LI M U

Ngnh in t Vin thng l mt trong nhng ngnh quan trng v mang tnh quyt nh cho s pht trin ca mt quc gia. S pht trin nhanh chng ca Khoa hc Cng ngh lm cho ngnh in t Vin thng ngy cng pht trin v t c nhiu thnh tu mi. Nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng cao l iu kin thun li cho ngnh in t Vin thng phi khng ngng pht minh ra cc sn phm mi c tnh ng dng cao, cc sn phm a tnh nng, c bn v n nh ngy cng cao Trong truyn dn v tuyn , a tn hiu c tn s thp nh m thanh ting ni i xa cn c nhng k thut iu ch a ln tn s cao, ni thu s gii iu ch thu c tn hiu m tn mong mun, gm iu ch tng t v iu ch s. Phng php iu ch tng t gm iu bin (AM) v iu ch gc (PM va FM). Mi phng php c u , nhc im ring v c dng ty vo ng dng c th. H thng thu pht i tn c dng rng ri trong pht thanh radio FM di tn 88-108MHZ , truyn hnh audio, ng dng qung b . do u im v kh nng chng nhiu cao, hiu qu s dng cng sut v cht lng thu tt hn AM. Tuy nhin mch pht , thu FM cng phc tp hn AM va do gi thanh cng cao hn. ng dng FM dn dng c dng ph bin trong cc Micro khng dy. ti mch thu pht FM ny ,mch pht mt tn s trong dy tn radio FM v mch thu thu lai tn hiu pht ra. Rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c bi bo co c hon chnh hn.

Ni dung bo co:
PHN 1: C S L THUYT FM PHN 2: THIT K V THI CNG I. THIT K: 1. S khi. 2. Mch nguyn l. 3. Tnh ton thit k v chn linh kin. 4. V mch nguyn l hon chnh. 5. M phng v nhn xt kt qu. THI CNG: 1. V mch in. 2. Hn v rp linh kin. 3. o thng s thc t. TNG HP KT QU: 1. Tng hp kt qu t m phng v kt qu o thc t. 2. So snh v nhn xt cc kt qu .

II.

III.

PHN 1: C S L THUYT FM:

1.1 IU CH TN S: S khi h thng thu pht:

nh ngha: Nu ghi tn hiu iu ch vo tn s sng mang th tn s sng mang thay i theo quy lut tin tc . Ta c iu ch tn s.

S(t) 0 t f(t)

S(t)

VCO

VCO=Voltage Controlled Ocsillator t

iu ch dng mch in VCO

MCH VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator):

Phng php iu ch tn s trc tip n gin nht l lm thay i tn s dao ng. C th dng mt micro in dung thay i theo in p a vo ,dng diode bin dung , s dng vi mch VCO, hoc iu tn da trn t in k sinh tip xc transistor thay i theo in p phn cc.. Phng php iu ch FM y c thc hin da trn nguyn tc iu ch FM trc tip dung varicap lm thay i tn s dao ng (tng t VCO) v tn s ng ra nm trong dy tn FM radio.

Biu thc: Tn s tc thi do VCO to ra xc nh bi : f(t) = f c+ as(t) Biu thc pha tc thi ca tn hiu c dng: (t) = 2 f(t)dt = 2 fct + 2 a x(t)dt + X(t) l tn hiu n m: Pha tc thi ca FM: (t) =2fct + aUs /F sin 2Ft) + Biu thc FM: u FM (t) =U cos(2fct + aUs /F sin 2Ft) t m= aUs /F =fmax /F : Gi l ch s iu tn x(t) = Us cos(2 Ft )

u FM (t) =U cos(2fct + m sin 2Ft) Dng sng:

c im v ng dng ca FM: c im: Tn hiu pht thay i thnh phn tn s t l vi bin v tn s ca tn hiu truyn i. ng dng: Pht thanh qung b phi thng mi 88-90MHz Pht thanh thng mi 90-108MHz Truyn hinh Audio, cc dch v thng tin cng cng u im v Khuyt im: u im:

C nhiu u im v tn s,di tn m thanh sau khi tch sng c cht lng tt. Kh b nh hng ca nhiu S dng hiu qu nng lng Khuyt im: Tn hiu c iu ch yu cu bng thng rng hn nhiu tn hiu truyn i ban u (d liu) Hin thc mch iu ch v gii iu ch phc tp hn so vi phng php iu bin Truyn trong c ly ngn.

PHN 2. THIT K V THI CNG

I. MY PHT FM:
1. a. S KHI V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY PHT (FM). S KHI:

NGUYN L CA S KHI: Tn hiu c a vo Tin khuch i m tn: Tng ny c nhim v khuch i in p tn hiu vo n mc cn thit a vo tng in khng iu ch FM. i vi my pht iu tn yu cu tn hiu m tn iu ch khng ln lm, nn tn hiu m tn t micro ch qua b tin khuch i. Tn hiu thu c t Tin khuch i m tn c a vo Tng in khng: Tng ny s dng cc phn t in khng bin i tn hiu m tn thnh in khng thay i ( dung khng hoc cm khng bin thin) thc hin vic iu ch FM. Phn t in khng c th l transistor in khng, n in khng hoc varicap ( in dung bin i theo in p t vo varicap).

Tn hiu thu c t Tng in khng c a vo Tng Nhn tn: Tn hiu iu ch tn s lm vic cao hn nhiu so vi tn hiu iu bin nn trong phn tin khuch i cao tn cn phi c nhiu tng nhn tn. Do dung nhiu tng nhn tn nn di tn thng ln hn (delta f= +- 75kHz), v vy n nh tn s trong my pht iu tn cng yu cu cao hn ( 10-5 - 10-8) , nn h thng AFC thng c cu to phc tp. Mch ra: Phi hp vi tr khng gia tng KCSCT cui cng ra anten. Ngun cung cp: in p phi c cng sut ln cung cp cho transistor hoc n in t cng sut. Thit b an ton v lm ngui: Thit b an ton bao gm cc thit b ng, m bo v, kim tra cc ch lm vic my pht. Thit b lm ngui cho cc transistor cng sut ( cc phin ta nhit), v lm ngui cho cc n in t cng sut (thit b thi khng kh, qut, bm nc, bc hi..) Khi ch sng: To dao ng cao tn (sng mang), c bin v tn s n nh, c tm bin i tn s rng. Dng mch dao ng LC kt hp vi mch iu chnh tn s AFC.

b. S NGUYN L V S MCH IN CC LINH KIN S DNG: 1 PHONEJACK INPUT, 1 cun RFC, 1 transistor C828 (NPN), 1 kho, 1 n Led, 1anten pht, Vcc=9V, GND R1=4.7k R2=220 Ohm R3=3.9k R4=5.6k R6=120 Ohm R7=1k Co=102 C1=105 C3=103 C5=10uF C6=30pF C7=33 pF C8=102 C9=100uF L2=100mH

S NGUYN L CA MY PHT FM:

L1 J1 CHOKE L2 R4 5.6k C3 103 + C5 10uF R1 4.7k C8 100nH D2 LED CON2 E1 ANTENNA 1 2

C1

R2

102 Q2 NPN ECB C2 C6 R7 30pF 820 100 uF SW2 R3 102 CAP NP 3.9k R6 120 C7 33p SW SPST/SM

105 J2 1 2 3 4 5

220

PHONEJACK AUDIO INPUT

S MCH IN CA MY PHT FM:

c. NGUYN TC HOT NG: - Mch pht n gin s dng 1 transistor va lm nhim v dao ng va lm nhim v khuych i. Khng c cc khi tin khuych i. Cc transistor c th s dng trong mch l cc transistor cao tn nh 2N2222, S9018, C828 - Tn hiu a vo mch pht c th l tn hiu m thanh t my pht nhc hoc tn hiu t electret microphone, qua phonejack audio output n chn B ca transistor. - Dao ng B chung, c cng hng ni tip L2-C6-C7 ng ra. Mt thnh phn tn hiu t cc C ca transistor qua C6 a v hi tip vo R6=120 ohm t dao ng. - Mch dao ng colpitt to tn s sng mang trong di FM. Tn hiu sng mang thay i theo tn hiu m tn a vo, tn hiu cao tn t cc C qua t lc n anten bc x. - C2 v C5 l cc t lc ngun, C1 v C8 l cc t ni cho tn hiu m tn v cao tn i qua.

- Led D2 c gim dng qua in tr R7 bo hiu ngun, cng tc SW bt tt ngun cung cp cho mch. - Anten bc x c th s dng l 1 si dy dn di khong 1m - Mch n gin, linh kin sai s, khng c linh kin ng nh thit k nn c nhiu cc tn s hi pht quanh tn s chnh. - Cun dy L2 c th t qun bng dy ng c 0.6 mm khong 6 vng dy, li khng kh. - iu chnh t vi chnh R6 thay i tn s pht sng. Ti sao l FM: Khi c tc ng mt dng vo mi ni BE, ngoi s thay i v dng in trong mch th s di chuyn in t v l trng qua mi ni BE s thay i in dung BE. S thay i lm in dung mi ni BE thay i - C(be) l rt b, khong 0,005pF n 0,015 pF tu theo mc dng d (I) tc ng. Trong mch dao ng, s thay i in dung ny tc ng vo mch cng hng lm thay i tn s cng hng. V vy m d(I) x d C(be) / C(ch) quy nh mc thay i tn s. V in dung trong mch cng hng l 15pF, gi s tn s pht sng l 100 Mhz. Mc iu bin tn s l : d(F) = ( d(F) = di iu bin tn s l khz, hon ton ph hp vi tiu

chun bng thng FM quc t. V y chnh l mch Frequency Modulation (FM).

Cng sut pht: Ta c: Vce =Vc Ve = 9 - Ve Vbe = Vb Ve =0.7 (V) Vb =

P = Ic * Vce

Ve = 5.31-0.7 = 4.61 (V) Vce =9- 4.61= 4.39 (V) Ie =

Cng sut pht: Tn s pht:

P = Ic * Vce = 0.039*4.39 = 0.17 (W) =170 (mW)

Mch dao ng colpitt, tn s pht c tnh theo cng thc

f =

V C6 l t vi chnh nn f c th thay i c V d: C6 = 30 (pF) Ta c: L= 100nH C= C6 +C7 = 33+ 30 = 63 (pF)

f=

= 63.44 (MHz)

II.MY THU FM
1. S KHI V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY THU KHUCH I TRC TIP. a.S KHI:

T anten

Lc bng thng

K cao tn

Gii iu ch

KCS m tn

Thit b cui

NGUYN L CA S KHI : Tn hiu ban u thu c t anten c a vo b Lc bng thng lc ly tn hiu mun thu vo v hn ch nhiu. Sau tn hiu thu c c a vo b khuch i cao tn khuch i tn hiu. Tn hiu sau khi khuch i qua b Gii iu ch tch sng, loi b sng mang v ti lp li tin tc ban u. Tn hiu thu c t b Gii iu ch c a vo b Khuch i cng sut m tn khuch i tn hiu m tn. Sau a vo Thit b cui.

b . S NGUYN L V S MCH IN : CC LINH KIN S DNG: 1 anten thu, cun dy L1, L2, 1 diode, 3 transistor C828, 1 A564, 1 PHONEJACK STEREO SW, 1 kho, 1 n Led, Vcc=9V, GND R1= 22k R2= R7= 1k R3= 6.8k R4=R8=470 Ohm R5=330 Ohm R6= 2.2k R15=1.2k C1=100uF C2=C3=47pF C4=C6=C7=C12=C17=103 C5=100pF R7=1k R9=1k R10=68k R11=R13=39k R12=R16=4.7k C8=2200pF C9=105 C10=C11=C13=104 C15=90pF

R5 E1 ANTENNA 330 R17 330 R4 C5 100p R1 22k C6 103 C1 100uF C7 103 C8 2200p Q3 C2 47 pF CHOKE Q1 NPN ECB L1 R7 1k R9 820 D1 C3 L2 47 pF CHOKE DIODE C10 470k R18 Q2 NPN ECB 104 R15 1k D3 LED C14 10uF R18 1.2k C15 90p R10 68k C9 105 R16 39k R12 39k PNP ECB 104 R6 2.2k 470 C11 Q4 NPN ECB 104 R11 3.9k R14 330 C12 Q5 NPN ECB R13 3.9k

C17

104

J3

PHONEJACK AUDIO OUTPUT

J2

1 2

CON2

1 2 3 4 5

C18 100uF

SW2

SW SPST

S NGUYN L :

C4 103 DIODE

R3 6.8k

R2 1k

D2 C13 104 R8 470

C16 10uF

S MCH IN CA MY THU FM:

NGUYN TC HOT NG: - y l mch my thu d rp, d dng v n gin c th thc hin vic thu tn hiu FM. My thu ny c th thc hin trong mt di rt rng v d dng thay i di tn, t khong 5 MHz n 220 MHz. - Trong mch, L1 // 47pF v L2 // 47pF l by cng hng thc hin cun RF output my pht, ly ra im gia cun dy. Transitor Q1 khuch i chn tn kiu BC nn c tng tr vo rt cao. Diod 1 chn E ca n dng in p thun to thin p cho Diod 2 vt in th "ro" lm nhim v tch sng. Phn tch sng FM ny da theo nguyn tc l tn hiu sai tn s ca khung cng hng s gim bin . - Transistor Q2 khuch i m tn , ni darlington vi Transistor A564 c li sut cao, in p m tn xut ra chn E / A564 (Q3) . in p chn C ca Q2 cp in p cho B / Q1 hot ng siu ti sinh (khi tn hiu m tn thp th t ng tng phn cc chn B cho Q1).

-Hai tng khuych i n gin pha sau s dng 2 trasistor Q4 v Q5 c th l C828 hoc C1815 c nhim v khuych i tn hiu m tn n mt gi tr nht nh trc khi a ra phone jack output -D3 l n led bo hiu ngun in 9V, SW2 l kha ng m ngun. - C18 l t lc ngun c gi tr khong 100uF. - C11, C12, C17 l cc t ni. Nhng hn ch ca Mch thu khuch i trc tip: S tng khuch i khng th tng ln mt cch ty . V khi s tng cng tng th tnh n nh ca b khuch i cao tn cng gim. Ngoi ra, khi s tng cng tng th s mch cng hng cng lm tng h thng iu chnh cng hng phc tp cng knh v t tin. Tn s cao kh t c h s khuch i ln Tn s cng cao th di thng cng rng lm gim chn lc ca my thu. Mun di thng hp phi dng mch cng hng c h s phm cht cao, c khi vt qua kh nng ch to. Do khng dng c cc h thng cng hng phc tp nn khng c kh nng t c tuyn tn s c dng ch nht l tng. NHN XT: Qu trnh thit k mch nguyn l theo cc yu cu ra. Tuy nhin khi thc hin mch in khng tm c linh kin c cht lng nh yu cu. Cun dy khng chnh xc nh yu cu thit k nn tn s ng ra ca mch dao ng khng nh tnh ton. ti thc thi cng c my pht v my thu nn tng i kh. Cht lng ca h thng khng c cao.

NHN XT CHUNG:
Qua qu trnh tin hnh lm n gip chng em nm vng s nguyn l, nguyn tc hot ng, cng c li nhng kin thc hc trc cc mn hc: Nguyn l truyn thng, in t tng t, in t thng tin... Chng em c trc tip o c, thit k, lp rp cc mch thu pht FM. To c hi cho chng em nng cao kh nng t duy, phn tch, sng to. Ngoi ra, vi tinh thn on kt, hp tc v c trch nhim ca cc thnh vin trong nhm gip qu trnh tin hnh lm n c din ra nhanh chng v hiu qu. y cng l c hi gip chng em pht huy tinh thn lm vic nhm l k nng cn thit tip cn dn vi cng vic sau khi ra trng. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh thc hin cng gp mt s kh khn vi vic tm kim mt s linh kin... Chng em xin cm n Thy to iu kin v gip chng em hon thnh n ny.