM / MPLS transport
Gb
Iu-ps
Multimode All-IP Base Station GSM/EDGE/WCDMA
3 NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia RN Gateway WLAN
Core Network Gateways

Platform: IP740
RNGW: RAN Gateway
IuPS Uplane
Platform: FlexiServer
RNGW Ctrl BSSAP'/ RANAP'
IuPS Cplane
Platform: IPA2800
Iu-CS A
RNAS
BSSAP/RANAP relay CSGW Ctrl
RNAS: RAN Access Server

Ctrl UCF BSGW A/IP, Iu-CS/IP
CSGW: Circuit Switched Gateway
Iu-PS Iu-PS
BSGW
RAN Gateway is the user plane gateway for IP traffic.
RNGW
Micromobility anchor for Iu-PS Uplane Firewall t.b.d.
Radio Network Access Server is the control plane gateway for RAN-external signaling.
RNAS
Micromobility anchor for Cplane (terminates the signaling bearer connections, and relays L3 messages) Paging Server O&M of CN interface (reset, overload) RNGW and CSGW control
Circuit Switched Gateway is the user plane gateway for non IP traffic
CSGW
ATM to IP interworking (Iu-CS and Iur, both Cplane and Uplane PCM to IP Interworking (A, Uplane and Cplane) Transcoding Micromobility anchor for A and Iu-CS Uplane
NOKIA
Common Resource Management Server
RAN Common Servers

O&M Server Serving Mobile Location Centre
Platform: FlexiServer
Common Radio Resource Management Server performs RAN Wide Radio Resource Management (inter cell/layers/system)
Load sharing Policy Management Autotuning for load sharing between layer
CRMS
O&M Servers performs RAN O&M functions

Connection to OSS Logical O&M System Info Broadcast Configuration Manag. Performance Manag. Fault Manag. Autotuning features
OMS
Serving Mobile Location Center performs UE Positioning Calculations

Support of multiple positioning methods Support of positioning request through 2G and 3G core LMU control and O&M
SMLC
NOKIA
UE Control Function Termination of the CN signalling Radio signalling (RR, RRC) RAB Admission control Handover control Initialisation of dedicated resources in the network ULTRA upgrade OMS Cell Resource Server GRR protocol Radio Admission control Channel allocation and resource reservation Load Control
CN Cplane
All-IP BTS
CN Uplane Base Station Gateway Termination of CN interface user plane PDCP, RLC, MAC-d MDC (Soft Handoff) Ciphering External Iur: one UE may use UCF/BSGW in Serving BTS, and CRS/CGW(L1) in drift BTS Cell Gateway GERAN PCU WCDMA PS for shared and HS data channel Retransmission
UCF
RR O&M
BSGW
CRS
CGW BTS L1 LMU
(Iub / Abis)
SMLC
BS O&M Termination of logical O&M interface Implementation specific O&M
Location Measurement Unit Could be external to the IP BTS BTS L1: Same functionality of Rel'99 BTS and Node B
NOKIA
All-IP RAN products
NOKIA
High level BTS integration
Example configuration
3 sectored 2+2+2 solution 384 code channels multi-mode upgradeable Expansion slots
NOKIA
Comparision, RNC functionality in IP RAN

Assumptions based on Peritus y. 2008 PS traffic: 12174 Mbit/s CS tarffic: 4870 Mbit/s subscribers: 13,6 M -> 168 rack s RNCs ( or 676 racks BSS11 BSC )
RNAS RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC CSGW CSGW CSGW
-> 5 racks RNAS -> 30 racks CSGW -> 15 racks RNGW = 50 racks with IP RAN
RNGW
RNGW
One rack = 10 racks

All-IP Indoor Supreme BTS

MEA + MCI MAF
High Capacity All-IP BTS

RF Units Mode specific
MTP
FAN
MSU MAM MUP MRS
Supports 1-9 sectored solutions up to 36 WCDMA carriers per cabinet up to 1152 code channels per cabinet multi-mode capable with All-IP RAN rel. 2 ideal for multi-operator RAN full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept ideal for indoor installations Co-siting with existing BTS sites
MIM
Common Multi-radio digital units
MFE
Dimensions H x W x D 1800 x 600 x 600 mm Operating temperature range -40 +50 C Mains Supply -48 VDC or 230 VAC
10
NOKIA
All-IP Outdoor Compact BTS

MEA + MCI
High Capacity All-IP BTS
MAF
MFE
MTP
FAN
MSU MAM MRS
Supports 1-9 sectored solutions up to 36 WCDMA carriers per cabinet up to 1152 code channels per cabinet multi-mode capable with All-IP RAN rel. 2 ideal for multi-operator RAN full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept ideal for outdoor installations Co-siting with existing BTS sites minimized site requirements due to small size unobtrusive in roof top installations due to low cabinet height
MUP
MIM
Dimensions H x W x D 1500 x 770 x 770 mm Operating temperature range -40 +50 C Mains Supply -48 VDC or 230 VAC
11
NOKIA
All-IP Upgrade to Ultrasite WCDMA BTS

WAF
Base station (BTS) software upgrade for new functionality:

WPA
Iub over IP in R4 network All-IP RAN BTS in R5
WIC
WTR
Transport upgrade:
WSC
new IP router unit (IRIS),

reuse of RAN1/RAN2 IFUs (IP over ATM), or introduction of new IP IFUs (no ATM)
WPS
IRIS
WAM x 2 WSP x 6 WSM IFU x 5
WFA
12
NOKIA
All-IP RAN Server Configurations - Examples

OMS+RNAS+CRMS+SMLC OMS+RNAS+CRMS OMS+SMLC OMS+CRMS
( ca. 3 Msubs )
( ca. 1.5M subs )
(ca. 1.5M subs)
( ca. 1M subs )
HDD OMS RNAS SMLC CRMS
Flexible configuration of nodes to different server applications; max. 44 nodes per rack Connectivity to 1000 IP-BTS, max. 6000 IP-RAN cells; Capacities/node estimates with current call-mix assumptions for 2008: RNAS 150k subs, CRMS: 250k subs, SMLC: 375k subs
All-IP RAN Servers - Server Blades HW

Cabinet Chassis
Up to 12 CPU slots Fan tray, display panel
2 x LAN switches & Fiber Channel hubs, System mgt functions
IP Director CPU Disk Drive
9/11/12 nodes per subrack, two CPUs per node => 88 CPUs per rack
duplicated IP director per rack (one IP address, or very few addresses, visible to external network)
Pair of disks per rack (exact location in the rack FFS)
RNGW
IP740 platform 19" racking User plane throughput 44 Mbps per RNGW (200 byte packets), 150k RABs (max. 2.5k Handovers/s) max. 18 RNGWs per rack => 792 Mbps and 2.7M RABs per rack
Ethernet Switches - circa 3U each RNGW - circa 2U each - up to 18 RNGWs per rack (without switches)
Ethernet Switch Ethernet Switch
15
NOKIA
16 NOKIA
IPA2800 platform
1800 * 600 * 600 mm (H*W*D) rack
10 000 Iu-CS channels per rack
1 cabinet 10000 channels

1 CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP MX622-B PD20 MX622-B CDSP AL2SU AL2SU AL2SU CCP10 IPS1/IPGE x TBUF TCU TCU TCU TCU TCU TCU TCU TCU MXU x MXU TCU A2SU A2SU A2SU ISU IPNIU x TBUF CDSP IW16P1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 CDSP IW16P1 CDSP IW16P1 CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP CDSP MX622-B PD20 MX622-B CDSP CDSP AL2S CDSP CDSP AL2S CDSP AL2S CCP10 IPS1/IPGE CDSP CDSP x TBUF TCU IWU IWU TCU TCU IWU TCU TCU TCU TCU TCU MXU x MXU TCU TCU A2SU A2SU TCU TCU A2SU ISU TCU IPNIU x TCU TBUF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 SF10 x x CCP10 NIS0/ 0 / CCP10 CCP10 CCP10 MX622-B PD20 MDS ( OMU ) SFU /1 x x ISU NIS1/ 0 CM / 1 CACU / 1 SPMU / 1 MXU 0/ 1 x FDU SF10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 x x x NIS0/ 0 / CCP10 CCP10 CCP10 MX622-B PD20 EHAT ESA12 MCPC2 HDS (NEMU) CCP10 HDS (OMU) TSS3 TBUF OMU / 1 WDU / 1 WDU / 1 HDS (NEMU) CCP10 HDS (OMU) TBUF TSS3 OMU / 0 WDU / 0 SFU /0 x x x NIS1/ 0 CM / 0 CACU / 0 SPMU / 0 MXU 0/ 0 x EHU (NEMU) NEMU WDU / 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
CSGW
Core Site Solution ( incl. All-IP RAN Servers )

Core Site (IP/MPLS)
HSS CPS MSC Server SGSN RNC
GGSN RNGW Interconnects CSGW
MGW
All-IP RAN Servers
IP
SDH/ DWDM
ATM
LAN/WAN connectivity (IP/MPLS)

OSR GSR
Simulation on All-IP RAN gains
18
NOKIA
Radio Performance gains in All-IP RAN

Introduction / Background User Plane packet channel Gains Control Plane packet channel Gains for Packet Services Combined results Other Potential Gains Summary
19
NOKIA
Radio performance in All-IP RAN

-Setting up a session for a transport protocol (e.g. TCP) is quicker in IP RAN due to faster transport and smaller RLC RTT - User experiences smaller delay in setup phase.
Router
All-IP BTS
RLC
Mobile
Transport Protocol
RLC
- Transport is based on fast IP routing in IP RAN. - 'Information highway' ends in RNC in UTRAN, but lasts till IP BTS in IP RAN. - Routing of a packet from CN to IP BTS takes only few ms.
No Iub in IP RAN --> - Smaller RLC RTT - quicker RLC retransmissions - User experiences better bit rate for bursty traffic
20
NOKIA
Rlc and transport protocol

UTRAN/BSS
IP RAN
T ransport protocol
T ransport protocol
T ransport protocol
T ransport protocol
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Mobile
BT S
RNC/BSC
Server
Mobile
IP BT S
Server
21
NOKIA
All-IP RAN Gains for Packet Services

Details on the transmission of a data burst
Scheduling, RF meas. and pwr calc.
Minimum allocation time of channels

Transmission on DSCH Release Timer Iub Release
UTRAN
Iub Setup
Channel Allocation User Plane TimeGain Gain
Release Timer Gain
IP RAN
Scheduling, RF meas. and pwr calc.
Transmission on DSCH
Rel. Timer
Start: Packet scheduler decides to use DSCH transmission
Control Plane Gain
time
User Release Channel Control Plane Timer Plane Allocation Gain: Gain:Time Gain:
Shorter Faster No Iuballocation RLC allocation interface RTT time setup time gives gives time, of faster DCH/DSCH that gives transmission the faster gives of release higher setup user of availability timer data. the DSCH can be ofand reduced. codes associated and increased DCH capacity.
User Plane Gains for Packet Services (I)

Assumptions:

- TCP/IP traffic, e.g. web browsing, single object per page: TCP algorithms (slow start with 1 Maximum Segment Size initial window, MSS = 1460 B, delayed TCP acknowledgement) - TCP session setup: 3-way handshake (3 messages, last setup message contains HTTP request) - RLC RTT 140 ms for UTRAN and 70 ms for IP RAN - Block Error Rate over radio 10% - Constant user bitrate over the radio interface - CN RTT 65 ms (web server very close to RAN). No server processing time.
Experienced Bit Rate: user bits / total TX time, without DSCH/DCH allocation delay Gain (%): how much better experienced bit rate IP RAN gives compared to UTRAN with Iub interface Result evaluated for WCDMA case, similar results for GERAN
23
NOKIA
User Plane Gains for Packet Services (II)

Gain depends, for example, on the allocated user bit rate, RLC BLER and the page size.
IP RAN Gain (%) for different page sizes, 10% BLER
40 30
Page sizes
23 kbits 46 kbits 105 kbits 296 kbits
20 10 0 32 64 128 256 384 Radio Channel Capacity (kbps)
The smaller the page the more gain -> the gain in the beginning of downloading The bigger the user bit rate the more gain -> the big bitpipe used more efficiently in All-IP RAN
24
NOKIA
Control Plane Gains for Packet Services (I)

The Control Plane (ex: allocation and release of radio channel, channel switch, etc) is more efficient in All-IP RAN than in UTRAN, mainly thanks to that there is no Iub interface.
The gain from the more efficient Control Plane is especially large for packet services, due to the frequent change of state.
Evaluation: Find the improvement in download time for files of different sizes for different user bit rates on the air interface Assumption: Iub setup time=350msec, other parameters like in previous example.
25
NOKIA
Control Plane Gains for Packet Services (II)

35
Delay Gain [%]
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 32 64 128 256 384 Radio Channel Capacity [kbps]
Page Size [kbits]
23 46 105 296
Note that the above gains are found within Control Plane alone In general, the gain is between 10 and 30%. Gain is highest for small files and high bit rates
For most common file sizes and user bit rates, the gain is about 20 - 25%
26
NOKIA
Combined User Plane and Control Plane Gains

The combined User and Control plane results for Gain expressed in in terms of delay gains: -> DELAY REDUCTION UP TO 40 %
50
Delay Gain [%]
40 30 20 10 0 32 64 128 256 384 Radio Channel Capacity [kbps]
Page size [kbits]
23 46 105 296
27
NOKIA
Other gains expected from optimization of RRM algorithm

Reasons:

Measurements from UE and from IP BTS are available in the same node Note that HSDPA (High Speed Packet Access) is RRM algorithms aresame preferably located as close as possible to the radio going in the direction as All-IP RAN: Proprietary BTS measurement are available for new optimized RRM algorithms and capacity enhancing features (no need of 3GPP Iub standardization) HSDPA scheduling moved to Node B Example: However, solution more complex as scheduling Imagine that an algorithm needin a the newRNC. measurement in the BTS. for enhanced other channels are kept In IP RAN, we implement it without waiting for 3GPP. In UTRAN, this measurement needs to be standardised on the Iub interface, meaning All-IP RAN problem! that we need to merge ourovercomes proposal withthis the opinions from other companies.
28
NOKIA
Conclusions
Users experience better service in All-IP RAN for packet data, with delay for the transmission of a packet reduced up to 40% Reduced code allocation time. Potential optimization of RRM algorithm without the burden of using the predefined Iub measurement
29
NOKIA
Case; transport comparision
30
NOKIA
Input parameters
Name Voice Streaming WWW FTP E-Mail Type RT 12.2kbps RT 64kbps NRT NRT NRT UMTS Traffic Number of Connections Class New Basic NRT Extreme RT Extreme Conversational 18 12 24 Streaming 6 0 18 Interactive 6 12 6 Background 6 12 0 Background 6 12 6
IP Router Buffer Sizes: Leaf BTS, 30 kbytes (leaf means last BTS in the tree topology) Other BTSs, 100 kbytes
31
NOKIA
IP RAN
40% SHO OH for RT traffic only IPv6 transport UDP/IP compressed MDC in first starpoint
27.66 Mbps DS Rt_A1 2.05 Mbps DS 2.21 Mbps Rt_A DS
DS Rt_Core
DS 30.04 Mbps Rt_D2
1.92 Mbps
Rt_A2 DS
2.05 Mbps Rt_D1
DS
Rt_D
DS Rt_B1 2.05 Mbps DS Rt_B 2.05 Mbps DS Rt_B2 2.05 Mbps 8.61 Mbps 2.05 Mbps 2.07 Mbps DS Rt_B3 DS DS Rt_B4 DS Rt_B5 DS DS Rt_C2 Rt_C1 2.05 Mbps Rt_C 2.05 Mbps DS Rt_C3 2.22 Mbps 2.19 Mbps DS Rt_F2 DS 2.04 Mbps DS Rt_G DS 2.05 Mbps Rt_E 21.67 Mbps 23.93 Mbps 2.05 Mbps DS Rt_E3 DS Rt_E4
2.05 Mbps DS
Rt_E1 4.70 Mbps
2.23 Mbps 9.00 Mbps DS Rt_E2 DS 2.05 Mbps Rt_F DS Rt_F3
2.05 Mbps
32
NOKIA
Rt_G1
DS Rt_F1
RAN 1
40% SHO OH for RT and NRT traffic No Stat Mux gain 42,6Mbps No centralised AAL2
4,26Mbps
46,86Mbps
4,26Mbps
4,26Mbps
4,26Mbps 38,34Mbps 4,26Mbps
34,08Mbps 4,26Mbps
4,26Mbps
4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 4,26Mbps 12,78Mbps 8,52Mbps 4,26Mbps 12,78Mbps 4,26Mbps
33
NOKIA
RAN 2
40% SHO OH for RT traffic only Centralised AAL2

31.4Mbps 34.54Mbps
3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps
3,14Mbps
3,14Mbps 28.26Mbps 3, 14Mbps
25,12Mbps 3,14Mbps
3,14Mbps
3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 3,14Mbps 9,42Mbps 6,28Mbps 3,14Mbps 9,42Mbps 3,14Mbps
34
NOKIA
RAN2 with centralised AAL2 compared with RAN 1 saves 15% - 30% in capacity 15% is here refered to modest and 40% aggressive case of saving with Centralised AAL2 of RAN2 Additional saving of RAN2 compared with RAN1 is the NRT traffic not having SHO OH
Comparison
Comparison against RAN1
RAN1 IPv6 RAN
Leaf BTS Savings Savings capacity [Mbps] [% ] 4.26 2.08 2.18 51%
Comparison against RAN2 ( 15 % )
RAN2 modest IPv6 RAN
Leaf BTS Savings Savings capacity [Mbps] [% ] 3.14 2.08 1.06 34%
35
NOKIA
Common Radio Resource Management
36
NOKIA
Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM)

Seamless integration of radio technologies to ensure optimum end user performance and resource usage
GSM/EDGE WCDMA GSM WCDMA GSM WCDMA
Macro Micro Pico
multi-mode terminal
GSM/EDGE WLAN WCDMA TDD
Better capacity & quality level Offer higher user bit rates and lower blocking Enable load sharing and congestion control Distribute interference Enable multivendor RRM interoperability Easier operability Simple interworking in multi-vendor / multi-system environment
CRRM Interfaces & Function

Nokia CRRM can connect to many different radio interface technologies New standardisation is needed for an open multivendor CRRM interface
CRRM server
RNC
IP-RAN Other.. TDD, WLAN,..

BSC
WCDMA GSM/EDGE
xRAN
Cell Loads & QoS

Set HO Parameters Handover Candidates Prioritized List
CRRM
CRRM
xRAN
CRRM acts as an advisor to each system when making decisions CRRM server is also the platform for other functions eg.
Setting idle mode parameters Fast auto tuning
38
NOKIA
CRRM Simulation Results - Summary

QoS class Conversation Streaming Interactive Capacity gain with 2 layers No gain 40%-100% depending on the required delay Capacity gain with 4 layers 32 kbps 3% 144 kbps 10% 384 kbps 30% 70%-140% depending on the required delay Reason for the CRRM gain Timers are needed to prevent ping-pong (and also useful handovers) without CRRM No load reason inter-system cell reselections assumed without CRRM
Background
Less gain than with interactive if no delay is guaranteed
CRRM is most important for interactive connections for high bit rate (>32 kbps) conversational and streaming connections when large number of layers and systems are integrated Note: these gains are fairly ideal gains assuming no delays in signaling etc. With proper CRRM algorithms most of these gains can be obtained in practice

NSN Radio and Network Architecture

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All-IP RAN interworking

--> Full interoperation with installed networks

Nokia All-IP RAN

CN interface BSS any release BSC

Rel 99 UTRAN Iur

Iur-g for GERAN Rel'5 only

Optimized architecture/ products for these worlds ? 5.00

Traffic growth scenario

MBytes / user / day

Nokia distributed All-IP RAN architecture

IP / ATM / MPLS transport

Nokia RN Gateway WLAN

Core Network Gateways

BSSAP/RANAP relay CSGW Ctrl

RNAS: RAN Access Server

CSGW: Circuit Switched Gateway

RAN Gateway is the user plane gateway for IP traffic.

Micromobility anchor for Iu-PS Uplane Firewall t.b.d.

Common Resource Management Server

RAN Common Servers

O&M Servers performs RAN O&M functions

Serving Mobile Location Center performs UE Positioning Calculations

CGW BTS L1 LMU

BS O&M Termination of logical O&M interface Implementation specific O&M

All-IP RAN products

High level BTS integration

Comparision, RNC functionality in IP RAN

One rack = 10 racks

All-IP Indoor Supreme BTS

High Capacity All-IP BTS

MSU MAM MUP MRS

Common Multi-radio digital units

All-IP Outdoor Compact BTS

High Capacity All-IP BTS

MSU MAM MRS

All-IP Upgrade to Ultrasite WCDMA BTS

Base station (BTS) software upgrade for new functionality:

Iub over IP in R4 network All-IP RAN BTS in R5

new IP router unit (IRIS),

All-IP RAN Server Configurations - Examples

( ca. 1.5M subs )

(ca. 1.5M subs)

HDD OMS RNAS SMLC CRMS

All-IP RAN Servers - Server Blades HW

2 x LAN switches & Fiber Channel hubs, System mgt functions

IP Director CPU Disk Drive

1800 * 600 * 600 mm (H*W*D) rack

10 000 Iu-CS channels per rack

1 cabinet 10000 channels

Core Site Solution ( incl. All-IP RAN Servers )

GGSN RNGW Interconnects CSGW

All-IP RAN Servers

LAN/WAN connectivity (IP/MPLS)

Simulation on All-IP RAN gains

Radio Performance gains in All-IP RAN

Radio performance in All-IP RAN

Rlc and transport protocol

All-IP RAN Gains for Packet Services

Minimum allocation time of channels

Channel Allocation User Plane TimeGain Gain

Release Timer Gain

Scheduling, RF meas. and pwr calc.

Start: Packet scheduler decides to use DSCH transmission

1800 * 600 * 600 mm (HWD) rack