HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

GHP KNH TN HIU S

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b










H NI - 2007



HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG







GHP KNH TN HIU S

Bin son : TS. CAO PHN
THS. CAO HNG SN
1
LI NI U

Ghp knh tn hiu s l mt lnh vc rt quan trng. Khi u ca ghp knh tn hiu s
l iu xung m (PCM) v iu ch Delta (DM), trong PCM c s dng rng ri hn. T
PCM, cc nh ch to thit b vin thng cho ra i thit b ghp knh cn ng b (PDH) v
sau l thit b ghp knh ng b (SDH). Mng thng tin quang SDH m ra mt giai on
mi ca cng ngh truyn thng nhm p ng nhu cu tng trng rt nhanh ca cc dch v
vin thng, c bit l dch v Internet.
Vi tc bit hin ti ca SDH l 10 Gbit/s vn cha p ng mt cch y cho truyn
lu lng Internet , ang v s pht trin theo cp s nhn. V vy cng ngh ghp knh theo
bc sng (WDM) xut hin. c th tn dng bng tn truyn dn ti min ca s th hai
ca si quang n mode, k thut ghp cht cc bc sng DWDM ang ng vai tr quan trng
trn mng thng tin quang ton cu.
Tuy nhin, thng tin quang SDH l cng ngh ghp knh c nh. V vy rng bng tn
vn khng c tn dng trit . Theo c tnh th hiu sut s dng rng bng tn kh dng
ca h thng thng tin quang SDH mi t c 50%. Trc thc t mt mt rng bng tn
ng truyn cn b lng ph, mt khc cng ngh truyn gi IP v ATM i hi h thng thng
tin quang SDH phi tho mn nhu cu trc mt v c cho tng lai, khi m cc dch v gia tng
pht trin trnh cao. Ch c th tho mn nhu cu v tc truyn dn v nng cao hiu sut
s dng bng tn ng truyn bng cch thay i cc phng thc truyn ti lu lng s liu.
Vn mu cht ng dng cc phng thc truyn ti tin tin l kt chui cc cc
conten, s dng cc phng thc ng gi s liu thch hp, truyn ti gi linh hot theo cch ti
s dng khng gian v chuyn mch bo v thng minh nng cao tin cy ca mng v rt
ngn thi gian phc hi ca h thng khi c s c. Nhng vn ny s c phn tch k trong
cc ch sau y:
1) Trnh by mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu, c bit l tn hiu s v
cc phng php ghp knh s.
2) Cc phng php duy tr mng. Ni dung ch yu ca chuyn ny l cc phng
php chuyn mch bo v mng ng thng v mng vng SDH.
3) Cc chun Ethernet, mng vng th bi v FDDI.
4) Cc phng thc truyn ti s liu bao gm cc phng thc ng khung s liu, kt
chui, iu chnh dung lng tuyn, cc giao thc ti s dng khng gian v.v.
Sau mi chng c cc bi tp hoc cu hi sinh vin t kim tra v nh gi kin thc ca
mnh khi i chng vi p s v tr li trong phn ph lc.
Ti liu ging dy ny c bin son theo cng mn hc "Ghp knh tn hiu s"
ca chng trnh o to i hc chnh quy hin nay ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng. Tuy nhin, y l ln bin son u tin nn khng trnh khi thiu st v ni dung v hnh
thc. Rt mong cc c gi gp ti liu ngy cng hon thin hn.
kin ng gp ca cc c gi xin vui lng gi trc tip cho Phng o to i hc t
xa Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Xin chn thnh cm n!

Nhm tc gi


3
CHNG I
MT S KHI NIM C BN
TRONG TRUYN DN TN HIU
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny gii thiu cc ni dung chnh sau y:
- Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu s.
- Cc phng php s ho tn hiu analog nh: PCM, DPCM v DM. Trong phng
php PCM c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng ghp knh PDH.
- Cc phng php ghp knh: im qua cc phng php ghp knh theo tn s, theo
tn s trc giao, theo thi gian, theo m, ghp knh thng k v.v. trong ghp knh theo thi
gian c s dng trong ghp knh PDH, SDH.
- ng b trong vin thng:
tin hnh phn tch cc phng thc ng b nh: ng b sng mang, ng b k
hiu, ng b bit, ng b khung, ng b gi, ng b mng, ng b a phng tin v ng
b ng h thi gian thc. Tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th m s dng mt trong cc
phng thc ng b hoc s dng ng thi mt s phng thc ng b. Chng hn trong
mng thng tin quang SDH s dng c ng b mng, ng b sng mang, ng b khung, ng
b k hiu.
1.2. NHP MN GHP KNH S
1.2.1. Tn hiu v cc tham s
1.2.1.1. Cc loi tn hiu
(1) Tn hiu analog: tn hiu analog (tng t) l loi tn hiu c cc gi tr bin lin
tc theo thi gian, th d tn hiu thoi analog.
Mt dng in hnh ca tn hiu analog l sng hnh sine, c th hin di dng:
S(t) = Asin (t + )
trong : A l bin tn hiu, l tn s gc ( = 2f, f l tn s), l pha ca tn hiu.
Nu tn hiu l tp hp ca nhiu tn s th ngoi cc tham s trn y cn c mt tham s
khc, l di tn ca tn hiu.
(2) Tn hiu xung: tn hiu xung l loi tn hiu c cc gi tr bin l hm ri rc ca
thi gian. in hnh ca tn hiu xung l tn hiu xung ly mu tn hiu analog da vo nh l ly
mu.
(3) Tn hiu s: y cng l loi tn hiu c cc gi tr bin l hm ri rc ca thi gian
nh tn hiu xung. Tuy nhin, khc vi tn hiu xung ch bin ca cc xung bng 0 hoc 1,
mt khc tp hp ca mt nhm xung i din cho mt ch s, hoc mt k t no . Mi mt
xung c gi l mt bit. Mt vi loi tn hiu s in hnh nh: tn hiu 2 mc (0 v 1), cn c
tn l tn hiu xung nh phn hay tn hiu xung n cc; v tn hiu ba mc (-1, 0 v +1), cn
c gi l tn hiu xung tam phn hay tn hiu xung lng cc.
(4) Tn hiu iu bin xung, iu tn xung hoc iu pha xung: y l trng hp m sng
mang xung ch nht c bin , hoc tn s, hoc pha bin i theo quy lut bin i ca bin
tn hiu iu ch. Ba dng tn hiu ny thng c s dng trong mng thng tin analog.
4
1.2.1.2. Cc tham s ca tn hiu
(1) Mc in
Mc in tng i: ( )
0
log 10
P
P
dB L
x
=
trong : P
x
l cng sut tn hiu (mW) ti im cn xc nh mc in, P
0
l cng sut tn hu ti
im tham kho (mW).
Mc in tuyt i: ( )
W 1
log 10
m
P
dB L
x
m
=
L(dB)
m
= 0 dB
m
khi cng sut ti im x bng 1 mW, L(dB
m
) > 0 khi cng sut tn hiu ti im x
ln hn 1 mW, L(dB
m
) < 0 khi cng sut tn hiu ti im x b hn 1 mW.
(2) T s tn hiu trn nhiu
( )
n
s
P
P
dB SNR log 10 =
n
s
n
s
I
I
V
V
log 20 log 20 = =
trong : P
s
, V
s
, I
s
tng ng l cng sut, in p v dng in tn hiu; P
n
, V
n
, I
n
tng ng l
cng sut, in p v dng in nhiu.
1.2.2. ng truyn v rng bng tn truyn dn
1.2.2.1. ng truyn
L mi trng truyn dn c s dng truyn ti tn hiu, th d ng truyn cp
kim loi, ng truyn cp si quang, ng truyn Radio, v.v. ng truyn cn c phn chia
thnh tuyn (Path), knh v.v.
1.2.2.2. rng bng tn truyn dn
Mun o rng bng tn truyn dn ca tn hiu no phi cn c vo cc quy nh
sau y:
(1) rng bng tn in (BW)
e

rng bng tn in l bng tn t tn s tn hiu bng zero n tn s tn hiu m ti
p ng ca tn hiu (h s khuch i, in p, dng in) gim cn 0,707 so vi gi tr cc i
ca p ng tn hiu

(hnh 1.1).








Hnh 1.1- rng bng tn in
(2) rng bng tn quang (BW)
o

rng bng tn quang l bng tn t tn s iu ch bng zero n tn s iu ch m
ti mc cng sut quang gim 50% (3dB
m
) so vi cng sut quang cc i, nh minh ho
hnh 1.2.

1
0,707
f

0
(BW)
e
f
max
V/V
max
5







Hnh 1.2. rng bng tn quang
1.2.3. Truyn dn n knh v a knh
Truyn dn n knh v a knh c ng l h thng truyn dn quang c mt hay nhiu
bc sng. Th d: h thng thng tin quang thng thng ch c mt bc sng ti 1310 nm
hoc 1550 nm; trong khi , h thng thng tin quang ghp bc sng (WDM) c th truyn ng
thi hng chc bc sng khc nhau nm trong min ca s th hai (1300 nm) hoc ca s th ba
(1550 nm) ca si quang n mode.
1.2.4. H thng truyn dn s v cc tham s
1.2.4.1. H thng truyn dn s
H thng truyn dn s bao gm h thng truyn dn cp si quang v h thng truyn
dn vi ba s. H thng truyn dn vi ba s l h thng a im ng thng. H thng truyn dn
s cp si quang c th s dng cu trc ng thng, vng hoc hn hp. Cc cu hnh ny s
c trnh by chi tit trong chng III. Di y ch gii thiu khi qut mt vi cu trc c bn
ca h thng.
(1) H thng truyn dn ng thng
Cc cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn ng thng nh hnh 1.3.







Ch thch: TRM- B ghp u cui, ADM- B ghp xen/ r, REG - B ti sinh (b lp).
Hnh 1.3. Cc cu hnh ng thng

Trong cu hnh im ni im ch c hai b ghp u cui kt ni trc tip vi nhau hoc
qua b lp bng ng truyn s, to thnh mt ng thng, v vy gi l h thng ng thng.
Ngoi ra cn c tn gi khc l h thng h. Cu hnh a im, xen/ r ngoi hai b ghp u cui
cn c thm mt hoc nhiu b ghp xen r c kt ni vi nhau bi ng truyn s thnh mt
ng thng. Cu hnh a im, r nhnh cng l h thng h. Ti a im xen/r, cc lung s
c tip tc truyn ti mt b ghp u cui khc to thnh mt nhnh ca h thng chnh.
Cc cu hnh ng thng p dng cho vi ba s v thng tin cp si quang PDH hoc SDH.
TRM ADM
b) Cu hnh a im, xen/ r
ng truyn
TRM
ng truyn
TRM REG
a) Cu hnh im ni im
ng truyn
TRM
ng truyn
P
max

f

0
(BW)
o
f
max
P(dB
m
)
3 dB
m
6
Cc cu hnh trn y khng c kh nng t duy tr khi ng truyn c s c, chng hn t cp
hoc hng nt.
(2) H thng truyn dn vng (ring)
Trong cu hnh ny ch c cc ADM v c th c cc REG. Cc nt c kt ni vi nhau
bi hai hoc bn si quang to thnh mt vng kn, nh trn hnh 1.4.







Hnh 1.4. Cu hnh vng ca h thng truyn dn s
1.2.4.2.Cc tham s
(1) Tc bit: s bit pht i trong mt giy.
Cc n v o tc bit: bit/s, kbit/s (1kbit/s = 10
3
bit/s), Mbit/s (1Mbit/s = 10
3
kbit/s =
10
6
bit/s), Gbit/s (1Gbit/s = 10
3
Mbit/s = 10
6
kbit/s = 10
9
bit/s), Tbit/s (1Tbit/s = 10
3
Gbit/s = 10
6

Mbit/s = 10
9
kbit/s = 10
12
bit/s). Tn hiu s c s dng trong cc mng thng tin s.
(2) T s li bit BER: s bit b li chia cho tng s bit truyn.
- PDH: BER 10
-6
cht lng ng truyn bnh thng, 10
-6
< BER < 10
-3
cht lng
ng truyn gim st (cnh bo vng), BER 10
-3
cht lng ng truyn rt xu (cnh bo ).
- SDH: BER 10
-9
cht lng ng truyn bnh thng, BER = 10
-6
cht lng ng
truyn gim st (cnh bo vng), BER = 10
-3
cht lng ng truyn rt xu (cnh bo ).
(3) Rung pha (Jitter)
Rung pha l s iu ch pha khng mong mun ca tn hiu xung xut hin trong truyn
dn s v l s bin i nh cc thi im c ngha ca tn hiu so vi cc thi im l tng.
Khi rung pha xut hin th thi im chuyn mc ca tn hiu s s sm hn hoc mun hn so
vi tn hiu chun, nh minh ho trn hnh 1.5.











Hnh 1.5. Tn hiu s b rung pha
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Ring STM-N
Bin ng bao b rung pha
t
b) Tn hiu s b rung pha
ng bao chun
Bin
t
a) Xung nhp chun
7
Rung pha xut hin l do c ly ng truyn khc nhau nn tr khc nhau, lch tn s
ng h ngun v ng h thit b thu trong cng mt mng, lch tn s gia ng h ca thit b
SDH v tn s ca lung nhnh PDH.
1.3. S HO TN HIU ANALOG
S ho tn hiu analog l chuyn i tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu s. Mun vy c th s
dng mt trong cc phng php sau y:
- iu xung m (PCM)
- iu xung m vi sai (DPCM)
- iu ch Delta (DM)
Sau y trnh by cc phng php s ho tn hiu analog.
1.3.1. iu xung m PCM
PCM c c trng bi ba qu trnh. l ly mu, lng t ho v m ho. Ba qu
trnh ny gi l chuyn i A/D.
Mun khi phc li tn hiu analog t tn hiu s phi tri qua hai qu trnh: gii m v
lc. Hai qu trnh ny gi l chuyn i D/A.
S khi ca cc qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A nh hnh 1.6.




Hnh 1.6- S khi qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A trong h thng PCM

1.3.1.1. Chuyn i A/D
(1) Ly mu
Hnh 1.7 th hin ly mu tn hiu analog. y l qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu analog
thnh dy xung iu bin (V
PAM
). Chu k ca dy xung ly mu (T
m
) c xc nh theo nh l
ly mu ca Nyquist:

max
2
1
f
T
m
(1.1)
trong f
-
max
l tn s ln nht ca tn hiu analog.







Hnh 1.7- Ly mu tn hiu analog
B m
ho-nn s
B ly
mu
B lng
t ho
B gii m
- dn s
B lc
thp
ng
truyn
Tn hiu
analog

V
PAM
Tn hiu
analog
Chuyn i A/D

Chuyn i D/A
Tn hiu analog
S(t)
t
Xung ly mu
T
m
8
Tn hiu thoi c bng tn hu hiu t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. T biu thc (1.1), c th ly gi
tr f
max
= 4000 Hz. Do chu k ly mu tn hiu thoi l:
s
Hz
T
m
125
4000 2
1
=

= (1.2)
Hoc tn s ly mu tn hiu thoi:
kHz f f
m
8 2
max
= = (1.3)
(2) Lng t ho
Lng t ho l lm trn bin xung ly mu ti mc lng t gn nht. C ngha l
gn cho mi xung ly mu mt s nguyn ph hp. Mc ch ca lng t ho m ho gi tr
mi xung ly mu thnh mt t m c s lng bt t nht.
C hai phng php lng t ho: u v khng u.
Lng t ho u
Hnh 1.8 minh ho lng t ho u. Lng t ho u l chia bin cc xung ly mu
thnh cc khong u nhau, mi khong l mt bc lng t u, k hiu l . Cc ng song
song vi trc thi gian l cc mc lng t. Sau lm trn bin xung ly mu ti mc lng
t gn nht s nhn c xung lng t.
Nu bin ca tn hiu analog bin thin trong khong t -a n a th s lng mc
lng t Q v c mi quan h sau y:
=
Q
a 2
(1.4)









Hnh 1.8- Lng t ho u

Lm trn bin xung ly mu gy ra mo lng t. Bin xung mo lng t nm
trong gii hn t - /2 n +/2. Cng sut mo lng t P
MLT
c xc nh theo biu thc sau
y:
( )da a a P
MLT
+

=
2 /
2 /
LT
2
W (1.5)
trong : a l bin ca tn hiu analog, W
LT
(a) l xc sut phn b gi tr tc thi ca bin
xung ly mu trong mt bc lng t. W
LT
(a) = 1/. Thay biu thc (1.4) vo kt qu ly tch
phn nhn c:
Tn hiu analog
S(t)
t
Xung lng t
T
m
- Bc lng t u
Mc lng t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9

12
2

=
MLT
P (1.6)
T biu thc (1.6) thy rng cng sut mo lng t ch ph thuc vo , khng ph
thuc vo bin tn hiu. Nh vy t s cng sut tn hiu c bin ln trn cng sut nhiu
lng t s ln hn t s cng sut tn hiu c bin yu trn cng sut mo lng t. Theo
phn tch ph th tn hiu thoi ch yu do cc thnh phn tn hiu c cng yu to thnh. V
th nu s dng lng t ho u s lm gim cht lng tn hiu thoi ti u thu. Mun khc
phc nhc im ny, trong thit b ghp knh PCM ch s dng lng t ho khng u.
Lng t ho khng u
Tri vi lng t ho u, lng t ho khng u chia bin xung ly mu thnh cc
khong khng u theo nguyn tc khi bin xung ly mu cng ln th di bc lng t
cng ln, nh trn hnh 1.9. Lng t ho khng u c thc hin bng cch s dng b nn.









Hnh 1.9- Lng t ho khng u

(3) M ho - nn s
c tnh bin b m ho - nn s
Chc nng ca m ho l chuyn i bin xung lng t thnh mt t m gm mt s
bit nht nh. Theo kt qu nghin cu v tnh ton ca nhiu tc gi th trong trng hp lng
t ho u, bin cc i ca xung ly mu tn hiu thoi bng 4096 . Do mi t m phi
cha 12 bit, dn ti hu qu l tc bit mi knh thoi ln gp 1,5 ln tc bit tiu chun 64
kbit/s. Mun nhn c tc bit tiu chun, thng s dng b nn c c tnh bin dng
logarit, cn c gi l b nn analog. Biu thc ton hc ca b nn analog theo tiu chun chu
u c dng:

<
+
+

+
=
1
1
ln 1
ln 1
1
0
ln 1
x
A
khi
A
Ax
A
x khi
A
Ax
y (1.7)
trong : A= 87,6 c trng cho mc nn, x = V
vo
/ V
vo max
v y = V
ra
/ V
ra max
.
Tuy nhin, do b nn analog ti pha m ho v b dn analog ti pha gii m cha cc
diode bn dn nn gy ra mo phi tuyn. Trong PCM s dng b m ho - nn s v b gii m-
dn s loi tr mo phi tuyn. Tm li, s dng m ho- nn s va t c mc tiu lng t
ho khng u, va t c mc tiu mi t m ch c 8 bit.
Tn hiu analog
S(t)
t
Xung lng t
T
m

i
- Bc lng t khng u
Mc lng t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
Da vo c tnh bin b nn analog lut A xy dng c tnh bin b m ho -
nn s bng cch gn ng ho ng cong logarit thnh 13 on thng. V vy c tnh bin
ca b m ho - nn s c tn l b m ho - nn s A = 87,6/13. Hnh 1.10 l nhnh dng (ti
gc 1/4 th nht ca h to ) c tnh bin ca b m ho nn s A = 87,6/13. Nhnh m (ti
gc 1/4 th III) c tnh bin i xng vi nhnh dng qua gc to .
Bn on gn gc to c gc nghing nh nhau nn gp thnh mt on, do ton b
c tnh bin c 13 on thng. Trn trc honh t cc gi tr ca in p vo theo t l
logarit. Gi tr in p vo u cc on u ghi r trn hnh v. Trn trc tung t cc gi tr ca
in p ra v c chia thnh 8 on bng nhau, mi on c 16. Trc honh cng c chia
lm 8 on, mi on gm 16 bc lng t mi v bng nhau (
i,
i l s th t on). Bin
mi bc lng t
i
c xc nh da vo quy lut l bin bc lng t ca on sau ln
gp i bin bc lng t ca on trc lin k. Tht vy:

7
= (2048- 1024)/ 16 = 64,
6
= (1024- 512)/ 16 = 32, suy ra

5
= 16,
4
= 8,
3
= 4,
2
= 2,
1
=
0
=















Hnh 1.10- Nhnh dng c tnh bin b m ho- nn s A= 87,6/13

Hot ng ca b m ho nn s
B m ho nn s hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh gi tr bin xung lng t cha b
nn vi cc ngun in p mu xc nh gi tr cc bit. Trong b m ho - nn s c 11 loi
ngun in p mu nh bng 1.1.
K hiu bin in p xung cn m ho l V
PAM
.
- Chn bit du b
1
:
V
PAM
0 th b
1
= 1; V
PAM
< 0 th b
1
= 0
- Chn on: xc nh bin xung thuc on no.
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112

128
2048

1024 512 256
128
32
64
16
V
ra
V
vo
VII
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
0
11
. Xc nh b
2
:
V
PAM
128 th b
2
= 1; V
PAM
< 128 th b
2
= 0
. Xc nh b
3
: c hai trng hp:
Trng hp th nht, b
2
= 1:
V
PAM
512 th b
3
= 1; V
PAM
< 512 th b
3
= 0
Trng hp th hai, b
2
= 0:
V
PAM
32 th b
3
= 1; V
PAM
< 32 th b
3
= 0
. Xc nh b
4
: c 4 trng hp:
Trng hp th nht, b
2
b
3
= 00:
V
PAM
16 th b
4
= 1; V
PAM
< 16 th b
4
= 0
Trng hp th hai, b
2
b
3
= 01:
V
PAM
64 th b
4
= 1; V
PAM
< 64 th b
4
= 0
Trng hp th ba, b
2
b
3
= 10:
V
PAM
256 th b
4
= 1; V
PAM
< 256 th b
4
= 0
Trng hp th t, b
2
b
3
= 11:
V
PAM
1024 th b
4
= 1; V
PAM
< 1024 th b
4
= 0

Bng 1.1- Cc ngun in p mu

T.T. on M on
b
2
b
3
b
4
in p mu chn bc trong on
b
8
b
7
b
6
b
5

in p mu
u on
0 000 2 4 8 0
I 001 2 4 8 16
II 010 2 4 8 16 32
III 011 4 8 16 32 64
IV 100 8 16 32 64 128
V 101 16 32 64 128 256
VI 110 32 64 128 256 512
VII 111 64 128 256 512 1024

- Chn bc trong on: sau khi bit bin xung thuc on no, tip tc xc nh bin
xung thuc bc no trong on y, tc l xc nh gi tr cc bit b
5
b
6
b
7
b
8
. Nguyn tc chung
l em V
PAM
so snh vi tng cc ngun in p mu; gm in p mu u on, in p mu
ca bit y v in p mu ca cc bit xc nh trc nu gi tr ca chng bng 1 (trng
hp cc bit xc nh trc nu c gi tr bng 0 th ngun chun tng ng vi chng s
bng 0).
. Xc nh b
5
:
V
PAM
V
m1
th b
5
= 1; V
PAM
< V
m1
th b
5
= 0, trong V
m1
= V
m
+ V
m(b5)
12
. Xc nh b
6
:
V
PAM
V
m2
th b
6
= 1; V
PAM
< V
m2
th b
6
= 0,
trong V
m2
= V
m
+ V
m(b6)
+ V
m(b5 = 1)

. Xc nh b
7
:
V
PAM
V
m3
th b
7
= 1; V
PAM
< V
m3
th b
7
= 0, trong
V
m3
= V
m
+ V
m(b7)
+ V
m(b5 = 1)
+

V
m(b6 = 1)

. Xc nh b
8
:
V
PAM
V
m4
th b
8
= 1; V
PAM
< V
m4
th b
8
= 0, trong
V
m4
= V
m
+ V
m(b8)
+ V
m(b5 = 1)
+

V
m(b6 = 1)
+ V
m(b7 = 1)

Sau khi xc nh gi tr cc bit b
5
b
6
b
7
b
8
, da vo bng 1.2 s bit c bin xung
thuc bc no trong on. C ngha l u ra b m ho xut hin 4 bit m bc tng ng.
Bng 1.2- M bc
TT bc b
5
b
6
b
7
b
8
TT bc b
5
b
6
b
7
b
8

0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 10 1010
3 0011 11 1011
4 0100 12 1100
5 0101 13 1101
6 0110 14 1110
7 0111 15 1111

1.3.1.2. Chuyn i D/A
Cc qu trnh chuyn i D/A nh hnh 1.6. B gii m - dn s c chc nng chuyn i
mi t m 8 bit thnh mt xung lng t b nn v sau dn bin xung ti gi tr nh khi
cha b nn. Dy xung u ra b gii m - dn s qua b lc thng thp c tn s ct bng 3,4 kHz
khi phc li tn hiu thoi analog.
Th d: u vo b gii m - dn s c t m 10110101, xc nh bin xung u ra. b
1

= 1, gii m thnh xung dng. 011 ng vi on III, v vy u ra ca b gii m - dn s c
ngun in p mu u on III l 64. Bit th su bng 1 v ng vi b
6
nn c thm ngun in
p mu 16. Bit th tm bng 1 v l b
8
nn u ra c thm ngun in p mu 4. Nh vy u
ra b gii m- dn s c tng ba ngun in p mu bng 84.
1.3.2. iu xung m vi sai DPCM
Trong phng php m ho - nn s ca PCM mi t m c 8 bit, v do tc bit mi
knh thoi l 64 kbit/s. Mt phng php s ho tn hiu thoi analog khc m mi t m ch cn
bn bit, nn gim tc bit ca mi knh thoi xung cn mt na. l phng php DPCM.
1.3.2.1. Chuyn i A/D
S khi my pht DPCM c th hin ti hnh 1.11a.
13
B lc hn ch di tn tn hiu thoi analog n 3,4 kHz. B ly mu c tn s ly mu
f
m
= 8 kHz. X
n
l gi tr bin xung ly mu hin ti.
i n
X

~
l gi tr bin cc xung ly mu
trc .
n
X

l gi tr d on ca bin xung ly mu tip theo:

=

=
p
i
i n i n
X a X
1
~

(1.8)
trong :
a
i
l h s d on, c chn ti thiu ho sai s gia gi tr bin xung ly mu
hin ti X
n
v gi tr d on ca bin xung ly mu tip theo.
n
X

l gi tr d on bin
xung ly mu tip theo, c ngoi suy t p gi tr xung ly mu trc . e
n
l hiu s, hay cn
gi l vi sai gia X
n
v
n
X

. e
n
c m ho thnh 4 bit. Bit th nht l bit du ca e
n
.

Khi e
n

dng th bit du bng 1, khi e
n
m th bit du bng 0. Ba bit cn li c s dng m ho gi
tr tuyt i ca e
n
. Trc khi m ho, e
n
c lng t ho u, c ngha l gn cho mi e
n
mt
s nguyn tng ng ging nh trong PCM. Ch khc PCM ch e
n
b hn bin xung ly mu
nn ch cn 4 bit m ho n.















Hnh 1.11- S khi my pht (a) v my thu (b) DPCM
1.3.2.2. Chuyn i D/A
S khi my thu DPCM nh hnh 1.11b. Tn hiu DPCM ti u vo l cc t m 4 bit.
Sau khi gii m, mi t m c chuyn thnh mt xung c bin bng e
n
v c a ti b
cng. Mt u vo khc ca b cng c ni ti u ra b d on. u ra b cng xut hin
mt xung ly mu c bin bng xung ly mu pha pht. Dy xung ly mu qua b lc khi
phc li tn hiu analog.
1.3.3. iu ch Delta (DM)
Khc vi PCM v DPCM, trong iu ch Delta mi t m ch c mt bit (-1 hoc +1).
Mt khc trnh mo tn hiu analog ti pha thu, tn s ly mu ti pha pht ln hn nhiu ln
B gii
m
B lc
B d
on
Tn hiu
DPCM
Tn hiu
analog
n
e
i n
p
i
i
n X a X

=
~
n
X
~
b) My thu
B lc
B ly
mu

B m
ho
B gii
m
B d
on

Tn hiu
analog
Tn hiu
DPCM
X
n
e
n
i n
p
i
i
n X a X

=
~
n
X
~

a) My pht
n
e

14
so vi tn s ly mu ca PCM v DPCM (f
m
= 8 kHz). Tn s ly mu ca DM c xc nh
theo biu thc sau y:
f
m(DM)
2 f
(TH)
a
max
/ (1.9)
trong :
f
m(DM)
l tn s ly mu ca DM (kHz),

f
(TH)
l tn s cc i ca tn hiu analog (kHz),
a
max
l bin cc i ca tn hiu analog (V), l bc lng t u (V).
1.3.3.1. Chuyn i A/D
Qu trnh thc hin DM c th hin ti hnh 1.12.
Tn hiu analog c ly mu theo chu k T
m(DM)
(T
m(DM)
= 1/ f
m(DM)
). Thit lp hm bc
thang mi bc bng theo nguyn tc khi sn tn hiu tng th bc thang i ln, khi sn tn
hiu nm ngang th bc thang cng nm ngang, khi sn tn hiu gim th bc thang i xung. Ti
thi im ly mu nu gi tr tn hiu X(t) ln hn gi tr hm bc thang trc mt chu k th
nhn c V> 0 v m ho V thnh +1. Ngc li, ti thi im ly mu m gi tr ca X(t)
b hn gi tr hm bc thang th V < 0 v c m ho thnh -1. Trong qung thi gian sn tn
hiu tng hoc gim nhanh th hm bc thang tng hoc gim khng kp v gy ra qu ti sn
(phn c cc ng t nt ti hnh 1.12).










Hnh 1.12- Chuyn i A/D trong DM

1.3.3.2. Chuyn i D/A
Ti pha thu ti lp li hm bc thang da vo kt qu gii m. Nhn c mt dy cc bit
1, b tch phn ti my thu to ra dy bc thang i ln, nhn c dy cc bit 1 v -1 an xen nhau
th b tch phn to ra dy bc thanh nm ngang v nhn c dy cc bit -1 th b tch phn to
lp dy bc thang i xung. Tn hiu dng bc thang qua b lc tch ra gi tr trung bnh ca hm
bc thang v l ng tc khi phc li tn hiu analog. V tn hiu analog ti u ra b lc l gi
tr trung bnh ca hm bc thang nn trong qung thi gian qu ti sn th dng sng tn hiu
analog thu c b lch so vi dng sng analog ti pha pht. Do qu ti sn gy ra mo tn
hiu. khc phc mo tn hiu do qu ti sn cn s dng k thut iu ch Delta thch ng
(ADMo).
1.4. CC PHNG PHP GHP KNH
1.4.1. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM
t
Bin
Tn hiu analog
Hm bc thang
0
Tn hiu DM

Qu ti sn
15
Khi nim: ghp knh theo tn s l tn s (hoc bng tn) ca cc knh khc nhau, nhng
c truyn ng thi qua mi trng truyn dn. Mun vy phi s dng b iu ch, gii iu
ch v b lc bng.
1.4.1.1. S khi v nguyn l hot ng b FDM
S khi h thng ghp knh v tch knh theo tn s nh hnh 1.13.
S c N nhnh, mi nhnh dnh cho mt knh. S ch c mt cp iu ch, nhng trong
thc t c nhiu cp iu ch. Tu thuc mi trng truyn dn l v tuyn, dy trn, cp i
xng hay cp ng trc m s dng mt s cp iu ch cho thch hp.
Pha pht: tn hiu ting ni qua b lc thp hn ch bng tn t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. Bng
tn ny c iu ch theo phng thc iu bin vi sng mang f
N
c hai bng bn. Trong
ghp knh theo tn s ch truyn mt bng bn, loi b bng bn th hai v sng mang nh b lc
bng, nh biu din trn hnh 1.14. Trong hnh 1.14 th d truyn bng di. Ti cp iu ch
knh, khong cch gia hai sng mang k nhau l 4 kHz.













Hnh 1.13- S khi h thng ghp knh theo tn s






Hnh 1.14- Tn hiu iu bin trong cp iu ch knh

Cp iu ch knh hnh thnh bng tn c s 60 108 kHz. T bng tn c s to ra bng
tn nhm trung gian nh sng mang nhm trung gian. T bng tn nhm trung gian to ra bng
tn ng truyn nh mt sng mang thch hp. N b lc bng ti u ra nhnh pht ni song
song vi nhau.
B iu
ch
B lc
thp
B lc
bng
B lc
thp
B iu
ch
B lc
bng
f
1

B lc
bng
B iu
ch
B lc
thp
f
N

f
2

f
N

B lc
bng
B gii
iu ch
B lc
thp
f
1

B lc
bng
B gii
iu ch
B lc
thp
f
2

B lc
bng
B gii
iu ch
B lc
thp
f
N
c tnh suy hao - tn s ca b lc bng
0,3 3,4
Bng trn Bng di
f (kHz)

Bng tn thoi
16
Pha thu: cc b lc bng ti nhnh pht v nhnh thu ca mi knh c bng tn nh nhau.
u vo nhnh thu c N b lc bng ni song song v ng vai tr tch knh. B iu ch ti
nhnh pht s dng sng mang no th b gii iu ch ca knh y cng s dng sng mang nh
vy. Tn hiu knh c gii iu ch vi sng mang v u ra b gii iu ch ngoi bng m tn
cn c cc thnh phn tn s cao. B lc thp loi b cc thnh phn tn s cao, ch gi li bng
m tn.
Ghp knh theo tn s c u im l cc b iu ch v gii iu ch c cu to n gin
(s dng cc diode bn dn), bng tn mi knh ch bng 4 kHz nn c th ghp c nhiu knh.
Chng hn, my ghp knh cp ng trc c th ghp ti 1920 knh. Tuy nhin do s dng iu
bin nn kh nng chng nhiu km.
1.4.1.2. Ghp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM
(1) M u
Ghp phn chia theo tn s trc giao l mt cng ngh trong lnh vc truyn dn p dng
cho mi trng khng dy, th d truyn thanh radio. Khi p dng vo mi trng c dy nh
ng dy thu bao s khng i xng (ADSL), thng s dng thut ng a m ri rc (DMT).
Tuy thut ng c khc nhau nhng bn cht ca hai k thut ny u pht sinh t cng mt
tng. V vy trong phn ny xt trng hp s dng cho mi trng khng dy.
Nh trnh by trong phn FDM, bng tn tng ca ng truyn c chia thnh N
knh tn s khng chng ln nhau. Tn hiu mi knh c iu ch vi mt sng mang ph ring
v N knh c ghp phn chia theo tn s. trnh giao thoa gia cc knh, mt bng tn bo
v c hnh thnh gia hai knh k nhau. iu ny gy lng ph bng tn tng. khc phc
nhc im ny ca FDM, cn s dng N sng mang ph chng ln, nhng trc giao vi nhau.
iu kin trc giao ca cc sng mng ph l tn s ca mi mt sng mang ph ny bng s
nguyn ln ca chu trnh (T) k hiu, nh biu th trn hnh 1.15. y l vn quan trng ca k
thut OFDM.













Hnh 1.15. Ba sng mang ph trc giao trong mt k hiu OFDM

(2) M hnh h thng
iu ch cc sng mang trc giao cn s dng phng php bin i Fourier ri rc
ngc (IDFT). Hnh 1.16 l s b iu ch OFDM.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Bin
chun ho
Thi gian
chun ho
(t / T)
0.4
1 0.8 0.6
0.2
17








u vo b iu ch c dy s liu d
0
, d
1
,...., d
N-1
trong d
n
l k hiu phc (c th nhn
t u ra b iu ch phc nh QAM, PSK, v.v.). Gi thit thc hin bin i Fourier ngc trn
dy 2d
n
s nhn c N s phc S
m
(m = 0,1,...., N-1):
( )[ ] 1 ,.... 1 , 0 2 exp 2 2 exp 2
1
0
1
0
= =

=


=

=
N m t f j d
N
nm
j d S
N
n
n n
N
n
n m
(1.10)
trong

S
n
NT
n
f = v t = mT
S
trong T
S
l chu k ca cc k hiu gc. Cho phn thc ca dy k hiu trong biu thc (1.10)
i qua b lc ly thp i vi tng k hiu ring trong qung thi gian T
S
s nhn c phin bn
bng gc ca tn hiu ODFFM:
( )

=
1
0
2 exp Re 2
N
n
n
t
T
n
j d t y khi 0 t T (1.11)
trong , T = NT
S
1.4.2. Ghp phn chia theo thi gian TDM
Khi c nhiu tn hiu c tn s hoc bng tn nh nhau cng truyn ti mt thi im phi
s dng ghp knh theo thi gian. C th ghp knh theo thi gian cc tn hiu analog hoc cc
tn hiu s. Di y trnh by hai phng php ghp knh ny.
1.4.2.1. TDM tn hiu tng t
(1) S khi b ghp
S khi TDM 4 knh nh hnh 1.17.











S
m
Chuyn
ni tip
thnh song
song

e
j2f
1
t
m
e
j2f
N-1
t
m
d
n
Hnh 1.16. B iu ch OFDM


ng
truyn

B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
Thu
xung
B
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
Pht
xung
B
1
2
3
4
Tn hiu
analog
Tn hiu
analog
1
2
3
4
B chuyn
mch
B phn
phi
Hnh 1.17. S khi ghp 4 knh theo thi gian
18
(2) Nguyn l hot ng
B lc thp hn ch bng tn tn hiu thoi analog ti 3,4 kHz. B chuyn mch ng vai
tr ly mu tn hiu cc knh, v vy chi ca b chuyn mch quay mt vng ht 125 s, bng
mt chu k ly mu. Chi tip xc vi tip im tnh ca knh no th mt xung ca knh y c
truyn i. Trc ht mt xung ng b c truyn i v tip theo l xung ca cc knh 1, 2, 3
v 4. Kt thc mt chu k ghp li c mt xung ng b v ghp tip xung th hai ca cc knh.
Qu trnh ny c tip din lin tc theo thi gian. pha thu hot ng ng b vi pha pht,
yu cu chi ca b phn phi quay cng tc v ng pha vi chi ca b chuyn mch. Ngha
l hai chi phi tip xc vi tip im tnh ti v tr tng ng. Yu cu ng b gia my pht v
my thu s c p ng nh xung ng b.
Pha thu, sau khi tch dy xung ca cc knh cn khi phc li tn hiu analog nh s
dng b lc thp ging nh b lc ny ti pha pht.
Hnh nh ghp knh theo thi gian tn hiu 3 knh c minh ho ti hnh 1.18.

















X
R
(t) l dy xung ghp ti u ra b chuyn mch.

1.3.2.2. TDM tn hiu s
(1) S khi b ghp
S khi b ghp TDM tn hiu s c th hin ti hnh 1.19.
(2) Nguyn l hot ng
Qu trnh hot ng ca b chuyn mch v b phn phi c trnh by trong phn
TDM tn hiu tng t (analog). Sau y trnh by hot ng TDM tn hiu s.
Pha pht: sau khi ly mu tn hiu thoi analog ca cc knh, xung ly mu c a vo
b m ho tin hnh lng t ho v m ho mi xung thnh mt t m nh phn gm 8 bit.
t
t
X
R
(t)
XB XB XB
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
125s
S
1
(t)
t
S
2
(t)
t
S
3
(t)
Hnh 1.18- Dng sng ca TDM
19
Cc bit tin ny c ghp xen byte to thnh mt khung nh khi to khung. Trong khung cn
c t m ng b khung t ti u khung v cc bit bo hiu c ghp vo v tr quy nh
trc. B to xung ngoi chc nng to ra t m ng b khung cn c chc nng iu khin cc
khi trong nhnh pht hot ng.
Pha thu: dy tn hiu s i vo my thu. Dy xung ng h c tch t tn hiu thu
ng b b to xung thu. B to xung pha pht v pha thu tuy thit k c tc bit nh nhau,
nhng do t xa nhau nn chu s tc ng ca thi tit khc nhau, gy ra sai lch tc bit. V
vy di s khng ch ca dy xung ng h, b to xung thu hot ng n nh. Khi ti to
khung tch t m ng b khung lm gc thi gian bt u mt khung, tch cc bit bo hiu
x l ring, cn cc byte tin c a vo b gii m chuyn mi t m 8 bit thnh mt xung.
Do b phn phi hot ng ng b vi b chuyn mch nn xung ca cc knh ti u ra b gii
m c chuyn vo b lc thp ca knh tng ng. u ra b lc thp l tn hiu thoi analog.
B to xung pha thu iu khin hot ng ca cc khi trong nhnh thu.









Hnh 1.19- S khi h thng TDM tn hiu s

1.4.2.3. Ghp knh thng k
(1) M u
Trong ghp phn chia theo thi gian ng b trnh by trn y vic phn b khe thi
gian cho cc ngun l tnh, ngha l c nh; do khi cc ngun khng c s liu th cc khe b
b trng, gy lng ph. khc phc nhc im ny cn s dng phng php ghp thi gian
thng k.
(2) c im ca TDM thng k
- Phn b cc khe thi gian linh ng theo yu cu;
- B ghp knh thng k r sot cc ng dy u vo v tp trung s liu cho n khi
ghp y khung mi gi i;
- Khng gi cc cc khe thi gian rng nu cn c s liu t ngun bt k;
- Tc s liu trn ng truyn thp hn tc s liu ca cc ng dy u vo;
- Nu c n cng I/O a vo b ghp thng k, ch c k khe thi gian kh dng, trong
k<n.
(3) S khi b ghp
S khi b ghp knh thng k nh hnh 1.20.

B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
Tch
. h
Tn hiu
analog
1
2
3
4
B phn
phi
Ti to
khung
B m
ho

B lc
thp
B to
xung
1
2
3
4
Tn hiu
analog
B chuyn
mch
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
To
khung
Cc bit bo hiu
T m ng
b khung
B gii
m

B to
xung
Bo hiu
ng truyn
20







Hnh 1.20. S khi b ghp knh thng k
(4) Nguyn l hot ng
Th d s c ba ngun s liu. B ghp tin hnh ghp s liu ca cc ngun theo
nguyn tc trnh by trong phn c im trn y to thnh mt khung s liu nh hnh
1.21. Cc gi s liu c gi qua ng truyn. B tch x l cc gi v da vo a ch phn
pht s liu n my thu tng ng.










Hnh 1.21. Khun dng khung TDM thng k

C hai la chn khun dng khung con TDM thng k:
- Trng hp th nht (hnh 1.21 b):
Trong khung con ch c mt ngun s liu, chiu di s liu thay i v hot ng khi ti
trng thp.
- Trng hp th hai (hnh 1.21c):
Trong khung con c nhiu ngun s liu, c nhiu mo u, hot ng khi ti trng cao.
c im th t nu r tc s liu ng truyn thp hn tc s liu tng ca
cc ngun u vo. S d nh vy l v phi hn ch kch c ca b m gim gi thnh, nhng
quan trng hn l gim tr ca s liu. Vn ny c kim nghim qua o th v kt
qu c trnh by ti cc hnh 1.22 v 1.23.




Ngun 1
Ngun 2
My thu
1
My thu
2


ng truyn
My thu
3
B tch
B ghp
ng dy
u vo
Ngun 3
C a ch iu khin Khung con TDM thng k FCS C
a ch S liu
b) Khung con ch c mt ngun s liu
FCS- dy kim tra khung
a) Khung tng qut
S liu Chiu di a ch S liu Chiu di a ch
c) Khung con c nhiu ngun s liu
21























T hnh 1.22 thy rng mun tng h s s dng ng phi tng kch c b m. Nhng
t hnh 1.23 li cho bit khi tng h s s dng, tc l tng kch c b m th tr li tng rt
nhanh.
1.4.3. Ghp knh phn chia theo m CDM
Ghp knh phn chia theo m chnh l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). Nguyn
l chung ca CDMA c th hin nh hnh 1.24.








Hnh 1.24. Nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo m
t: thi gian
S: m & E
b
f: tn s
1
N
tr (ms)
40
100
400
20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
H s s dng ng truyn
M= 25 kbit/s
M= 50 kbit/s
M= 100 kbit/s
M- Tc bit ca ng truyn
Hnh 1.23- tr ph thuc vo h s s dng ng truyn
4
6
10
Kch c b m
(s khung c m)
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
H s s dng ng truyn
8
Hnh 1.22- Kch c trung bnh ca b m
ph thuc vo h s s dng ca ng truyn
22
Trong CDMA, nhiu ngi s dng c th dng chung tn s v trong cng thi gian.
khng gy nhiu cho nhau, mi ngi s dng ch c php pht i mt nng lng bit (E
b
) nht
nh m bo t s E
b
/ N
0
quy nh, trong E
b
l nng lng bit ca tn hiu cn thu v N
0
l
mt ph tp m tng ng gy ra do cc tn hiu ca ngi s dng khc. gim mt
ph tp m cn phi tri ph tn hiu ca ngi s dng trc khi pht. Ngoi ra, my thu c
th phn bit c tn hiu cn thu vi cc tn hiu khc, mi tn hiu pht i phi c ci khu
ng ring theo mt m nht nh. C th so snh CDMA nh l nhiu ngi trong phng ni
chuyn vi nhau tng i mt theo cc ngn ng khc nhau (cc m khc nhau). Nu ni kh (N
0

nh) th h hon ton khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Hnh 1.24 biu th N ngi s dng, mi ngi
c m ho bng mt m ring, c k hiu t 1 n N. Mi khi con c trng cho s chim
tim nng v tuyn ca ngi s dng: tn s, thi gian v E
0
.
Do c th ca di ng nn khi mt ngi s dng no n gn trm gc, N
0
ca ngi
y gy ra cho my thu ngi khc s ln hn (ting ca ngi y nghe to hn) v gy nhiu nhiu
hn cho my thu ngi khc. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn - xa. gim nh hng
ca hin tng gn - xa, cn iu chnh cng sut my di ng thp hn khi n tin n gn trm
gc. Trong h thng CDMA, qu trnh iu khin cng sut c tin hnh t ng. CDMA l
phng thc a truy nhp c nhiu u im so vi cc phng thc a truy nhp khc.
1.5. KHUNG V A KHUNG TN HIU
1.5.1. Khi nim v khung v a khung
Khung tn hiu l tp hp ca mt s bit hoc mt s byte c chiu di c nh hoc
khng c nh, bao gm cc bit ng b khung t ti u khung, trng tin ghp tn hiu ca
ngi s dng v mt s bit ph ng vai tr chn, gim st, iu khin, v.v.
a khung l tp hp ca mt s khung. u a khung c t m ng b a khung lm gc
thi gian ghp cc khung theo th t quy nh. Pha thu tch t m ng b a khung lm gc
thi gian tch cc khung theo trnh t nh ghp pha pht. Ngoi t m ng b a khung
v cc khung, trong a khung cn c cc bit ph nh bo hiu, cnh bo v.v.
a khung c to lp khi cn cc khe thi gian chuyn ti bo hiu cc knh hoc dng
chung cc byte mo u cho cc khung trong a khung.
1.5.2. Cu trc c bn ca mt khung tn hiu
Cu trc c bn ca mt khung tn hiu nh hnh 1.25. Trong thi gian T
K
ghp cc bit
ng b khung, cc bit ph v cc thng tin u vo b ghp.






1.6. NG B TRONG VIN THNG
1.6.1. M u
Tin hnh ng b hot ng ca cc thit b khc nhau hoc s tin trin ca cc qu
trnh khc nhau bng cch ng chnh thang thi gian ca chng gi l ng b.

T
K
- di khung (thi hn khung)
Hnh 1.25- Cu trc c bn ca khung tn hiu
Trng tin Cc
bit ph
Cc bit
ng b
khung
23
Nhiu hot ng trong h thng s cn phi tun theo mi quan h tin nh. Nu hai hot ng
tun theo mt s tin nh, th ng b nhm m bo cho cc hot ng din ra theo mt trnh t
chnh xc. Ti mc phn cng, ng b c iu tit bng cch phn phi mt tn hiu thi gian
chung ti tt c cc mun ca h thng. mc tru tng cao, cc qu trnh phn mm c
ng b nh trao i thng bo.
Ph thuc vo phm vi ng dng, cc h thng tru tng khc nhau c chp nhn c
hiu qu v c cu trc theo kiu phn cp, trong mi mc tru tng lin h vi cc c
tnh ca mc tru tng thp hn v che du cc chi tit khng cn thit i vi mc cao hn.
Tru tng cho php cc nh thit k b qua cc chi tit khng cn thit v tp trung vo cc c
im cn thit. V vy d dng thc hin mt bn thit k h thng phc tp hn.
Trong cc h thng phn cng s, gii php chung l cu trc h thng c din gii theo
cc mc tru tng nh mc vt l, mc mch, mc phn t v mc mun. Trong mc vt l,
nh thit k quan tm n cc quy tc vt l chi phi cc c tnh ca bn dn. Mc mch lin
quan n transistor, resistor, v.v. Mc phn t tp trung vo cc cng, cc cng logic v.v. Trong
mc mun, cc phn t c phn chia thnh cc thc th phc tp hn nh cc b nh, cc
khi logic, cc CPU v.v.
Cc giao thc thng tin c thc hin nh cc mun phn mm, c cu trc ph hp
vi m hnh lp. Cc ngn xp giao thc c xy dng theo cch cc giao thc ti mc cho
trc cung cp cc dch v cho cc giao thc mc trn v s dng cc dch v ca mt s mc
thp hn. Trong m hnh giao thc tham kho kt ni h thng m (OSI) c by mc (lp) tru
tng. Cc tiu chun ca mc 1 (lp vt l) quy nh cc giao din vt l v khung bit c s, c
ngha l quy nh cc bit c truyn trn mi trng vt l nh th no nhm cung cp mt knh
truyn dn s im ni im y . Cc tiu chun mc 2 (lp kt ni d liu) quy nh cc giao
thc nhm cung cp mt knh s im ni im khng c li bng cch pht li cc khung b li
hoc nh k thut sa li. Cc giao thc ca cc lp trn cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn mng
(lp mng), cc dch v truyn ti qua mng (lp truyn ti) v cung cp cho ngi s dng u
cui cc dch v ng dng trc tip.
Nhng ci g l tiu chun tru tng c s dng m t cc h thng phn cng v
phn mm u lin quan vi nhau v ti mc bt k s hot ng chnh xc ca chng u ph
thuc vo thi gian. Cc thc th ca cc mc tru tng khc nhau trong h thng phn cng v
phn mm thng yu cu chc nng ng b c lp khc nhau. Th d, ng b cc qu trnh
giao thc ti mc cho trc v nguyn tc l c lp vi ng b hot ng cc qu trnh mc
thp. Tuy nhin, t th d trn y thy rng vn ng b c th khc nhau hon ton v mc
tru tng v tnh cht ca cc phn t hoc qu trnh ng b.
Mi quan tm ny lm xut hin s nghi ng v mc thch hp ca s chp nhn thut ng
"ng b" lin quan n mt tp hp y ca nhng vn c tnh cht khc nhau, trong
thi gian l cn thit. Tuy nhin, s nghin cu y v ng b nu ln mt s c im
chung trong bi cnh khc nhau. V vy a ra l do ti sao thut ng c tnh lch s ny
c chp nhn.
i vi nhiu k s thng tin s, vic cm nhn thut ng ng b cn b hn ch. H cho
rng n ch lin quan n hot ng tch ng h ti my thu v cc thng tin cha trong tn hiu
thu c. Thc ra vn ny ch lin quan n ng b sng mang hoc ng b k hiu. Tri
li, ng b ng vai tr quan trng trong mt s lnh vc vin thng.
24
Gii iu ch kt hp ca tn hiu iu bin da vo cu trc li sng mang, ngha l da
vo tch tn hiu kt hp vi sng mang c tn s v pha cho trc. l ng b sng mang.
Trong trng hp bt k, gii iu ch s yu cu nhn bit cc thi im ly mu v quyt nh
tch thng tin logic t tn hiu analog thu c, do a ra quyt nh hnh thnh bit 0 hay
bit 1. y l ng b k hiu.
Sau khi tch c thng tin logic, bc tip theo, ti mc tru tng cao l sp xp li cc
khung t cc bit thu c. y chnh l ng b khung. ng b khung cho php thit b thu hiu
c vai tr cc byte ti cc v tr khc nhau trong khung (th d 30 knh dnh cho cc cuc gi
in thoi khc nhau trong b ghp PCM-30).
Khi thng tin ngun c phn chia thnh cc gi truyn hoc nh tuyn c lp ti
ch (trong mng chuyn mch gi) th c th m phng knh nu thit b thu c kh nng cn
bng tr khc nhau ca cc gi thu c. Do ti to li c lung bit gc nu lung ny
truyn qua mng chuyn mch knh. Vic cn bng tr gi l ng b gi v c thc hin
bng cch khi phc li nh thi gc t dy cc gi thu c thng qua k thut thch nghi hoc
bng cch x l thng tin nh thi ngun c ghi trong u gi.
Nhng khi nim trn y lin quan n cc mc khc nhau ca ng b trong truyn dn
im ni im. Mt mc khc ca ng b l ng b mng: tp trung vo hot ng ca h
thng cc nt mng. H thng ny c th phn phi ng h chung ti tt c cc nt mng
truyn dn v chuyn mch trong khun dng s, sao cho mi phn t mng c th hot ng
ng b vi cc phn t mng khc v ng b cc lung bit n.
Ti mc tru tng cao nht, ng b a phng tin lin quan n vic sp xp cn thn
cc phn t hn tp (hnh nh, vn bn, audio, video, ...) thnh thng tin a phng tin ti cc
mc tch hp khc nhau.
Mt loi khc ca ng b mng l ng b ng h thi gian thc truyn qua mng vin
thng, trong vic phn phi thi gian tuyt i (thi gian theo tiu chun quc gia) c lin
quan ti mc ch qun l mng.
1.6.2. ng b sng mang
Trong cc h thng iu bin (AM), khi nhn tn hiu iu ch s(t) vi sng mang
cos2f
0
t c tn hiu iu bin X(t) dng:
X(t) = s(t) . cos2f
0
t (1.12)
hoc [1+ m s(t)] . cos2f
0
t (1.13)
Trong trng hp sau, ng bao ca tn hiu iu bin X(t) t l vi s(t) nu ( ) 1 t ms .
iu ny cho php thit k d dng b gii iu ch (gii iu ch ng bao).
Trong trng hp trc c kh nng gii iu ch bng cch nhn tn hiu iu ch vi
sng hnh sine c tn s v pha ca sng mang v sau cho qua b lc loi tr cc thnh
phn tn s cao:
X(t). cos2f
0
t = s(t) . cos
2

0
t = [s(t)/2] (1+ cos2
0
t) (1.14)
Loi iu ch ny yu cu tn hiu nhn cos
0
t c s dng trong my thu phi c cng
tn s v pha ca sng mang iu ch thu c. S dch pha bt k ca s gy suy hao tn
hiu mt i lng [s(t)/2]cos ti u ra b lc thp (nu = /2 th tn hiu ra bng zero).
T cc biu thc trn y thy rng iu bin trong min tn s tng ng vi s
chuyn dch ph tn hiu iu ch ti tn s sng mang f
0
. Tht vy, ph ca tn hiu iu bin l
25
d tha, gm hai phn chnh nm v hai pha ca sng mang f
0
. iu ch mt bng bn (SSB) ch
truyn mt trong hai phn chnh (mt trong hai bng bn). iu ch SSB phi kt hp, trong s
ng chnh pha thm ch cn cht ch hn, v mt lng dch pha bt k cng gy ra mo tn hiu
iu bin.
Nh trnh by trn y, gii iu ch kt hp l da vo ti cu trc sng mang, ngha
l da vo vic khi phc tn hiu kt hp vi sng mang v tn s v pha. Hot ng ny chnh
l ng b sng mang.
C th d dng ti cu trc sng mang, nu trong ph tn hiu thu c mt ng ph ti
sng mang f
0
, thng xy ra khi tn hiu iu ch c gi tr trung bnh bng zero. Trong trng
hp ny, c th thc hin tch sng mang nh s dng b lc bng hp hoc vng kho pha
(PLL). PLL c thit k c bng thng hp, do b to dao ng iu khin bi in p ngoi
(VCO) c th kho v theo di thng dng tn s xung quanh tn s danh nh.
ng tic l trong nhiu trng hp khng c vch ph ti f
0
. Mt mt, theo quan im
truyn thng tin th iu ny l c hiu qu, bi v cng sut ca sng mang nu c truyn i s
gy lng ph. Mt khc, trng hp ny cn h thng ng b tinh vi hn c kh nng khi phc
sng mang v tn s v pha.
Mt th d n gin ca ng b sng mang: xem xt trng hp truyn dn s kho dch
pha nh phn (BPSK), trong k hiu 1 v 0 l c lp vi nhau, c cng xc sut xut hin v
c m ho thnh cc xung vung i cc nhau. V vy, sng iu bin c dng cost v ph
cng sut lin tc, khng c cc vch ri rc ti f
0
. Tt nhin, ch bin i phi tuyn mi c th
to ra vch ph f
0
mong mun t tn hiu thu c. Trong trng hp n gin ny, bnh phng
v chia tn mi gii quyt c vn (xem hnh 1.26). Bnh phng sng iu ch xo b
iu ch v to ra thnh phn (1+ cos20t)/2 c vch ph ti tn s 2f0 xut hin v thu c
sng mang nh chia tn.


Hnh 1.26- ng b sng mang cho h thng BPSK
Trong iu ch pha cu phng (h thng QPSK truyn cc nhm k hiu 2 bit), thit b
ng b da vo tng tn s tn hiu gp 4 xo iu ch v sau to ra vch ph ti tn s 4f
0
.
1.6.3. ng b k hiu (symbol)
Trong truyn dn s thng s dng dy xung i din cho cc k hiu cn truyn v pht
i vi tc khng i R= 1/ T, trong T khong cch gia hai k hiu k nhau (chu k).
Trong mi trng hp, pha thu c th gii iu ch kt hp hoc khng kt hp bit
c nh thi dy, ngha l v tr thi gian ca cc k hiu v tch thng tin logic t tn hiu
analog thu c. Thng tin nh thi dy cho php c k hiu ti cc thi im ng.
Khi phc nh thi dy k hiu t tn hiu analog thu c gi l ng b k hiu. i
khi cn lin quan n khi phc ng h.
Hnh 1.27 minh ho nguyn tc thu bng gc nh phn. Tn hiu analog thu c r(t) c
ly mu to ra dy cc gi tr thc r(kT), t tch ra dy bit nh quyt nh logic. B ly mu
c iu khin bi h thng ng b thch hp. H thng ny nh gi cc thi im c t = kT
bng cch kim tra r(t).
B lc
bng
(...)
2
PLL v
chia tn
s(t)
f
0
26
Khi ng b k hiu c thc hin sau khi chuyn i tn hiu thnh bng gc, c th s
dng mt s k thut khi phc nh thi k hiu ging nh k thut ng b sng mang.
Xem xt truyn bng gc nhiu mc: nu ph ca tn hiu truyn dn c dng:
( ) ( )

=
k
k
kT t g a t s (1.15)
c mt ng ph ti tn s k hiu 1/ T v nm ti trung tm b lc bng hp th c kh nng
khi phc sng hnh sine, t tch ra dy xung nh thi c tn s ca dy k hiu. Nu khng
c ng ph ti tn s 1/ T, vn c kh nng to ra n bng cch chuyn i phi tuyn thch hp.
Th d nh chuyn i bnh phng u = s
2
hoc chnh lu u = s.










Cng c th ng b k hiu bng cch khi phc trc tip t tn hiu ly bng m khng
cn khi phc sng mang v chuyn i thnh bng gc. Th d, tn hiu iu ch c dng:
( ) ( ) t kT t g a t s
k
k 0
cos

= (1.16)
l c th c c ng bao hoc bnh phng tn hiu nhn c ng ph ti tn s k hiu
1/ T. S dng ng ph ny c thi gian k hiu.
Tuy nhin, cn c cc k thut ng b sng mang v ng b k hiu khc da vo cc
nguyn tc khc nhau to ra cc ng ph. Sau y tm tt ba lnh vc ng b k hiu:
(1) Da vo bm li;
(2) Da vo tm kim cc i v lc;
(3) Da vo chuyn i phi tuyn v lc.
Lnh vc th nht s dng cc h thng PLL. Lnh vc th hai so snh dy k hiu pht i
ban u vi cc k hiu lp lu tr nh gi dch pha. Lnh vc th ba c trnh by
trn y.
1.6.4. ng b khung
Sau khi hon thnh ng b sng mang v ng b k hiu v thng tin logic c
tch ra t tn hiu n, bc tip theo l xc nh im u v im cui ca t m hoc ca
nhm cc t m, nh vy gi l ng b t m. ng thi sp xp li cc t m thu c thnh
khung theo ng trnh t nh khung pha pht, nh vy gi l ng b khung.
Trong truyn dn s, cc bit thng c t chc thnh khung n nh ngha khc nhau cho
cc byte. Cc byte cc v tr khc nhau trong khung c th dnh cho cc knh ngi s dng
khc nhau c chung mi trng vt l trong ghp knh phn chia thi gian (TDM), chng hn nh
B lc cn
bng knh


Quyt nh
k hiu
1011 r(kT)
B ly mu
B ng b k hiu
(khi phc ng h)
t = kT
Hnh 1.27- ng b k hiu trong my thu bng gc nh phn
r(t)

27
trong b ghp PCM-30 hoc phn nh cc chc nng mo u (kim tra li, truyn ti thng tin
qun l v iu khin v.v.). V vy ng b khung l ht sc quan trng trong truyn dn s. Tch
cc lung nhnh ng c bt u t m t chnh xc cc khung.
K hoch ng b khung bt k (cng c quan h n ng chnh khung) gm hai hot
ng c bn:
(1) Tm kim: xy ra khi thit b (b ng chnh) chch khi ng b khung v ng
chnh khung ang d tm lung bit thu c.
(2) Duy tr: mi khi thit b tha nhn ng b khung v kim tra lin tc ranh gii
khung.
T m ng chnh khung t u khung tr gip ng b khung v t m ny c ci t
mt gi tr c bit. Tm kim c thc hin bng cch d tm mu t m ng chnh ti v tr
bt k ca lung bit thu c v c duy tr nh kim tra t m ng chnh khung, ti bt u
mt khung. Trong khi tm kim mu t m ng chnh khung c th gp trng hp t m ng
chnh khung b phng to t lung bit s liu. V vy cn tin hnh kim tra t m ng chnh
khung ti mt s v tr trc khi cng nhn c ng b. Mc tiu la chn k hoch ng chnh
khung c hiu qu l:
(1) Di iu kin ng chnh khung chnh xc, ti thiu ho xc sut mt ng chnh
khung do li ng truyn (mt ng chnh cng bc);
(2) Di iu kin chch ng chnh khung, ti thiu ho xc sut ng chnh khung gi
mo do phng to mu t m ng chnh khung trong lung bit ngu nhin thu c;
(3) Ti thiu ho thi gian khi phc ng chnh khung.
C th phn tch qu trnh phng on khi m t mt v khi phc ng chnh khung ph
hp vi k hoch ng chnh khung chn nh s dng m hnh chui Markov thch hp nh
hnh 1.28, trong P l xc sut nhn bit ng t m ng b khung. Tt nhin, P c biu th
khc nhau di cc iu kin khc nhau v trong min khc nhau ca biu .














Hnh 1.28- M hnh chui Markov ca k hoch ng chnh khung

A
0
A
1
C
-1
C
1
A
2
C
0
B
A
-1
P
P
P
P
1-P
1-P
1-P
1-P
1-P
1-P
1-P
P
P
P
P 1-P
1-P
P
28
T trng thi ng chnh ng A
0
, trong qu trnh duy tr c thc hin, b ng
chnh chuyn ti trng thi chch ng b B ch khi pht hin li trong t m ng chnh lin
tip. Ti trng thi B, b ng chnh thc hin qu trnh tm kim v khi pht hin c mu bit
ging t m ng chnh th chuyn sang trng thi ng chnh ng tm thi C
0
. Ti y b ng
chnh thc hin qu trnh duy tr v s chuyn sang trng thi bnh thng A
0
ch khi khng pht
hin li trong t m ng chnh lin tip. Ngc li, nu pht hin li trong t m ng chnh
u tin th quay tr v trng thi B bt u li qu trnh tm kim.
Khi trng thi ng chnh ng A
0
, nu pht hin c mt ng chnh th chuyn sang
trng thi B. Nguyn nhn gy ra s chuyn ny l:
(1) Li trong cc t m ng chnh (mt ng chnh cng bc);
(2) Mt nh thi bit hoc trt khung n (mt ng chnh thc); nu mt nh thi bit,
b ng chnh bt u qu trnh tm kim t trng thi B.
Cc tham s c trng cho cht lng k hoch ng b l:
(1) Tc bin c trung bnh R ca mt cng bc;
(2) Thi gian khi phc ng chnh trung bnh
r
t v phng sai
2
tr
ca thi gian khi
phc ng chnh t
r
(thi gian ti lp khung) c xc nh nh l khong cch gia thi im bt
u qu trnh tm kim trong trng thi B v thi im ti chim ng chnh thc trong trng thi
A
0
;
(3) Xc sut ng chnh gi mo p
fa
, c ngha l xc sut chuyn t trng thi B sang trng
thi A
0
do mu t m ng chnh b phng to, mc d vn cn trong iu kin chch ng chnh.
Cn nhn mnh rng trong trng hp mt ng chnh cng bc, thi im bt u ca
qu trnh tm kim xy ra ng thi vi thi im bt u khung; cn trong trng hp mt thc
th n xy ra ng thi vi thi im ti chim nh thi k hiu. V vy, thi gian khi phc ca
mt cng bc, theo thng k, khng chm hn thi gian khi phc ca mt thc.
Mt ng chnh cng bc l lin quan, xc sut P ca cng nhn t m ng chnh ng
vi gi thit l h thng trong iu kin ng chnh bnh thng c xc nh theo biu thc sau
y:
( ) a p P
a
= = 1 1
1
(1.17)
trong , l tc khng i ca li bit ng truyn (gi thit khng tng quan) v a l s
lng bit ca t m ng chnh.
Mt khc, qu trnh tm kim l lin quan, xc sut P by gi l xc sut phng to mu t
m ng chnh. cho n gin, gi thit rng cc bit ny l c lp thng k v c cng xc sut
xut hin th xc sut P c xc nh nh sau:

a
p P
2
1
2
= = (1.18)
Theo phn tch m hnh ti hnh 1.20, nhn c cc biu thc xc nh cc tham s c
trng cho cht lng ca k hoch ng b l:

( )
( )
( )( )
( )

a
a a
L
R
p
p p
L
R
R

=
1
1
1 1
1
0
1
1 1 0
(1.19)
29
( )
( )

+ + =

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
0

p
p
p
p
L
R
L
t
r
(1.20)

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) [ ]
( )
( )( ) [ ]

2 1 1 1
1
2 2 1 1 1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
0
2
2
+

+
+ +

=

+
+

p p p
p
p
p p p
p
p
p
p
p
a L
R
L
tr
(1.21)
( ) ( )
a L
a L
i
i
fa
p p p p

+

=
=

=

1
2
0
2 2
1 1 1 1

(1.22)
trong L l chiu di khung (s bit trong khung) v R
0
l tc bit danh nh ca tn hiu ghp.
V L >>1 nn s bin i ngu nhin ca t
r
c xu hng phn b chun (phn b Gauss). V vy
thi gian khi phc ng chnh cc i c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:

tr r r
t t 3
max /
+ = (1.23)
Da vo s trn y c th lp k hoch ng chnh khung khc nhau i vi tn hiu
ghp ti cc mc khc nhau ca phn cp s cn ng b (PDH). Th d i vi PCM-30, gi tr
tiu chun ca = 3 v = 1. S thay i mt t khi thit k ng b khung i vi thit b
SDH. Trong t m ng chnh (gm 96 byte i vi STM-16) cn ch hai tp hp con ca cc
byte trong qu trnh tm kim v duy tr: chn t m ng chnh di gim xc sut phng to,
trong khi chn t m ng chnh ngn gim bt xc sut mt ng chnh cng bc. Biu
trng thi s dng cho k hoch ng b SDH c th hin ti hnh 1.29.











S c ba trng thi chnh cn xem xt:
(1) Trng thi trong khung (IF) l trng thi hot ng bnh thng di cc iu kin
ng chnh (tng ng trng thi ng chnh chnh xc A
0
);
(2) Trng thi mt khung (LOF) l trng thi cnh bo ca mt ng chnh (tng ng
trng thi B);
(3) Trng thi chch khung (OOF) l trng thi trc cnh bo (tng ng cc trng thi
A
i
vi 0<).
IF
LOF
OOF
LOF
N
K
M
J
Hnh 1.29- K hoch ng b khung trong SDH
30
T trng thi IF, trong ang tin hnh qu trnh duy tr, b ng chnh chuyn sang
trng thi OOF sau khi pht hin li trong t m ng chnh ca M khung lin tip. Sau K khung
lin tip c t m ng chnh b li th b ng chnh chuyn sang trng thi LOF. ang trong
trng thi OOF, nu pht hin J khung lin tip khng c li trong t m ng chnh khung th b
ng chnh quay tr li trng thi IF. Trong trng thi LOF ang tin hnh qu trnh tm kim,
nu khng pht hin li trong N t m ng chnh khung lin tip th quay tr v trng thi ng
chnh bnh thng IF.
Biu trng thi ti hnh 1.29 khng phi l m hnh Markov. trnh chuyn mch
gin on gia hai trng thi OOF v IF, b ghi dch phi m cc khung c li trong t m ng
chnh khung khi m h thng ang trong trng thi OOF (ngha l b ghi dch iu khin chuyn
t trng thi OOF sang trng thi LOF v m t 0 n K) khng ci t ti zero khi m h thng
ang trong trng thi IF i vi L khung lin tip.
Cc gi tr tiu chun ca cc tham s khi lp k hoch ng b khung SDH l: M 5, J
2, K = 24, N = 24 v L = 24.
Sau khi ng b khung, cc khung ng b c sp xp c trt t thnh a khung nh
t m ng b a khung t u a khung. y chnh l ng b a khung.
1.6.5. ng b bit
Trong vin thng ng b bit c din t theo hai ngha chnh. Th nht, ng b bit
c lc c hiu c lin quan n ng b k hiu c trnh by trc y. Th hai, tng qut
hn, ng b bit c s dng biu th ng b lung bit cn ng b theo tn s ng h ca
thit b ti ch. Vn ny c thc hin bng cch ghi cc bit ca lung bit cn ng b vo b
nh n hi (b m) theo tn s ca lung vo v sau c ra theo tn s ca ng h thit b
ti ch. ng b bit c hiu ch yu theo cch gii thch th hai ny.
ng b bit c s dng sp xp cc bit v khi u khung ca tn hiu PCM ti u
vo tng i in t s, cho php chuyn cc octet t mt khe thi gian ti mt khe thi gian
khc.
Ngoi ra, ng b bit cn c thc hin trong b ghp tn hiu s, ti khi ng b ho. Ti y
cc nhnh c ng b bit chuyn lung s cn ng b thnh lung ng b bng cch chn
bit.
1.6.6. ng b gi
Chuyn mch gi bao gm phn chia thng tin ngun thnh thng bo hoc cc gi
truyn i, hoc nh tuyn ti ch. Cc gi cha mt s on s liu ngun v b sung thm
mt vi thng tin mo u. Gi c chiu di c nh hoc thay i. Gi c chiu di c nh gi l
t bo.
Chuyn mch gi l mt cng ngh c hiu qu lin kt s liu vi thoi hoc vi lu
lng thi gian thc khc trong mt mng duy nht. thc hin mng s lin kt a dch v
bng rng (B-ISDN), cc t chc tiu chun ho quc t chn k thut chuyn mch t bo:
kiu chuyn ti khng ng b (ATM).
Phng php chuyn ti chuyn mch gi c cc c im sau y:
(1) Do tnh cht thng k ca chuyn mch gi, c bit l xp hng bn trong mng, cc
gi m c tr nht nh khi chuyn ti qua mng v c cc thi gian n trung bnh thng k;
(2) Nu cc gi ca cuc gi n c nh tuyn c lp (mi gi i qua mt tuyn khc
nhau xuyn qua mng) th chng n ch khng theo th t;
31
(3) Ti my thu c kh nng khi phc tn s ng h ca ngun thng tin khi da vo
lung bit n.
Chuyn ti trong sut tn hiu thoi xuyn qua mng chuyn mch gi i hi ng u
vi cc vn trn y ti to ting ni c cht lng chp nhn c t cc gi n c tr
khc nhau. V vy yu cu b sung cc chc nng ti giao din thu. Cn bng tr ngu nhin
ca gi thng lin quan n ng b gi.
Nhim v cn bng tr gi c thc hin theo mt s cch v c chia lm hai nhm:
da vo mi trng mng khng ng b, ti cc nt khc nhau c nh thi bi ng h
c lp ti ch; hoc da vo mi trng mng ng b c h thng phn phi ng h chung ti
cc nt. Ph hp vi cch phn chia ny, c cc phng php ch yu sau y khi phc nh
thi:
(1) Khi phc nh thi khng ng b
- nh gi tr khng nhn thy
K hoch n gin nht nh gi thi gian to ra mt gi n c tin hnh trong
trng hp xu nht: my thu cho rng gi c nh gi da vo tr truyn dn cc tiu v
da vo cc gi khc c th b tr khng vt qu mt lng thi gian cc i cho trc. Nh vy
gi l nh gi khng nhn thy. Sau khi nh gi thi gian kt thc ca gi th nht, my thu s
dng s th t dy trong cc gi tip theo xc nh mt cch chnh xc thi gian kt thc ca
mi gi. Cc gi n c tr ln s b loi.
- o hnh trnh
Mc d nh gi tr khng nhn thy l n gin nhng khng y trong mng
ng di. K thut nh gi tr thc t tt nht l o tr hnh trnh gia gi chuyn i v gi
thu c v s dng gi tr ny nh gi tr mt hng ca cc gi khc vi gi thit tr c
phn b nh nhau gia hai hng.
- Tr thay i do b sung
Trong trng hp ny, o tr thc t khi truyn cc gi qua mng. S thay i ca
tr c o nh du hiu tr tch lu ca mi gi. Mi phn t mng b sung tr vo du hiu
tr khi o theo ng h ti ch v lng chnh lch gia thi im n v i. Bit tr gi, cho
php xc nh thi gian kt thc l thi gian thc t cng vi lng chnh lch gia gi tr du
hiu tr cc i v gi tr du hiu tr thc t.
- K hoch thch ng
Khng c phng php no trn y o tr hon ton chnh xc. V vy cc thut ton
khc nhau c s dng thay i thch ng tr khi thu lung gi da vo mc y b
m thu hoc da vo lp li hnh trnh o tr.
- K hoch thch nghi da vo PLL
Tt c cc phng php trn y ch ph hp vi truyn dn thoi trn mng chuyn mch
gi bng hp. Cc mng ATM B-ISDN yu cu nghim ngt hn do tc chuyn mch cao v
do c nhiu dch v. Trong cc mng ATM khng ng b, thng s dng k thut lc jitter t
bo nh khi phc nh thi PLL. K thut n gin ny c th c thc hin nh lc trc c
m s liu mc y hoc cc gi tr tc thi n ca t bo s c a vo b lc trc. PPL l
b lc thp lc Jitter t bo. Mc d k thut ny c cht lng tt hn v linh hot hn cc k
thut m t trc y, nhng m phng knh ti u ra mng ATM vn gp kh khn trong
vic tun th cc tiu chun hin hnh v jitter.
32
(2) Khi phc nh thi ng b
Khi nim c bn ca k thut ny da vo tnh kh dng ca ng h tham kho chung
(ng h mng ng b). y khng phi l vn trong mng SDH, m trong mng quang ng
b (SONET) ca Bc M chn lp vt l truyn ATM. V l do ny m k thut ng b
gim jitter t bo c thit k i vi mng ATM B -ISDN.
- K thut m ho tn s ng b (SFET)
ng h ngun khng ng b c so snh vi ng h tham kho mng. S khng
ng nht gia hai ng h c o v m ho trong mo u lp p ng ATM (AAL). Ti my
thu, ng h mng chung v thng tin m ho c s dng cu trc li ng h ngun.
- Du hiu thi gian (TS)
B m 16 bit do ng h tham kho mng iu khin. Hai byte ca mo u lp con hi
t (CS) mang gi tr tc thi ca b m trong mi nhm 16 t bo. Ti pha thu, ng h ngun
c cu trc li t TS thu c v ng h mng.
- Du hiu thi gian d ng b (SRTS)
Phng php ny l TS ci tin v da vo s quan st thy rng i vi ng h ngun
chnh xc, cc bit c ngha thp ca TS 16 bit chuyn ti hu ht thng tin c ch. V vy SRTS
ch cn 4 bit. iu ny cho php lin kt SRTS vo trong mo u ca AAL hin c m vn
khng lm tng kch c ca n. SRTS c ITU-T chp nhn nh l k thut tiu chun khi
phc nh thi i vi AAL-1 (m phng knh).
1.6.7. ng b mng
ng b mng lin quan n phn phi thi gian v tn s trong mng cung cp ng h
tri khp trn mt vng rng ln. Mc ch l ng chnh thi gian v tn s ca tt c ng h
nh kh nng thng tin ca cc tuyn kt ni gia chng (chng hn cp ng, cp si quang, cc
tuyn radio). Sau y l mt s ng dng c hiu qu:
(1) ng b ng h ni b ca cc im ghp v chuyn mch khc nhau trong mng
vin thng s.
(2) ng b ng h trong mng vin thng yu cu mt vi dng a truy nhp phn chia
thi gian, chng hn nh mng v tinh, u cui di ng ca thng tin di ng GSM v.v.
(3) Ngi s dng mng o khong cch gia hai nt trong mng, xc nh v tr v hot
ng ca chng.
ng b mng ng vai tr trung tm trong thng tin s, c nh hng nht nh n cht
lng hu ht cc dch v m nh iu hnh cung cp cho khch hng. ng b mng thng tin s
s c trnh by trong cc chuyn ca chng sau.
1.6.8. ng b a phng tin
a phng tin lin quan n tch hp cc thnh phn khng ng nht nh vn bn, hnh
nh, audio v vidio trong s a dng ca cc mi trng ng dng. S liu c th ph thuc rt
nhiu vo thi gian nh audio v vidio hnh nh ng v i hi trnh by theo th t thi gian
khi s dng. Nhim v ca tch hp nh vy gi l ng b a phng tin. ng b c th s
dng chm dt tranh chp gia cc lung s liu v cc bin c bn ngoi do ngi s dng
to ra. Ni mt cch khc, mun m ch mi tng quan thi gian gia mi trng, nh xem
video kt hp vi m thanh, hoc c th trnh by r rng nh trng hp ti liu a phng tin
s hu vn bn ch thch thoi hoc trong trng hp siu vn bn a phng tin.
33
S ph thuc thi gian ca cc dy s liu c th l tuyn tnh, nh trong trng hp trnh
din file audio trn dy hnh nh. Nhng cng c kh nng trnh by s liu theo kiu khc nh
truy nhp thun nhanh, truy nhp ngc nhanh v truy nhp ngu nhin.
Vn ng b a phng tin c gii thiu rng ri trong cc ti liu. Tuy nhin,
vic tho lun chi tit ch ny khng nm trong ni dung cun ti liu ny.
1.6.9. ng b ng h thi gian thc
Mt kiu khc ca ng b mng l phn phi thi gian tham kho tuyt i (thi gian
theo tiu chun quc gia) ti cc ng h thi gian thc ca thit b trong mng vin thng (ng
b ca cc ng h thi gian thc).
Phn phi ng h tiu chun quc gia nhm mc ch qun l v iu khin mng. Cc
s kin bt k u c h thng gim st thit b , chng hn nh vt ngng t s li bit
(BER), cc cnh bo ng, hng phn cng v.v. c lu tr bo co. Khi mng vin thng
c qun l bi h thng qun l (mng qun l vin thng tiu chun TMN), cc s kin s
c ch nh thit b truyn thng bo qun l ti h thng iu hnh (OS). Trong trng hp
khc, vic lu tr thng tin phi bao gm c ngy gi v ng h thi gian thc ca thit b s c
ly ra.
iu cn thit l cc ng h thi gian thc ton mng phi c ng b theo thi gian
tuyt i nh nhau, nu khng s khng lin quan vi cc thng bo khc nhau mt cch c
ngha theo mt nhn chung. Ch khi ng h thi gian thc thit b c ng b vi thi gian
tiu chun th mi c kh nng sp xp mi tng quan thi gian v logic trong s cc s kin
khc nhau v v vy mi dn n suy on c t s liu cha x l s kin tp hp v lu
tr.
ng b ng h thi gian thc khc vi ng b mng. ng b ng h thi gian thc
phn phi thng tin thi gian tuyt i (th d 10.32.05 AM ngy 23 thng 6 nm 2006, hoc du
hiu thi gian khc) v a ra cc yu cu khc nhau ca chnh xc. i vi qun l, rt cn
vn nu trn y, chnh xc thi gian n vi mili giy l hon ton c kh nng. Phm
vi ngy gi trong qun l cn lu tr khng g khc l xc nh r ngy, thng, nm v gi, pht,
giy.
Mc ch ca ng b mng l ti thiu ho thng dng li thi gian trong s cc ng h,
tr khi ng b pha. iu ny c ng l tn hiu nh thi vt l ng b (th d sng hnh
sine) c phn phi ti cc ng h mng. ng b mng vin thng s thc hin lch thi gian
khng ln hn 10 ns hoc 100 ns.
Mt khc, ng b thi gian thc thng c thc hin nh trao i thng bo v thng
tin thi gian (cc du hiu thi gian) theo giao thc ph hp c chuyn ti trn cc tuyn gia
cc nt mng.
Th d giao thc thi gian mng (NTP) c s dng trong cc dch v thi gian Internet
v khch hng ng b ng h thi gian thc cng nh t chc v duy tr t ng mng
con ng b thi gian. NTP c pht trin t cc giao thc n gin hn, nhng c thit k
c bit c chnh xc, n nh v tin cy cao, thm ch khi s dng trn cc tuyn
Internet in hnh lin quan n cc cng ghp v cc mng khng tin cy.
Giao thc da vo thng bo c chuyn ti trn giao thc Internet (IP) cc gi giao thc
datagram ngi s dng (UDP) cung cp dch v chuyn ti khng kt ni. Tuy nhin, n sn
sng p ng i vi cc b giao thc khc. Cc c trng khc khng bt buc gm xc nhn v
mt m ho thng bo cng nh cung cp iu khin v gim st t xa.
34
Trong NTP, mt hoc nhiu dch v s cp c ng b trc tip t cc ngun tham
kho bn ngoi. Cc dch v thi gian th cp c ng b t cc dch v s cp ph hp vi
phn cp. Cu hnh li cc ng ng b thay th l c kh nng khc phc s gin on v cc
s c. Thut ton c kh nng nh gi v b tr truyn dn ngu nhin ca cc gi truyn qua
mng v v vy thc hin chnh xc thi gian tuyt i ti mc vi mili giy.

1.7. NGU NHIN HO TN HIU
1.7.1. Khi nim
Trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu s c th gp mt s trng hp khng mong mun, nh
hng n cht lng ca tn hiu thu. Trng hp th nht, xut hin dy cc bit 0 hoc bit 1
ko di, dn ti khng tch c ng h t dy xung thu trong qung thi gian xut hin cc dy
bit nh vy. Trng hp th hai, xut hin lp i lp li nhiu ln mt t m nn lm tng tch lu
rung pha ca tn hiu thu. C hai nguyn nhn ny s c khc phc nu s dng ngu nhin ho
tn hiu, tc l s dng b trn ti pha pht v b gii trn ti pha thu.

1.7.2. Cu to v hot ng ca b trn v b gii trn
Hnh 1.30 l cu trc ca b trn v b gii trn.














B trn v b gii trn u c b ghi dch, mi b ghi dch cha 5 t tr. Thi gian tr
ca mi t tr bng 1/x v bng rng mt bit. Th d dy tn hiu u vo b trn l D
i
th khi
qua hai t s l D
i
.(1/x). (1/x), ngha l tr hai bit, v (1/x). (1/x) = x
-2
.
Tn hiu nh phn u vo b trn i ti b cng mun 2 th nht v c b sung thm
tn hiu nh phn n t b cng mun 2 th hai. Do tn hiu nh phn u ra b trn D
s
= D
i

D
s
(x
-3
x
-5
) hoc D
i
= D
s
(1 x
-3
x
-5
) v v vy
D
s
= D
i
/ (1 x
-3
x
-5
)
Dy tn hiu nh phn u ra b trn D
s
qua ng truyn, a ti u vo b gii trn. V
vy dy nh phn u ra b gii trn c dng:
x
-1
x
-1
x
-1
x
-1
x
-1
x
-1
x
-1

S liu ra D
s

S liu vo D
i

a) B trn
B cng
mun 2


B ghi dch
phn hi

S liu vo
D
s
S liu ra D
i
'

b) B gii trn
Khi phc ng h
B cng
mun 2
x
-1
x
-1
x
-1
B ghi dch
phn hi
Hnh 1.30- B trn v gii trn
35
( ) ( ) ( )
i i s i
D x x x x D x x D D = = =

5
5
3 5 3
1 / 1 1
Nh vy l sau khi gii trn nhn c dy tn hiu nh phn nh u vo b trn.
Nh trnh by trn y, mc ch ca trn l xo trn cc bit trong mt t m theo mt
quy lut nht nh. Da vo quy lut , b gii trn hot ng ngc li ti to tn hiu ban
u.
TM TT
Trong s ho tn hiu analog th phng php PCM l n gin nht, tuy nhin s dng
phng php ny th tc bit mi knh thoi ln hn cc phng php khc. Phng php ghp
knh theo thi gian l phng php ghp knh c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin
s. V vy phi s dng cc gii php ng b v ngu nhin ho tn hiu nhm m bo cht
lng tn hiu thu, c th l t s li bit khng vt qu ngng ci t trc.
Cn phn bit cc loi ng b trong mng vin thng:
ng b sng mang l tch sng mang t tn hiu iu ch trong gii iu ch kt hp.
ng b k hiu l nhn bit cc thi im ly mu v quyt nh trong gii iu ch s tch
thng tin logic t tn hiu analog thu c. ng b t m v ng b khung l nhn bit thi
im bt u v kt thc t m hoc khung ti to khung t dy bit thu. ng b gi l cn
bng tr cc thi im n ca gi nhm ti cu trc bn tin trong mng chuyn mch gi.
ng b mng l phn phi ng h chung n cc nt trong mt mng rng ln iu khin
ng h cc nt chy cng tc bit v pha vi ng h chung. ng b a phng tin l sp
xp cc phn t hn tp nh hnh nh, vn bn, audio, vodeo, v.v. trong truyn thng a phng
tin ti cc mc tch hp khc nhau. ng b ng h thi gian thc l phn phi thi gian tuyt
i (thi gian tiu chun quc gia) trong mng vin thng qun l mng.
BI TP
(1) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t V
PAM
= 875 , xc nh gi tr 8 bit
u ra ca b m ho - nn s.
(2) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t V
PAM
= -1898 , xc nh 8 bit u
ra ca b m ho - nn s.
(3) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t V
PAM
= 209, tm bin xung
b nn tng ng vi 8 bit ti u ra b m ho - nn s.
(4) u vo b gii m - dn s c t m 0110 1101, tm bin xung u ra b gii m -
dn s.
(5) V nhnh dng ca c tnh bin b m ho- nn s theo trc to y = f(x). Cho
x = 0,5; xc nh gi tr ca mi bit trong t m 8 bit ti u ra b m ho- nn s.
(6) Tnh tc bit ca mt knh thoi trong trng hp khng s dng b nn v c s
dng b nn A = 87,6/ 13.
(Xem p s ti phn ph lc).
36
CHNG II
GHP KNH PCM, PDH V SDH
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Ni dung chnh ca chng II gm c:
- Cu trc cc khung trong ghp knh PDH: cc loi khung 2/8, 8/34, 34/140 u c hai
loi khung. l loi khung ch s dng chn dng v loi khung khc s dng c chn dng
v chn m. Ring khung 140/565 ch s dng chn dng.
- Ghp knh SDH: s dng phng php xen byte sp xp hoc ghp cc byte tn hiu
vo cc khung. Trong qu trnh ghp s dng con tr ng chnh tc v pha ca cc
khung tn hiu n v khung ghp thng qua vic s dng chn dng v chn m.

2.2. GHP KNH PCM
2.2.1. S khi b ghp PCM-N
S khi b ghp PCM-N nh hnh 2.1.


















Hnh 2.1- S khi b ghp knh PCM-N

2.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng
Theo tiu chun ca chu u th N = 30, ngha l ghp c 30 knh thoi. Theo tiu
chun bc M N = 24. Pha m tn c N b sai ng (S) ng vai tr chuyn hai dy m tn
thnh bn dy m tn v ngc li. C th l mt pha b sai ng kt ni vi my in thoi qua

LM
MH
NS
Ghp
knh
Lp m
ng
S
1

LM
B TX
thu
u ra
u vo
X l
bo hiu
B TX
pht

CXK
1
1
N
Gii m
ng
Tch
knh
GM-DS
S
N

CXK
N
1
N
TX B
37
hai si dy ng ca cp m tn, pha khc kt ni vi hai si thuc nhnh pht v hai si thuc
nhnh thu ca thit b PCM-N. u ra v u vo pha mng kt ni vi thit b ghp bc cao qua
cp ng trc.
Qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu ca PCM- 30 nh sau:
(1) Nhnh pht
Tn hiu thoi analog qua S, qua b lc thp hn ch bng tn ting ni n 3,4 kHz.
Khi LM c chc nng ly mu tn hiu thoi vi tc 8 kHz. Khi m ho - nn s MH-NS
thc hin lng t ho khng u v m ho mi xung lng t thnh 8 bit nh b m ho - nn
s A = 87,6/13. Tn hiu nh phn u ra khi MH-NS c a vo khi ghp knh. Ti y,
ngoi tn hiu s ca 30 knh thoi cn c tn hiu s ca mt knh ng b v mt knh bo hiu
c ghp xen bit, to thnh lung E1 c tc bit l 2048 kbit/s. Cui cng dy s liu nh phn
c khi lp m ng chuyn thnh dy xung ba mc HDB-3.
Ngoi cc khi trn y, trong nhnh pht cn c b to xung pht hot ng ti tc bit
2048 kbit/s v u ra ca n c khi chia tn to dy xung c tc bit theo yu cu iu
khin cc khi lin quan hot ng. Khi TXB to ra xung ng b khung v a khung. Khi x
l bo hiu tip nhn tn hiu gi ca cc knh thoi chuyn thnh cc bit v c ghp vo v
tr quy nh trong lung s E1.
(2) Nhnh thu
Dy tn hiu 2048 kbit/s HDB-3 t mng ti trc ht c khi gii m ng chuyn
i thnh dy xung hai mc. Trong tn hiu thu c cc t m ca 30 knh thoi, knh ng b v
knh bo hiu. Cc loi tn hiu ny c tch ra nh khi tch knh. Tn hiu ng b khung i
vo khi to xung thu khi ng khi chia tn, nhm hnh thnh cc khe thi gian ng b vi
pha pht. Ngoi ra, khi tch knh cn c chc nng tch ng h t dy bit vo ng b tc
bit ca b to xung thu. Cc bit tn hiu gi c tch ra, i vo khi x l tn hiu gi
chuyn thnh sng m tn rung chung my in thoi. B to xung thu cng c b phn chia tn
hnh thnh dy xung iu khin hot ng ca cc khi nhnh thu.
Mi byte (8 bit) ca tn hiu thoi qua khi gii m - dn s GM-DS chuyn thnh mt
xung c bin tng ng v a ti khi chn xung knh (CXK), u ra khi CXK l tp hp
xung ca ring tng knh. Dy xung iu bin u ra khi CXK qua b lc thp khi phc tn
hiu thoi analog, qua S ti my in thoi.

2.2.3. Cu trc khung v a khung
(1) i vi PCM-30
Tn hiu s u ra thit b PCM-30 c sp xp thnh khung v a khung trc khi
truyn. Cu trc ca khung v a khung nh hnh 2.2.
(a) Cu trc khung
Mi khung c thi hn l 125 s, c chia thnh 32 khe thi gian v nh s th t t
TS
0
n TS
31
. Mi TS c thi hn l 3,9 s v ghp 8 bit s liu. T m ng b khung c cu
trc ring 0011011 v c ghp vo TS
0
ca khung F
0
v cc khung chn (F
2
, F
4
,..., F
14
). Trong
TS
0
ca cc khung l (F
1
, F
3
,..., F
15
) ghp cc bit nh sau: bit th nht s dng cho quc gia (S
i
),
bit th hai c nh bng 1 phn bit t m ng b khung vi t m ng b khung gi to khi
7 bit cn li trong TS
0
ca cc khung l trng vi 7 bit tng ng ca t m ng b khung, bit
th ba cnh bo mt ng b khung (A). Tn hiu cc knh thoi th nht n th 15 ghp vo cc
38
khe thi gian TS
1
n TS
15
; tn hiu cc knh thoi th 16 n th 30 ghp vo cc khe thi gian
TS
17
n TS
31.
Tn hiu gi ca mi knh thoi c 4 bit (a, b, c, d) ghp vo mt na ca khe thi
gian TS
16
ca cc khung F1 F15 trong a khung.














(b) Cu trc a khung
PCM-30 ghp c 30 knh thoi. V vy c tt c l 30 tn hiu gi. Mi khe TS
16
ghp
c tn hiu gi ca hai knh thoi. Do cn phi c tt c l 15 khe thi gian TS
16
chuyn
ti tn hiu gi ca tt c cc knh thoi. Ngoi ra cn thm mt TS
16
na ghp xung ng b
a khung v cnh bo mt ng b a khung. Nh vy yu cu a khung phi cha 16 khung (mi
khung c mt TS
16
).
Cc khe thi gian TS
16
ca cc khung trong a khung c b tr chuyn ti s liu nh
sau:
TS
16
ca khung zero (F
0
) ghp cc bit ng b a khung 0000 v bit cnh bo mt ng b a
khung Y.
Na bn tri ca TS
16
khung th nht ghp 4 bit tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th nht, na
bn phi ghp 4 bit tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th 16. Na bn tri ca TS
16
khung th hai ghp
tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th hai v knh thoi th 17. C tip tc nh vy cho n TS
16
cui
cng ca khung th 15 ghp tn hiu gi ca knh thoi 15 v knh thoi 30.
(2) i vi PCM-24
Mi khung c mt bit c (F) t u khung v 24 khe thi gian, mi khe ghp 8 bit.
Tng s bit trong khung bng 8 bit 24 + 1 bit = 193 bit. Tc bit u ra PCM-24 c
tnh nh sau:
R
PCM-24
= 193 bit/ khung 8. 10
3
khung /s = 1544 kbit/s
a khung ca PCM-24 gm 24 khung, nh s th t t F
1
n F
24
, nh trn hnh 2.3.
Mi bit ca t m ng b khung 001011 c ghp vo v tr bit th nht ca cc khung F
4, 8, 12,
16, 20, 24
. Cc bit th nht ca cc khung l truyn t m ng b a khung (cc bit m). Bit th nht
cc khung F
2, 6, 10, 14
,
18, 22,
l cc bit kim tra s d chu trnh (cc bit e
1
e
6
). Bit th tm ca cc
khe thi gian trong khung F
6
, F
12
, F
18
v F
24
truyn tn hiu gi (A, B, C, D).
T
K
= 125 s

Cc khung chn
S
i
S
i
S
n
S
n
S
n S
n
S
n 1 A
0

0

1 1 0

1 1
Khung F
0
Khung F
0

a
0

d

c
b a
d b c
0

0

0 x Y

x x
Khung F
1
F
15
Cc khung l
TS
0
TS
1
TS
2
TS
15
TS
17
TS
16
TS
31
TS
30
TS
29
F
o
F
1
F
15
F
2
F
3
F
4
F
5
F
7
F
6
F
8
F
9
F
10
F
12
F
11
F
13
F
14
T
K
= 125 s 16 = 2 ms
a khung
Khung
Hnh 2.2- Cu trc khung v a khung PCM-30
A= 0 -c ng b khung
A = 1- mt ng b khung
S
i
- s dng cho quc t
S
n
, x- s dng cho quc gia
Y= 0- c ng b a khung
Y= 1- mt ng b a khung
abcd - 4 bit bo hiu
39









2.3. GHP KNH PDH
2.3.1. Cc tiu chun tc bit
Hin nay trn th gii tn ti ba tiu chun tc bit. l cc tc bit theo tiu chun
Chu u, tiu chun Bc M v tiu chun Nht Bn. Cc tiu chun ny c trnh by di
dng phn cp s cn ng b nh hnh 2.4.














(1) Tiu chun chu u (CEPT)
Tiu chun chu u bao gm 5 mc. Tc bit ca mc sau c to thnh bng cch
ghp bn lung s ca mc ng trc lin k. Mc th nht c tc bit 2048 Mbit/s c to
thnh t thit b ghp knh PCM-30 hoc t tm mch trung k ca tng i in t s. Tc bit
ca mc th hai l 8448 kbit/s, gm c 120 knh. Mc th ba c 480 knh v tc bit bng
34368 kbit/s. Mc th t c 1920 knh v tc bit l 139368 kbit/s. Bn mc ny c CCITT
(hin nay i tn thnh ITU-T) chp nhn lm cc tc bit tiu chun quc t. Mc th nm c
tc bit bng 564992 kbit/s v bao gm 7680 knh.
(2) Tiu chun Bc M
Tiu chun Bc M gm 5 mc. Tc bit ca mc th nht bng 1544 kbit/s, c hnh
thnh t thit b ghp knh PCM-24 hoc t tng i in t s v c 24 knh. Ghp bn lung s
mc th nht c tc bit mc hai l 6312 kbit/s v gm c 96 knh. Mc th ba c tc bit
2048
kbit/s
8448
kbit/s
34368
kbit/s
139264
kbit/s
564992
kbit/s
4 4 4 4
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
CEPT
ITU-T
T
K
= 125s 24 = 3 ms
m

F
1
F
2
F
3
F
4
F
5
F
6
F
7
F
8
F
9
F
10
F
11
F
12
F
13
F
14
F
15
F
16
F
17
F
18
F
19
F
20
F
21
F
22
F
24
F
23
m
m

m

m

m m m m m

m

e
1
e
2
e
3
e
4
e
5
e
6
0

1

0

0

1
1

A

B C D
m
Hnh 2.3- Cu trc a khung ca PCM-24
ITU-T
1544
kbit/s
6312
kbit/s
32064
kbit/s
97728
kbit/s
400352
kbit/s
44736
kbit/s
274176
kbit/s
560160
kbit/s
4
5
3 4
7
6 2
T1 T2
T3 T4 T5
Bc M
Nht Bn
Hnh 2.4- Phn cp s cn ng b
40
l 44736 kbit/s l kt qu ca ghp by lung s mc hai v bao gm 672 knh. Ba mc ny c
ITU-T chp nhn lm tiu chun quc t. Mc th t c c bng cch ghp su lung s mc
ba, tc bit bng 274176 kbit/s v bao gm 4032 knh. Mc th nm l kt qu ca ghp hai
lung s mc bn nhn c 8064 knh v tc bit l 560160 kbit/s.
(3) Tiu chun Nht Bn
Hai mc u tin hon ton ging tiu chun Bc M. Mc th ba c hnh thnh t
ghp nm lung s mc hai, c tc bit l 32064 kbit/s v 480 knh. Ba mc u tin ny
c ITU-T chp nhn. Ghp ba lung s mc ba c lung s mc bn vi tc bit bng
97728 kbit/s, 1440 knh. Mc cui cng ghp bn lung s mc bn nhn c 5760 knh v
tc bit bng 400352 kbit/s.
2.3.2. K thut ghp knh PDH
2.3.2.1. S khi b ghp knh PDH
Nh trnh by trong mc 2.2.1, theo tiu chun chu u, c nm mc khi ghp bn
lung vo s c mt lung ra. V vy s khi tng qut ca b ghp knh PDH nh hnh 2.5.


















Mi lung s dng ring mt s khi nh: b nh n hi (M
1
), khi tch ng h (H),
khi so pha v khi iu khin chn. Cc khi dng chung gm c: khi to xung ng b
(TXB), khi to xung (TX) v khi ghp xen bit.
Lung nhnh c a ti b nh n hi v a vo khi tch ng h to ra tn s
iu khin ghi f
G
. C mi mt xung iu khin ghi tc ng vo M
1
th mt bit ca lung nhnh
c ghi vo mt nh. Cc bit ghi s c c ly ra theo ng h iu khin c f
1
da
vo nguyn tc mt bit iu khin c tc ng vo M
1
th mt bit c ly ra. Dy bit u ra b
nh i vo khi ghp. Dy xung iu khin ghi v iu khin c i ti khi so pha. Cn c vo
lch pha (lch thi gian) gia hai dy xung ny m u ra khi so pha xut hin xung dng
M
1
Tch H
Khi so
pha
Khi iu
khin chn





Khi
ghp
xen
bit
1a

Lung nhnh 1
f
G1
f
1
2b
3a
3b
4b
4a



Lung nhnh 2
Lung nhnh 3
Lung nhnh 4
TX B
Khi
TX
1 3 4 2
Hnh 2.5- S khi b ghp PDH
1b
+
_
2a
41
hay m. Nhn c xung dng, khi iu khin chn pht lnh chn dng v nhn c xung
m s pht lnh chn m. Khi ghp xen bit tin hnh chn xung theo lnh iu khin. Ngoi dy
bit ca bn lung vo cn c xung ng b t khi to xung ng b v cc bit bo hiu (khng
th hin trong hnh v) u c a vo khi ghp ghp xen bit to thnh lung ra. Hot ng
ghp xen bit, so pha v hot ng chn c gii thiu trong cc phn sau.
Pha thu tin hnh tch knh theo trnh t ngc li vi qu trnh ghp. Trc tin tch
xung ng b v tch ng h t dy bit thu c. Xung ng b lm gc thi gian tch cc bit
ca cc lung thnh phn, xung ng h c s dng iu khin b to xung thu. Dy xung
knh ca mi lung c tch ring bit v cc t m tm bit ln lt c gii m v dn tr
thnh dy xung lng t nh pha pht. B lc thp khi phc tn hiu analog t dy xung lng
t.
2.3.2.2. Phng php ghp xen bit
Qu trnh ghp xen bit c minh ho ti hnh 2.6.









Hnh 2.6- Ghp xen bit bn lung E
1
thnh lung E
2

Gi thit ghp bn lung mc 1 thnh lung mc 2. Trc khi ghp s liu cc lung,
phi ghp mt xung hoc mt nhm xung ng b khung. Sau xung ng b khung l bit th nht
ca lung E
1
#1, bit th nht ca lung E
1
#2, bit th nht ca lung E
1
#3, bit th nht ca lung
E
1
# 4. Tip ghp cc bit th hai ca cc lung vo theo trnh t nh ghp cc bit th nht. C
tip tc ghp nh vy cho ht cc bit ca bn lung vo trong chu k ghp T
GH
. Ghp xung ng
b khung trc khi ghp tip cc bit s liu ca bn lung nhnh.
B ghp phi sp xp cc bit st li vi nhau v cn phi hnh thnh cc bit c rng b
hn trong mt chu k ghp T
GH
ngoi xung ng b v cc bit ph khc phi cha ht cc bit
ca bn lung nhnh. V vy tc bit lung ra lun lun ln hn tc bit tng ca bn lung
vo. Thi hn ca chu k ghp T
GH
ph thuc vo cp ghp.
t
E
1
# 1
E
1
# 2
E
1
# 3
E
1
# 4
t
t
t
t
E
2

t
XB
T = 125s
T
GH

42
Trong qu trnh ghp xen bit c th xy ra trng hp trt bit. Nguyn nhn ca hin
tng ny l do ng h tch t lung vo c tn s khc vi tn s ca ng h ni (hnh 2.7).
Nu tn s ng h ni ti b hn tn s xung nh thi cha trong lung vo th mt bit
trong b nh n hi c c hai ln, nhng ln sau l c khng nn gim tc bit u ra.
Ngc li, nu tn s ng h ni ti ln hn tn s xung nh thi cha trong lung vo th mt
s bit c c thm nn lm tng tc bit ca lung ra. Tng thm hoc gim s bit u ra b
nh m c quan h n trt. Trong thc t c hai dng trt, l trt iu khin c v
trt khng iu khin c. Trt iu khin c c ngha l iu khin c phm vi tng
hoc gim s bit, chng hn trt mt octet hoc mt khung. Trt khng iu khin c l do
lch nh thi v do khng iu khin c phm v tng hoc gim s bit. Nu phm vi lch
tn s gia ng h ni ti v tn s lung bit vo duy tr phm vi 10
-9
v tn s ly mu bng 8
kHz th trt c th xy ra sau mi qung thi gian l 34 gi. Tng thm dung lng b nh n
hi s hn ch trt khng iu khin c nh chuyn thi im trt n khong gia hai khi
s liu. Bin php quan trng hn ch trt l n nh tn s b to xung ca cc nt trong
mng thng tin PDH.











2.3.2.3. K thut chn trong PDH
(1) Khi nim
T hnh 2.7b bit c trong trng hp tn s (nghch o ca chu k) ng h ni ca
b ghp nh hn tn s ca lung nhnh th mt s bit tin b nh mt ti u ra (do gn trng
thi im xut hin vi xung c trc). V vy bo ton thng tin ca lung nhnh, cn ti to
cc bit b mt ny ca lung bit u ra b ghp v ghp chng vo mt v tr quy nh trong
khung. Hot ng nh vy gi l chn m.
Tri li, trong trng hp tn s ng h ni ca b ghp ln hn tn s lung nhnh nh
hnh 2.7a th mt s ln c khng lm gim tc bit lung ra. m bo tc bit nh mc,
cn b sung mt s bit khng mang tin v ghp vo v tr quy nh trong khung. Nh vy gi l
chn dng.
(2) Chn dng
B ghp knh PDH phi nhn bit c thi im c xung c nhng khng c xung u
ra b nh n hi, ng thi phi m c s bit khng mang tin cn b sung vo lung ra b
nh ny trong mt n v thi gian. Yu cu th nht c thc hin nh khi so pha v yu cu
th hai do b m m nhim.
ng h ni ti
Lung vo
b nh
t
t
c khng (gim)
t
a) b)
a) Tn s ng h ni ti ln hn tn s lung vo
b) Tn s ng h ni ti nh hn tn s lung vo
Hnh 2.7- Hin tng trt bit
Lung u ra
b nh
t
t
Thiu bit
Tha bit
c thm (tng)

43
u vo khi so pha c c dy bit iu khin ghi c tch ra t lung bit thu v dy bit
iu khin c ly t ng h ni (xem hnh 2.5). Khi so pha theo di mc lch pha (lch thi
gian) gia dy bit ghi v dy bit c v nhn bit quy lut bin thin ny ca lch pha xc nhn
thi im thiu bit trong lung ra b nh n hi. T hnh 2.7b cho bit lch pha gia hai dy bit
ghi v c gim dn t gi tr cc i n gi tr cc tiu v sau thi im dch pha cc tiu ng
mt chu k ca dy bit c s xut hin thi im chn dng. Ti thi im u ra khi so
pha c mt xung dng a ti khi iu khin chn, khi ny pht lnh iu khin chn dng.
Nhn c lnh chn dng, khi ghp xen bit chn mt bit khng mang tin vo v tr quy nh
ca khung sau. Cn nu khng chn dng th v tr bit chn dng l bit tin.
Lnh iu khin chn dng hoc khng chn cng chnh l thng bo chuyn ti pha
thu. Nhn c thng bo ny, my thu xo bit chn dng trc khi gii m. Lnh iu khin
chn dng trong khung ch s dng chn dng l 111 c ghp vo khung hin ti. i vi
khung s dng chn dng v chn m th lnh iu khin chn dng l 111 111. Trong , ba
bit 111 trc c ghp vo khung hin ti v ba bit 111 sau ghp vo khung tip theo.
(3) Chn m
Cng nh trng hp chn dng, b ghp knh PDH phi nhn bit thi im m mt
bit c tc ng vo b nh n hi ly ra hai bit gn trng nhau. Nu khng c gii php g c
bit th bit c thm trong cp bit ny s b mt v do mt thng tin. V vy mi ln c thm
l mt ln xy ra chn m.Khi so pha cn c vo lch pha gia dy bit ghi v dy bit c bit
c thi im chn m. T hnh 2.7b bit c lch pha tng dn t gi tr cc tiu n gi tr
cc i. Ti thi im lch pha t gi tr cc i, mt xung m xut hin ti u ra khi so pha,
i ti khi iu khin chn v khi ny pht lnh chn m. Nhn c lnh ny, khi ghp xen bit
ghp mt bit mang thng tin ca bit c ra sau (0 hoc 1) vo v tr quy nh trong khung tip
theo. My thu nhn c thng bo chn m, tin hnh tch bit chn m x l nh cc bit
thng tin khc. Lnh iu khin chn m gm 000 000. Trong ba bit 000 trc c ghp vo
khung hin ti v ba bit 000 sau ghp vo khung tip theo.
(4) Khng chn
i vi khung ch s dng chn dng, khi khng chn th cc bit iu khin chn l 000
c ghp vo khung hin ti; trong trng hp ny cc bit chn l cc bit tin ly t cc lung
nhnh. i vi khung s dng chn dng v chn m th th lnh iu khin khng chn l
111000, trong ba bit 111 ghp vo khung hin ti v ba bit 000 ghp vo khung tip theo. Nhn
c lnh khng chn, b ghp ci t bit chn dng l bit tin v bit chn m l bit khng mang
tin.

2.3.3. Cu trc khung PDH in hnh
2.3.3.1. Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8
B ghp ny ghp bn lung nhnh 2048 kbit/s 50 ppm thnh lung s mc 2 c tc
bit 8448 kbit/s 30ppm. Cu trc khung trong trng hp ch s dng chn dng nh hnh 2.8.
Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn nh hnh
2.9.
Trong khung ghp cc bit knh nghip v 32 kbit/s kt ni gia hai b ghp u cui l
kt qu ca iu ch delta thch ng (ADMo). Bit th t trong phn khung 3 ghp bit gi chung
ca knh dch v. Bn bit u tin ca cc PK2, 3, 4 ghp cc bit iu khin chn. Bit th 5 n
44
bit th 8 ca phn khung 4 ghp bn bit chn m. Bit th 9 n bit th 12 ca phn khung 4 ghp
bn bit chn dng.









Hnh 2.8- Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8 s dng chn dng v khng chn













T hnh 2.9 kim tra li nhng vn phn tch i vi khung ca b ghp 2/8 khi
chn m, chn dng v khng chn.
Tc bit nh mc tng ca bn lung nhnh l:
V

= 2048. 10
3
4 = 8192. 10
3
bit/s (2.1)
Khi khng chn m v cng khng chn dng th cc bit 5 8 ca phn khung 4 l cc
bit khng mang tin, cc bit 9 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit tin. Vy tng s bit ca 4 lung
nhnh ghp trong khung khi c bn lung khng chn l:
T

= 256 bit 3 + 252 + 4 bit = 1024 bit / khung

Tc bit truyn cc bit tin ca khung khi c bn lung khng chn l:
V
truyn
= 1024 bit / khung 8. 10
3
khung / s = 8192. 10
3
bit/s (2.2)
Kt qu ca cc biu thc (2.1) v (2.2) nh nhau, vy vic quy nh v tr cc bit trn y
hon ton hp l.
Khi c bn lung u chn dng th cc bit 5 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit khng
mang tin.
Hnh 2.9- Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn

T
K
= 1056 bit = 125 s
ng b khung
8 256 4
11100110
4

4
252 256 4
4
Cc bit iu
khin chn
Cc bit chn m
Cc bit chn dng
Knh dch v 32 kbit/s
4
D tr
Cnh bo mt ng b khung
Knh dch v chung
PK1
PK2 PK3 PK4

4
256
T
K
= 848 bit = 100,4 s
4
4

4
PK1 PK2 PK3 PK4
12 200
4
204 208
1111010000 b
11
b
12
Cnh bo mt ng b khung
Bit d tr
Cc bit chn dng
Cc bt iu khin chn
208
ng b khung
45
Vy tng s bit tin ca bn lung nhnh ghp xen bit trong khung khi chn dng l:
T
(+)
= 256 bit 3 + 252 bit = 1020 bit / khung
Khi c bn lung u chn m th cc bit 5 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit tin.
Vy tng s bit tin ghp xen bit trong khung khi c bn lung u chn m l:
T
(-)
= 256 bit 3 + 252 bit + 4 bit + 4 bit = 1028 bit / khung.
Cn ch l cc lung nhnh hot ng c lp vi nhau nn c th lung ny chn
nhng lung khc khng chn.

2.3.3.2. Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34
B ghp 8/34 c hai kiu cu trc khung. Kiu cu trc khung th nht s dng chn
dng v khng chn. Kiu cu trc khung th hai s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn.
B ghp ny ghp bn lung nhnh 8448 kbit/s 30 ppm thnh lung mc ba 34368 kbit/s 20
ppm. Cu trc khung khi s dng chn dng v khng chn nh hnh 2.10.
Tng s bit trong khung bng 1536 bit v c chia lm 4 phn khung. Cc bit iu khin
chn ghp vo u cc phn khung th hai, th ba v th t ca khung hin ti. Cc bit chn
dng ghp vo v tr bit th 5 v bit th 8 ca PK4. Lnh iu khin chn dng ca mi lung
nhnh gm 3 bit 111 v khng chn l 000. Lung no c yu cu chn dng th chn mt bit
khng mang tin vo v tr bit dnh ring cho mnh ti v tr bit th 5 8 trong PK4. Khi khng
chn th bit chn c thay bng bit thng tin ly t lung nhnh y.










Cu trc khung 8/34 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn nh hnh 2.11.










Cc bit chn dng
4

4
PK2 PK3 PK4
376 380
Cc bit iu khin chn
380
T
K
= 1536 bit = 44,9 s
4
PK1
Bit d tr
Cnh bo mt
ng b khung
1111010000
ng b khung
Hnh 2.10- Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34 s dng chn dng
372 4 10 1 1
Hnh 2.11- Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34 khi s dng
chn dng, chn m v khng chn

T
K
= 2148bit = 62,5 s
ng b khung
12 704
111110100000
4 4

4
700
4
Cc bit iu khin chn
Cc bit chn m
Cc bit chn dng
Cc bit dch v
4
D tr
PK1
PK2 PK3
704 4 4
46

Khung bao gm 2148 bit, c thi hn 62,5 s v c chia lm 3 phn khung. S bit trong
mi phn khung l 716. H thng c thit k ghp xen bit 4 lung nhnh vo cc v tr bit 13
n 716 trong phn khung 1 v 2 v v tr bit 17 n 716 trong phn khung 3. T m ng b
khung 111110100000 (12 bit) chim v tr bit 1 n 12 ca phn khung 1. Cc bit iu khin chn
v cc bit dch v chim v tr cc bit 1 n 4, 9 n 12 trong phn khung 2 v 1 n 4 trong phn
khung 3. Chn dng c ch th bi t m 111 trong hai khung lin tip. Trong khi chn m
c ch th bi t m 000 trong hai khung lin tip. Ch th khng chn gm cc bit 111 trong
khung hin ti v cc bit 000 trong khung tip theo. Cc bit 9 n 12 trong phn khung 3 c s
dng chuyn ti cc bit chn m. Cc bit chn dng chim v tr bit 13 n 16 ca phn khung
3. Trong phn khung 2 c cc bit 5 v 6 l cc bit ca knh dch v s ADMo 32 kbit/s, bit 7 ch
th cnh bo ti b ghp u xa, bit 8 l tn hiu rung chung ca knh dch v.

2.3.3.3. Cu trc khung b ghp 34/140
C hai loi cu trc khung: loi th nht ch s dng chn dng, loi th hai c c chn
dng v chn m. Cu trc khung s dng chn dng nh hnh 2.12.
C hai phng php hnh thnh tc bit mc 4. Phng php th nht s dng 4 lung
34368 kbit/s. Phng php th hai ghp trc tip 16 lung 8448 kbit/s nhn c lung mc bn.
C hai phng php u s dng chn dng. Cu trc khung ca phng php ghp th nht
c th hin ti hnh 2.12. Khung bao gm 2928 bit, chia thnh 6 phn khung 488 bit v thi hn
bng 44,9 s. Trong phn khung1, bit 1 n 12 truyn t m ng b khung 111110100000 (12
bit), bit 13 l bit cnh bo truyn ti u xa (bng1 khi c cnh bo, bng 0 khi khng c cnh
bo). Bit 14 n 16 trong phn khung 1 s dng cho quc gia v ci t bng 1 khi truyn qua
bin gii quc gia. Trong cc phn khung 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 l cc bit iu khin chn. Khi c lnh iu
khin chn 11111 th chn mt bit khng mang tin vo v tr cc bit chn dng trong khung sau.
Khi khng chn th truyn 00000 v bit chn trong khung sau l bit tin. Cc bit cn li trong cc
phn khung l ca bn lung nhnh ghp xen bit.










Cu trc khung b ghp 34/140 khi s dng chn dng v chn m nh hnh 2.13.
Cu trc khung ny l ca b ghp khi ghp 4 lung mc 3 thnh lung mc 4 c tc
bit 139264 kbit/s 15ppm. Khung c 2176 bit, thi hn 15,625 s c chia lm 4 phn khung
544 bit. Trong PK1, bit 1 n bit 10 dnh cho t m ng b khung 1111010000, bit 11 knh dch
v 32 kbit/s iu ch Delta thch ng (ADMo), bit 12 s dng rung chung cho knh dch v.
PK5
Cc bit chn dng
PK2 PK3
PK4
484
Cc bit iu khin chn
4
4 480
T
K
= 2928 bit = 44,9 s
PK1
S dng cho quc gia
Cnh bo mt
ng b khung
111110100000
ng b khung
Hnh 2.12- Cu trc khung b ghp 34/140 s dng chn dng
472 4 12 3 1 484 4 484 4 484 4
PK6
47
Trong PK2, 3, 4, bit 1 n bit 4 s dng cho iu khin chn. Khi chn dng cu trc iu khin
chn 111 c truyn trong hai khung lin tip. Tri li, khi chn m th cc bit iu khin chn l
000 truyn trong hai khung lin tip. Khi khng chn, cc bit iu khin chn 111 truyn trong
khung hin ti v 000 truyn trong khung sau. Trong PK4, cc bit 5 n 8 l cc bit chn m mang
tin khi chn v khng mang tin khi khng chn; cc bit 9 n 12 mang tin khi khng chn dng
v khng mang tin khi c chn dng. Cc bit cn li trong khung l ca 4 lung nhnh ghp xen
bit.











2.3.3.4. Cu trc khung b ghp 140/565
B ghp ny s dng bn lung 139264 kbit/s 15 ppm ghp xen bit nhn c lung
mc 5 c tc bit 564992 kbit/s 15 ppm. Cu trc khung ca b ghp nh hnh 2.14.









Vo nm 1986 s dng tc bit 564992 kbit/s c 7680 knh thoi trn trung k hoc
h thng dung lng cao. H thng ny bao gm thit b thng tin quang v b ghp bn lung
139264 kbit/s m CMI v chn bit to ra lung mc nm 564992 kbit/s. Lung s ny c
chuyn thnh m 5B6B v kt hp vi cc bit mo u to ra tc bit ng truyn xp x
680 Mbit/s trn cp si quang a mode. Cc bit mo u bao gm knh dch v, iu khin
chuyn mch bo v, gim st v.v. H s suy hao ca si quang a mode khong 0,6 dB/km ti
bc sng 1310 nm nn khong lp ch t c 30 km. t lu sau si quang n mode xut hin
v s dng tc bit mc nm ny t chc mng thng tin quang PDH c khong lp t
gn 100 km ti bc sng 1550 nm.
Khung c 2688 bit v c chia lm 7 phn khung, mi phn khung 384 bit. Trong qu
trnh ghp ch s dng chn dng. Lnh iu khin chn dng ca mi lung nhnh l 11111
Cc bit chn dng
4
PK2 PK3 PK4
4 532 540
Cc bit iu khin chn
540
T
K
= 2176 bit = 15,625 s
4
PK1
Cc bit dch v
1111010000
ng b khung
Hnh 2.13- Cu trc khung b ghp 34 /140 s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn
532 4 10 2 4
Cc bit chn m
PK6 PK5
Cc bit chn dng
PK2 PK3
PK4
Cc bit iu khin chn
4 4 376
T
K
= 2688 bit
PK1
111110100000
Hnh 2.14- Cu trc khung b ghp 140/565 s dng chn dng v khng chn
380 4 372 12 380
4
380 4
380
4
PK7
380 4 4
Cc bit cnh bo
ng b khung
48
c truyn ti v tr bit th nht n th nm ca PK2 n PK6. Nhn c lnh ny, b ghp
chn mt bit khng mang tin vo mt trong bn v tr ti bit th 5 n th 8 trong phn khung 7
ca khung sau. Khi khng chn, lnh iu khin c cu trc 00000 nn bit chn c thay th bi
bit tin ca chnh lung nhnh . Bn bit u tin trong PK7 l cc bit cnh bo ca cc lung
nhnh.
2.4. GHP KNH SDH
2.4.1. Cc tiu chun ghp knh SDH
2.4.1.1. Cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v SDH
G.707 Cc tc bit SDH
G.708 Giao din nt mng SDH
G.709 Cu trc ghp ng b
G.773 Cc b giao thc ca giao din Q
G.774 M hnh thng tin qun l SDH
G.782 Cc kiu v cc c tnh chung ca thit b ghp SDH
G.783 Cc c tnh ca cc khi chc nng thit b ghp SDH
G.784 Qun l SDH
G.803 Cu trc mng truyn dn da vo SDH
G.957 Cc giao din quang ca thit b v h thng lin quan n SDH
G.958 Cc h thng s SDH s dng cho cp si quang

2.4.1.2. Tc bit ca SDH
Mng SDH l mng ng b, trong mi phn t mng s dng tn hiu ng b c
cung cp t mt ngun ng h chun quc gia. Theo khuyn ngh G.707/Y.1322 th tc bit
phn cp SDH c 6 mc. Mc 0 c tc bit l 51, 84 Mbit/s. Mc 1 c tc bit l 155,52
Mbit/s. Tc bit cc mc cao l bi s nguyn ca tc bit mc 1. Su mc tc bit bao
gm:
STM-0 = 51,840 Mbit/s
STM-1 = 155,520 Mbit/s
STM- 4 = 622,08 Mbit/s
STM- 16 = 2048,32 Mbit/s
STM- 64 = 9953,28 Mbit/s

STM- 256 = 39813,120 Mbit/s

Cc lung nhnh PDH u vo thit b ghp SDH c ITU-T chp nhn gm c:
- Theo tiu chun chu u: 2,048 Mbit/s; 8,448 Mbit/s; 34,368 Mbit/s v 139,264 Mbit/s.
- Theo tiu chun Bc M: 1,544 Mbit/s; 6,312 Mbit/s v 44,376 Mbit/s.

2.4.1.3. Quy nh v conten o (VC)
Tn hiu lung nhnh PDH a n thit b ghp SDH trong khong thi gian 125 s
c cha trong mt hp c dung lng nht nh v gn nhn ch r trong hp cha loi tn hiu
lung nhnh no, hp nh vy gi l conten o. C hai loi conten o: conten o mc thp
49
VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 v conten o mc cao VC-3, VC-4. Ngoi cc conten o, khuyn ngh
G.707/Y.1322 cn quy nh cc loi conten o kt chui nh: VC-4-4c, VC-4-16c, VC-4-64c v
VC-4-256c. Tc bit tng v tc bit ti trng ca cc conten o n v kt chui c lit
k nh bng 2.1.

Bng 2.1- Dung lng cc VC-n
Loi VC-n Tc bit tng (kbit/s) Tc bit ca ti trng (kbit/s)
VC-11 1664 1600
VC-12 2240 2176
VC-2 6848 6784
VC-3 48960 48384
VC-4 150336 149760
VC-4-4c 601344 599040
VC-4-16c 2405376 2396160
VC-4-64c 9621504 9584640
VC-4-256c 38486016 38338560

2.4.1.4.Quy nh v ng, tuyn v on
Khi tm hiu thit b cng nh cu trc v hot ng ca mng SDH c lin quan n khi
nim v ng, tuyn v on nh biu th trn hnh 2.15, v vy trong mc ny trnh by cc quy
nh .
(1) on (section)
C hai loi on, l on ghp v on lp. on ghp l mi trng truyn dn gia
hai trm ghp knh k tip nhau, trong mt trm to ra tn hiu STM-N v trm kia kt cui tn
hiu STM-N ny. on lp l b phn truyn dn gia hai trm lp k tip nhau, hoc gia trm
lp v trm ghp knh k tip.
(2) Tuyn (Path)
Tuyn l b phn truyn dn c tnh t im nhp vo mt tn hiu c hnh thnh bi
conten o (VC) n im tch ra chnh tn hiu y. C hai loi tuyn, l tuyn mc thp lin
quan n tn hiu VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 v tuyn mc cao lin quan n tn hiu VC-3 v VC-4.
(3) ng (Line) l tp hp ca tt c cc tuyn ca h thng truyn dn thng sut tn
hiu STM-N.










VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
MUX
REG REG
MUX MUX
Tuyn
Tuyn (VC)
on lp on lp
ng (STM-N) on ghp
Tuyn
Hnh 2.15- M hnh xc nh ng, on v tuyn
VC
50

2.4.2. S khi ghp cc lung PDH vo khung STM-N
2.4.2.1. S khi b ghp knh SDH
S khi b ghp knh SDH nh hnh 2.16.












2.4.2.2. Chc nng cc khi
u vo b ghp l cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u v Bc M. Cc khi ca thit b
ghp c phn thnh cc nhm C-n, VC-n, TU-n, TUG-n, AU-n, AUG v STM-N. Chc nng
ca cc khi trong cc nhm ny l:
(1) C-n: conten mc n (n = 1, 2, 3, 4).
Mc 1 ca Bc M k hiu C-11 v ca chu u k hiu C-12. Cc mc cn li c mt
ch s. C-n c chc nng sp xp lung nhnh PDH tng ng, n thm cc byte khng mang
tin cho s byte nh mc ca khung chun C-n.
(2) VC-n: conten o mc n.
VC-n c chc nng sp xp tn hiu C-n, chn thm bit chuyn lung vo cn ng b
thnh lung ra ng b, b sung cc byte mo u tuyn (VC-n POH).
(3) TU-n: con tr khi nhnh mc n (n = 11, 12 v 3).
Con tr khi nhnh c chc nng ng chnh tc bit v tc khung tn hiu ghp VC-
n mc thp cho ph hp vi tc bit cng nh tc khung ca tn hiu VC-n mc cao hn.
(4) TUG-n: nhm khi nhnh mc n (n = 2, 3)
Nhm khi nhnh ghp xen byte cc tn hiu TU-n mc thp thnh khung chun TUG-2
hoc ghp cc tn hiu TUG-2 thnh khung chun TUG-3. Cng c th sp xp tn hiu TU-3
thnh khung TUG-3.
(5) AU-n: con tr khi qun l mc n (n = 3, 4).
Con tr khi qun l ng chnh tc bit v tc khung ca tn hiu ghp VC-3 hoc
VC-4 cho ph hp vi tc bit v tc khung ca tn hiu AUG.
(6) STM-N: mun truyn dn ng b mc N (N = 1, 4, 16, 64 v 256).
STM-N ghp xen byte N tn hiu AUG, mo u on v con tr khi qun l AU-n thnh
khung STM-N.
Ch thch:

X l con tr
ng ghp cc lung nhnh PDH chu u
N = 1, 4, 16, 64 v 256
3
TUG-3
C-4
STM-N
AUG
AU-4 VC-4
C-3
TU-3
VC-3
VC-3 AU-3
C-11
TUG-2
C-2
C-12
TU-2 VC-2
VC-12 TU-12
139,264
Mbit/s
VC-11 TU-11
44,736 Mbit/s
34,368 Mbit/s
6,312 Mbit/s
2,048 Mbit/s
1,544 Mbit/s
7
7
3
3
4
1
N
1
1

Hnh 2.16- S khi thit b ghp knh SDH
STM-0
1
51

2.4.3. Qu trnh ghp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung STM-1
Trong SDH, khung ca tt c cc mc ghp u c 9 hng v thi hn l 125 s, s ct
nhiu hay t l ph thuc vo dung lng byte trong khung nhiu hay t.
Khung STM-1 c cu trc nh hnh 2.17.









Khung STM-1 c 9 hng 270 ct. Khi nim ct ng nht vi khi nim byte (8 bit).
Khung bao gm 4 phn: mo u on lp (RSOH) chim 3 hng v 9 ct, mo u on ghp
(MSOH) chim 5 hng v 9 ct. Con tr AU-4, k hiu l AU-4 PTR ghp vo hng 4, ct 1 n
ct 9. Phn ti trng dnh ghp tn hiu VC-4 c 261 ct v 9 hng.
Tng s byte trong khung STM-1 = 270 byte 9 = 2430 byte.
Tc bit truyn ca khung STM-1: STM-1 = 8 bit / byte 2430 byte /khung 8.10
3

khung/s = 155,52 Mbit/s. y chnh l tc bit mc 1 ca SDH.
Trong mc ny ch trnh by ghp cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u vo khung STM-1.
Mun to thnh khung STM-1 c th p dng mt s phng php sau y:
(1) Ghp mt lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s;
(2) Ghp 3 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s;
(3) Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s;
(4) Ghp 1 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 42 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s;
(5) Ghp 2 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 21 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s.

2.4.3.1. Sp xp cc lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1
(1) Sp xp lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s vo khung VC-4
Trc ht khi C-4 chuyn i m ba mc ca lung nhnh thnh m hai mc v chuyn
giao cho khi VC-4. c th bin lung nhnh cn ng b thnh lung ng b theo ng h
ca thit b SDH, khi VC-4 cn tin hnh chn m. Ct th nht ca khung VC-4 ghp 9 byte
VC-POH, cn li 260 ct c chia thnh 20 khi, mi khi 13 byte nh biu th trn hnh 2.18.
Mi hng ca khung VC-4 c 260 byte nh hnh 2.18b, ghp cc loi bit nh sau:
130 bit n khng mang tin (R); 10 bit mo u (O); 5 bit iu khin chn (C); 1 bit chn
S; v (241 byte + 6 bit) tin I.
S lng byte I m lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s cung cp cho khung VC-4 trong thi hn
125 s c xc nh nh sau:
MSOH
Ti trng
Hnh 2.17- Cu trc khung STM-1
AU-4 PTR
RSOH

9 ct 261 ct
270 ct
9 hng
52
B
E4
= 139264.10
3
bit : 8 bit : 8.10
3
= 2176 byte (2.3)
S byte tin I sp xp c nh trong khung VC-4 l:
B
0
= (241 byte + 6 bit) 9 = 2169 byte + 6 byte + 6 bit = 2175 byte + 6 bit. (2.4)
So snh cc biu thc (2.3) v (2.4) thy rng lung nhnh E4 cung cp cho khung VC-4
nhiu hn 2 bit I so vi s lng bit I ghp c nh trong khung ny.V vy phi tin hnh chn
bit v y l chn m. 2 bit chn m ny c chn vo 2 hng ca khung VC-4. Hng no cn
chn th lnh iu khin chn m c ci t trong 5 bit iu khin CCCCC = 11111 v bit chn
S ca ca dng trong khung sau l bit tin I. Dng no khng chn th c lnh iu khin
CCCCC = 00000 v bit S l bit n khng mang tin.
(2) Ghp khung VC-4 vo khung STM-1
Sau khi sp xp khung VC-4 th khung ny c ghp vo phn ti trng ca khung
STM-1 nh hnh 2.18a. Khi STM-1 ghp thm cc byte mo u SOH v cc byte con tr AU-4
hnh thnh khung STM-1 hon chnh.























2.4.3.2. Sp xp lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1
(1) Sp xp lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s vo khung VC-3
Qu trnh sp xp c th hin ti hnh 2.19.
Hnh 2.18- Sp xp lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s vo VC-4
VC-4 POH
9 hng
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
N1
K3
20 khi 13 byte
1 byte
J1 J1
13 byte
RSOH
MSOH
PTR
STM-1
POH W 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I
X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I
Y
96 I X 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Z 96 I
1 12 byte 1
Ch thch: I bit tin W = I I I I I I I I
O- mo u X = C R R R R R O O
C- iu khin chn Y = R R R R R R R R
S- bit chn Z = I I I I I I S R
R- bit n
a)
b)
B3
53
Trc ht mi khi C-3 chuyn i tn hiu xung ba mc 34,368 Mbit/s thnh hai mc v
chuyn giao cho khi VC-3. Khi VC-3 chuyn lung nhnh cn ng b 34,368 Mbit/s thnh
lung ng b bng cch s dng chn dng v chn m. Khung VC-3 c 85 ct 9 hng, trong
ct u tin l VC-3 POH c cu trc nh VC-4 POH. Chia khung VC-3 thnh 3 phn khung
T1, T2 v T3, mi phn khung chim 3 hng nh hnh 2.19a v c c th ho nh hnh 2.19b.
Trong mi phn khung c:
(71 byte + 5 bit) n c nh R; 5 bit C1 v 5 bit C2; mt bit S1 v mt bit S2; (178 byte
+ 7 bit) tin I.
S byte khi tc lung nhnh E3 t nh mc 34,368 Mbit/s cung cp cho mt phn
khung l:
B
E3
= 34368.10
3
bit : 8 : 8.10
3
/3 = 179 byte. (2.5)
Trong thi gian tc lung nhnh E3 t nh mc th S1 l bit n, S2 l bit I v
C1C1C1C1C1= 00000, C2C2C2C2C2 = 00000.


















- Chn m
Khi tc lung nhnh tng 30 ppm th s bit tng thm trong mi phn khung l:
b
Tng
= 34368. 10
3
bit 30. 10
-6
/ 8. 10
3
/3 = 0,4 bit
C ngha l c sau 5 phn khung tng thm 2 bit I. Khi c lnh C1C1C1C1C1 = 11111
chuyn bit chn m S1 ca hai phn khung sau t bit n thnh bit I v C2C2C2C2C2 = 00000
cc bit S2 gi nguyn trng thi bit I.
- Chn dng
Chn dng xy ra trong trng hp tc bit ca lung nhnh gim 30 ppm, ngha l
trong mi phn khung gim 0,4 bit v sau 5 phn khung gim 2 bit. Khi c ch th chn
VC-3 POH
3 hng
J1 J1 C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
N1
K3
B3
J1
T1
T2
T3
3 hng
3 hng
a)
38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I 38I 38I

C 38I 38I

38I 38I

38I 38I 38I C38I
Ch thch

= RRRRRRRR
I bit tin, R bit n,
S1bit chn th nht, S2 bit chn th hai
C1 iu khin bit S1, C2 iu khin bit S2
R R R R R R C1C2
R R R R R R R S1 S2 I I I I I I I

Hnh 2.19- Sp xp lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s vo khung VC-3
38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I 38I 38I

C 38I 38I

38I 38I

38I 38I 38I C38I
38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I 38I

38I 38I 38I 38I 38I

C 38I 38I

38I 38I

38I 38I 38I
b)
I I I I I I I I

54
C1C1C1C1C1= 00000 cc bit S1 trong hai phn khung sau gi nguyn trng thi l cc bit
n, cn C2C2C2C2C2 = 11111 chuyn cc bit I ti bit chn dng S2 ca 2 phn khung sau
thnh cc bit n.
(2) Ghp 3 khung TU-3 vo VC-4
Trnh t ghp 3 khung TUG-3 vo khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.20.
Khung TUG-3 c 86 ct v 3 TUG-3 c 258 ct. Trong khi , khung VC-4 c 261 ct.
V vy phi n 18 byte c nh vo ct th hai v th 3 ca khung VC-4. T ct th 4 n ct
th 261 dnh ghp 3 khung TUG-3. Qu trnh ghp xen byte t cc byte trong cng mt
khung TUG-3 vo mt ct ca khung VC-4. Do to thnh cc ct A, B, C.












(3) Ghp 3 VC-3 vo khung STM-1
Trnh t ghp 3 khung VC-3 vo khung STM-1 nh hnh 2.21.
TUG-3
(B)
TUG-3
(C)



VC-4 POH

A

B

C

A

B

C

C

C

A

B
n

S

S

1

261
TUG-3
(A)

1

86

86

86

1

1
Hnh 2.20- Ghp 3 khung TUG-3 vo khung VC-4
55



























Khung C-3 c 84 ct 9 hng. VC-3 bao gm C-3 v VC-3 POH, v vy khung VC-3 c
85 ct 9 hng. Khi TU-3 ghp cc byte H1 H2 H3 ca TU-3 PTR vo u ct th nht ca
khung TU-3.
Khi TUG-3 n 6 byte S to thnh khung TUG-3 c 86 ct 9 hng. Ba khung TUG-3
ghp vo khung VC-4. V 3 khung TUG-3 ch c 258 ct, nn khi VC-4 n thm 18 byte S vo
ct th hai v th ba, ghp 9 byte VC-4 POH to thnh khung VC-4 c 261 ct 9 dng. Khung
AU-4 v AUG ging nhau, gm khung VC-4 v 9 byte AU-4 PTR. Cui cng, khung AUG ghp
vo khung STM-1.

2.4.3.3. Sp xp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1
(1) Sp xp a khung VC-12 v a khung TU-12
MSOH
RSOH
AU-4 PTR


VC-4
AU-4 PTR


VC-4
9 261
VC-3
TUG-3
3
VC-4
AUG
STM-1

P
O
H



85 ct
9 hng
C-3



H1
H2
H3


S
86 ct
VC-3




S
H1
H2
H3


S


S



S



S

P
O
H
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
86 3+3 = 261 ct
3 VC-3
9 hng
Hnh 2.21- Ghp 3 VC-3 vo khung STM-1
56
Trong thi hn 125 s lung nhnh E1 cung cp cho khi C-12 34 byte. Mi khung C-12
s dng mt s byte mo u nh khung VC-n bc cao l khng cn thit. V vy cn phi ghp 4
khung C-12 v b sung thm mt s byte mo u vo u cc khung C-12 to thnh a khung
VC-12. VC-12 POH c 4 byte (V5, J2, N2 v K4). Cu trc a khung VC-12 nh hnh 2.22a.
Khi TU-12 b sung vo u khung th nht, th hai, th ba, th t ca a khung VC-12 mt
byte con tr (V1, V2, V3) v V4 l byte d tr to thnh a khung TU-12 c 4 khung nh hnh
2.22b.













(2) Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung VC-4
Qu trnh ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung VC-4 c minh ho bi qu
trnh ghp 63 khung TU-12 vo khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.23.
Chuyn khung TU-12 mt ct, 36 byte thnh khung TU-12 c 4 ct 9 hng. Ba khung
TU-12 ghp xen byte thnh khung TUG-2 c 12 ct 9 hng, trong khung ny c 3 byte V. Ghp
7 khung TUG-2 thnh khung TUG-3 c 86 ct 9 hng. Trong khung TUG-3 c 21 byte V.
Tuy nhin, 7 khung TUG-2 ch c 84 ct, v vy khi TUG-3 ghp 3 byte NPI v 6 byte
n S vo ct th nht ca khung TUG-3. Tip theo ghp 9 byte n S vo ct th hai. T ct th
ba n ct 86 dnh ghp 7 khung TUG-2. NPI l 3 byte con tr khng c hiu lc. y l cc
byte c cu trc c nh v mang du hiu ring pha thu phn bit trng hp ny vi trng
hp khung TUG-3 c 3 byte TU-3 PTR khi ghp 3 VC-3 vo khung VC-4.
a khung VC-12 a khung TU-12
Hnh 2.22- Cu trc a khung VC-12 v TU-12
35 byte
V3
V4

36 byte
V1

V2

V5

500 s
500 s
V5

J2
N2
K4



a)
b)
57
























V 3 byte TU-12 PTR ghp phn tn trong a khung TU-12 ko di trong 500 s, nn pha
thu cng mt 500 s mi c kt qu x l con tr ny. Hnh 2.23 ch minh ho ghp 63 khung
TU-12 vo khung VC-4. Nhng trong thc t phi ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC-4.
Vn ny c trnh by trong phn sau.
Sau khi hnh thnh khung VC-4, tip tc ghp khung VC-4 vo khung AUG v tip
ghp khung AUG vo khung STM-1.Khi STM-1 ghp thm cc byte mo u on lp (RSOH),
mo u on ghp (MSOH) v 9 byte con tr AU-4.
(3) Ghp 7 TUG-2 vo TUG-3
hiu r vic ghp 7 khung TUG-2 vo khung TUG-3, s dng hnh 2.24. Trc ht
ghp 3 khung TU-12 thnh khung TUG-2 v sau ghp 7 khung TUG-2 thnh khung TUG-3.
Ba khung TU-12 ghp xen byte thnh khung TUG-2 c 12 ct. Sau 7 khung TUG-2
ghp xen byte vo khung TUG-3. Nhng 7 khung TUG-2 ch c 84 ct nn khi TUG-3 n thm
18 byte vo ct th nht v th hai.
Hnh 2.23- Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo VC-4












V
125 s
4 ct
9 hng
TU-12












V V V
























125 s
12 ct
9 hng









N
P
I






S


S



21V









125 s
12 7 + 2 = 86 ct
9 hng
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
3
7
3
S
N
P
O
H




S

N
N I
P
P
P
I
I
S S


S


S
63V



125 s
261 ct


S



S
9 hng
58



















(4) Ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC-4
Hnh 2.25 th hin vic ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC-4.

















Hnh 2.24- Ghp 7 khung TUG-2 vo khung TUG-3


1



2



3



4

TU-12#1


1



2



3



4

TU-12#2


1



2



3



4

TU-12#3


2




3


1



2


1



2




3


1




3


1




2




3



2




3


1



2


1



2




3


1




3


1




2




3



2




3


1



2


1



2




3


1




3


1




2




3

TUG-2 #1 TUG-2 # 7




5






6







7
1

1


2



3




4


2



3





4





5



3




4





5






6






6







7

1


2







7
1



2



3




S



S


1


2



3




4





5






6







7
1


2



3




4





5






6







7
TUG-3 86 1
252 ct = 4 63 ct
4
S
N
P
O
H



S

N
N I
P
P
P
I
I
S S


S


S



1


S



S



V1
2 3 6 3

2 4
1
3
2 3 63 63

1 2 3 63

1 2 3
S
N
P
O
H



S

N
N I
P
P
P
I
I
S S


S


S





S



S



V2

2 4 3

S
N
P
O
H



S

N
N I
P
P
P
I
I
S S


S


S





S



S



V3

2 4 3

S
N
P
O
H



S

N
N I
P
P
P
I
I
S S


S


S





S



S



V4

2 4 3













V 3 1 2
a khung
TU-12#1
a khung
TU-12#63

4












3 2 4 V1












V2 3 2 4
4












3 2












V4 3
4
4
V3
2












V2 3 2 4
4












3 2












V4 3
4
4
V3
2
500s
Hnh 2.25- Ghp 63 a khung TU-12 vo a khung VC- 4

261 ct
125s
250s
375s
33 36 36 36
34 35
36 36
36 36
36 36
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
35
35 36
36
36 35
33
33
33
33
59
Mi khung VC-4 dnh 252 ct ghp 63 khung TU-12. 63 khung TU-12 ghp vo mt
khung VC-4 c cng loi byte con tr. C th l trong khung VC-4 th nht c 63 byte V1, trong
khung VC-4 th hai c 63 byte V2, trong khung VC-4 th ba c 63 byte V3 v trong khung VC-4
th t c 63 byte V4. Dy ch s trn cng ca hnh v (1 2 3 .....63, 1 2 3 .... 63...) biu th ghp
xen byte 63 khung TU-12.
Trnh t ghp 63 khung TU-12 vo 252 ct (t ct 10 n ct 261) ca mi khung VC-4
nh sau:
Hng th nht: 63 byte V, 63 byte th hai, 63 byte th 3, 63 byte th t.
Hng th hai: 63 byte th nm, ...., 63 byte th tm. Ghp tip tc cc byte ca hng th
ba, t, nm, su, by, tm.
Hng th chn: 63 byte th 33, 63 byte th 34, 63 byte th 35 v 63 byte th 36.
(5) Chn m v chn dng
Trong qu trnh ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1 s dng kiu sp
xp khng ng b sp xp cc byte ca lung nhnh ny vo a khung VC-12. Kiu sp xp
nh vy c lin quan n chn m v chn dng. Vn ny c gii thch da vo hnh 2.26.














T hnh 2.26 thy rng trong khung VC-12 th t ch ghp (31 byte + 7 bit) tin I. Trong
khi lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s cung cp cho khung ny 32 byte. V vy khi lung nhnh c
tc bit nh mc 2,048 Mbit/s th S1 l bit n, S2 l bit tin I. Cu trc cc bit iu khin chn
trong trng hp ny l C1C1C1 = 000 v C2C2C2 = 000. y l trng hp khng chn.
- Chn m
Khi tc lung nhnh tng 50 ppm th s bit tng trong mt a khung l:
b
Tng
= 2048 .10
3
bit 50. 10
-6
: 2. 10
3
= 0,05 bit.
Sau 20 a khung tc lung nhnh tng thm 1 bit. V vy phi chn vo a khung sau
(a khung th 21) mt bit tin I. thc hin cng vic ny, trc ht thit b ci t C1C1C1 =
111 iu khin chn vo v tr bit S1 mt bit tin I v C2 C2 C2 = 000 iu khin bit S2 gi
nguyn trng thi bit tin I.
- Chn dng
V5

J2
N2
K4



140 byte
500 s
R
32 byte
32 byte
C1C2 0 0 0 0 R R
32 byte
C1C2 0 0 0 0 R R
C1C2 RRRRR S1
S2 I I I I I I I
31byte
35 byte
35 byte
35 byte
35 byte
Ch thch
R bit n
O bit mo u
C1 iu khin bit chn S1
C2 iu khin bit chn S2
I bit tin
Hnh 2.26- Sp xp khng ng b lung nhnh E1 vo a khung VC-12
R
R
R
R
60
Chn dng xy ra trong trng hp lung nhnh gim tc bit 50 ppm. S bit gim
trong mt a khung l 0,05 bit. Sau 20 a khung tc lung nhnh gim 1 bit. Vy phi chn
vo v tr S2 ca a khung th 21 mt bit khng mang tin. Lnh iu khin chn dng gm
C1C1C1 = 000 S1 vn gi nguyn trng thi bit khng mang tin v C2C2C2 = 111 chn 1
bit khng mang tin vo v tr S2.
Tm li, S1 l bit chn m khi C1C1C1 = 111; S2 l bit chn dng khi C2C2C2 = 111.
Khi khng chn m v cng khng chn dng th C1C1C1 = 000 v C2C2C2 = 000.

2.4.4. Vai tr v hot ng ca con tr trong SDH
2.4.4.1. V tr, chc nng v cu to ca con tr
(1) V tr ca con tr
- AU- 3 PTR v AU- 4 PTR
Hai loi con tr ny lin quan n khung AUG. V vy 9 byte con tr AU-3 hoc 9 byte
con tr AU-4 ghp vo dng th t thuc ct 1 n ct 9 ca khung AUG (hnh 2.21).
- TU-3 PTR
Con tr TU-3 lin quan n trng hp ghp 3 lung nhnh E3 vo khung VC-4. V vy
c 3 con tr TU-3. Ba byte TU-3 PTR u ghp vo hng 1, 2, 3 ca khung VC-4. Nhng TU-3
PTR th nht ghp vo ct 4, TU-3 PTR th hai ghp vo ct 5 v TU-3 PTR th ba ghp vo ct
6 ca khung VC-4.
- TU-12 PTR
TU-12 PTR lin quan n a khung TU-12. Ba byte TU-12 PTR ghp vo u cc khung
1, 2, 3 ca a khung TU-12.
(2) Chc nng ca con tr
C ba loi con tr: con tr khi qun l AU-4, con tr khi nhnh mc cao TU-3, v con
tr khi nhnh mc thp TU-12. Con tr AU-4 c s dng ng chnh v tr khung VC-3
hoc VC-4 trong khung AUG thng qua vic ch th a ch byte J1 ca VC-3 hoc VC-4 trong
khung AUG. Con tr TU-3 c chc nng ng chnh v tr cc khung VC-3 trong khung VC-4
thng qua vic ch th a ch byte J1 ca VC-3 trong khung VC-4. Con tr TU-12 c chc nng
ng chnh v tr a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12 thng qua vic ch th a ch byte V5
ca a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12.
(3) Cu to ca con tr
- Con tr AU-3, AU-4 v TU-3
Cu to ca cc con tr AU-3 v AU-4 nh hnh 2.27.








Y = 1001SS11

"
1
"
= 11111111
H1 = NNNN SS ID
H2 = IDIDIDID
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
H1 H2
10 bit gi tr con tr

Hnh 2.27- Cu to ca con tr AU-3 v AU-4
H1 Y Y H2
"
1"
"
1" H3 H3 H3
3 byte chn m
3 byte chn dng
61
Chc nng ca cc byte AU-4 PTR: Y v "1" l cc byte c cu trc c nh; HI, H2 v
H3 l cc byte c trng cho hot ng ca con tr: 4 bit NNNN l c s liu mi NDF, SS ch th
loi con tr (AU-3 PTR, AU-4 PTR v TU-3 PTR u c SS = 10), 5 bit D o gi tr khi chn m
v 5 bit I o gi tr khi chn dng. Bnh thng 3 byte H3 khng mang thng tin, khi chn m
cc byte H3 b xo ghp vo 3 byte ti trng ca cc lung nhnh. Ba byte lin sau H3 l v
tr chn dng. Chn m v chn dng s c trnh by trong phn sau.
Con tr TU-3 ch c cc byte H1, H2 v H3 ging H1, H2 v H3 ca AU-3/AU-4 PTR.
- Con tr TU-12
Con tr TU-12 gm cc byte V1, V2 v V3 tng ng vi H1, H2 v H3 ca cc con
tr AU-3 v AU-4. Trong V3 l byte chn m. Byte 35 l byte chn dng.
- C s liu mi
Bit 1 n bit 4 (N bit) trong con tr mang NDF, cho php gi tr con tr thay i nu s
thay i l do ti trng thay i. Hot ng bnh thng c ch th bi t m 0110 trong 4
bit N. C s liu mi NDF c ch th bi o gi tr 4 bit N thnh 1001. NDF c din gii l
c kh nng khi c ti thiu 3 bit ph hp vi mu 1001. NDF c din gii l khng c kh
nng khi c ti thiu 3 bit ph hp vi mu 0110.

2.4.4.2. Hot ng ca con tr
(1) M u
Trong chng I trnh by qu trnh sp xp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung VC-n
tng ng. Do tn s ng h ca h thng PDH khng n nh, dn n tc bit lung nhnh
PDH thay i. V vy phi s dng chn bit hiu chnh tc bit ca cc lung nhnh cho ph
hp vi tc bit ca ng h thit b SDH. Vic chn bit l hon ton t ng v khng lin
quan g n hot ng ca con tr. Tuy nhin, tn s ng h ca cc h thng SDH cng khng
khp nhau mt cch l tng. Do khi to khung tn hiu mc cao t cc khung tn hiu mc
thp hn cn s dng chn byte hiu chnh tc bit v tc khung ca cc tn hiu u vo
khi ghp. Hot ng chn c thc hin di s gim st ca con tr.
(2) Gi tr con tr
Byte u tin (J1) ca tn hiu VC c t vo v tr no trong khung ghp l ph thuc
vo thi im n ca n v J1 cch con tr bao nhiu nhm byte th gi tr con tr bng by
nhiu. Khong cch c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr. S gi tr c kh nng ca mi con
tr bng 2
10
= 1024. Trong thc t, ph thuc vo kch c ca khung ghp nn phm vi ch th ca
10 bit gi tr con tr b hn s gi tr c kh nng. S lng gi tr thc t ca cc khung ghp
c xc nh da vo s a ch cc nhm byte trong khung ghp.
(3) Quy tc to lp con tr
- Khi hot ng bnh thng, con tr ch th v tr bt u ca VC-4 trong khung AUG,
hoc v tr bt u ca VC-3 trong khung VC-4, hoc v tr bt u ca a khung VC-12 trong a
khung TU-12. Ti thi im NDF = 0110.
- Gi tr con tr ch c th thay i theo cc hot ng di y:
Nu c yu cu chn dng th gi tr con tr hin ti c truyn i sau khi o cc
bit I v tip theo l chn cc byte khng mang thng tin vo v tr cc byte chn dng. Gi tr con
tr trong khung tip theo tng mt n v. Nu gi tr con tr trong khung trc khi chn dng
62
t cc i th gi tr con tr trong khung sau chn dng bng zero. Sau khi chn dng gi tr
con tr khng c tng hoc gim ti thiu trong ba khung lin tip.
Nu c yu cu chn m th gi tr con tr hin ti c gi i sau khi o cc bit D
v tip theo l chn cc byte thng tin vo v tr cc byte chn m. Gi tr con tr trong khung sau
chn m gim mt n v. Nu gi tr con tr trc khi chn m bng zero th con tr sau chn m
ci t ti gi tr cc i. Sau khung chn m, ti thiu trong ba khung lin tip gi tr con tr
khng c thay i.
Nu s ng chnh VC-n thay i v l do khc vi quy tc to lp con tr th gi tr mi
ca con tr c gi i v km theo NDF = 1001. NDF ch xut hin trong khung u tin cha
gi tr mi ca con tr.
(4) Din gii con tr ti pha thu
Tm tt quy tc din gii con tr:
- Khi hot ng bnh thng, con tr ch th im bt u ca VC-4 trong khung AUG,
hoc ca khung VC-3 trong khung VC-4, hoc ca a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12.
- S thay i bt k ca gi tr hin ti ca con tr u c b qua, tr trng hp gi tr
mi ph hp thu c trong ba khung lin tip hoc thng bo v ni dung theo quy tc to lp
con tr.
- Nu o a s cc bit I ca 10 bit gi tr con tr, l ch th chn dng. Gi tr con tr
tip theo s tng mt n v.
- Nu a s cc bit D ca t m con tr o gi tr, l ch th chn m. Gi tr con tr
tip theo s gim mt n v.
- Nu NDF c din gii l c kh nng th gi tr con tr lc s c thay th bi
mt gi tr mi khc, tr khi my thu ang trong trng thi mt con tr.
(5) nh a ch cc byte v cc nhm byte
- nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG
Hnh 2.28 minh ho cch nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG.






















AU-4 PTR




AU-4 PTR
0 86
87 173
174
261
260
347
348 434
435 521
522
608
609 695
696 782
0 86
696
782
609
695
522
261 ct
9 hng
Hnh 2.28- nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG
608

87 173
63
Tng s nhm byte trong khung AUG cn nh a ch:
N
C
= 261 byte 9 : 3 = 783 nhm.
Nhm ba byte th nht mang a ch 0 t ngay sau H3 v nhm ba byte cui cng mang
a ch 782 t cui hng th ba ca khung tip theo. Phm vi ch th ca AU-4 PTR = 0 782.
- nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung VC-4
S nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.29.














Tng s nhm byte trong khung VC-4 cn nh a ch:
N
C
= 255 9 :3 = 765 nhm.
Nhm ba byte th nht mang a ch 0 t ngay sau H3. Nhm ba byte cui cng mang
a ch 764 t cui hng th hai ca khung VC-4 tip theo. Phm vi ch th ca TU-3 PTR = 0
764.
- nh a ch cc byte trong a khung TU-12 (hnh 2.30)










Trong a khung TU-12 c 140 byte dnh ghp a khung VC-12. Mi byte mang mt
a ch v c nh s t 0 n 139. Byte mang a ch 0 t ngay sau byte th hai ca con tr
255 ct
9 hng
Hnh 2.29- nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung VC-4
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3





S





S





S






S




P
O
H






S
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
0 84
85 169
170 254
255 339
340 424
425 509
510 594
595
679
680 764
0 84
680 764
595
679
36 byte
V2

V1

105
139
0
34
500 s
Hnh 2.30- nh a ch cc byte trong a khung TU-12
Byte chn m V3
V4


35
6 9
70
104
Byte chn dng
64
TU-12, l V2 v byte cui cng mang a ch 139 t cui khung TU-12 th nht (khung c
byte con tr V1). Phm vi ch th ca TU-12 PTR = 0 139.
(6) Hot ng ca con tr AU-4 khi chn dng
- Nguyn nhn
Khi tc khung (s khung /s) ca khung ghp AUG nhanh hn tc khung VC-4 th
khi AUG tip nhn khng s byte nh mc t khung VC-4. V vy phi chn thm mt s
byte khng mang tin vo khung AUG.
- Hot ng
Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T trong ba khung lin tip gi tr con tr khng c thay i.
V vy xt mt a khung AUG nh hnh 2.31.




















Trong khung th nht khng chn dng nn byte u tin ca khung VC-4 (byte J1)
ghp vo v tr u nhm byte n. Byte J1 ca VC-4 cch H3 ca con tr n nhm byte, v vy gi
tr ca con tr AU-4 bng n.
Trong khung th hai cng khng chn dng nn hon ton ging khung th nht.
Trong khung th ba c chn dng. Con tr o 5 bit I, ngay sau chn 3 byte khng
mang tin vo sau H3, tc l chn vo v tr nhm byte mang a ch 0. Thng bo chn dng
(o 5 bit I) truyn n pha thu my thu xo cc byte chn dng. Do chn 3 byte vo sau H3
nn cc byte ti trng ca VC-4 dn sang bn phi mt nhm byte. By gii J1 ca VC-4 c
ghp vo v tr u nhm byte (n +1).

H1...H2...H3 H3 H3



H1...H2...H3 H3 H3



H1...H2...H3 H3 H3



H1...H2...H3 H3 H3



n-1 n n n n+1

n-1 n n n n+1

n-1 n n n n+1

n-1 n n n n+1
Gi tr con tr (n)
Gi tr con tr (n)
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit I)
Gi tr con tr (n+1)
Bt u VC-4
Bt u VC-4
Bt u VC-4
Bt u VC-4
Khung 1


125 s
Khung 2


250 s
Khung 3


375 s
Khung 4


500 s
Hnh 2.31- Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn dng
Ba byte chn dng
65
Trong khung th t khng chn dng nn J1 c t ti v tr u nhm byte (n+1) v
do gi tr con tr bng (n+1). Tm li sau khi chn dng gi tr con tr tng thm 1.
(7) Hot ng ca con tr AU-4 khi chn m
- Nguyn nhn
Trong trng hp tc khung ghp AUG chm hn tc khung VC-4 th khi AUG
tip nhn cc byte ti trng VC-4 vt s lng byte nh mc. Cc byte vt ny s khng cn
ch ghp chng nu khng c bin php g c bit. khng lm mt thng tin, phi tin
hnh xo cc byte H3 ca con tr AU-4 v ghp vo ba byte ti trng ca khung VC-4. y
chnh l hot ng chn m.
- Hot ng
Tin hnh xt mt a khung AUG ti hnh 2.32.
























Trong khung th nht khng chn m. J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo u nhm byte n, gi tr con
tr bng n.
Trong khung th hai cng khng chn m nn gi tr con tr vn bng n. Trong khung th
ba c chn m. Trc ht AU-4 PTR o 5 bit D v ngay sau xo 3 byte H3 ghp vo 3
byte ti trng ca VC-4. Thng tin o 5 bit D c truyn n my thu my thu tch 3 byte

H1...H2...H3 H3 H3



H1...H2...H3 H3 H3


H1...H2...



H1...H2...H3 H3 H3



n-1 n n n n+1

n-1 n n n n+1

n-1 n n n n+1

n-1 n n n n+1
Gi tr con tr (n)
Gi tr con tr (n)
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D)
Gi tr con tr (n-1)
Bt u VC-4
Bt u VC-4
Bt u VC-4
Khung 1



125 s
Khung 2



250 s
Khung 3



375 s
Khung 4



500 s
Hnh 2.32- Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn m
n-1 n-1


n-1 n-1
Bt u VC-4
Ba byte chn m
66
chn m x l nh nhng byte tin khc. V 3 byte ti trng ghp vo v tr 3 byte H3 nn ti trng
li sang tri mt nhm byte. J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1).
Trong khung th t khng chn m nn J1 vn ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1). Khong
cch t H3 n J1 gim mt nhm byte so vi khung khng chn m. V vy gi tr con tr trong
khung ny bng (n-1). Ngha l gi tr con tr AU-4 trong khung sau khung chn m gim i 1 v
bng (n-1).
(8) Hot ng ca con tr TU-3 khi chn dng
Con tr TU-3 lin quan n trng hp ghp 3 khung VC-3 vo khung VC-4. Do trong
khung VC-4 c 3 con tr TU-3. Cc con tr ny hot ng c lp vi nhau. VC-3 no cn chn
th con tr TU-3 gim st VC-3 y hot ng ng chnh.
- Nguyn nhn
Trong trng hp tc khung VC-4 nhanh hn tc khung VC-3 th khung VC-4 tip
nhn cc byte ti trng ca cc khung VC-3 khng s lng byte nh mc. V vy phi chn
thm mt s byte khng mang tin vo khung VC-4. chnh l hot ng chn dng.
- Hot ng
Xt mt a khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.33.
























Hnh 2.33- Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR # 1 khi chn dng
Khung 1



125 s


P
O
H


n n n n+1
Gi tr con tr (n)


S
H3
H1

H2

H1


H2

H1

H2

H3 H3
n-1
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3#1
Khung 3



375 s


P
O
H


n n n n+1
Gi tr con tr (o cc bit I)


S
H3
H1

H2

H1


H2

H1
H2

H3 H3
n-1
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3#1
Khung 4



500 s


P
O
H


n n n n+1
Gi tr con tr (n+1)


S
H3
H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H3 H3
n-1
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3#1
Byte chn dng ca VC-3#1
Khung 2



250 s


P
O
H


n n n n+1
Gi tr con tr (n)


S
H3
H1

H2

H1


H2

H1

H2

H3 H3
n-1
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3#1
67

Gi thit lung nhnh VC-3 th nht (k hiu VC-3 # 1) cn chn.
Khung th nht khng c yu cu chn dng. Byte J1 ca khung VC-3 #1 ghp vo byte
u tin ca nhm byte n. Byte u tin ny ca khung VC-3 #1 cch byte H3 ca TU-3 PTR #1 n
nhm byte. V vy gi tr con tr bng n.
Khung th hai khng yu cu chn. J1 ca VC-3 #1 vn ghp vo v tr byte th nht ca
nhm byte n. Gi tr con tr TU-3 #1 bng n.
Khung th ba c yu cu chn dng. Con tr TU-3 #1 o 5 bit I, chn vo v tr th nht
ca nhm byte mang a ch 0 mt byte khng mang tin. Ti trng ca VC-3 #1 li sang bn phi
mt nhm byte v cch H3 ca mnh (n+1) nhm byte.
Trong khung tip theo khung chn dng khng xy ra chn. J1 ca VC-3 #1 c t ti
v tr byte th nht ca nhm byte (n+1). Gi tr ca TU-3 #1 bng (n+1), tc l tng thm 1 so
vi gi tr con tr ca khung khng chn dng.
(9) Hot ng ca con tr TU-3 khi chn m
Hnh 2.34 th hin hot ng chn m ca con tr TU-3 #1.

























Hnh 2.34- Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR th nht khi chn m
Khung 1



125 s


P
O
H
Gi tr con tr (n)


S
H3
H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H3 H3
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3 #1

n n n n-1

n-1 n-1
Khung 3



375 s


P
O
H
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D)


S
H3
H1


H2

H1

H2

H1
H2

H3
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3 #1

n n n n-1

n-1 n-1
Khung 4



500 s


P
O
H

Gi tr con tr (n-1)


S
H3
H1
H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H3 H3
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3 #1

n n n n-1

n-1 n-1
Byte chn m
Khung 2



250 s


P
O
H
Gi tr con tr (n)


S
H3
H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H3 H3
S S S



S
Bt u VC-3 #1

n n n n-1

n-1 n-1
68
Hai khung u khng c yu cu chn dng. J1 ca VC-3 #1 ghp vo v tr byte u
tin ca nhm byte mang a ch n. Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #1 bng n.
Khung th ba c yu cu chn m. TU-3 PTR #1 o cc bit D, xo byte H3 ca TU-3
PTR #1 v ghp vo mt byte ti trng ca VC-3 #1. Thng tin o 5 bit D chuyn n pha
thu my thu tch byte I ti v tr H3 ca TU-3 PTR #1 x l nh nhng byte tin khc. Ti trng
ca VC-3 #1 dch sang tri mt nhm byte. J1 ca VC-3 #1 cch H3 ca mnh (n-1) nhm byte
nn gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #1 bng (n-1).
(10) Hot ng ca con tr TU-12 khi chn dng v chn m
- Khi khng chn
Xt a khung VC-12 v a khung TU-12:
V5 ca VC-12 POH ghp vo byte n ca a khung TU-12. Gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong
a khung ny chnh l khong cch tnh theo byte k t V5 n byte V2 ca TU-12 PTR bng n.
- Hot ng chn dng
Khi tc a khung TU-12 nhanh hn tc a khung VC-12 th a khung TU-12 tip
nhn cc byte t a khung VC-12 thp hn nh mc. V vy phi chn thm byte khng mang tin
vo a khung TU-12.
a khung TU-12 #3 c yu cu chn dng. TU-12 PTR o 5 bit I, ghp vo v tr byte
35 ca a khung TU-12 mt byte khng mang tin (xem hnh 2.30). Ti trng ca a khung VC-12
trong a khung TU-12 #3 dch xung di mt byte nn gi tr ca TU-12 PTR bng (n+1).
Thng tin o 5 bit I c my thu hiu l c chn dng nn xo byte chn dng. Gi tr ca
TU-12 PTR trong a khung TU-12 sau a khung chn dng tng thm 1.
- Hot ng chn m
Nu tc a khung TU-12 chm hn tc a khung VC-12 th a khung TU-12 tip
nhn s byte vt nh mc nn phi ghp byte ny vo mt v tr no . Nh vy gi l chn
m.
Xt 4 a khung TU-12 nh khi xt chn dng.
Trong hai a khung u khng c yu cu chn m nn V5 ca a khung VC-12 ghp vo
v tr byte n ca a khung TU-12. Gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong c hai a khung u bng n.
Trong a khung TU-12 #3 c chn m. TU-12 PTR o 5 bit D, xo byte V3 ca TU-12
PTR v ghp vo mt byte tin ly t a khung VC-12. Gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong a khung
ny l o cc bit D. Cc byte ti trng ca a khung VC-12 dch ln trn mt byte (xem hnh
2.30).
a khung TU-12 th t khng chn m. V5 ca VC-12 POH ghp vo v tr byte (n-1) v
gi tr ca TU-12 PTR bng (n-1). Ni mt cch khc, gi tr ca TU-12 PTR trong a khung lin
sau a khung chn m gim i mt.

2.4.4.3. X l con tr pha thu
(1) Trnh t x l
Trong SDH, khi cn tch mt s lung nhnh t lung STM-N th khng phi tch theo
trnh t t cao xung thp nh trong PDH. Mun tch mt lung nhnh no ch cn x l cc
con tr ca lung nhnh y s bit c v tr cc byte ca n trong khung ghp v tch chng
mt cch trc tip.
69
(2) Tch lung nhnh 139,264 t STM- N (N = 4,16,64)
Mi lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s c gn vi mt khung AU-4 #N.V vy tm s th t
N theo yu cu s bit c lung nhnh E4 cn tch. Tip x l con tr AU-4 bit c v
tr byte J1 ca VC-4 trong khung AUG. T tch ra tn hiu VC-4 v cho tn hiu VC-4 qua
khi C-4 nhn c lung nhnh E4.
(3) Tch lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s (E3) t STM-1
Mi VC-4 c 3 TUG-3 c nh s th t t 1 3. Khung VC-4 c 261 ct, tr 3 ct u
tin thuc v VC-4 POH v 2 ct n c nh, cn li 258 (t ct 4 ct 261) dnh ghp 3
TUG-3.
Mi TUG-3 chim 86 ct sau y:
- TUG-3 #1 chim cc ct 4, 7, 10, ........, 259
- TUG-3 #2 chim cc ct 5, 8, 11, ........, 260
- TUG-3 #3 chim cc ct 6, 9, 12, ........, 261.
Mi TUG-3 ch c 1 TU-3. Mi TU-3 c gn 3 thng s l K, L, M, trong K l s
th t ca TUG-3, L v M lun lun bng 0. V tr cc ct trong khung VC-4 thuc TUG-3 (K, 0,
0) c xc nht theo biu thc (2.16).
C
K
= 4 + (K -1) +3 (x - 1), (2.16)
trong x = 1 86.
Th d TU-3 (1, 0, 0) chim cc ct 4, 7 ..., 259.
TU-3 (2, 0, 0) chim cc ct 5, 8,..., 260.
TU-3 (3, 0, 0) chim cc ct 6, 9,..., 261.
Tm tt trnh t x l con tr khi tch lung 34,368 Mbit/s:
Nhn c lung STM-1, my thu chuyn khung STM-1 thnh khung AUG. X l con
tr AU-4 to khung VC-4. ci t trc cho mi E3 gn vi mt TUG-3, v vy bit c
lung nhnh E3 y thuc TU-3 no. X l con tr TU-3 s tch ra cc byte ca VC-3 tng ng
ti cc ct nh trnh by trong biu thc (2.16). Cui cng cho tn hiu VC-3 qua khi C-3
chuyn thnh lung nhnh E3.
(4) Tch lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s (E1) t STM-1
Mun tch mt lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s # n (n = 1 63) t khung STM-1 th my thu
trc ht x l con tr AU-4 bit v tr ca khung VC-4 trong khung AUG. V mi lung
nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s thuc v mt TU-12 v mi TU-12 gn vi ba tham s l K, L,M; trong K
= 1 3 ch r lung nhnh cn tch thuc TUG-3 no, L = 1 7 ch th lung nhnh thuc TUG-
2 no, M = 1 3 ch th lung nhnh thuc TU-12 no.
Nhn c lung STM-1, my thu chuyn khung STM-1 thnh khung AUG. X l con
tr AU-4 tch khung VC-4. Bit c lung nhnh E1 thuc TU-12 no s tm c cc tham
s K, L, M. T tch cc byte thuc TUG-3 mong mun, tch tip cc byte TUG-2 theo yu
cu, tch cc byte thuc TU-12 nh trc. X l con tr TU-12 s nhn c lung E1.

2.4.5. Mo u on SOH v mo u tuyn POH
2.4.5.1. Mo u on
(1) Cu trc
70
Cc byte mo u on trong khung STM-1 p dng cho mng thng tin quang nh hnh
2.35.














(2) Chc nng cc byte
A1 = 11110110, A2 = 00101000: su byte ng b khung
J0: nh v khung STM-1 trong khung STM-N (N= 4, 16, 64). Nu khng s dng cho
chc nng ny th c th s dng nh tuyn on lp.
B1: gim st li on lp, k hiu l BIP-8.
B2: ba byte gim st li on ghp knh, k hiu l BIP-24.
E1: knh thoi nghip v kt ni trm lp vi trm ghp knh.
E2: knh thoi nghip v kt ni cc trm ghp knh.
F1: knh iu hnh mng.
K1 v K2: knh truyn tn hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng v thng bo li
D1 D3: cc knh truyn s liu kt ni trm lp vi trm qun l.
D4 D12: knh truyn s liu kt ni trm ghp knh vi trm qun l.
M1: truyn cnh bo trng thi ca ng.
S1: Chuyn ti mc cht lng Q ca ng h ti trm ghp knh tip theo.
Z1, Z2: cc byte d tr.
(3) Mt s khi nim
- Knh truyn s liu DCC
D1 D3 l DCC t trm lp n trm qun l, c tc bit l 192 kbit/s (64 kbit/s 3).
D4 D12 l DCC t trm ghp knh n trm qun l, c tc bit 576 kbit/s (64 kbit/s
9).
- Cc knh thoi nghip v
E1 v E2 s dng iu xung m PCM c tc bit 64 kbit/s.
- S1
AU-4 PTR
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 E2 M1 Z2

RSOH
MSOH

Cc byte s dng cho quc gia
Hnh 2.35- Cu trc ca SOH
71
Trong SDH c mt ng h ch quc gia c n nh cao nht, thng l ng h
nguyn t, khng ch ng h tt c cc trm trong ton mng. ng h ny c truyn xung
cc trm cp th hai v t ng h c truyn t cp cao hn xung cp thp hn lin k.
Qua mi cp, cht lng ng h gim i mt t. ITU-T quy nh mc cht lng cho ng h
tng cp. Bn bit cui ca S1 c s dng ch th mc cht lng Q ca ng h cc cp nh
bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2- Mc cht lng Q ca ng h
Q S1 ngha
0 0000 Khng tn ti
2 0010 G.811,ng h cp1(cp quc gia)
3 0100 G.812, ng h cp chuyn tip
4 1000 G.812, ng h cp ni ht
5 1011 ng h ni b thit b SDH
6 1111 Khng s dng cho SDH

Hnh 2.36 minh ho vic s dng S1 chuyn ti mc cht lng Q.
Trm (nt) A ni vo ng h cp 1 c Q =2 (theo khuyn ngh G.811 ca ITU-T). T nt
A ng h c truyn n nt B v gi km theo byte S1 = 0010 ch th ng h ly t ng
h cp 1. Ti nt B, ng h Q=2 tin hnh ng b lung s u ra cng hng v u vng
ngc hng. Theo quy nh ti bng 2.2, ng h u vng c Q = 6 cc nt khng s dng
ng h cht lng thp ny. T nt B ng h c chuyn n nt C v gi km theo S1= 0010
thng bo ngun gc ca ng h ly t ng h cp 1. Ti C, ng h Q=2 ng b nt ny,
ng thi a ra ngoi ng b ng h cp chuyn tip c Q= 3. ng h Q=3 ni vo hng
thun chuyn ti nt C, ng thi ni trc tip sang hng ngc ng b lung ra ca cc
nt theo hng ngc li .








- BIP- n (n = 8, 24)
BIP-n l t m c n bit s dng kim tra tng chn cc bit trong khung nhm pht hin
li trong khung . Th d tnh gi tr 8 bit ca BIP-8 nh hnh 2.37.
em tt c cc bit th nht ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 th nht (khung n)
cng li. Nu tng l s l th bit th nht (b1) ca byte B1 trong khung STM-1 tip theo (khung n
+1) bng 1. Nu tng l s chn th bit b1 ca byte B1 trong khung STM-1 # n+1 bng 0. Cng tt
c cc bit th hai ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 # n, nu tng l th bit b2 ca byte B1
trong khung STM-1 # n+1 bng 1, tng chn th bit b2 ca byte B1 trong khung STM-1 # n+1
Hnh 2.36- S dng byte S1 chuyn ti mc
cht lng Q ca ng h ng b mng SDH


G.811
Q = 2
G.812
Q = 3
Q = 3
Q = 3 Q = 3 Q = 2 Q = 2
A
Q = 3 Q = 6
u vng
Q = 6
u vng
B
C
D
Q = 2 Q = 2
Q = 6
Q = 6
72
bng 0. Tin hnh theo cch nh vy i vi cc bit tip theo. Cui cng, cng tt c cc bit th
tm ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 #1, nu tng l th b8 ca B1 trong khung STM-1 #
n+1 bng 1, nu tng chn th b8 = 0.
Qua mi trm lp, b cng tin hnh cng cc bit cng th t ca cc byte, k c byte B1
trong khung STM-1 # n+1, nu pht hin c tng l th m 1 li. y l li khi.
i vi BIP-24 th gp 3 byte trong khung STM-1 #1 thnh mt khi con v xem mi
khi con y l mt t m p dng cch tnh ton gi tr bit 1 n bit 24 ca BIP-24 trong khung
STM-1 # n+1 nh trn.












- K1 v K2
1
1
, 2
1
,...K
1
,...8
1 1
2
, 2
2
,...K
2
,...8
2

1
i
, 2
i
,...K
i
,...8
i
1
n
, 2
n
,...K
n
,...8
n
1, 2,...K,...8

Khung STM-1# n
Khung STM-1# n+1
Byte B1
=

n
i
K
1

chn....K = 0
l.........K = 1
Hnh 2.37- Nguyn tc tnh BIP-8
73
Chc nng ca byte K1 v K2 nh hnh 2.38.






















2.4.5.2. Mo u tuyn
(1) VC-3/ VC-4 POH
VC-3 hoc VC-4 u c 8 byte nh hnh 2.39.








- Byte J1:
J1 l byte u tin trong khung VC-3 hoc VC-4. V tr ca n trong khung c ch th
bi 10 bit gi tr con tr. Trong mng quc gia hoc trong phm vi ngi iu hnh th m nhn
dng im truy nhp lung mc cao ghp vo cc byte J1 l mt lot gm 4 tp hp, mi tp hp
gm 16 byte c cu trc nh bng 2.3.
J1 Nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn VC-3 hoc VC-4
B3 BIP-8
C2 Nhn tn hiu
G1 Ch th li u xa
F2 Knh iu hnh mng
H4 S th t khung VC-4 trong a khung
F3 Knh iu hnh mng
K3 Knh iu khin APS cc tuyn VC3/ VC-4
N1 Gim st im chuyn tip tuyn VC- 3 hoc VC-4
Hnh 2.39- Cu trc v chc nng VC-3/ VC-4 POH
R R R P ID ID ID ID
Nhn dng knh Mc yu cu
111- Chuyn mch cng bc
110- Mt tn hiu
101- Gim cht lng tn hiu
100- Chuyn mch nhn cng
011- i phc hi
010- Hon thnh chuyn mch
001- Yu cu tr li v tr ban u
000- Ri
Mc u tin
0- Thp
1- Cao
Yu cu chuyn mch
0- u vng
1- Chng
Nhn dng nt
K1
ID ID ID ID T
y
S S S
Trng thi
111- AIS ng
110- RDI ng
Mc yu cu
111- Chuyn mch cng bc
110- Mt tn hiu
101- Gim cht lng tn hiu
100- Chuyn mch nhn cng
011- i phc hi
010- Hon thnh chuyn mch
001- Yu cu tr li v tr ban u
000- Ri
Loi chuyn mch
0- 1+1
1- 1: N
Loi chuyn mch
0- u vng
1- Chng 1:1
K2
Trng thi
111- AIS ng
110- RDI ng
xxx- Gim cht lng ng bo v
yyy- Mt tn hiu ng bo v

Hnh 2.38- Cu trc v cc chc nng ca K1 v K2


APS cho h thng im ni im.

APS cho mng ring
74
Bng 2.3- M nhn dng im truy nhp
T.T. byte Gi tr cc bit 1 8
1 1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
2 0 X X X X X X X


16 0 X X X X X X X

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 l t m kim tra s d chu trnh CRC- 7 ca khung ng lin
trc. 0XXXXXXX l t m c k t theo khuyn ngh T50.
- BIP-8:
Cch tnh tm bit ca byte B3 trnh by trong phn tnh B1 ca SOH. Nhng cn ch
y l tnh cho khung VC-3 hoc VC-4.
- C2:
Byte C2 c s dng ch th thnh phn v cch sp xp ti trng trong khung VC-
3/VC-4 nh trong bng 2.4.
- G1
Byte G1 c s dng chuyn ti thng bo v trng thi v cht lng cui tuyn (u
vo trm u xa) ti trm gc. Chc nng cc bit ca G1 c quy nh nh sau:
Bit 1 n bit 4 ch th li u xa (REI) khi kim tra byte B3. Chn gi tr u ca 4 bit ch
th t khng c li (0000) n 8 li (1000). By gi tr cui ca 4 bit ch th u xa khng c li.
Cc bit b5, b6, b7 ch th u xa khng hon ho (RDI) nh AIS, mt tn hiu VC-3/ VC-4
(LOS), mt khung (LOF). Khi xy ra cc s c th ci t b5 b6 b7 = 101 v chuyn v trm
gc.
Bng 2.4- Cu trc ca C2
Cc bit
b1 b2 b3 b4
Cc bit
b5 b6 b7 b8
M
HEX
Din gii
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Khng trang b
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 C trang b
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 Cu trc TUG
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 TU c nh
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 Sp xp khng ng b E3 vo VC-3
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 Sp xp khng ng b E4 vo VC-4
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 Sp xp ATM
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 Sp xp ti trng MAN
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 Sp xp ti trng FDDI
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 F E Sp xp tn hiu o O.181
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F VC-AIS

75
(2) VC-12 POH
Mo u tuyn mc thp gm c V5, J2, N2 v K4.
- V5
y l byte ng u a khung VC-12. V tr ca n trong a khung TU-12 c ch th
trong 10 bit gi tr ca con tr TU-12. Chc nng ca V5 c m t ti hnh 2.40.







BIP-2
T m kim tra tng chn c s dng kim tra li khi ca a khung VC-12. Hai bit
ca BIP-2 c tnh nh sau:
em tt c cc bit l ca tt c cc byte trong a khung VC-12 # n cng li, nu tng chn
th bit b1 ca V5 trong a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 0, nu tng l th b1 ca V5 trong a khung
VC-12 # n+1 bng 1. Cng tt c cc bit chn ca tt c cc byte trong a khung VC-12 # n, nu
tng chn th bit b2 ca V5 trong a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 0, nu tng l th b2 ca V5 trong
a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 1.
REI
u cui xa ln lt kim tra tng ca cc bit, k c cc bit ca V5, trong a khung VC-
12 # n+1, nu pht hin c tng l th m mt li khi. Nu c li th ci t bit th ba ca V5
(REI) bng 1 v truyn ngc v trm gc.
RFI
Nu trm cui xa hng hc th ci t bit th t ca V5 bng 1 v truyn v trm gc.
RDI
Trong cc trng hp u xa nhn c AIS, mt con tr TU-12 hoc mt a khung VC-
12 th ci t bit th tm ca V5 bng 1 v truyn v trm gc.
b5, b6 v b7
y l nhn tn hiu, gii thch trng thi ca tn hiu VC-12 trong a khung VC-12 (bng
2.5).
BIP-2
3 2 1
REI RFI
4
Nhn tn hiu
5 6 7
RDI
4
BIP-2- Kim tra li tuyn VC-12
REI- Ch th li u xa
RFI- Ch th c s c ti u xa
RDI- Ch th u xa khng hon ho
Hnh 2.40- Cu trc VC-12 POH
76
Bng 2.5- Cu trc nhn tn hiu VC-12
b5 b6 b7 ngha
0 0 0 Khng trang b
0 0 1 C trang b
0 1 0 Sp xp khng ng b
0 1 1 Sp xp ng b bit
1 0 0 Sp xp ng b byte
1 0 1 D tr cho pht trin
1 1 0 Tn hiu o th O.181
1 1 1 VC-AIS
- J2
Byte J2 l m nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn VC-12 c cu trc nh byte J0 v J1
c gii thch trong cc phn trn.
- N2
Gim st im chuyn tip lung VC-12 v c cu trc nh bng 2.6.
Bng 2.6- Cu trc ca N2

b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8
BIP-2 "1" AIS n TC-REI OEI TC- APId, TC-RDI, ODI

BIP-2
T m kim tra tng chn ca lung VC-12 ni chuyn tip. Cch tnh gi tr 2 bit ca t
m ny trnh by trong phn BIP-2 ca V5. Ch khc l kim tra c thc hin ti im ni
chuyn tip lung VC-12. Thng bo li va hin th ngay ti trm c ni chuyn tip x l s
c, ng thi truyn cng hng v trm cui v li c ci t trong TC-REI.
Bit th ba c nh bng 1 ngn nga trng hp N2 l dy 8 bit 0.
Bit th su ch th li khi trong lung VC-12 u ra (OEI)
Bit 7 v 8 ci t m nhn dng ni chuyn tip (TC- APId), ci t thng bo cho trm
gc bit ti u xa lung ni chuyn tip VC-12 b mt hoc mt khung (TC-RDI), ci t ch th
c AIS trong lung ni chuyn tip (ODI).
- K4
Knh chuyn ti tn hiu iu khin chuyn mch bo v t ng lung VC-12.
(3) S truyn tn hiu cnh bo
Cc tn hiu cnh bo truyn trong mt h thng thng tin SDH theo hng thun v c
theo hng ngc. Hnh 2.41 tm tt hot ng cnh bo ca cc byte VC-n POH.
Trng hp th nht:
Khi mt trm hoc mt khi no ti u vo mt tn hiu thu (LOS), hoc mt khung
(LOF), hoc nhn c tn hiu cnh bo AIS th ci t AIS trong tn hiu ra truyn cng
hng cho trm hoc khi tip theo.
77
Trng hp th hai:
Trm u cui xa xy ra LOS, LOF hoc nhn c AIS th ci t cnh bo RDI truyn
ngc v cho trm gc.
Trng hp th ba:
Trm u cui ci t BIP-8 trong byte B1 kim tra li qua tng on lp, kt qu kim
tra cn chuyn n trm u cui xa.
Trng hp th t:
Cc khi u cui ng, lung mc cao (HOVC), lung mc thp (LOVC) ci t BIP-
24 trong 3 byte B2 hoc BIP-8 trong byte B3 kim tra li ca cc khi tng ng, nu pht
hin c li th ci t cnh bo REI truyn ngc v khi tng ng ti trm gc.























TM TT
Trong b ghp PCM-24 ca Bc M v PCM-30 ca chu u s dng k thut iu xung
m chuyn i tn hiu thoi analog thnh tn hiu s. C hai loi thit b ny u s dng nn-
dn s. Khung ca PCM-30 c 32 khe thi gian, trong 30 khe thi gian dnh ghp 30 knh
thoi, 2 khe thi gian cn li ghp bo hiu v tn hiu ng b khung. Mi a khung ca PCM-
30 c 16 khung nhm mc ch hnh thnh 16 khe thi gian TS
16
ghp tn hiu ng b a
khung v bo hiu ca 30 knh thoi.
LOVC HOVC LT REG LT HOVC LOVC

Trm u cui

LOS
LOF
LOS
LOF

LOF

LOF

AIS

AIS

AIS

AIS

RDI

RDI

RDI

BIP-8

BIP-8

BIP-24

REI

REI

REI

BIP-8

BIP-2
Hnh 2.41- Truyn tn hiu kim tra v cnh bo trong h thng SDH
Trm u u cui
Trm lp
Thu Pht

on lp on lp
on ghp
Tuyn mc cao
Tuyn mc thp
78
Trn th gii hin c 3 tiu chun tc bit PDH: chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn. Vit
Nam s dng thit b ghp knh theo tiu chun chu u. Trong ghp knh PDH s dng k thut
ghp xen bit. Chn bit nhm mc ch ng b tc bit cc lung nhnh trc khi ghp thnh
lung c tc bit cao hn.
B ghp SDH ghp xen byte cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u v Bc M to thnh
STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64 v STM-256. Con tr ng vai tr ng chnh lch tc
khung gia khung tn hiu n v khung ghp. Mt khc, nh c con tr m vic xen- r knh
trong SDH n gin hn nhiu so vi PDH. Cc byte mo u trong SDH rt phong ph v to
thun li cho vic hnh thnh cc knh gim st, iu khin, bo dng, v.v. mng thng tin SDH.

BI TP
1. Da vo cu trc khung v a khung ca PCM-30, xc nh tc bit ca cc tn hiu
sau y:
- ng b khung
- ng b a khung
- Cnh bo mt ng b khung
- Cnh bo mt ng b a khung
- Bo hiu.
2. Trong b ghp 2/8 ch s dng chn dng, bit cc lnh iu khin chn ca cc lung
nhnh tng ng l 111, 000, 111, 000, tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh trong khung c
chn dng.
3. Trong b ghp 8/34 s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn, bit cc lnh iu
khin chn ca cc lung nhnh tng ng trong hai khung lin tip l 111 111, 000 000, 111
000, 111 000, tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh trong khung.
4. Cho bit cc bit iu khin chn ca cc lung nhnh trong khung ca b ghp 34/140
ch s dng chn dng l 00000, 00000, 11111, 11111. Tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh
trong khung c chn dng.
5. Cho bit gi tr con tr AU-4 bng 67, vit cu trc 10 bit gi tr ca con tr.
6. 10 bit gi tr con tr AU-4 khi khng chn l 0100111000. Tm cu trc 10 bit gi tr
con tr trong cc trng hp sau y:
- Trong khung chn dng
- Trong khung chn m
- Trong khung lin sau khung chn dng
- Trong khung lin sau khung chn m.
7. Trong khung AUG khng chn, gi tr ca AU-4 PTR bng 123. Tm to (ct, hng)
byte J1 ca khung VC-4 trong khung AUG ny.
8. Gi tr ca con tr TU-3 th hai trong khung VC-4 bng 27, tm to byte J1 ca
khung VC-3 th hai.
9. Cho bit to byte J1 ca VC-3 th hai trong khung VC-4 l (66;3). Vit cu trc 10
bit gi tr con tr TU-3 th hai 2.
79
10. Gi tr con tr TU-12 trong a khung TU-12 bng 16. Vy byte V5 cch byte V2 ca
con tr TU-12 bao nhiu byte? Xc nh v tr ca V5 trong a khung TU-12.
11. Tm s li khi trong khung STM-1 di y theo phng php kim tra BIP-8








(Xem p s ti phn ph lc).
11100011 01010011 11100010
11110000 11001100 01010111
01001101 00010101 01100101
11110000 10011001 11111000
01100110 00111001 10011101
11101010
B1
STM-1 #1
STM-1 #2
80
CHNG III
CC GII PHP DUY TR MNG
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny cn ch nhng vn quan trng sau y.
- Cc phng thc bo v trong mng vin thng nh bo v 1+1, 1:N v bo v trong
mng vng quang. Trong mng vng 2 si n hng s dng bo v tuyn v bo v ng.
Trong mng vng 2 si hai hng v 4 si hai hng s dng bo v ng. Ring mng vng 4
si hai hng cn c bo v chng.
- Phng thc bo v ng s dng bo hiu trong byte K1 v K2 v do cc nt mng
cn mt thi gian x l hai byte ny nn tng thi gian phc hi chm hn so vi phng thc
bo v tuyn (khng s dng K1 v K2).

3.2. CC CU HNH THIT B
3.2.1. Gii thiu
Hin nay trn mng thng tin quang c hai loi thit b ghp: thit b ghp u cui
(TRM) v thit b ghp xen r (ADM). Th d, b ghp STM-1 cung cp cc giao din cho 63
lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s to thnh lung s 155,52 Mbit/s l mt loi cu hnh TRM. B
ghp u cui quang (OLTM) l mt th d khc ca TRM c chc nng ghp cc lung s tc
thp thnh lung s c tc cao v chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang truyn trn si
quang. Ph thuc vo c tnh ca thit b ca nh cung cp, TRM cng c th cung cp giao din
ng b, o th, bo dng v iu hnh. Mng ng b hin nay cn s dng cu hnh hai thit
b u cui lng i lng truyn tn hiu t si quang vo n si quang ra ti a im trung
gian nh ni cho in nhn cng. Thit b ni cho s khng s dng cu hnh hai u cui lng
u lng m s dng thit b chuyn mch t ng c gi l thit b ni cho s ng b v k
hiu l SDXC.
Mt loi thit b khc t ti a im trung gian c th ly ra mt s lung nhnh tc
thp t lung tng v ngc li a mt s lung nhnh nhp vo lung tng. y chnh l thit
b xen-r ADM. Chng hn ti mt trm trung gian c th tch mt s lung 2,048 Mbit/s t
lung tng STM-1 = 155,52 Mbit/s a vo tng i in t s. T tng i in t s, cc
lung 2,048 Mbit/s a vo b ghp SDH cng cc lung 2,048 Mbit/s khc hnh thnh lung
STM-1 tip tc truyn trn si quang ti ADM tip theo.
Trong h thng vi ba s, thit b ghp u cui tch ri thit b thu pht siu cao tn.
Nhng trong mng thng tin quang ng b th thit b ghp u cui hoc ADM hp nht vi
mun quang. Cu hnh u cui s dng trong mng im ni im. Cu hnh ADM s dng
trong mng a im v c trong mng vng.
Ngoi ra, nu c ly gia hai thit b ghp vt qu phm vi cho php, cn s dng cc
thit b lp. Sau y gii thiu chi tit cc cu hnh thit b nu trn.

3.2.2. Cc loi cu hnh thit b
3.2.2.1. Cu hnh u cui
Cu hnh tng qut thit b ghp u cui nh hnh 3.1.
81






Lung tng STM-N c hnh thnh t cc lung nhnh c tc bit nh nhau hoc khc
nhau. V hnh thc c th quan nim trong thit b ghp u cui, cc giao din lung nhnh c
b tr v mt pha v cc giao din lung tng b tr v mt pha khc. Trong mng thng tin
quang, pha cc lung nhnh c cc giao din in v c th c c giao din quang. Th d thit b
u cui quang STM-16 c lung nhnh STM-1 quang. ng nhin, trc khi ghp vi lung
nhnh in khc phi chuyn i lung nhnh quang STM-1 thnh STM-1 in. Hng ngc li,
phi chuyn STM-1 in thnh STM-1 quang, qua giao din lung nhnh STM-1 quang i ra
ngoi.
Hnh 3.2 l mt kiu cu hnh b ghp u cui khc.












Khi ghp trung gian ghp cc knh iu hnh, nghip v v ng b thnh mt lung
chung ri mi a vo giao din nhnh ghp vi cc lung nhnh SDH khc to thnh lung
tng. Khi E/O chuyn i lung tng thnh tn hiu quang. Hng thu chuyn i tn hiu
ngc li vi qu trnh chuyn i ca hng pht.
3.2.2.2. Cu hnh xen-r ADM
Cu hnh ADM tng qut c th hin ti hnh 3.3.








Cc lung nhnh
Lung tng
STM- N
Hnh 3.1- Cu hnh b ghp u cui
Hnh 3.2- Cu hnh b ghp u cui kt hp xen-r
Cc lung nhnh SDH
MUX
E/O
&
O/E
STM-N
Khi ghp trung gian

Giao din
iu hnh
Mun giao din
iu hnh v ng b
h
ng h
tham kho
Cc cnh bo
ni b
ADM
Cc lung nhnh
STM-N
(ng)
STM-N
(Ty)
Hnh 3.3- S khi tng qut cu hnh ADM
82
V mt khng gian, trong cu hnh ADM cc giao din lung tng c b tr v c pha
ng v pha Ty, cc giao din lung nhnh c b tr v mt pha khc.
Hng pht pha ng:
Cc lung nhnh c ghp thnh lung tng STM-N, chuyn i thnh tn hiu quang v
truyn qua si quang.
Hng thu pha ng:
Tn hiu quang STM-N c chuyn thnh tn hiu in, tch tn hiu STM-N in thnh
cc lung nhnh.
Mt th d minh ho hot ng ca cu hnh ADM trong thc t nh hnh 3.4.
y l h thng STM-16 gm 16 STM-1. Pha Ty, ADM tch STM-16 thnh 16 STM-1.
Mt lung STM-1 a vo khi MUX/DMUX bn trn tch thnh 63 lung E1. Khi
MUX/DMUX bn trn ghp 63 lung E1 thnh STM-1 v xen lung STM-1 ny vo lung STM-
16 pha Ty. Pha ng, ADM tch STM-16 thnh 16 STM-1. Mt lung STM-1 a ti khi
MUX/DMUX bn di tch thnh 63 lung E1. Cng chnh khi MUX/DMUX ny ghp 63
lung E1 thnh STM-1 v xen lung STM-1 ny vo lung STM-16 pha ng.












3.2.2.3.Cu hnh lp
Hnh 3.5 l s khi ca cu hnh lp REG.





Tn hiu STM-N i qua thit b lp s c khuch i cng sut b vo cng sut b
suy gim do on lp lin trc gy ra. C hai loi thit b lp: in v quang. Thit b lp in c
3 chc nng: chuyn i O/E v E/O, tch ng h t dy xung thu phc v cho chc nng th
ba l ti to xung. V vy thng gi thit b lp nh vy l thit b lp 3R. Nh ti to xung nn
loi tr c rung pha (Jitter) v tp m trong dy xung thu. Bn thn chc nng th ba bao gm
c khuch i xung. Tuy nhin, trong thit b lp in c cc mch nh thi gy tr xung v hn
ch tc bit truyn.

STM-N
(ng)
STM-N
(Ty)
Hnh 3.5- S khi cu hnh lp
REG
E/O
E/O MUX
DMUX
1
MUX
DMUX
STM-16
STM-16
MUX&
DMUX
STM-1
MUX&
DMUX
STM-1
O/E
O/E
16
16 16
16
1
1
1
STM-1
STM-16
STM-16

Cc lung STM-1
ni chuyn tip
STM-1
Cc lung 2,048 Mbit/s
xen-r ca hng ng
Cc lung 2,048 Mbit/s
xen-r ca hng Ty
(Ty) (ng)
Hnh 3.4. Xen-r cc lung nhnh E1 trong h thng STM-16
83
Thit b lp quang ch c chc nng khuch i tn hiu quang v khng c chc nng
hiu chnh dng xung. V vy nu tn hiu quang qua nhiu thit b lp quang tri di trn mt c
ly qu ln th tn hiu xung ti u ra my thu s b mo nghim trng. khc phc nhc im
ny, sau mt dy thit b lp quang xen vo mt thit b lp in.
3.2.2.4. Cu hnh ni cho s
Ni cho s l phng thc ni bn c nh cc lung s vi nhau. Chng hn, trong
thng tin PDH ni cc lung s 2,048 Mbit/s hoc 34,368 Mbit/s vi nhau trn gi phi dy.
Chuyn mch l ni tm thi lung s di s iu khin ca thu bao; trong khi ni cho s
ni bn c nh cc lung s di s iu khin ca nh khai thc mng. Khi cc dch v bng
rng pht trin s hp nht gia ni cho s v chuyn mch s. Chuyn sang giai on ghp
hng trm bc sng trn si quang s c th ng dng ni cho quang hon ton. Lc cc
nhc im ca ni cho s s c khc phc.
Ni cho cc lung cn ng b thng l nhn cng nn c mt s nhc im nh:
chm, d b sai st v tin cy thp. V vy ch s dng ni cho s PDH cho cc a im thuc
h thng thng tin quang SDH c dung lng ni cho t. i vi h thng thng tin quang SDH
c tc bit cao thng s dng ni cho s ng b (SDXC). Trong SDXC, ni cho c thc
hin ti cc mc VC-n nh hnh 3.6.












Nu dung lng ni cho s khng nhiu hn dung lng xen-r th ni cho s c kt
hp vi xen-r trong cng mt thit b ADM. Cn nu dung lng ni cho s ln hn nhiu
dung lng xen-r th s dng thit b ni cho s c lp SDXC-4 hoc SDXC- 4/1. SDXC-4 ch
ni cho mc VC-4. SDXC-4/1 ni cho t mc VC-12 n VC-4.
S khi thit b SDXC-4/1 nh hnh 3.7.
Chc nng chnh ca cc giao din quang:
Hng t giao din ti chuyn mch: chuyn i O/E, chuyn tn hiu STM-N in thnh
VC-4 hoc cc VC khc ph hp vi yu cu chuyn mch. Hng t chuyn mch n giao
din: chuyn i cc VC thnh STM-N in, chuyn i E/O.
Chc nng chnh ca cc giao din PDH:
Hng t giao din ti chuyn mch: chuyn i dy xung 3 mc thnh dy xung 2 mc,
sp xp thnh cc VC ph hp vi yu cu chuyn mch. Hng ngc li: chuyn cc VC thnh
Cng
STM-1
VC-4 VC-12 VC-12 C-12
Cng
2,048 Mbit/s
im ni cho
C-12 VC-12 VC-12 C-12
Cng
2,048 Mbit/s
im ni cho
Cng
2,048 Mbit/s
VC-4 VC- 3 VC-3 C-3
Cng
34,368 Mbit/s
im ni cho
Cng
STM-1
C-3 VC-3 VC-3 C-3
Cng
34,368 Mbit/s
im ni cho
Cng
34,368 Mbit/s
Hnh 3.6 - Cc mc ni cho s ng b
84
dy xung 3 mc ph hp vi ng truyn. Thit b SDXC 4/1 c th ni cho ti thiu 32 cp
cng STM-1 v ni cho ti a c 256 cp cng STM-1.












3.2.2.5. Cu hnh thit b STM-N mc cao
(1) STM-4
STM-4 c to thnh bng cch ghp xen byte t 4 STM-1 nh hnh 3.8.








(2) STM-16
Cu hnh ca thit b STM-16 ghp xen byte t 16 STM-1 nh hnh 3.9.












B chuyn mch
32 32

hoc
128 128

hoc
256 256

STM-1
GD
STM-1e
GD
STM-1o
GD
STM- 4
GD
STM- 16
GD
2,048 Mbit/s
GD
34,368 Mbit/s
GD
139,264 Mbit/s
iu khin
chuyn mch
Hnh 3.7- S khi thit b SDXC 4/1


MUX
1/4
STM-1 #1
STM-1 #2
STM-1 #3
STM-1 #4
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
.......a
n
b
1
b
2
b
3
b
4
.......b
n
c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
.......c
n
d
1
d
2
d
3
d
4
.......d
n
a
1
b
1
c
1
d
1
.......a
n
b
n
c
n
d
n
......
STM-4
a
n
, b
n,
c
n,
d
n
- k hiu cc byte ca cc STM-1

Hnh 3.8- Cu hnh thit b STM-4




MUX
1/16
STM-1 #1
STM-1 #2
STM-1 #3
STM-1 #4
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
.......1
n
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
.......2
n
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
.......3
n
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
.......4
n
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
....16
1
....1
n
2
n
3
n
...16
n
....
STM-16
1
n
, 2
n,
...

16
n
- k hiu cc byte ca STM-1# n

Hnh 3.9- Cu hnh thit b STM-16
16
1
16
2
16
3
16
4
..16
n
STM-1 #16
85
Cu hnh ca thit b STM-16 ghp xen nhm 4 byte t 4 STM-4 nh hnh 3.10.









3.3.CU HNH MNG
3.3.1. Cu hnh im ni im
Cu hnh im ni im nh hnh 3.11.





Cu hnh im ni im bao gm hai thit b ghp u cui (TRM) c kt ni trc tip
hoc qua cc thit b lp hay cn gi l ti sinh (REG) bng mt cp si quang. V dc theo h
thng khng c cc nt trung gian, ch c hai nt u cui nn dung lng tng thp. Hn na,
khi cp b t th thng tin b gin on.

3.3.2. Cu hnh a im
Trong cu hnh ny, ngoi hai nt u cui cn c cc nt ADM nh hnh 3.12.






Cu hnh a im thch hp cho cc h thng ko di qua cc im dn c tp trung, ti
mt thu bao cao. Cu hnh ny khng nhng c s dng trn mng quc gia, m c trn
mng quc t. Tu theo tc bit ca ng truyn thp hay cao m c ly on lp hoc on
ghp ngn hay di. Nu tc bit cao nht l STM-16 v s dng cp si quang n mode th c
ly on c th t ti 100 km. Nu c ly on ghp vt qu di cho php c tnh ton khi
thit k h thng th phi s dng thit b lp. Tuy nhin, khi cp b t hoc hng nt th thng
tin lin lc gia cc nt s b chia ct thnh tng vng v thng tin ton tuyn s b gin on.
Mun duy tr mng phi c mt h thng khc d phng c lp vi h thng hot ng.



MUX
4/16
STM-4 #1
STM-4 #2
STM-4 #3
STM-4 #4
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
.......
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
.......
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
.......
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
.......
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
.......1
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
......
STM-16
n
1
, n
2,
n
3,
n
4
(n = 1, 2, 3, 4)- k hiu cc byte ca cc STM-4

Hnh 3.10- Cu hnh thit b STM-16 ghp 4 STM-4

TRM

TRM
REG
Hnh 3.11- Cu hnh mng im ni im
Cc
lung
nhnh
Cc
lung
nhnh
STM-N STM-N
Hnh 3.12- Cu hnh mng a im

TRM
REG
Cc
lung
nhnh
STM-N

TRM
Cc
lung
nhnh
STM-N
A
D
M
Cc lung nhnh
STM-N
86
3.3.3. Cu hnh r nhnh
Cu hnh r nhnh cng l cu hnh a im. Ch khc cu hnh a im ch c thm t
nht mt nt r nhnh nh hnh 3.13. Ti im r nhnh, tn hiu STM-(m< N) c kt ni sang
mt hng khc to thnh mt nhnh ca h thng chnh.







3.3.4. Cu hnh vng
Cu hnh vng (ring) bao gm ti thiu ba nt ADM kt ni vi nhau bi mt cp si
quang to thnh mt vng kn nh hnh 3.14. V vy cu hnh ny cn gi l cu hnh kn phn
bit vi cu hnh h trnh by trn y.











Cu hnh vng bao gm ti a 16 ADM kt ni vi nhau qua 2 si hoc 4 si quang. Cu
hnh vng c kh nng duy tr mng (hay cn gi l t phc hi) khi t cp ti mt im bt k
hoc hng mt ADM bt k bng cch to ng vu hi. S d mi mng vng ch c ti a 16
nt l v trong byte K1 hoc K2 c 4 bit nhn dng nt, tc l mi nt c gn vi mt a ch 4
bit v tt c ch c 16 a ch (2
4
= 16). L do th hai hn ch mi mng vng c ti a 16 nt l
nu vt qu 16 nt th tng thi gian x l byte K1 v K2 khi mng c s c s tng ln v thi
gian hi phc mng vt gi tr cho php. Vn t phc hi ca mng vng s c gii thch
k trong phn chuyn mch bo v t ng.

3.3.5. Cu hnh a vng
C th kt ni nhiu vng vi nhau qua cc ADM hoc qua nt ni cho s to thnh
mng a vng (hnh 3.15). Cu hnh ny c s dng nhiu trong thc t, bi v p ng c
nhu cu pht trin cc dch v vin thng trn mt vng a l rng ln khng ch bao gm mt
quc gia m nhiu quc gia.
Hnh 3.13- Cu hnh mng r nhnh

TRM
REG
Cc
lung
nhnh
STM-N

TRM
Cc
lung
nhnh
STM-N
R
NHNH
STM-N
TRM
STM-m<N
Ring STM-N
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
B
C
D
E
Hnh 3.14- Cu hnh vng (ring)
87









Kt ni hai ADM ca hai vng khc nhau vi nhau c thc hin qua cc lung nhnh
PDH i vi cc vng c dung lng thp v trung bnh. Nu cc vng c dung lng cao, chng
hn ghp theo bc sng, c th kt ni qua lung nhnh STM-1e. Mng a vng c kh nng t
phc hi trong trng hp trn mi vng cp b t ti mt im bt k hoc hng mt nt, tr
nt kt ni hai vng.

3.4. KH I NIM DUY TR MNG
3.4.1. Khi nim
Duy tr mng l p dng cc bin php k thut m bo cho mng hot ng thng
sut 24/24 m vn gi vng c cc ch tiu cht lng ca tn hiu v cc dch v.

3.4.2. Cc bin php
(1) thng sut
m bo truyn dn thng sut trong mi iu kin, trong mi thi gian, k c trong
gi cao im phi p dng cc bin php sau y:
- Phi cung cp s lng knh truyn dn khng gy tc nghn vt qu ch tiu cho
php.
- S dng bo v ng i vi mng ng thng bng cch thit lp ng bo v
ring.
- S dng bo v ng, bo v tuyn cho mng vng hai si n hng.
- S dng bo v ng cho mng vng hai si, hai hng.
- S dng bo v ng, bo v chng cho mng vng 4 si, hai hng.
- Bo dng, kim tra nh k v t xut
Bo dng v kim tra nh k nhm phng nga hng hc. Bo dng v kim tra t
xut khc phc hng hc t xut.
(2) m bo cc ch tiu cht lng
- Ch tiu cht lng v thi gian chuyn mch bo v.
- Ch tiu cht lng v thi gian khc phc s c.
- Ch tiu cht lng v li bit (BER).
- Ch tiu cht lng v rung pha, tri v trt.
- Ch tiu cht lng v suy hao, xuyn m, tp m v nhiu.

Ring STM-1

Ring STM-4
Ring STM-1
Ring STM-4
Ni qua 2 ADM Ni qua SDXC
Hnh 3. 15- Cu hnh a vng
A
D
C
B
C
A
X
B
C
B
A
88
Cc ch tiu cht lng do ngnh hoc ITU-U quy nh.
3.5. CC C CH BO V
3.5.1. Bo v 1+1
M hnh bo v 1+1 nh hnh 3.16.
Trong , tn hiu c truyn lin tc trn c h thng hot ng v h thng bo v. B
chn ti my thu kim tra cht lng tn hiu thu c ca c hai h thng bng cch o BER v
la chn tn hiu ca ng truyn no c cht lng cao hn.









3.5.2. Bo v 1:1
C ch bo v 1:1 l trng hp ring ca bo v 1:N khi N=1. Bo v 1:1 c c im l
trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu ch truyn trn h thng hot ng. Nu h thng hot ng b
t si quang th chuyn mch hot ng chuyn tn hiu sang h thng bo v. Kiu bo v
ny c th tr li hoc khng tr li v l loi bo v phc hi hon ton cc dch v trn h thng
c si b t.

3.5.3. Bo v 1:N
M hnh c ch bo v 1:N c th hin ti hnh 3.17.
Trong c ch bo v 1:N, cc h thng hot ng v h thng bo v t trong cng mt
ng vt l. S gm c cc mun chuyn mch bo v c cu trc ging nhau c lp t
ti pha pht v c pha thu, bus 1:N v b iu khin chuyn mch bo v (PSC). Cc mun
chuyn mch bo v c t trong gi thit b ghp gim bt chiu di cp ng trc kt ni
gia chng.
trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu c truyn trn cc h thng hot ng. Pha thu gim
st tn hiu da vo mu khung, m ng, BER. Nu BER hoc chch khung (OOF) trong h
thng hot ng vt ngng cho php, hoc mt tn hiu thu (LOS) trn h thng hot ng th
nt u v nt cui trao i thng tin iu khin cng chuyn mch a tn hiu trn h thng
hot ng km cht lng hoc c s c sang h thng bo v. Trong trng hp c nhiu h
thng hot ng c s c th ch h thng c u tin cao nht c s dng h thng bo v. Sau
khi sa cha hng hc trong h thng hot ng th tn hiu trn h thng bo v c chuyn tr
li cho h thng hot ng ny.
Mng ng thng bo v 1:N ch c hiu qu khi mt tn hiu trn h thng hot ng
hoc ch t si trn h thng hot ng. Khi cp b t th ton b mng ngng hot ng. Trong
MUX
MUX
E/O
E/O
O/E DMUX
O/E DMUX
H thng bo v (P)
H thng hot ng (W)
H thng hot ng (W)
H thng bo v (P)
B
chn
Hnh 3.16- M hnh bo v 1 + 1
Pha pht Pha thu
89
mng ng thng chuyn mch bo v 1:N, mun chuyn mch ti nt u v nt cui v c
cu chuyn mch hot ng theo giao thc APS khi s dng byte K1 v byte K2.























Sau y m t giao thc hot ng ca K1 v K2 gia hai nt khi t si trn h thng
hot ng th nht.
Bc 1:
Si ca h thng hot ng th nht b t, nt cui ca knh hot ng nhn c yu
cu chuyn mch nn ng chuyn mch u ra nt cui ca n (1a) v chuyn mch u vo nt
cui ca h thng bo v (1b). Nt cui ca h thng hot ng th nht ci t yu cu chuyn
mch trong byte K1, thng qua 2 chuyn mch ng v bus 1:N gi ti nt cui ca h thng
bo v.
Bc 2:
Nt cui h thng bo v ghp byte K1, gi byte ny n nt u thng qua h thng bo
v.
Bc 3:
Nt u h thng bo v kim tra v nh gi byte K1. Khi bit c yu cu ca h
thng hot ng th nht, nt cui ca h thng bo v bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht
(thng qua ng cc chuyn mch 3a v 3b).

K1K2
5b
3a
7b
3b
4
1b
2
K1
K2
t si
Hnh 3.17- Hot ng ca giao thc APS trong bo v 1:N
Mun chuyn mch
PSC - B iu khin chuyn mch
Kt ni iu khin chuyn mch
Ch th bc n ca giao thc
Nt u
Nt cui

PSC
MUX E/O O/E DMUX
MUX E/O
PSC
O/E DMUX


E/O MUX
O/E DMUX
MUX E/O
O/E DMUX



E/O MUX
O/E DMUX
MUX E/O
O/E DMUX



E/O MUX
O/E DMUX
O/E DMUX
E/O MUX




H thng
hot ng 1
H thng
hot ng 2
H thng
hot ng N
Knh
bo v
Mun chuyn mch
1
2
N
n
6

1a
5a
7a
90
Bc 4:
Nt u h thng bo v ci t yu cu chuyn mch trong byte K1 v s th t knh
(lung nhnh) hot ng trong byte K2, sau gi ngc tr li c hai byte ny cho nt cui ca
n a ra yu cu s dng h thng bo v.
Bc 5:
Nt cui h thng bo v x l byte K1 v byte K2 v thit lp cu ti h thng hot ng
th nht (5a v 5b ng). Hot ng ny ch mi hon thnh chuyn mch mt hng t tri qua
phi.
Bc 6:
Khi nt cui h thng bo v bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht n ci t s th
t ca knh hot ng ang s dng h thng bo v trong byte K2 v sau gi byte K2 qua h
thng bo v ti nt u ca n.
Bc 7:
Ti nt u h thng bo v, khi s th t knh trong byte K2 thu c ph hp vi s th
t knh yu cu chuyn mch th knh c la chn cho chuyn mch v nt u thc hin
bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht (7a v 7b ng). V vy hon thnh chuyn mch hai
hng.
Ch rng, cc byte K1 v K2 thng c truyn trn h thng bo v. Thi gian phc
hi bao gm thi gian x l cc byte K1 v K2 v thi gian chuyn mch ca phn t chuyn
mch. Tiu chun thi gian phc hi nh hn hoc bng 50 ms.
Khi xy ra s c trn h thng hot ng, thi gian phc hi mng T
ph
tnh theo biu thc
sau y:
T
ph
(s) = T
c
+ T
xl
3 + T
cm
(3.1 )
Trong T
xl
l thi gian x l byte K1 hoc byte K2 ti mi nt. Gi thit rng mi nt
nhn dng byte K1 hoc K2 trong 3 khung lin tip v chim thi gian mt khung l 125 s x
l byte K1 hoc byte K2 . V vy thi gian x l v nhn dng byte K1 hoc K2 trc khi
chuyn mch l:
T
xl
= 125s 3 5 = 1,875 ms (3.2)
Thi gian ci t byte K1 hoc K2 gi thit bng thi gian mt khung 125 s. Do thi
gian ci t ton b l:
T
c
= 125s 4 = 600 s (3.3)
T
cm
l thi gian chuyn mch ca tt c cc phn t chuyn mch tham gia vo qu trnh
hot ng chuyn mch bo v. Trong hnh 3.17 c 4 cp phn t chuyn mch tham gia vo qu
trnh hot ng chuyn mch. T
cm
tr thnh mt yu t quyt nh khi xc nh ch tiu ca APS.
Tuy nhin trong thc t tng thi gian t lc xy ra s c cho n khi hon thnh chuyn mch
bo v thng nh hn ch tiu 50 ms.

3.5.4. Cc c im ca chuyn mch bo v
3.5.4.1.Chuyn mch bo v c tr v v khng tr v
C ch chuyn mch bo v tr v c c im l khi khc phc xong s c trn h thng
hot ng th tn hiu c chuyn tr li cho h thng y. Th d nh trng hp bo v 1:N
91
phn tch trn y. Cn loi khng tr v th tn hiu vn tip tc truyn trn h thng bo v ngay
c khi s c trn h thng hot ng c khc phc.
3.5.4.2. Bo v tuyn, bo v ng v bo v chng
hiu r cc loi bo v ny, cn xem xt quy nh v tuyn, ng v chng trong mt
mng thng tin c th hin ti hnh 3.18.














Ngoi cc quy nh trn y v on, ng v tuyn cn c mt quy nh v chng
(Span). Khi nim chng khng trng vi khi nim ng. Bi v ng c tnh t nt hnh
thnh tn hiu STM-N n nt kt cui tn hiu STM-N ny v c th i qua nhiu nt. Cn chng
c hnh thnh gia hai nt k tip nhau (tr nt lp) v gm cc tuyn truyn dn ngc hng
nhau.
T hnh 3.16 rt ra cc khi nim sau y:
- Bo v tuyn l bo v tn hiu VC-n truyn t nt truy nhp n nt kt cui VC-n y
trong cu hnh mng h v mng vng. Bo v tuyn s dng phng php la chn tuyn.
- Bo v ng l bo v tn hiu STM-N t im truy nhp n im kt cui tn hiu y.
Bo v ng s dng u vng tn hiu STM-N. Bo v chng s dng u cho tn hiu STM-
N .

3.6. BO V TRONG MNG VNG
3.6.1. u im ca vic s dng mng vng t phc hi
(1) V phng din chuyn mch bo v t ng
Chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) l k thut phc hi c s dng cho mng thng
tin quang. Cu trc gim st khi s dng APS l cu trc gim st thng thng.
APS nh tuyn li tn hiu t h thng hot ng sang h thng bo v khi h thng hot
ng c s c. APS nhm hai mc tiu c bn: cung cp phng php truyn ti dch v ca h
thng tm ngng hot ng khi lp t thit b mi hoc bo dng h thng v cung cp kh
nng phc hi h thng trong trng hp c s c khng mong mun, chng hn nh t cp hay
TM REG
ADM
hoc
DXC
TM REG
TM
ng (Line) ng (Line)
Tuyn (Path)
on (Section)
on (Section) on (Section)
on (Section)
Tuyn (Path)
Hnh 3.18- Quy nh on, ng v tuyn trong mng truyn dn SDH
92
hng nt. APS l k thut phc hi h thng n gin nht v nhanh nht. C cu APS 1:N c th
phc hi mng im ni im khi h thng hot ng c s c v khng c tc dng khi t cp
trong mng ny, bi v si bo v v si hot ng cng t chung trong mt cp. C cu bo v
1:N tr v (1:N/DP) c th phc hi mt phn dch v ca si b t. C cu bo v 1:1/DP hoc
1+1/DP c th phc hi y cc dch v ca si b t, v n lin quan n bo v hon ton.
Cc c cu APS 1+1, 1:1 s dng cho cc mng ng thng v c mng vng. V vy cn phn
bit APS vi k thut chuyn mch thng thng hoc chuyn mch bo v thng minh. Di
y trnh by chi tit v bo v i vi mng vng.
(2) V phng din kinh t
Mng vin thng hin nay ca nhiu nc, trong c Vit Nam ang s dng cng ngh
si quang v s dng chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) bo v mng khi cp b t hoc
hng nt. Nh chng ta bit, mng vng tp hp cc nt to thnh mt vng kn, trong mi
cp nt c kt ni vi nhau qua 2 hoc 4 si quang. Mng vng t phc hi l mng vng cung
cp rng bng tn v thit b mng d phng c th phc hi mng khi mng c s c. Thit
b ghp knh s dng trong mng vng l ADM c chc nng tch v ghp cc knh ti ch v
ni thng cc knh chuyn tip. Hnh 3.19 a ra mt th d mng hub c mt nt chnh v 3 nt
trung tm (CO) chu s chi phi ca nt chnh (hub).















Kt ni gia cc CO v hub c thc hin qua si quang im ni im. Cc b ghp
u cui trong mng hub c th pht trin thnh cc ADM ch khi cc ADM ny hot ng ti tc
bit cao. Bi v chng dng chung cho c thit b quang v thit b ghp knh s.
T hnh 3.19 thy rng trong mng hub s dng c cu bo v 1:1/DP. C cu ny cn ti
12 thit b u cui quang, s dng 6 si quang. Trong khi mng vng ch cn 2 si quang.
Theo cc nh cung cp thit b cho bit gi thnh ca mt thit b u cui quang bng 80% gi
thnh mt ADM khi tc bit ng truyn ca hai mng nh nhau. Nh vy l mng vng tit
kim c 58% tng kinh ph v thit b. Nu s dng cp cng loi th mng vng tit kim c
2/3 tng kinh ph v cp. V phng din bo v, mng hub s b mt thng tin gia cc nt khi
cp b t ti mt im bt k. Tm li mng vng u vit hn mng hub.













HUB
A
B
C
W
W
P
W
P
Thit b u cui quang, ADM, W- Hot ng, P- Bo v

Hnh 3.19- Mng hub pht trin thnh mng vng
W



B
C
D
A
P
P
W
P
W
P

ADM
Pht trin


ADM

ADM

ADM
P
P
W
P
P
P
P
W
CO
CO
CO
93
Cc trng hp bo v mng vng c tm tt trong hnh 3.20.
Trong mng vng hai si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn s dng phng php la
chn tuyn. Trong mng vng hai si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng s dng k thut
u vng. Trong mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng s dng k thut u
vng. Trong mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng s dng phng php u
vng v phng php bo v chng bng cch u cho tn hiu t 2 si quang hot ng sang 2
si quang bo v.
Mng vng hai si hai hng khng c chuyn mch bo v tuyn.














3.6.2. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn
S mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn (2F USHR/P) nh hnh
3.21. 2F USHR/P l mt c cu mng vng trng thi bnh thng, nhng khi t cp ti mt
im no s hot ng theo kiu mng ng thng. Ngha l trong trng thi t cp th si
hot ng v si bo v u i chung trong mt cp.
Hnh 3.21a l hot ng ca mng vng hai si n hng vi gi thit l nt A v nt C
ang lin lc vi nhau. trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu truyn ng thi trn c si hot ng
(W) v si bo v (P). Tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu ca mt nt ADM truyn trn hai si khc
nhau v cng hng vi nhau, trong hnh l cng hng kim ng h. Ti pha thu c chuyn
mch bo v v chuyn mch tip xc vi si hot ng W.
Hnh 3.21b m t trng thi cp b t trn on BC. Khi cp t, ti u vo nt C mt
tn hiu, tc l c cnh bo LOS. Ngay sau , chuyn mch ti C hot ng v chuyn sang tip
xc vi si P bn tri. Chuyn mch trang b cho tt c cc tn hiu lp tuyn nn gi l chuyn
mch bo v tuyn.





Bo v mng vng
USHR
BSHR
2F USHR/P
2F USHR/L 4F BSHR/L 2F BSHR/L
Bo v tuyn Bo v ng Bo v ng Bo v ng

2F USHR/P - Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn
2F USHR/L - Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng
2F BSHR/L - Mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng
4F BSHR/L - Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng
Hnh 3.20- Cc trng hp bo v mng vng
94













2F USHR hot ng chuyn mch trong cc trng hp sau y:
(1) Pht hin LOS hoc AIS ng kch hot ci t AIS tuyn trong tt c cc tuyn ca
lung xung.
(2) Pht hin AIS tuyn trn mt hoc hai lung nhnh s khi ng chuyn mch bo v
ca cc lung khc.
Ch rng trong c ch iu khin ny, chuyn mch bo v c th tr v hoc khng tr
v.
Hnh 3.22 l th d minh ho hot ng ca 2F USHR/P khi cp b t. cho n
gin, gi thit dung lng ca mng vng bng 622,08 Mbit/s v c bn ADM xen- r tn hiu
VC-4.
Mi ADM lin lc vi tt cc ADM khc qua knh STM-1. Ch s trong hnh 3.22 ch r
kt ni gia cc ADM. Th d 2-1 c ngha l ADM #2 lin lc vi ADM#1. Gi thit nh vy
nhm lm n gin vic m t hot ng ca mng vng, khng gy nh hng g n s
chuyn mch bo v.

A
C
B
D
P
P P
P W
W W
W

A
C
B
D
P
P P
P W
W W
W

t cp
a)
b)
Hnh 3.21- Chuyn mch bo v trong 2F USHR/P
95




















trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu STM-4 truyn trn cc vng theo hng kim ng h v
c hng ngc chiu kim ng h. Khi 2 si gia nt 1 v nt 4 b t, my thu ti nt 1 pht
hin LOS v a ra cnh bo . V c ch iu khin gn vo c hai hng nn trong tho lun
sau y ca vng ngc hng kim ng h cng p dng cho vng cng hng kim h. Sau khi
nt 1 xc nhn LOS hoc pht hin AIS ng, n xen AIS tuyn vo tt c cc VC-4. Ti giao
din STM-1 ca nt 1 trng thi ca tn hiu nhnh c kim tra. Vic pht hin AIS tuyn thuc
mt trong 2 tn hiu nhnh STM-1 kch hot chuyn mch bo v lung nhnh v cho php b
chn la chn tn hiu nhnh tin cy hn. V nt 1 gn im t cp nn tt c cc giao din
STM-1 ca nt 1 thc hin chuyn mch bo v. u ra nt 1 trn vng ngc chiu kim ng h
c AIS tuyn trong tt c cc VC-4 ca n, tr cc VC-4 c b sung ti nt ny.
Ti nt 2, b ghp tc bit cao khng pht hin c bt k cnh bo no, v khung
SDH khng bao gi b gin on. Sau khi r knh, cc giao din STM-1 2a v 2b ca nt 2 pht
hin AIS tuyn v thc hin chuyn mch bo v. Giao din 2c tng ng vi kt ni gia nt 1
v nt 2 khng b nh hng ca t cp nn khng yu cu chuyn mch bo v. i vi cc
knh ni chuyn tip qua nt 2, ch c knh 4-3 (kt ni gia nt 4 v nt 3) mang AIS tuyn. Cc
knh 1-3 v 1-4 bt ngun t nt 1 nn u truyn ti s liu tin cy.
p dng thut ton nh trn cho nt 3 thy rng ch c knh 4-3 yu cu chuyn mch bo
v. Hn na, ba knh ni chuyn tip (2-1, 1-4, 2-4) u mang tn hiu tin cy. i vi nt 4,
khng c mt giao din STM-1 no yu cu chuyn mch bo v. Cc ADM trn vng cng chiu
kim ng h hot ng hon ton ging nh cc ADM trn vng ngc chiu kim ng h. V 2F
USHR/P l mt dng ca chuyn mch knh v kch hot chuyn mch khi c AIS tuyn nn
2-1 1-4 2-4
1-2 4-1 4-2
2-3 1-3 4-3
3-4

3-1
2-1
3-2
2-4
1-3

1-2
2-3
ADM#4
1-4 4-1
3-4

3-1
1-4
4-3
1-3
1-2
4-2
3-2
ADM#2
2-1 3-1 4-1
4-2 3-2 4-3
2-4 2-3 3-4
ADM#1
ADM#3
t cp
Ch thch
AIS tuyn
Chuyn mch bo v
Ni chuyn tip
Hnh 3.22- Mt th d v hot ng ca 2F USHR/P
2a
2b
2c
Ring STM-4
96
khng yu cu giao thc APS (c ngha khng cn hot ng ca K1 v K2). Kt qu l cu trc
2F USHR/P c lp hon ton vi qu trnh pht trin v tiu chun ho giao thc APS.

3.6.3. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng
S hot ng ca mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng 2F USHR/L
nh hnh 3.23.











Xt mt mng vng c 6 ADM, k hiu t 1 n 6 v gi thit ADM#1 v ADM#4 ang
lin lc vi nhau.
trng thi bnh thng (hnh 3.23a), tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu ca mi ADM c
truyn trn hai si hot ng (W) cng hng vi nhau (trong hnh v l theo hng kim ng
h). Tuy nhin, trn mi si W, tn hiu pht ca trm ny v tn hiu thu ca trm khc cng
truyn ng thi. Do dung lng ca mi ADM s b hn ch.
Khi cp b t ti mt im bt k, th d trn on gia ADM #2 v ADM #3, th hai
ADM gn im b t (ADM#2 v ADM#3) tin hnh chuyn mch u vng tn hiu ng
trn si W b t sang si bo v (P) duy tr lin lc gia cc ADM (hnh 3.23b).
S u vng ti hai nt khi si b t nn phi p dng k thut chuyn mch bo v t
ng (APS) c s tham gia ca byte K1 v byte K2. Hot ng u vng tn hiu ng da vo
thng tin cha trong K1 v K2 chnh l phng thc chuyn mch bo v ng.
3.6.4. Mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng
S mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng (2F BSHR/L) nh hnh
3.24.
Cu trc BSHR c thc hin khi s dng 2 si quang. Tn hiu pht v thu ca mt
ADM truyn trn 2 si v ngc hng nhau. Trong mi si, mt na tng s knh c s dng
cho hot ng v na cn li dnh cho bo v. Hnh 3.24 p dng cho mng vng STM-16 (c 16
STM-1). Trn hnh 3.24a ghi r i vi si W1 v c si W2 c cc STM-1#1 n STM-1#8 dnh
cho hot ng, STM-1#9 n STM-1#16 s dng cho bo v.
Hnh 3.24b l trng hp cp b t, th d cp t trn on gia ADM#2 v ADM#3.
Lc , hai ADM gn im b t (ADM#2 v ADM#3) tin hnh u vng ni STM-1#1
trn si W1 sang STM-1#9 trn si W2, v.v., ni STM-1#8 trn si W1 sang STM-1#16 trn si
W2.




4
5 3
6 2
1
W
P
Hnh 3.23- Chuyn mch bo v trong 2F USHR/L
a)
P
W




u vng
t cp
u vng
3
2
1
6
5
4
b)
W
P
W P
W
P
W
P
W
P
P W
P W
W
P
97














u vng c thc hin ti hai ADM, v vy phi c thng bo gia hai nt ny v phi
hp chuyn mch ng thi. Mun vy cc thng bo v tn hiu iu khin c truyn ti
trong cc byte K1 v K2.
Cu trc 2F BSHR/L s dng truyn ti tn hiu STM-N, trong N l s chn, in
hnh l STM-4 v STM-16. Tuy nhin y khng phi l iu kin bt buc. Nu N l s l s c
hai kh nng thc hin. Hai kh nng tri ngc nhau v bo v v s dng. Nu tc bit s
dng (hot ng) nh hn hoc bng 50% tc bit ca c h thng th p dng k thut u
vng nh phn tch trn y. Cn nu lu lng s dng ln hn 50% lu lng ca h thng
th khe thi gian s dng cui cng c b tr truyn ti dch v u tin thp. Tt nhin khi
mng c s c th tn hiu dch v u tin thp ny s b mt.

3.6.5. Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng
S mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng (4F BSHR/L) nh hnh
3.25.
Hnh 3.25a l mng vng 4 si chuyn mch bo v ng trng thi bnh thng.
Mng c cu trc t 4 si quang, trong 2 si hot ng v 2 si bo v. Tn hiu STM-N
truyn trn hai si hot ng ngc hng vi nhau. V c hai si bo v nn trng thi bnh
thng trn 2 si hot ng s dng 100% tng s knh ca h thng.
Hnh 3.25b th hin trng thi ca mng khi t cp trn on BC. Nguyn tc chung l
hai nt gn im b t chuyn mch chuyn cc lung nhnh t 2 si hot ng b t sang 2
si bo v khng b t. Trong hnh v, nt B v nt C tin hnh chuyn mch u vng to
thnh ng truyn lin tc gia ADM#A v ADM#D.





Hnh 3.24- Chuyn mch bo v trong 2F BSHR/L
1 8 9 16
1 8 9 16
W1
W2


t cp
u vng
3
2
1
6
5
4
b)
W2


4
5 3
6 2
1
a)
1 8 9 16
1 8 9 16
W1
W2

W1
W2 W2
W1
W1 W2
W2
W1 W1
1 8 9 16
1 8 9 16
W1
W2
u vng
98














Trong 4F BSHR/L, chuyn mch bo v c kch hot nh pht hin thng bo ci t t
ng trong byte K1 v K2.
K thut u vng trong 4F BHSR/L ch bo v c lu lng khi cp t v khng c
tc dng bo v khi hng nt. Mun bo v lu lng khi t 2 si hot ng v hng nt cn s
dng k thut bo v chng (bo v span). S bo v chng c minh ho ti hnh 3.26.













Trong trng hp 2 si hot ng (W) b t th 2 ADM gn im b t tin hnh chuyn
mch u cho lu lng t 2 si W b t sang 2 si bo v trnh im t. Trong
trng hp ny ch s dng 2 si bo v trong on c 2 si W b t. Khi ng chuyn mch
ca 2 ADM ti hai u on c thc hin nh thng bo chuyn ti trong K1 v K2.
T vic phn tch chuyn mch bo v trong mng vng 2 si hai hng cng nh mng
vng 4 si hai hng thy rng vai tr ca cc byte K1 v K2 rt quan trng. V vy sau y tho
lun v qu trnh vn hnh ca cc byte K1 v K2.

A B
C
D
E
Hot ng (W)
Bo v (P)
a)
Hnh 3.25- Chuyn mch bo v trong 4F BSHR/L
Ring STM-N
A B
C
D
E
Hot ng (W)
Bo v (P)

t cp

u vng

u vng
b)
Ring STM-N
A B
C
D
E
Hot ng (W)
Bo v (P)

u cho

Ring STM-N
t 2 si W

u cho
Hnh 3.26- 4F BHSR bo v chng
99
3.6.6. So snh cc mng vng bo v
3.6.6.1. Thi gian phc hi
(1) Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn
Mng ny khng cn thi gian x l K1 v K2 ti cc nt nn thi gian phc hi nhanh
nht. Thi gian phc hi c xc nh t thi im xy ra s c n thi im hon thnh
chuyn mch ca phn t chuyn mch. Thi gian k t thi im xy ra s c n thi im bt
u chuyn mch gi l thi gian khi ng chuyn mch. C hai tiu chun khi ng chuyn
mch bo v, l mt tn hiu v suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Mt tn hiu l s c "cng" gy
ra do mt tn hiu (LOS), mt khung (LOF), BER vt qu 10
-3
. Cn suy gim tn hiu l s c
"mm" gy ra bi BER vt qu ngng ci t nm trong phm vi 10
-5
n 10
-9
. Mt tn hiu
thng c u tin chuyn mch bo v hn suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Thi gian pht hin
BER ca h thng STM-N l tng cng ca thi gian pht hin tng l khi kim tra cc BIP-24 (3
byte B2) ca tn hiu STM- N trong mt chu k thi gian pht hin cc i. Chu k thi gian pht
hin cc i l hm ca ngng BER. Bng 3.1 ch r mi lin quan gia BER v s lng vi
phm BIP-24 da vo yu cu thi gian pht hin cc i.
Bng 3.1 - Mi lin h gia BER v s vi phm BIP-24 ca STM-N
BER Thi gian pht
hin cc i
S lng
vi phm BIP-24
10
-3
10 ms 1002 N
10
-4
100 ms 1476 N
10
-5
1s 1530 N
10
-6
10s 1536 N
10
-7
100s 1536 N
10
-8
1000s 1536 N
10
-9
10.000s 1536 N
Th d 1, nu ngng BER bng 10
-6

v s lng vi phm BIP-24 c pht hin trong
chu k 10s i vi tn hiu STM-4 l 6300 th h thng ny lm vo tnh trng gim cht lng.
Bi v s vi phm ny ln hn 6144 (1575 4). Nh vy, nu tnh trng suy gim cht lng c
BER = 10
-6
ko di th thi gian phc hi bng 10 s cng vi thi gian chuyn mch. Sau khi hon
thnh chuyn mch th tn hiu trn h thng hot ng mi c chuyn sang h thng bo v.
Th d 2, nu BER = 10
-3
v s lng vi phm BIP-24 c pht hin trong chu k 10 ms
i vi tn hiu STM-1 l 1600 th h thng c xem nh mt tn hiu. Trng hp ny c thi
gian phc hi bng 10 ms cng vi thi gian chuyn mch.
Tm li i vi mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn th thi gian
chuyn mch bo v ti a k t khi pht hin mt tn hiu cho n khi hon thnh chuyn mch
bo v nh hn tiu chun 50 ms.
(2) Mng vng 2 hoc 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng
i vi mng vng 2 hoc 4 si chuyn mch bo v ng khi t cp ch c hai nt gn
im b t tin hnh u vng. V vy ng truyn byte K1 v K2 gia hai nt ny c xem
nh l mt mng a im. V vy vic chuyn tip bo hiu K1 v K2 qua cc ADM s gy tr
ng k v l thnh phn cn quan tm khi tnh thi gian phc hi ca mng vng chuyn mch
100
bo v ng. Cc ADM phi c kh nng c v chuyn tip cc byte K1 v K2. Nh trnh
by trn y, thi gian x l byte K1 hoc K2 bng thi gian mt khung 125 s. Ngoi ra, ti mi
ADM byte K1 hoc K2 c kt cui v ti to chuyn ti ADM tip theo. Do thi gian tr
ti thiu bng 2 khung 125 s. Nh vy l thi gian x l v thi gian tr ca byte K1 hoc K2 ti
mt ADM l 3 khung.
Gi thit trong mng vng c ti a 16 ADM th tr bo hiu K1 v K2 l:
T
tr
= (16 - 2) nt 3 khung 125 s / khung = 5,25 ms (3.4)
Ti mi ADM cn gim st lin tip 3 byte K1 hoc 3 byte K2. Do thi gian tr tng
ca bo hiu K1 hoc K2 l 15,75 ms. Nu thi gian phc hi i vi mng vng cng yu cu
hon thnh trong 50 ms nh mng im ni im th thi gian chuyn mch dnh cho mi phn t
chuyn mch ti 2 ADM gn im b t s l (50 - 15,75) /2 = 17,125 ms. Vi thi gian chuyn
mch ca mi phn t chuyn mch nh vy l c th p ng d dng i vi chuyn mch in
t. Tm li, thi gian phc hi ca 2F BSHR/L, 4F BSHR/L bao gm thi gian chuyn mch ca
cc phn t chuyn mch v thi gian tr ca bo hiu K1 v K2. Hai thnh phn ny xp x bng
nhau.
3.6.6.2. So snh cc ch tiu khc
Bng 3.2 so snh cc ch tiu k thut nh tc phc hi, kh nng bo v nt (ADM),
phc tp, s dng byte K1 v K2, gi thnh mi ADM v dung lng chuyn ti gia cc loi
mng vng.
Bng 3.2- So snh cc loi mng vng
Cu trc
SHR
Dung
lng
Gi thnh
nt
S dng
K1 v K2
phc
tp
Bo v
nt
Tc
phc hi
4F BSHR/L Ln Cao C Trung bnh C Chm
2F BSHR/L Trung bnh Trung bnh C Phc tp Khng Chm
2F USHR/L Thp Thp C Trung bnh Khng Chm
2F USHR/P Thp Thp Khng n gin Khng Nhanh
T bng 3.2 cho bit:
4F BSHR/L c gi thnh mi ADM l cao nht. S d nh vy l v mng ny c xem
nh mng vng kp (4 si) nn mi ADM phi trang b mt s thit b nhiu gp i so vi mng
vng 2 si v do chi ph cho si quang cng cao nht. Tuy nhin dung lng ghp trn h
thng hot ng nhiu gp i so vi 2F BSHR v c kh nng bo v nt.
2F BSHR/L phc tp nht, v phi dnh mt na dung lng cho hot ng v mt na
dung lng cho bo v. Ngoi ra cn phi u vng cc khe thi gian tng ng vi nhau khi
chuyn mch bo v.
2F USHR/P cu trc n gin nht, thi gian phc hi nhanh nht, nhng dung lng
ghp thp.

TM TT
Trong thng tin SDH s dng cho si quang c cc loi cu hnh nt nh: u cui, xen-r
(ADM), lp v ni cho s. Cu hnh u cui ch s dng trong mng ng thng. Cu hnh
ADM s dng cho c mng ng thng v mng vng.
101
Cu hnh mng ng thng bao gm mng im ni im v mng a im. Hai cu
hnh ny s dng 2 si quang: mt si cho tn hiu pht v mt si cho tn hiu thu.
Cu hnh mng vng c phn chia thnh mng vng 2 si mt hng, mng vng 2 si
hai hng v mng vng 4 si hai hng.
Mng vng hai si mt hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn khng s dng bo hiu cha
trong cc byte K1 v K2 v chuyn mch bo v bng cch chn tuyn c cht lng tt hn
trong hai tuyn. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng bng cch u vng cho
mt hng ti 2 nt gn im cp b t. Mng vng 2 si hai hng s dng bo v ng bng
cch u vng ti hai nt gn im cp b t cho hai hng. Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn
mch bo v ng bng cch u vng tn hiu trn 2 si hot ng sang 2 si bo v ti 2 nt
gn im cp b t. Trong trng hp si hot ng b t, mng vng 4 si hai hng c kh
nng u cho tn hiu bo v chng.
Tt c cc loi mng vng chuyn mch bo v ng v chng u s dng byte K1 v
K2 truyn ti bo hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng.

CU HI
1. i vi cu hnh mng im ni im STM-N c th s dng c ch bo v no khi si quang
ca h thng hot ng b t?
a. C ch bo v 1:1
b. C ch bo v 1+1
c. C ch bo v 1:N
d. C 3 loi c ch
2. H thng STM-1 im ni im STM-1 c th s dng c ch bo v no khi mt trong cc
lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s c BER 10
-3
?
a. u vng
b. La chn tuyn
c. C cu bo v 1:N
3. Mng vng c s nt ti a l 16, khi t cp ti mt im th bo hiu K1 v K2 i qua bao
nhiu nt?
a. 16 nt
b. 14 nt
c. 12 nt
4. Trong mng vng 2 si n hng bo v tuyn, cc bo hiu K1 v K2 truyn nh th no?
a. Hai hng
b. Mt hng
c. Khng dng bo hiu K1 v K2
5. Mng vng 2 si hai hng c cc loi bo v g khi t cp?
a. Bo v nt
b. Bo v tuyn
c. Bo v ng
102
6. Trong mng vng 4 si hai hng c nhng kh nng bo v g khi t cp?
a. Bo v tuyn
b. Bo v nt
c. Bo v ng v chng
7. i vi h thng STM-1, s ln vi phm BIP-24 trong 10 ms l 960. Vy trung bnh trong mi
khung STM-1 c bao nhiu ln vi phm BIP-24?
a.10 ln
b.11 ln
c.12 ln
8. Nu s ln vi phm BIP-24 trong 10.000s bng 960 th trung bnh mi khung c bao nhiu ln
vi phm BIP-24?
a. 1,2 10
-5
ln
b. 1,5 10
-5
ln
c. 1,2 10
-4
ln
9. Trng hp no sau y c u tin chuyn mch bo v?
a. BER = 10
-6

b. BER = 10
-3

c. t cp quang
(Xem tr li ti phn ph lc).



103
CHNG IV
CC PHNG THC TRUYN TI S LIU

4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny gii thiu cc phng thc truyn ti s liu nh:
- Cc phng php truyn ti ATM qua SDH bng cch sp xp cc t bo ATM vo cc
conten o VC-n. Trong phn ny tp trung tho lun cch sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-4 v
vo kt chui lin k VC-4-Xc. Qu trnh sp xp ny phi to kh nng my thu tch chnh
xc gii hn cc t bo nhm m bo khng gy tn tht t bo.
- Cc phng thc ng khung s liu IP. C 4 phng thc ng khung c gii thiu,
l ng khung kiu giao thc im -im (PPP), kiu iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao
(HDLC), kiu giao thc truy nhp tuyn SDH (LAPS), th tc ng khung chung (GFP). Sau khi
ng khung, s liu c truyn qua mng SDH di dng im - im, v vy gi chung l
phng thc truyn ti gi trn SDH (POS)
- Phng php kt chui cc conten o VC-n truyn ti s liu c tc bit cao hn
tc bit ca conten o.
- Phng php truyn ti IP hoc ATM trn mng quang.
- Giao thc s liu phn b si quang (FDDI), trong c mng vng th bi kp, thng
gi l token ring.
- Cng ngh Ethernet.
- Cng ngh mng vng truyn ti cc gi s liu c kh nng t phc hi. Trong phn
ny tp trung phn tch hai ch : giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP) v chuyn mch bo
v thng minh (IPS). y l phng thc truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT).

4.2.TRUYN TI S LIU QUA SDH
4.2.1. Truyn ti ATM qua SDH
4.2.1.1. Cu trc t bo ATM
Trc ht gii thiu cu trc ca t bo ATM. T bo ATM c cu trc nh hnh 4.1.











1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Th t bit trong mt byte

1
5
6
53



S byte
trong t bo
Hnh 4.1. Cu trc t bo ATM
5 byte u
48 byte trng tin
104
T bo ATM c hai phn: u v ti trng. u c 5 byte v ti trng chim 48 byte.
Trong u c cc bit s dng cho nh tuyn, iu khin lung v cc chc nng khc. Th t
truyn cc bit trong mt byte l t tri qua phi. Cc byte trong t bo c truyn t trn xung
di.
Mun truyn ti s liu qua SDH th cng vic u tin l sp xp cc t bo ATM vo
khung SDH. V nguyn tc, cc t bo ATM c th sp xp vo khung VC-n tt c cc mc.
Tuy nhin, dung lng ca cc khung VC-n cc mc khc nhau khng nh nhau. V vy c
khung cha ht cc t bo v cng c khung khng cha ht cc t bo. Sau y trnh by cch
sp xp.
4.2.1.2. Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-n
Sp xp cc t bo ATM c thc hin bng cch ng chnh cu trc byte ca mi t
bo so vi cu trc conten o n hoc kt chui cc conten o. V dung lng conten o hoc
kt chui conten o khng bng bi s nguyn ln di t bo (53 byte) nn cho php t bo
cui cng trong khung VC-n chuyn sang khung VC-n tip theo. Trng tin ca t bo (48 byte)
c trn trc khi sp xp. Pha thu gii trn trng tin trc khi chuyn t bo vo lp ATM.
u ca t bo cha trng kim tra li u (HEC) ng vai tr nh t m ng b
khung v c s dng ti to t bo ti pha thu.
(1) Sp xp vo khung VC-3/VC-4
Khi sp xp lung t bo ATM vo VC-3/VC-4 cn ng chnh bin gii byte ca t bo
vi bin gii ca VC-3/VC-4.
Trnh t sp xp nh hnh 4.2.











Khung C3 c 84 ct v khung C-4 c 260 ct dnh ghp cc t bo ATM. Mi hng
ca khung C-3/C-4 khng phi l bi s nguyn ca 53 byte, v vy t bo cui cng ca cc dng
trong khung VC-3/VC-4 c mt s byte phi ghp xung u hng ca dng tip theo. Tng s
byte trong khung C-3/C-4 dnh sp xp cc t bo ATM bng 756/2340 byte. S byte ny
khng l bi s nguyn ca 53 byte, v vy t bo cui cng trong khung c mt s byte chuyn
sang u khung tip theo.
(2) Sp xp vo VC-4-Xc
Trong trng hp kt chui lin k X khung VC-4 cn phi ng chnh bin gii t bo
ATM so vi bin gii ca VC-4-Xc. Do dung lng ca VC-4-Xc khng phi l bi s nguyn
ca 53 byte nn byte cui cng ca t bo trong khung VC-4 c php chuyn sang khung VC-4
9 hng
H
trng tin
H
trng tin
H
H
trng tin
H
H
trng tin
VC-3/ VC-4 POH
H- u
Hnh 4.2. Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo khung VC-3/VC-4

H
trng tin
H
H
trng tin
H
trng tin
H H
trng tin
105
hoc VC-4-Xc tip theo. Trc khi sp xp, n c nh X-1 ct vo lin sau ct VC-4 POH (hnh
4.3).











(3) Sp xp vo VC-12
a khung VC-12 c 4 khung VC-12. Mi khung VC-12 gm mt byte VC-12 POH v 34
byte ti trng. Cc t bo ATM c sp xp vo vng ti trng ca VC-12 v c ng chnh
gia bin gii t bo v bin gii byte ca VC-12. V dung lng vng ti trng ca mi khung
VC-12 bng 34 byte khng phi l c s nguyn ca 53 byte nn t bo c th chuyn sang
khung hoc a khung VC-12 tip theo.
4.2.2. Cc phng thc ng khung s liu
4.2.2.1. M u
Vn ny lin quan n mng quang SDH th h tip theo v c th hin ti hnh 4.4.















Hnh 4.4- M hnh mng quang SDH th h tip theo
IP
PDH MPLS VLAN
ATM
Ethernet
DVB
HDLC/PPP/LAPS
GFP-F GFP-T
Fibre Chanel
ESCON
FICON


NG SDH
Kt chui lin k Kt chui o
VC-4-Xc POH
Hnh 4.3- Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo khung VC-4-Xc
9 hng
H
trng tin
H
trng tin
H
H
trng tin
H
trng tin
H

H
trng tin
H
trng tin
H
H
trng tin
H

H
trng tin




n
c
nh
X 260 byte X-1
106
Trc y, cng ngh SDH c thit k ti u cho mc ch truyn ti cc tn hiu ghp
knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Tuy nhin hin nay yu cu t ra i vi mng hon
ton thay i khi cc dch v truyn ti d liu ngy cng tng. iu c ngha l trong tng
lai, h thng SDH truyn thng khng th p ng c nhu cu gia tng ca cc dch v s liu
na. SDH th h tip theo (NG-SDH) l mt c ch truyn ti cho php tn ti ng thi cc dch
v truyn thng v cc dch v mi trn cng mt mng m khng lm nh hng ln nhau.
Cc giao thc quan trng c s dng trong SDH th h tip theo phc v cho vic
truyn ti s liu qua mng SDH bao gm: th tc ng khung chung (GFP), kt chui o
(VCAT) v c ch iu chnh dung lng tuyn (LCAS), tt c u c ITU-T tiu chun
ha. Cc cng ngh ny cho php kt hp mt cch hiu qu nhiu giao din s liu khc nhau
vo trong SDH. iu quan trng nht l SDH c th thc hin vic phn b bng thng m khng
lm nh hng ti lu lng hin ti. Ngoi ra, SDH th h tip theo cn c kh nng cung cp
cht lng dch v (QoS) thch hp cho cc dch v mi v kh nng truyn ti ng thi nhiu
loi dch v khc nhau trong cng mt mi trng.

4.2.2.2. ng khung kiu HDLC
(1) Gi PPP
Cc gi IP c sp xp vo khung SDH khi s dng gi PPP. Cc gi s liu IP c
sp xp thnh cc gi c kch c ca mt khi truyn dn cc i (MTU). Khun dng gi PPP
nh hnh 4.5.












Trng giao thc c chiu di mt hoc hai byte. Gi tr ca trng giao thc biu th loi
giao thc, th d giao thc Internet (IP), giao thc iu khin tuyn (LCP), v.v. Ti trng cc gi
s liu IP c truyn ti trong trng tin. Trng tin cng vi m c chiu di cc i 1500
byte. Trong trng hp gi s liu IP ln hn MTU th phn thnh nhiu gi nh v s dng mt
s gi PPP.
(2) ng khung HDLC
Hnh 4.6 minh ho kiu ng khung iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao HDLC. Hnh ny
khng bao gm cc bit xen cho ng b v cc bit xen bt k.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Giao thc
Giao thc
(nu 16 bit)

Trng tin
.......
m

MTU = Trng tin + m = 1500 byte

Hnh 4.5- Khun dng gi PPP
107
Mi khung c dy c 8 bit ti u khung. C c quy nh l dy nh phn 01111110.
Gia hai khung ch yu cu mt c. Hai c lin tip biu th khung rng v c xo mt cch
n gin v khng c m nh mt dy kim tra khung (FCS).
HDLC quy nh trng a ch 8 bit. Bi v truyn gi trn SDH (POS) ch s dng cc
tuyn im ni im nn khng yu cu a ch trong HDLC. Chnh v vy m trng a ch ci
t "a ch tt c cc trm" bi dy nh phn "11111111" . Tuy nhin, trng a ch phi c
x l pht hin a ch tt c cc trm.













Trng iu khin 8 bit c s dng trong HDLC thc hin mt s chc nng iu
khin. Trong POS trng ny l dy nh phn "00000011".
FCS c tnh ton trn ton b khung, bao gm cc trng a ch, iu khin, giao thc,
thng tin, m v cc bit hoc cc byte bt k xen vo nhm m bo tnh trong sut. Trng
FCS t ti cui khung.
V cc byte trong trng tin c th b phng to thnh byte c, nn trnh mt ng b
khung cn s dng th tc m byte. Byte m c t sau khi tnh ton FCS. Ti pha thu cn
tnh ton FCS pht hin khung b li.
(3) Khun dng giao din
ng khung HDLC c s dng cung cp giao din mt octet cho lp vt l SDH.
Lung octet c sp xp thnh AUG trong bin gii octet AUG. M ng truyn nh phn
c s dng cho cc giao din SDH.
Dy di ton cc bit 0 s gy ra rc ri trong mng SDH. Th d, my thu thng phc hi
ng h t lung s liu n nhm m bo ng b chnh xc trn ton mng. Trong trng hp
xut hin dy di cc bit 0 th h thng vng kho pha ca my thu s mt ng b v dn ti nh
thi khng chnh xc nt SDH v tt c cc lung xung ca cc nt. V vy phi tin hnh trn
ti trng ti pha pht v gii trn ti pha thu. Kiu trn c ch th bi byte nhn tn hiu C2
trong mo u tuyn.
Theo khuyn ngh RFC-2615 th giao din POS c tc truyn dn c s l 155,52
Mbit/s v cng c kh nng to ra cc giao din POS tc bit cao STM-4c v STM-16c. Ring
giao din HDLC STM-64c s dng kiu ng khung c t m 32 bit.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
C
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
a ch
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
iu khin
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Gi PPP
.......
Lm y gia cc khung
hoc a ch tip theo
FCS (nu 32 bit)
FCS
Hnh 4.6- Cu trc khung HDLC
C
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
108
4.2.2.3. ng khung kiu LAPS
Giao thc truy nhp tuyn SDH (LAPS) l mt giao thc tuyn s liu c thit k cho
mc ch IP/ SDH v Ethernet / SDH c ITU-T chun ho ln lt trong khuyn ngh
X.85, X.86. LAPS hot ng nh khung HDLC bao gm dch v lin kt s liu v ch tiu giao
thc thc hin vic sp xp gi IP vo ti SDH. IP/SDH s dng LAPS nh mt s kt hp
cu trc thng tin s liu giao thc IP (hoc cc giao thc khc) vi mng SDH. Lp vt l, lp
tuyn s liu v lp mng hoc cc giao thc khc c sp xp tun t gm SDH, LAPS v IP
hoc PPP. Mi lin h ny c biu din nh ngn giao thc / lp cho IP trn STM-N. Hnh
4.7 m t IP/SDH nh ngn giao thc/lp.












4.2.2.4. ng khung kiu GFP
GFP quy nh mt c ch chung thch ng cc tn hiu khch hng lp cao vi mng
truyn ti ng b. Cc tn hiu khch hng c th dng khi s liu giao thc PDU (nh
IP/PPP hay Ethernet MAC), m khi (nh knh si quang hay ESCON) hoc lung s c tc
bit c nh. GFP bao gm c phn chung v phn c trng cho tng loi tn hiu khch hng.
Phn chung ca GFP p dng cho tt c cc loi lu lng. Hin nay c hai ch thch ng tn
hiu khch hng c nh ngha cho GFP. Ch thch ng vi tn hiu dng PDU c gi l
GFP sp xp khung (GFP-F). Ch thch ng vi tn hiu c dng m khi c gi l GFP
trong sut (GFP-T). Hnh 4.8 minh ho mi quan h gia cc tn hiu khch hng lp cao vi
GFP v cc tuyn chuyn ti ca n.

Ethernet IP/PPP Cc dch v khc
GFP - Phn c trng khch hng
(Ph thuc ti trng)
GFP - Phn chung
(Khng ph thuc ti trng)
Tuyn truyn ti SDH

Hnh 4.8- Quan h ca GFP vi cc tn hiu khch hng v tuyn truyn ti
TCP/ UDP
IP
LAPS
VC mc thp
VC mc cao
on ghp knh
on lp
on in/quang
Giao thc Internet
G.707/Y.1322
Hnh 4.7- Ngn giao thc /lp cho IP trn STM-N s dng LAPS X.85
G.703/G.957
109
(1) Phn chung ca GFP
Khung ngi s dng GFP
Cu trc ca khung ngi s dng GFP c minh ha trong hnh 4.9.














Khung ngi s dng gm phn u chnh v vng ti trng.
Vng u chnh: vng u chnh c kch thc c nh l 4 byte bao gm trng
ch th di PDU (k hiu l PLI) v trng kim tra li u chnh cHEC. Hai byte trng
PLI ch th s byte trong vng ti trng, kch thc ti a ca vng ti trng l 65535 byte (2
16
-1).
Hai byte trng kim tra li cha chui CRC-16 c nhim v bo v tnh nguyn vn ni dung
ca phn u chnh thng qua kh nng sa li n bit v pht hin li a bit. Chui cHEC
c tnh trn tt c cc byte cn li ca phn u chnh.
Vng ti trng: vng ti trng bao gm tt c cc byte trong khung GFP sau phn u
chnh. Kch thc ca vng ti trng thay i trong khong t 4 n 65535 byte. Vng ti trng
thng bao gm hai thnh phn: trng u ti trng v trng ti trng, trng FCS ti trng
ch l tu chn.
u ti trng c kch thc thay i t 4 n 64 byte h tr cc th tc qun l tuyn
s liu cho cc tn hiu khch hng lp cao. Vng ny bao gm hai trng chnh: trng kiu (4
byte gm c tHEC) v phn u m rng c kch thc thay i. S c mt cng nh khun
dng ca phn u m rng v FCS ti trng c ch th bi trng kiu. Trng kiu bao
gm cc trng sau : PTI (3 bit), PFI (1bit), kiu EXI (4 bit) v UPI (1 byte).
u m rng h tr u tuyn s liu c trng cho tng cng ngh nh nhn dng
tuyn o, a ch ngun/ch, s cng, lp dch v v kim tra li u m rng.
Trng ti trng GFP cha khung PDU, c kch thc thay i trong khong t 0 n
(65.536-X) trong X l kch c u ti trng. Khi s liu giao thc ngi s dng/iu
khin lun lun c t vo trong trng ti trng.
Khung iu khin
Cc gi tr ca PLI t 0 n 3 c s dng trong cc khung iu khin trong gi tr
PLI=0 tng ng vi khung rng. Khung rng l khung iu khin c bit gm c 4 byte cha
u chnh
u ti trng
u m rng
(ty chn)

TI TRNG
Tng kim tra
(ty chn)
PLI
cHEC (CRC-16)
PTI PFI kiu EXI
UPI
tHEC (CRC-16)
EXI
eHEC (CRC-16)

TI TRNG
pFCS (CRC-32)
4 byte
4 byte
0-60 byte
n byte
0-4 byte
Th t truyn bit
T
h

t
r
u
y

n

b
y
t
e

PLI: ch th kch c PDU
cHEC: kim tra li u chnh
PTI: ch th kiu ti trng
000: s liu khch hng
100: qun l khch hng
PFI: ch th FSC ti trng
1: c FSC
0: khng FSC
kiu EXI: ch th u m rng
0000: Null
0001: Chui
0010: V
UPI: ch th ti trng ngi s dng
tHEC: HEC trng kiu
EXI: ch th u m rng
eHEC: HEC m rng
Ti trng: cha khung PDU
pFCS: FCS ti trng
Hnh 4.9- Cu trc khung ngi s dng GFP
110
u chnh vi cc trng PLI v cHEC c thit lp bng 0. Khung rng khng c vng ti
trng, c s dng nh mt khung lc gip cho my pht thch ng lung byte GFP vi bt k
mt mi trng truyn ti no. Cu trc cc khung iu khin c minh ho trong hnh 4.10.






Hnh 4.10- Cu trc khung iu khin

(2) Phn c trng ti trng cho GFP sp xp khung
Ti trng MAC Ethernet
Quan h gia khung MAC Ethernet v khung GFP c minh ho trong hnh 4.11.

Khung MAC Ethernet byte Khung GFP

PLI
cHEC
Kiu
u 7 tHEC
Bt u ranh gii khung 1 u m rng GFP
a ch ch (DA) 6
a ch ngun (SA) 6
di/kiu 2
D liu khch hng MAC
m
FSC 4
TI TRNG
GFP

Hnh 4.11- Quan h gia khung MAC Ethernet v khung GFP

Mi khi s liu giao thc (PDU) lp cao c sp xp vo mt PDU GFP. c bit, cc
ranh gii ca PDU GFP c ng b vi cc ranh gii ca cc PDU lp cao c ng
khung.
Ton b cc byte MAC Ehternet t phn a ch ch n FCS c t vo vng ti trng
GFP. ng b byte v nhn bit cc bit trong byte c duy tr.
Ti trng IP/PPP
Trc tin c ng gi vo trong mt khung kiu HDLC, tip theo mi PDU
PPP/HDLC c sp xp vo mt PDU GFP. Cc ranh gii ca PDU GFP c ng b vi cc
0x0000 u
CRC-16
PLI u Bn tin OA&M CRC-16
CRC-16 (48 bit) ti trng
PLI:=0
khung rng
PLI:=1 hoc 2
hoc 3
111
ranh gii ca cc PDU PPP/HDLC lp cao. Quan h gia khung PPP/HDLC v khung GFP c
minh ho trong hnh 4.12.
Tt c cc byte t khung PPP/HDLC c t vo trong vng ti trng ca khung GFP.
Vic ng b byte v nhn dng bit trong cc byte cng c duy tr.

Khung PPP/HDLC byte Khung GFP

2 PLI
2 cHEC
2 Kiu
2 tHEC
C 1 u m rng GFP
a ch 1
iu khin 1
Kiu PPP 2
Thng tin PPP
(m)
FSC 4
TI TRNG
GFP
Hnh 4.12- Quan h gia khung PPP/HDLC v khung GFP

(3) Phn c trng ti trng cho GFP trong sut
Sp xp trong sut ti trng m khi 8B/10B vo khung GFP lm cho vic truyn ti cc
tn hiu khch hng yu cu tr truyn dn rt nh tr nn thun tin hn. Mt s cc tn hiu
khch hng loi ny l: Fibre Chanel, ESCON, FICON v Gigabit Ethernet. Thay v m ton b
khung s liu khch hng vo khung GFP, mi k hiu ca tn hiu khch hng c gii m khi
sau c sp xp vo cc khung GFP c chu k v kch c c nh. Vic sp xp c thc
hin vi c k hiu s liu v k hiu iu khin.

4.2.3. Cc c ch kt chui cc conten o
Kt chui cc VC c s dng truyn ti cc khi ti trng yu cu dung lng ln
hn dung lng tiu chun ca cc VC-n. Hai phng thc kt chui c nh ngha l: kt
chui lin k v kt chui o. Ti u cui ca tuyn, c hai phng thc u cho dung lng
truyn dn ln gp X ln dung lng ca conten mc n (C-n).
4.2.3.1. Kt chui lin k (VC-n-Xc)
Kt chui lin k c thc hin vi cc conten o mc 4: VC-4-Xc, X = 4, 16, 64, 256
v conten o mc 2 (VC-2-Xc, X = 1 7). Mt VC-n-Xc cung cp mt vng ti trng ln gp
X ln mt conten mc n (C-n). Mt khi mo u tuyn POH chung cho ton b VC-n-Xc. Cu
trc khung VC-4-Xc c th hin ti hnh 4.13 v VC-2-Xc nh hnh 4.14.
VC-4-Xc c truyn ti trong X khi qun l mc 4 (AU-4) lin k ca khung STM-N.
Ct u tin ca VC-4-Xc lun lun nm trong khi AU-4 th nht. Con tr ca AU-4 th nht
112
ch th v tr ca byte J1 ca ca VC-4-Xc. Cc con tr ca cc khi AU-4 th 2 ti th X c
thit lp ch th ti trng kt chui (hai byte H1 v H2 c gi tr 1001SS1111111111). Vic
hiu chnh con tr c thc hin chung cho c X AU-4 kt chui v khi chn s dng X3 byte.
Mt VC-4-Xc cung cp mt dung lng ti trng 599.040 kbit/s vi X= 4, 2.396.160 kbit/s vi
X=16, 9.584.640
kbit/s vi X= 64.
X VC-2-Xc c kt chui lin k trong mt conten o mc 3 (VC-3). VC-2-Xc nm
trong X TU-2 k nhau trong mt VC-3. Ct u tin ca VC-2-Xc lun lun nm trong TU-2 th
nht. Con tr ca khi TU-2 th nht ny s ch th v tr ca byte V5 trong phn POH ca VC-2-
Xc. Cc con tr ca cc khi TU-2#2 ti #X c thit lp ch th ti trng kt chui (hai byte
V1 v V2 c gi tr 1001SS1111111111). Vic hiu chnh con tr c thc hin chung cho c X
TU-2 kt chui v khi chn s dng X byte.











Hnh 4.13- Cu trc khung VC-4-Xc








Hnh 4.14- Cu trc khung VC-2-Xc

4.2.3.2. Kt chui o VCAT (VC-n-Xv)
Mt khi VC-n-Xv cung cp mt vng ti trng c dung lng bng X ln C-n. Conten
c sp xp ring vo X VC-n to thnh VC-n-Xv. Mi VC-n c mo u tuyn ring.
Hnh 4.15 minh ha cu trc khung VC-3/4-Xv v hnh 4.16 l cu trc khung ca Vc-12-Xv.
Mi VC-n ca VC-n-Xv c truyn ti ring bit qua mng. Do ng i ca cc VC-n
khc nhau dn n tr ng truyn khc nhau gia cc VC-n v do th t ca cc VC-n s
V5
J2
N2
K4

Chn
c nh



C-2-Xc

1 X-1
X x 107
X x 106
500 s
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1




Chn
c nh




C-4-Xc

1
9
1 X-1 X x 260
X x 261
125 s
113
thay i. Ti trm ch, cc VC-n phi c b tr, sp xp v tp hp khi phc li khi ti
trng ban u. Qu trnh x l ti trm ch phi b c khong tr ti thiu 125 s.
phc v cho vic b tr trm ch, trm ngun sp xp cc VC-n li thnh a khung. Byte
H4 (K4) c s dng ch th th t (SQ) v ch th a khung (MFI) cho cc VC-n.































(1) Ch th th t v a khung VC-3/4-Xv
Mt a khung tng 512 ms c s dng b tr trong khong t 125 s n 256 ms.
a khung tng gm 256 a khung. Ch th a khung c chia lm hai phn. Phn th nht s
dng 4 bit (bit 5 n bit 8) ca byte H4 ch th a khung (MFI-1). MFI-1 tng mt n v sau


X
1
4
500 s
VC-1/2#X
V5
J2
N2
K4



C-1/2-Xc
1
X
1
4 500 s
VC-1/2-Xv
C-2/1
1
1
4
500 s
VC-1/2#1
V5
J2
N2
K4
Hnh 4.16- Cu trc a khung VC-1/2-Xv
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1




C-3/4



C-3/4-Xc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1




C-3/4
1 1 X
1
9 125 s
X
1
1
9
125 s
125 s
VC-3/4#1
VC-3/4#X
VC-3/4-Xv
Hnh 4.15- Cu trc khung VC-3/VC-4-Xv
114
mi khung v c gi tr trong khong t 0 n 15. Phn th hai l ch th a khung 8-bit (MFI-2)
s dng cc bit t 1 n 4 ca byte H4 thuc khung 0 (bit 1-4 ca MFI-2 ) v thuc khung 1 (bit
5-8 ca MFI-2). MFI-2 tng mt n v sau mi 16 khung (1 a khung) v c gi tr trong khong
t 0 n 255. Kt qu l a khung tng c 4096 khung, di 512 ms (hnh 4.17).
Vic nhn dng mi VC-3/4 trong VC-3/4-Xv c thc hin nh cc bit ch th th t
(SQ) nh minh ha trong hnh 4.18. Mi VC-3/4 ca mt VC-3/4-Xv c mt s th t c nh
duy nht nm trong khong t 0 n X-1. VC-3/4 truyn ti khe thi gian th nht ca VC-3/4-Xc
c s th t 0, VC-3/4 truyn ti khe thi gian th hai ca VC-3/4-Xc c s th t 1 v.v VC-3/4
truyn ti khe thi gian th X ca VC-3/4-Xc c s th t (X-1). S th t 8-bit (cho gi tr ca X
trong khong t 0 n 256) c truyn ti trong cc bit 1 n 4 ca cc byte H4, s dng khung
14 (bit 1-4 ca SQ) v khung 15 (bit 5-8 ca SQ) nh bng 4.1.

























(2) Ch th th t v a khung VC-1/2-Xv
Bit th 2 ca byte K4 ca VC-1/2 POH c s dng mang thng tin v th t VC-1/2
v th t khung. Mt chui gm 32 bit ni tip (hnh thnh t 32 a khung, mi a khung c 4
P
O
H

MFI1: 0
MFI2_MSB: 0


P
O
H

MFI1: 15

P
O
H

MFI1: 0
MFI2_MSB: 0
P
O
H

MFI1: 1
MFI2_MSB: 1
P
O
H

MFI1: 1
MFI2_MSB: 0
P
O
H

MFI1: 0
MFI2_MSB: 0


P
O
H

MFI1: 15

P
O
H

MFI1: 0
MFI2_MSB: 0
P
O
H

MFI1: 0
MFI2_MSB: 1
P
O
H

MFI1: 1
MFI2_MSB: 0
SQ: 0
SQ: X-1

a

k
h
u
n
g

(
M
F
)

Hnh 4.17- Ch th a khung v th t VC-3/4-Xv

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R
m khung Ch th th t
1 5 6 11 32

R: bit d tr
Hnh 4.18- a khung 32 bit (bit th hai byte K4)
115
khung) c sp xp nh hnh 4.18. Chui bit ny c lp li sau mi 16 ms (32 bit x 500
s/bit) hay sau mi 128 khung.
Bng 4.1- Ch th th t v a khung trong byte H4

Byte H4
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8
Ch th a khung th nht MFI1 (bit
1-4)
S th
t
khung
S th
t a
khung
Ch th th t MSB (bit 1-4) 1 1 1 0 14
Ch th th t LSB (bit 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15
n-1
Ch th a khung th 2 MSB (bit 1-4) 0 0 0 0 0
Ch th a khung th 2 LSB (bit 5-8) 0 0 0 1 1
D tr ( "0000" ) 0 0 1 0 2
D tr ( "0000" ) 0 0 1 1 3
D tr ( "0000" ) 0 1 0 0 4
D tr ( "0000" ) 0 1 0 1 5
D tr ( "0000" ) 0 1 1 0 6
D tr ( "0000" ) 0 1 1 1 7
D tr ( "0000" ) 1 0 0 0 8
D tr ( "0000" ) 1 0 0 1 9
D tr ( "0000" ) 1 0 1 0 10
D tr ( "0000" ) 1 0 1 1 11
D tr ( "0000" ) 1 1 0 0 12
D tr ( "0000" ) 1 1 0 1 13
Ch th th t MSB (bit 1-4) 1 1 1 0 14
Ch th th t LSB (bit 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15
n
Ch th a khung th 2 MSB (bit 1-4) 0 0 0 0 0
Ch th a khung th 2 LSB (bit 5-8) 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 2
n+1

Cu trc ca a khung gm cc trng sau: t bit th 1 n th 5 l trng m khung, bit
th 6 11 l cc bit ch th th t, 21 bit cn li c dng d tr cho tng lai v c thit
lp ton b l bit "0". Nm bit m khung cho php xc nh lch tr ln ti 512 ms, bng 32
ln di ca a khung (32 x 16 ms = 512 ms).
Cc bit ch th th t (SQ) gip nhn dng th t ca mi VC-2/1 trong VC-1/2-Xc. Mi
VC-1/2 ca mt VC-1/2-Xv c mt s th t c nh duy nht nm trong khong t 0 n (X-1).
VC-1/2 truyn ti khe thi gian th nht ca VC-1/2-Xc c s th t 0, VC-1/2 truyn ti khe thi
gian th hai ca VC-1/2-Xc c s th t 1 v.v VC-1/2 truyn ti khe thi gian th X ca VC-
1/2-Xc c s th t (X-1).
116
4.2.3.3. So snh kt chui o v kt chui lin k
S khc nhau gia hai phng thc kt chui l cch truyn ti cc VC gia cc u
cui (hnh 4.19). Ngoi ra, phng thc kt chui o cng cho hiu sut truyn dn cao hn so vi
phng thc kt chui lin k nh minh ho trong bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2- So snh hiu sut ca hai phng thc kt chui
Dch v Tc bit Kt chui lin k Kt chui o
Ethernet 10 Mbit/s VC-3 (20%) VC-11-7v (89%)
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s VC-4 (67%) VC-3-2v (99%)
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbit/s VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-7v (95%)
Fiber Chanel 1700 Mbit/s VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-12v (90%)
ATM 25 Mbit/s VC-3 (50%) VC-11-16v (98%)
DVB 270 Mbit/s VC-4-4c (37%) VC-3-6v (93%)
ESCON 160 Mbit/s VC-4-4c (26%) VC-3-4v (83%)

Kt chui o chia nh khi ti trng cn truyn v sp xp vo cc VC-n ring, cc VC-n
c truyn i v c ti kt hp ti im cui ca tuyn truyn dn. Chnh v vy, phng thc
kt chui o ch yu cu chc nng kt chui ti thit b u cui ca tuyn. Trong khi , kt
chui lin k yu cu chc nng kt chui ti mi phn t mng.















Hnh 4.19- V d so snh hai phng thc kt chui

4.2.4. C ch iu chnh dung lng tuyn LCAS
Nh trnh by trn, kt chui ti c thc hin to nn nhng ti c dung lng
khc nhau. Mc d mt s lng ti kt chui c th c xc nh trc cho phn ln ng
dng nhng thc t chng ta cng cn phn phi linh hot mt s ti cho mt vi ng dng c
1
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H

2
3
4
II
III
IV
Bng thng yu cu Kt chui o Kt chui lin k
Mt tuyn
Nhiu tuyn
P
O
H
VC-4-4c
VC-4-3v
3 VC thnh vin
Mt nhm VC
(VCG)
622 Mbps
3 x 155 Mbps
117
th. LACS c thit k thc hin chc nng trn.
LCAS l mt giao thc bo hiu thc hin trao i bn tin gia hai im kt cui VC-n
xc nh s lng ti kt chui. ng vi yu cu ca ngi s dng, s lng ti kt
chui c th tng/gim ph hp vi dung lng lu lng trao i. c tnh ny rt hu dng
vi nh khai thc thch ng bng tn gia cc b nh tuyn thay i theo thi gian, theo
ma...

4.2.4.1. Gi iu khin
C ch hot ng ca LCAS da trn vic trao i gi iu khin gia my pht v
my thu. Mi gi iu khin s m t trng thi ca tuyn trong gi iu khin k tip. Nhng
thay i ny c truyn ti pha thu my thu c th chuyn ti cu hnh mi ngay khi nhn
c n. Gi iu khin gm mt lot cc trng dnh cho nhng chc nng nh trc v cha
thng tin truyn t my pht n my thu cng nh thng tin t my thu n my pht.
Hng i:
Trng ch th a khung (MFI)
Trng ch th dy (SQ)
Trng iu khin (CTRL)
Bit nhn dng nhm (GID)
Hng v
Trng trng thi thnh vin (MST)
Bit xc nhn thay i th t (RS-Ack)
Truyn hai hng
Trng CRC
Cc bit d tr khng s dng c thit lp bng 0
pha pht, MFI ca tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm kt chui o (VCG) u bng nhau v
tng sau mi khung. pha thu, MFI c s dng tp hp li ti trng cho tt c cc thnh
vin trong nhm. MFI c s dng xc nh tr gia cc thnh vin trong cng mt nhm.
Trng SQ cha s th t c gn cho mt thnh vin xc nh. Mi thnh vin trong cng
mt VCG c gn mt s th t duy nht.
Trng iu khin c s dng truyn ti thng tin t pha pht ti pha thu. Ngoi
mc ch ng b gia hai pha, n cn cung cp trng thi ca mi thnh vin trong nhm (xem
bng 4.3). Ti thi im bt u ca mt VCG, tt c cc thnh vin s pht CTRL = IDLE.
Bit ch th nhm GID c s dng nhn dng VCG. Trong cc khung c cng MFI,
bit GID ca tt c cc thnh vin thuc cng VCG c cng gi tr. Bit GID l phng tin pha
thu kim tra xem tt c cc thnh vin n c hnh thnh cng t mt trm pht hay khng. Ni
dung ca bit GID l gi ngu nhin s dng mu 2
15
-1.
Trng CRC c s dng bo v mi gi iu khin. Sau khi thu c, mi gi iu
khin u c kim tra CRC. Nu kim tra CRC khng pht hin li, gi s c s dng,
ngc li s b loi b.
Trng trng thi thnh vin c gi t pha thu ti pha pht (hng ln) cha thng tin
v trng thi ca tt c cc thnh vin ca mt VCG. MST s dng mt bit vi hai trng thi: OK
118
= 0 v FAIL = 1. Khi bt u mt VCG, tt c cc thnh vin gi MST = FAIL, MST khng s
dng cng c thit lp bng FAIL.
Bng 4.3- Cc t m iu khin
Gi tr Lnh ngha
0000 FIXED u cui ny khng s dng LCAD
0001 ADD Thnh vin ny chun b c thm vo nhm
0010 NORM Truyn ti bnh thng
0011 EOS S th t cao nht v truyn ti bnh thng
0101 IDLE Thnh vin ny khng thuc nhm hoc sp b loi b
1111 DNU Khng s dng (ti trng), pha thu nhn bit li

Bt k mt thay i no c pht hin ti pha thu lin quan n s th t ca thnh vin
u c ghi nhn v gi v phi pht thng qua o bit RS-Ack. Bit RS-Ack ch c th thay i
sau khi nh gi trng thi ca tt c cc thnh vin. Vic o bit RS-Ack s cng nhn gi tr
ca MST trong a khung trc. Pha pht c th s dng vic o bit nh l du hiu cho php
thay i t pha thu v n s chp nhn thng tin MST mi.

4.2.4.2. Cc chc nng chnh ca LCAS
(1) Thm thnh vin (tng dung lng)
Hnh 4.20 minh ha qu trnh thc hin vic thm hai thnh vin sau thnh vin cui
cng.













Hnh 4.20- Thm nhiu thnh vin

Khi mt thnh vin c thm vo, n s lun c ch nh s th t ln hn s th t
cao nht hin ti (trong t m CTRL c ch th EOS). Sau lnh ADD, thnh vin u tin phc
p MST = OK s c ch nh s th t cao nht (tip theo s th t cao nht hin ti) v thay
NMS LCAS
mem
n-1
(EOS)
Sk
mem
n
(mi)
Sk
mem
n+1
(mi)
Sk
Lnh
ADD
CTRL=ADD
CTRL=ADD
MST=OK
CTRL=EOS
CTRL=NORM
MST=OK
CTRL=EOS
CTRL=NORM
mem
i
: thnh vin th i
119
i t m CTRL thnh EOS, ng thi thnh vin cao nht hin ti cng thay i CTRL ca n
thnh NORM.
Trong trng hp thm nhiu thnh vin (v d x thnh vin) v nhn c ng thi
nhiu thnh vin c phc p MST = OK, vic ch nh s th t c thc hin mt cch ty ,
min l chng to thnh mt dy x s th t tip theo s th t cao nht hin ti. T m CTRL
ca thnh vin cao nht hin ti s chuyn t EOS thnh NORM, ng thi t m CTRL ca
thnh vin mi cao nht c thay i thnh EOS, CTRL ca tt c cc thnh vin mi cn li
c thit lp bng NORM.
Bc cui cng ca qu trnh thm thnh vin l gi i NORM hoc EOS trong t m
iu khin ca gi iu khin cho thnh vin . Khung conten u tin cha s liu ti trng
cho thnh vin mi s l khung conten ngay sau bit cui cng ca khung cha bn tin
NORM/EOS.
(2) Loi b tm thi thnh vin (gim dung lng)
Khi ti pha thu pht hin ra mt thnh vin pht NORM hoc EOS b s c trong mng,
pha thu s gi i MST = FAIL cho thnh vin . Sau pha pht s thay th iu kin
NORM/EOS bng DNU v thnh vin ngay trc s gi i EOS trong trng CTRL. Bc
cui cng trong qu trnh loi b tm thi mt thnh vin l loi b vng ti trng ca thnh vin
khi VCG. Khung conten cui cng cha ti trng ca thnh vin b loi b l khung cha bit
cui cng ca gi iu khin cha t m DNU. Khung tip theo khung cui cng s cha ton bit
0 trong vng ti trng. Hnh 4.21 minh ha qu trnh loi b thnh vin cui cng do li s dng
lnh DNU.
Khi pha thu pht hin nguyn nhn gy s c c xa b, n s gi MST = OK cho
thnh vin . Pha pht s thay th iu kin DNU bng NORM/EOS v thnh vin ngay trc
s gi i NORM trong trng CTRL. Bc cui cng khi khi phc li mt thnh vin b
loi b tm thi l bt u s dng li vng ti trng ca thnh vin . Khung conten u tin
cha s liu ti trng cho thnh vin ny l khung ngay sau khung cha bit cui cng ca gi iu
khin c t m NORM/EOS u tin cho thnh vin .











(3) Xa thnh vin (gim dung lng)
Khi cc thnh vin b xa, s th t v trng thi ca cc thnh vin khc s c ch nh
li. Nu thnh vin b xa cha s th t cao nht ca nhm, thnh vin c s th t cao th hai
s thay i t m iu khin thnh EOS, ng thi gi iu khin ca thnh vin b xa chuyn
NMS LCAS
mem
n-1

Sk
mem
n
(EOS)
Sk
Trng
thi li
CTRL=DNU
CTRL=EOS
MST=FAIL
mem
i
: thnh vin th i
Hnh 4.21- Gim dung lng do s c mng
120
thnh IDLE. Nu vic xa khng c thc hin bi thnh vin cao nht th cc thnh vin c s
th t trong khong t thnh vin b xa ti s th t cao nht s cp nht SQ trong cc gi iu
khin, ng thi thnh vin b xa thay i trng thi. Khi thnh vin b xa gi i t m iu
khin IDLE, khung conten cui cng ca thnh vin ny cn cha s liu ti trng l khung cha
bit cui cng ca gi iu khin. Hnh 4.22 minh ha qu trnh loi b cc thnh vin th 4 v th
5 t mt VCG c n = 6 thnh vin.











Hnh 4.22- Loi b thnh vin 4 v 5 t mt VCG c n = 6 thnh vin

4.3. IP/ATM TRC TIP TRN QUANG
4.3.1. Hn ch cc lp trung gian trn mng ng trc
Trong giai on lu lng IP chim u th trong mng th cu trc mng phn lm nhiu
lp khng cn thch hp na. Mc ch l ti thiu ho truyn mo u v cng chnh l cc i
ho rng bng tn truyn dn hu ch. Tt nhin l phc tp trong gim st, iu hnh, lp
k hoch mng v k thut cng cn gim bt cc tiu ho chi ph iu hnh ca nh cung cp
dch v v tng li nhun.
C th nhn thy t hnh 4.23, cc lp SDH v ATM c gim bt khi chuyn mng
ng trc thnh mng hai lp ti giai on cui. Vic pht hin v gii quyt li cng nh phc
hi mng tr thnh vn quan trng. Nh gim bt lp SDH trung gian m c ch phc hi ton
din c xo b v ch thc hin trong lp quang hoc lp IP.









NMS LCAS
mem
4

Sk
mem
5

Sk
mem
6
(EOS)
Sk
Lnh
gim
CTRL=EOS
SQ=3
mem
i
: thnh vin th i
CTRL=IDLE
SQ=5
CTRL=IDLE
SQ=4
MST=FAIL
o bit RS-Ack
MST=FAIL
o bit RS-Ack
IP
ATM
SDH
Quang/WDM
IP
ATM
Quang/WDM
IP
SDH
Quang/WDM
IP
Quang/WDM
Hnh 4.23- Chuyn t cu trc mng 4 lp sang 2 lp
121
T hnh 4.23 cho bit c 4 kh nng cu trc mng. Tuy nhin, vn mt bng iu
khin i vi mng quang l rt quan trng v vn cha c gii quyt trn vn. Phi chng iu
khin c bt ngun t lp quang v vn hnh IP theo cch chng ln? Hay l IP iu khin mt
bng quang? Thm ch cc mt bng iu khin khc cng c pht sinh t cc quyt nh nh
tuyn (th d cc mt bng iu khin nhn c t chnh sch)? Nhng vn ny c tho
lun trong chuyn "Cc mt bng iu khin quang hin ti v tng lai" v khng thuc ni
dung ca cun ti liu ny.
4.3.2.IP/ATM trc tip trn quang
4.3.2.1. IP trc tip trn quang
Gii php th t hn ch c lp SDH v ATM v ch xy dng cu trc mng hai lp khi
s dng lp IP v lp quang/ WDM. Gii php ny c cc nh cung cp dch v n nhn
cung cp dch v s liu v dch v VoIP.
Hiu qu truyn dn l ti u v lp ATM b xo. S lng thit b cng c gim
thiu, v khng s dng thit b SDH. Cng ngh WDM c th s dng tng dung lng ca
cng trnh cp si quang.
4.3.2.2. So snh vi IP trn ATM trn quang
IP trn ATM trn quang l gii php n gin hn ch lp SDH nhng vn duy tr
c lp ATM. Cc nh cung cp dch v nhn c mt s lng ln cc dch v lp 2 (th d
ng dy cho thu v cc dch v thoi) v s dng gii php ny xy dng mng 3 lp (lp
IP, lp ATM v lp quang/WDM). iu bt li ca cu trc ny l chuyn ti lu lng IP khng
c hiu qu. Bi v ATM vn cn tn ti. Tuy nhin, ATM cng c mt s u im, th d nh
kh nng v QoS vn gi nguyn .

4.4. CNG NGH MNG VNG TH BI (TOKEN RING) V FDDI
4.4.1. Gii thiu
4.4.1.1. Tng quan
Mc d si quang c s dng theo cc cch khc nhau trn c s tiu chun mng
vng th bi IEEE 802.5 v mt s tiu chun hot ng khc, nhng quan trng nht l tiu
chun LAN th bi si quang hot ng trn giao din phn phi s liu si quang (FDDI) ca
mng vng th bi 100 Mbit/s. Tiu chun ny a ra cu trc mng vng kp truyn ngc
hng 100 Mbit/s. FDDI c th to ra 1000 kt ni vt l trn mng vng kp 200 km si quang.
V mt l thuyt, FDDI c th phc v mt s lng khng hn ch cc trm.
FDDI bao gm 3 lp: lp vt l, lp tuyn s liu v lp qun l trm.
(1) Lp vt l
- Ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD): thc hin chc nng truyn dn vt l tn hiu bng
gc s trn si quang, gm my thu pht si quang, cp si quang, cc b ni, cc chuyn mch
v cc thc th khc.
- Giao thc lp vt l (PHY): c trng cho kt ni gia PMD v lp tuyn s liu. N c
cc chc nng nh ng b, lp m v gii m lung bit n/i thnh cc k hiu s dng trong
lp tuyn s liu..
122
(2) Lp tuyn s liu
Lp ny iu khin truy nhp ti mi trng, hnh thnh v sp xp thng tin a ch v
kt hp ngang hng bn trong mng. Lp ny cn to ra v kim sot dy kim tra khung nhm
m bo rng s liu tin cy c chuyn ti lp cao hn. Phn lp thp nht c gi l iu
khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC).
(3) Lp qun l trm (SMT)
Lp ny cung cp cc dch v, th d qun l v iu khin cu hnh, cnh bo v gim st
trng thi, cch ly li v iu khin phc hi v lp chng trnh. N qun l cc qu trnh ca
cc lp khc nhau sao cho cc trm c th hot ng nhp nhng trn mng vng.
4.4.1.2. Hot ng ca mng vng FDDI
Hnh 4.24 th hin kt ni gia cc trm trn mng vng FDDI.

















Mng bao gm cc trm kt ni ni tip v mt vt l trong mt mng vng kn. Kt ni
vt l ti mng FDDI bao gm cc lp PMD ca mi trm kt ni ti c mng vng s cp v th
cp. Thng tin c chuyn ti t trm ti trm theo mt hng quanh mi mng vng vt l.
Mng vng s cp bao gm mt u ra s cp (PO) v mt u vo s cp (PI). Mng vng th
cp bao gm u ra th cp (SO) v u vo th cp (SI). Cc u ra v u vo u tip xc vi
PHY ca mi trm. Mng vng ng kn v mt logic nh cc kt ni bn trong thuc lp MAC
ca mi trm. Kt ni ti mi trng vt l thng qua lp PHY c iu khin bi cc lnh xen
vo v tc b ca lp qun l trm (SMT). Cc trm u c my thu pht kp (A v B) kt
ni ti mng vng si quang s cp v th cp. y l cc trm loi A. Cc trm loi B ch kt
ni ti mt mng vng (khng th hin trong hnh v).
Lp MAC cung cp cc chc nng nh iu khin chuyn th bi, iu khin dy bit-m,
xc nhn tnh hp l, phin dch gi v ng gi. MAC gi cc k hiu m hexa 4 bit vo lp
PHY v ti m ho thnh m NRZ 5 bit. Sau lp vt l thc hin mc th hai ca m ho
SI

A
MAC
PHY
B

S
M
T
PO PI SO SI
Trm 2
PO PI SO

A
MAC
PHY
B

S
M
T
Trm 1
SI


MAC
A
S
M
T
Trm 4
B
PO SI SO PI
PHY


MAC
A

S
M
T
Trm 3
B
PO
PHY
SO PI
PHY
Hnh 4.24- Mng vng FDDI
123
to thnh cc bit m 4B/5B NRZI v truyn trn si quang. i vi lung s liu thu, m NRZI
c gii m thnh dng m NRZ v sau gii m mt ln na thnh cc k hiu hexa v
chuyn ti MAC.
Mi thng tin trn FDDI c truyn nh mt dy ca cc nhm m. MAC quyt nh
dy m pht. Cc k hiu c th vn chuyn 3 loi thng tin: trng thi ng, iu khin v s
liu. Cc k hiu 4 bit t MAC c m ho thnh cc nhm m NRZ 5 bit v chuyn giao cho
chc nng pht. B to dao ng ni b 125 MHz nhp cc k hiu v cc bit m i qua my
pht. Sau chc nng pht m ho lung bit m NRZ thnh lung xung cn bng NRZI
chuyn ti my pht si quang trong lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). FDDI s dng m
NRZI kt hp s liu v ng h, ng thi cn bng thnh phn mt chiu ch thay i trong
gii hn 10%.
My thu quang chuyn i cc xung quang thnh lung bit NRZI in. Sau chc nng
thu gii m lung bit NRZI thnh lung xung cn bng 5 bit NRZ. ng h 125 MHz c tch
t lung xung n. My thu phc hi ng h (RCRCLK) ng b lung bit n v cung cp ch
th kho tn s v pha cho SMT. M NRZ c chuyn ti b gii m chuyn i thnh cc k
hiu 4 bit v gi ti MAC. Lp SMT thc hin chc nng qun l cu hnh trm, qun l kt ni
vt l v qun l giao din mi trng.
FDDI s dng giao thc th bi thi gian c thit k nhm m bo thi gian quay
vng th bi cc i. m thi gian do qu trnh ra mnh lnh quyt nh da vo khi u.

4.4.2. Cu trc khung
Cu trc khung v th bi ca FDDI nh hnh 4.25.














4.5. CNG NGH ETHERNET
4.5.1. Cc chun Ethernet
Th bi
Tin t SD FC ED
Khung
Tin t SD FC DA SA Trng tin FCS ED FS
Phm vi kim tra li khung
Cc i 4500 octet
SD- Gii hn khi u khung; FC- iu khin khung, 8bit;
DA- a ch ch, 16 hoc 48 bit; SA- a ch ngun, 16 hoc 48 bit;
FCS- Dy kim tra khung, 32 bit; FS- Trng thi khung;
ED- Gii hn cui khung.
Hnh 4.25- Cu trc th bi v cu trc khung FDDI
124
Cc chun IEE 802.3 gm c:
IEEE 802 : tng quan v cu trc
IEEE 802.1

: bc cu v qun l
IEEE 802.2

: iu khin lin kt logic

IEEE 802.3

: phng php truy nhp CSMA/CD

IEEE 802.4

: phng php truy nhp bus chuyn th bi

IEEE 802.5

: phng php truy nhp mng vng th bi

IEEE 802.6

: phng php truy nhp DQDB

IEEE 802.7

: LAN bng rng

IEEE 802.10

: bo an
IEEE 802.11

: khng dy
IEEE 802.12

: truy nhp yu cu u tin

IEEE 802.15

: mng vng c nhn khng dy

IEEE 802.16

: mng vng th khng dy bng rng

4.5.2. Cu trc khung Ethernet
4.5.2.1. Khun dng khung
Hnh 4.26 minh ho khun dng ca khung Ethernet theo nh ngha ca chun IEEE
802.3.







Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong khung:
u : dy 56 bit c s dng cho ng b
SFD: dy 8 bit c cu trc 10101011 ch th bt u khung
D_MAC_Addr: trng a ch MAC ca ch nhn dng trm hoc cc trm tip
nhn khung
S_MAC_Addr: a ch MAC ca ngun nhn dng trm khi ngun ca khung.
Trong Ethernet hin nay s dng a ch 6 byte. a ch ch c th ring cho mt trm hoc a
ch chung cho mt nhm trm. a ch ch gm ton bit 1 lin quan n tt c cc trm ca LAN
c gi l a ch qung b.
Chiu di/Kiu: nu gi tr ca trng ny nh hn hoc bng 1500 th trng Chiu
di/Kiu ch th s lng byte trong trng s liu khch hng MAC tip theo. Nu gi tr ca
trng ny ln hn hoc bng 1536 th trng Chiu di/Kiu ch th bn cht ca giao thc
khch hng MAC (kiu giao thc).
u
S
F
D
D_MAC_Addr
S_MAC_Addr di/Kiu S liu khch hng MAC FCS
7 byte 1 byte 6 byte 6 byte
di thay i t
46 1500 byte 2 byte 4 byte
64 byte kch c khung 1518 byte
Hnh 4.26- Khun dng khung Ethernet
125
S liu khch hng MAC: trng ny cha s liu truyn t trm ngun ti trm hoc
cc trm ch. Kch c cc i ca trng ny l 1500 byte. Nu kch c ca trng ny nh hn
46 byte th vic s dng trng "Pad" tip theo l cn thit a kch c khung ti chiu di cc
tiu.
Pad: nu cn thit th cc byte s liu d c gn vo trng ny a chiu di
khung ti kch c cc tiu. Kch c khung Ethernet cc tiu l 64 byte k t trng a ch MAC
ch ti dy kim tra khung.
Dy kim tra khung: trng ny cha gi tr kim tra s d chu trnh (CRC) c s
dng kim tra li. Khi trm ngun tp hp mt khung MAC, n tin hnh tnh ton CRC trn
tt c cc bit trong khung t a ch MAC ch cho ti cc trng Pad v truyn n nh l mt b
phn ca khung. Khi trm ch nhn c khung, n thc hin kim tra nhn dng. Nu gi tr
tnh ton khng ph hp vi gi tr trong trng ny th trm ch cho l li xy ra trong khi
truyn v loi b khung.

4.5.2.2. a ch MAC
a ch MAC c th hin ti hnh 4.27.








Bit th nht: bit a ch ring hoc nhm (0 l ring, 1 l nhm).
Bit th hai: bit qun l ton cu hoc a phng (0 l ton cu, 1 l a phng).

4.5.2.3. M rng khun dng khung
Vo nm 1998, IEEE chp thun tiu chun 802.3ac quy nh m rng khun dng
khung cung cp cho mng din cc b o (VLAN) nm trong mng Ethernet. Giao thc
VLAN cho php xen b nhn dng hoc "nhn" vo khun dng khung Ethernet nhn dng
VLAN. Nhn VLAN 4 byte gn vo gia trng a ch MAC ngun v trng Chiu di/Kiu
ca khung Etherne. Hai byte u tin ca nhn VLAN bao gm "Kiu nhn 802.1Q.
Hnh 4.28 l khung Ethernet khng c u nhn VLAN IEEE 802.3. Hnh 4.29 l
khung Ethernet IEEE 802.3 c u nhn VLAN 4 byte 802.1Q.





1 2 3 4 5 6
Nh cung cp Thit b
6 byte
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 bit
byte th nht
Hnh 4.27- a ch MAC
a ch ch a ch ngun di/Kiu S liu CRC
Hnh 4.28- Khung Ethernet khng c u nhn VLAN
126













Hai byte cui cng ca nhn VLAN c cc thng tin sau y:
Ba bit u tin l trng u tin ngi s dng nh du mc u tin ca khung
Ethernet.
Bit tip theo l b ch th khun dng chnh tc (CFI) c s dng trong khung
Ethernet ch r s c mt ca trng thng tin nh tuyn (RIP).
12 bit cui cng l nhn dng VLAN (VID) nhn dng duy nht VLAN s hu
khung ny.

4.5.3. Lp vt l Ethernet
4.5.3.1. Cc tiu chun k thut chung
Bng 4.4 thng k ch tiu k thut lp vt l c p dng cho Ethernet. Chiu di cc
i cc on cp c p dng cho hot ng na song cng i vi mng ch c mt trm lp
hoc hub lp.Chiu di cc i cc on cp i vi mng c nhiu hn mt trm lp p dng cho
hot ng song cng.
Bng 4.4- Cc ch tiu k thut lp vt l Ethernet
a ch ch a ch ngun di/Kiu S liu CRC
Hnh 4.29- Khung Ethernet c u nhn VLAN
Nhn
B nhn dng giao
thc nhn (TPID)
B nhn dng iu
khin nhn (LCI)
2 byte
4 byte
2 byte
B nhn dng giao thc nhn
(TPID) 0 8100
B nhn dng
VLAN
802.1p
C
F
I
16 bit 3 bit 1 bit
12 bit
127

Chiu di cc i cp (m)
Na song cng Song cng
10 Base -T 802.3i-1990 10 Mbit/s 2 cp 100
cp UTR
100 100
10Base -FL 802.3j-1993 10 Mbit/s 2 si quang 2000 > 2000
100 Base-TX 802.3u-1995 100 Mbit/s 2 cp 100 100 100
100 Base- FX 802.3u-1995 100 Mbit/s 2 si quang 412 2000
1000Base-LX 802.3z-1998 1 Gbit/s = 1300 nm
2a=62,5 m
2a= 50 m
2a= 10 m

316
316
316

550
550
5000
1000Base-SX 802.3z-1998 1 Gbit/s = 850 nm
2a=62,5 m
2a=50 m


275
316

275
550
1000Base-T 802.3ab-1999 1 Gbit/s 4 cp 100 100 100
10Gbase
SR/SW
802.3ae-2002 10 Gbit/s = 850 nm
2a=62,5 m
2a=50 m
NA


33
300
10Gbase-
LR/LW
802.3ae-2002 10 Gbit/s = 1310 nm
2a= 10 m
NA


10.000
10Gbase-
ER/EW
802.3ae-2002 10 Gbit/s = 1550 nm
2a= 10 m
NA
40.000
10Gbase-LX4 802.3ae-2002 10 Gbit/s = 1310 nm
2a=62,5 m
2a= 50 m
2a= 10 m
NA
300
300
10.000
4.5.3.2. 10Base-T
Cp xon i
10Base-T cung cp tc tryn dn 10 Mbit/s trn 2 i dy cp in thoi xon i loi
3 hoc tt hn. y l loi cp s dng rng ri cho Ethernet.
B ni RJ-45
10Base-T s dng mt i dy pht s liu v mt i khc thu s liu. C hai i
c t trong mt cp c c hai i ph khng s dng cho 10Base-T. Mi u cp c kt
cui vi mt b ni RJ-45 hoc Jc cm.
Kt ni im- im
Mi kt ni 10Base-T l im -im. iu ny c ngha l mt cp 10Base-T c th c ti
a 2 my thu pht Ethernet (hoc MAU). Mt u ca cp tip xc vi mt hub lp 10Base-T
hoc chuyn mch L2. u khc ca cp tip xc trc tip vi tm giao din mng (NIC) ca
trm my tnh, hoc my thu pht 10Base-T bn ngoi. Chc nng ca my thu pht c tch
Tiu chun Khuyn ngh
Tc Mi trng
128
hp vo trong hu ht cc NIC 10Base-T, cho php cp cm trc tip vo b ni RJ-45 trn NIC
m khng cn bt k thnh phn hoc u cui no bn ngoi. Giao din AUI trn cc NIC c c
th c s dng tip xc vi mng 10Base-T qua my thu pht bn ngoi.
S dng cp "vt" v cp "rnh thng"
Hai NIC 10Base-T c th tip xc trc tip vi nhau m khng cn hub lp 10Base-T.
Trong trng hp ny mt cp "vt" c bit yu cu tip xc vi i pht ca mt trm ti i
thu ca trm khc v ngc li. Khi gn NIC vo hub lp cn s dng cp "rnh thng" thng
thng v chc nng vt c thc hin bn trong hub lp.
Chiu di on cc i
Chiu di on i vi 10Base-T c cp loi 3 l 100 m. Cp cht lng cao nh dy
ng loi 5 c kh nng thc hin on di ti 150 m m vn m bo cht lng tn hiu.

4.5.3.3. 100Base-T
Nhn dng 100Base-T lin quan n mt tp y cc ch tiu k thut v cc tiu
chun mi trng i vi Ethernet 100 Mbit/s hoc "Ethernet nhanh". Bn tiu chun mi trng
100 Mbit/s c quy nh l:
100Base-TX
100Base-FX
100Base-T4
100Base-T2
Vic s dng cc tiu chun 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX c m t di y.
Tt c cc tiu chun 100Base-T u c chung ch tiu cht lng "iu khin truy nhp
mi trng" (MAX), nhng mi tiu chun c "lp vt l", hoc my thu pht v ch tiu cht
lng ring. My thu pht 100 Mbit/s c th tch hp trc tip bn trong thit b mng, chng hn
trm lp hoc tm giao din mng (NIC), hoc t bn ngoi thit b. Nu t bn ngoi, my thu
pht tip xc vi trm lp hoc NIC qua b ni "giao din c lp mi trng" (MII) 40 chn.
My thu pht c th cm trc tip vo b ni MII, hoc tip xc qua mt cp MII tng t cp
AUI c quy nh nh l mt b phn ca tiu chun 10 Mbit/s. Cp MII c th t di cc
i 0,5 m.
MII cung cp hot ng Ethernet ti 10 Mbit/s hoc 100 Mbit/s. Nhiu my thu pht
Ethernet nhanh gm cc thnh phn in t cho php h tr hot ng ti mt trong hai tc
trn y.

4.5.3.4. 100Base-X
B nhn dng "100Base-X" c quan h vi cc tiu chun 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX .
C 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX u c chung ch tiu k thut bo hiu "4B/5B" theo tiu chun
X3T9.5 ca ANSI p dng cho giao din phn phi s liu si quang (FDDI). Ch tiu k thut
bo hiu hin ti ph hp vi tc cc sn phm 100Base-X.
Trong bo hiu 4B/5B, mi nhm 4 bit ca s liu c chuyn i thnh m 5 bit
truyn qua mi trng. Mo u kt hp vi bit d yu cu tc truyn tn hiu l 125
megabaud c s dng vn chuyn net 100 Mbit/s ca s liu ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, bit
d cho php "cc k hiu" 5 bit truyn ti thng tin iu khin b sung vo s liu ngi s dng.
129
Cc k hiu 5 bit cng c quy nh theo cch m bo truyn dn theo chu k tn hiu v cho
php my thu duy tr ng b vi lung s liu n.

4.5.3.5. 100Base-TX
Cp xon i
100Base-TX cung cp tc truyn dn 100 Mbit/s trn hai i cp ng xon i (UTP).
Cp loi 5 l loi cp c cht lng cao hn cp loi 3 s dng trong 10Base-T. UTP c th
truyn ti tn s 100 MHz. Cp loi 3 cung cp truyn dn ch ti 16 MHz. 100Base-TX truyn s
liu m ho 4B/5B theo tiu chun ANSI X3T9.5 p dng cho giao din phn phi s liu si
quang (FDDI). Ch rng vic s dng m 4B/5B i hi tc truyn s liu 125 megabaud
truyn ti net 100 Mbit/s. Nhng 125 megabaud tng ng vi tn s cc i l 62,5 MHz thp
hn tn s cc i 100 MHz m cp loi 5 cung cp.
Kt ni im- im
Tt c cc on ca 100Base-TX u l im ni im c mt my thu pht ti mi u
ca cp. Hu ht cc 100Base-TX kt ni trm my tnh n hub lp hoc chuyn mch L2. Cc
thit b ny c chc nng thu pht c tch hp cm trc tip cp loi 5 vo b ni RJ-45 trn
hub hoc chuyn mch. Cc trm my tnh tip xc thng qua tm giao din mng (NIC). Chc
nng thu pht c tch hp vi NIC cho php cp xon i loi 5 cm trc tip vo b ni RJ-45
trn NIC.
S dng cp "vt" v cp "rnh thng"
Hai tm giao din mng (NIC) 100Base-TX cng c th tip xc trc tip vi nhau m
khng cn mt hub lp 100Base-TX. Trong trng hp ny cn s dng cp vt chuyn dng
v yu cu ni cp pht ca mt trm vo cp thu ca trm khc v ngc li. Khi ni NIC vo
hub lp cn s dng cp rnh thng thng thng v chc nng vt c thc hin bn trong
hub lp.
Cung cp tu chn ca kiu hon ton song cng
Cc tuyn pht v thu c lp ca mi trng 100Base-TX cho php kiu hot ng hon
ton song cng. Mun cung cp kiu hon ton song cng, c NIC v hub phi c kh nng v cu
hnh i vi hot ng hon ton song cng.

4.5.3.6. 100Base-FX
Cp si quang
100Base-FX cung cp tc truyn dn 100 Mbit/s trn hai si quang. N cho php
di on t ti 412 m i vi tuyn na song cng v ln hn hoc bng 2000 m i vi tuyn
hon ton song cng. 100Base-FX cn phng n si quang theo tiu chun 100Base-FX. Cp
ng xon i v cc b ni c s dng trong 100Base-TX c thay th bi cp si quang v
cc b ni ca 100Base-FX . C hai tiu chun u s dng kiu m ho tn hiu 4B/5B.
Cp si quang c s dng i vi 100Base-FX l cp si a mode (MMF) c kch c
62,5/125 m. Loi cp si quang khc, chng hn nh 50/125 m, 85/125 m v 100/140 m
cng c th s dng cho 100Base-FX, nhng chng khng hnh thnh cc on c di nh cp
si quang 62,5/125 m.
Bc sng s dng cho 100Base-FX l 1300 nm.
130
B ni quang
Tiu chun 100Base-FX cho php s dng mt s loi b ni quang. Cc b ni song
cng "SC" c khuyn co s dng, nhng cc b ni "ST" v "FDDI MIC" cng c th dng
c. Hai si quang s dng trong mi on 100Base-FX.. Mt si s dng cho pht tn hiu v
mt si s dng thu tn hiu.
Cc kt ni im- im
Tt c cc on 100Base-FX u l im ni im, trong c mt my pht ti mi u
ca tuyn. 100Base-FX yn cu phn cng my pht ng nht. Hub lp 100Base-FX c cc b
ni v my thu pht si quang rt-cm. Cc tm giao din mng c th tch hp vi cc b ni v
my thu pht 100Base-FX, hoc my thu pht 100Base-FX c th gn bn ngoi thng qua b ni
giao din c lp mi trng (MII) 40 chn.
Kiu hon ton song cng tu chn
Cc tuyn pht v thu c lp ca 100Base-FX cho php hot ng hon ton song cng.
Khi hot ng theo kiu hon ton song cng, chiu di on ca 100Base-FX c th tng t 412
m ti 2000 m. Cng c th cung cp chiu di on ln hn khi s dng cp si quang n mode
(SMF) t hn. Trong kiu hon ton song cng, chiu di on khng b hn ch bi thi gian
kh hi yu cu i vi min xung t ca CSMA/CD.

4.5.3.7. 1000Base-X
1000Base-X lin quan n cc tiu chun "Ethernet Gigabit" 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX
v 1000Base-CX. Mi tiu chun ny u da vo cc ch tiu k thut lp vt l ANSI X3.230-
1994 i vi knh si quang. c bit, 1000Base-X s dng s m ho "8B/10B".
Ch rng 1000Base-T l tiu chun Gigabit Ethernet b sung, khng s dng cc ch
tiu k thut lp vt l knh quang v khng thuc v h tiu chun 1000Base-X
Bo hiu 8B/10B
Nh bo hiu 8B/10B m mi byte 8 bit c chuyn i thnh k hiu 10 bit truyn
trn mi trng si quang. Mo u kt hp vi cc bit d yu cu truyn tn hiu vi tc 1,25
gigabaud vn chuyn net 1 Gigabit/s. Tuy nhin, cc bit d cho php mt k hiu duy nht
c phn phi cho mi lin hp 8 bit s liu tin cy, ng thi cho php cc k hiu b sung
chuyn ti thng tin iu khin v cc thng tin khc. Cc k hiu iu khin c s dng cho
cc trng hp nh u gi, cui gi v ri. Nhiu k hiu l khng tin cy v nu thu c
chng th ch th xy ra li truyn dn. Tt c cc k hiu tin cy c quy nh bao gm 5 bit 1
v 5 bit 0 an xen nhau nhm cn bng thnh phn mt chiu tn hiu truyn dn. iu ny cng
cho php my thu d dng thc hin ng b k hiu v m bo lung bit n c cc chuyn
mc tch ng h d dng.
Giao din c lp mi trng (GMII)
Tiu chun 1000Base-X quy nh mt giao din c lp mi trng Gigabit (GMII) kt
ni iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) cc chc nng lp vt l (PHY) ca mt thit b
Ethernet Gigabit. GMII tng t nh giao din khi kt ni (AUI) trong Ethernet 10 Mbit/s v
giao din c lp mi trng (MII) trong Ethernet 100 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, khc AUI v MII ch
khng cn b ni i vi GMII, cho php my thu pht gn vi nhau bn ngoi qua cp. Chc
nng thu pht c a vo trong mi thit b Ethernet Gigabit v GMII tn ti nh mt giao din
thnh phn bn trong.
131
4.5.3.8. 1000Base-LX
Ch ci "L" trong 1000Base-LX k hiu cho "long" ch r s dng Laser bc sng
di truyn tn hiu trn cp si quang. Laser bc sng di hot ng trong phm vi bc sng
t 1270 nm n 1355 nm trn si quang a mode v n mode. Laser bc sng di t hn laser
bc sng ngn, nhng c u im l c ly truyn di hn.
4.5.3.9. 1000Base-SX
Ch ci "S" trong 1000Base-SX k hiu cho "Short", ch r s dng Laser bc sng
ngn truyn tn hiu trn si quang. Laser bc sng ngn c quy nh hot ng trong di
bc sng t 770 nm n 860 nm v ch s dng cp si quang a mode. Laser bc sng ngn
c u im l r hn Laser bc sng di.
4.6. CNG NGH MNG VNG GI T PHC HI RPR
4.6.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh RPR
4.6.1.1. Tng quan
Giao thc mng vng gi t phc hi RPR c IEEE tiu chun ho vo thng 7 nm
2004. RPR l mt giao thc truyn s liu mi trn mng vng gi din th (MAN) v mng
vng din rng (WAN). Nhm cng tc 802.17 xut RPR tiu chun c cc c im ch
yu:
- Cung cp ti 255 trm trn mt mng vng.
- Mng vng ti u c chu vi cc i l 2000 km.
- Cung cp truyn n hng, a hng v qung b.
- a dng dch v.
- Tng rng bng tn hu dng vt xa cc cng ngh hin ti.
- Topo t ng v trm c kh nng cm phch l chy.
- Truyn khung cht lng cao:
Phc hi dch v nh hn 50 ms.
Khng cho php mt gi trong MAC.
C th bo v khi c s c ti nhiu hn mt im.
C cc chc nng iu hnh, qun l v bo dng (OAM)

4.6.1.2. M hnh lp
M hnh lp RPR v mi lin quan ti m hnh tham kho kt ni h thng m (OSI)
c minh ho ti hnh 4.30. Phn lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC), phn lp tuyn s
liu MAC v cc phn lp trung gian c quy nh trong m hnh ny nh l giao din dch v
MAC v giao din dch v vt l PHY do cc phn lp cung cp.
Giao din dch v MAC cung cp cc c s dch v cho khch hng MAC s dng nhm
trao i s liu vi mt hoc nhiu khch hng hoc chuyn pht thng tin iu khin ni b gia
MAC v khch hng MAC. Phn lp iu khin MAC iu khin phn lp tuyn s liu, duy tr
trng thi MAC v phi hp vi phn lp iu khin MAC ca cc MAC khc v iu khin cc
chc nng chuyn pht i vi mi mng vng dt.

132













Cc khch hng MAC s dng giao din dch v PHY pht v thu cc khung trn mi
trng vt l. Cc phn lp trung gian khc nhau quy nh s sp xp gia cc giao din PHY c
th v cc giao din c lp mi trng (MII). Tiu chun ny bao gm nh ngha cc phn lp
khc nhau i vi mi giao din PHY v cng nhn cc phn lp khc da vo cc yu cu t
ra.
4.6.1.3. Cu trc mng vng dt
RPR s dng cu trc cc mng vng dt kp n hng v ngc chiu nhau. Mi mng
vng dt thit lp cc tuyn c lung s liu cng hng. Cc mng vng dt c nhn dng nh
l mng vng dt 0 v mng vng dt 1 c th hin ti hnh 4.31.






S kt hp mt tuyn v mt mng vng dt ring bit l khng thay i nh s thay i
trng thi ca cc tuyn hoc cc trm.
Cc trm trong cc mng vng c nhn dng bi a ch MAC IEEE 802 c 48 bit nh
c quy nh trong IEEE Std 802-2002. Tt c cc tuyn trong mng vng hot ng ti tc
s liu nh nhau, nhng chng c cc c tnh tr khc nhau.
Phn gii hn gia hai trm lin k c gi l mt chng. Mt chng bao gm cc tuyn
n hng truyn s liu theo hng ngc nhau.
Trm Y l ln cn theo lung xung ca trm X trong mng vng dt 0/1 nu lu lng
ca trm Y tr thnh lu lng thu ca trm X trong mng vng dt lin quan. V th trm S5 l
ln cn theo lung xung ca trm S4 trong mng vng dt 0; tng t nh vy, trm S2 l ln
cn theo lung xung ca trm S3 trong mng vng dt 1.
Trm Y l ln cn theo lung ln ca trm X trong mng vng 0/1 nu lu lng ca trm
Y tr thnh lu lng thu ca trm X trong mng vng lin quan. Do , trm S4 l ln cn theo
Truyn ti
ng dng
Trnh din
on
Mng
Cc lp m hnh
tham kho OSI
Vt l
Tuyn s liu
iu khin tuyn logic (khch hng MAC)

Tuyn s liu MAC
Lp vt l
Fairness
Topology
v bo v
OAM
iu khin MAC
Cc lp RPR

Cc lp cao
Giao din
dch v MAC
Giao din
dch v PHY
Mi trng
Hnh 4.30- Mi lin quan gia m hnh RPR v
m hnh tham kho OSI

Chng
S0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

S253 S254
Tuyn
mng vng dt 1
mng vng dt 0
Hnh 4.31- Cu trc mng vng dt kp
133
lung ln ca trm S5 trong mng vng dt 0 v trm S3 l ln cn theo lung ln ca trm S2
trong mng vng dt 1.
4.6.1.4. Cu trc trm
Hnh 4.32 minh ho cu trc ca trm.










Mt trm bao gm mt thc th khch hng, mt thc th MAC v hai thc th PHY. Mi
PHY kt hp vi chng chung vi trm lin k. Thc th MAC cha mt thc th iu khin
MAC, mt thc th chn mng vng dt v hai thc th tuyn s liu (mi tuyn s liu kt hp
vi mt mng vng dt). Pht ca PHY trong mng vng dt 0 v thu trong mng vng dt 1 c
xc nhn l PHY pha ng. Pht ca PHY trong mng vng dt 1 v thu trong mng vng dt 0
c xc nhn l PHY pha Ty. Tuyn s liu trong mng vng dt 0 thu cc khung t PHY pha
Ty v pht hoc chuyn tip cc khung t PHY pha ng. Tuyn s liu ca mng vng dt 1
thu cc khung t PHY pha ng v pht hoc chuyn tip cc khung t PHY pha Ty.
4.6.1.5. Cu trc MAC
(1) Kt ni tuyn s liu
Cu trc ca iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) nh hnh 4.33.














Chn mng vng dt
Tuyn s liu mng vng dt 0
Tuyn s liu mng vng dt 1
iu khin
Phn lp tuyn
s liu MAC
Pht Thu
Giao din
dch v PHY
Giao din
dch v MAC
Phn lp iu
khin MAC
MA_DATA.yu cu MA_DATA.ch th MA_CONTROL. yu cu
MA_CONTROL.ch th
MAC
Hnh 4.33- Cu trc MAC ca trm n

iu khin
Chn mng vng dt
Chn mng vng dt 0
Chn mng vng dt 1
MAC
PHY
ng
PHY
Ty

Khch hng MAC
Trm S2

Mng vng dt1
Mng vng dt 0

S0
S1
S3

S253 S254
Hnh 4.32- Cu trc trm


134
Thc th MAC kt hp vi trm cha ng mt thc th phn lp iu khin MAC v
hai thc th phn lp tuyn s liu MAC. Mi thc th ca tuyn s liu MAC phc v mt trong
hai mng vng dt. Khch hng MAC gi cc khung s liu ti khi la chn mng vng dt v
thu cc khung s liu t mt trong hai tuyn s liu MAC. Thc th iu khin MAC gi cc
khung iu khin ti khi la chn mng vng dt v thu cc khung iu khin t mt trong hai
tuyn s liu MAC.
Hnh 4.34 l cu hnh u cui- u cui ca cc thc th MAC.












S liu truyn t trm S1 ti trm S3 qua trm S2. Cc chc nng ca giao din khch
hng MAC ch c s dng ti cc trm c b sung hoc sao li cc khung t mng vng dt.
Trong trng hp n hng, iu ny ph hp vi cc trm ngun v ch. Khi mng vng dt
hot ng bnh thng, khung c x l bi thc th tuyn s liu MAC nh nhau trong mi
trm (v d, tuyn s liu MAC ca mng vng dt 0 ti mi trm chuyn tip hoc tuyn s liu
MAC ca mng vng dt 1 trong mi trm chuyn tip).
(2) Chn mng vng dt
a ch ch
Thc th chn mng vng dt trong phn lp tuyn s liu MAC kim tra a ch ch, a
ch ngun v cc tham s khc chn mng vng dt truyn ti khung khng b trn v bo v
c khung v khun dng khung.
Chn mng vng dt c tin hnh nh sau: cc trm c kh nng so snh tham s a
ch ch da vo mi a ch MAX kt hp vi cc trm kt ni. Vic so snh ny cho php
trm xc nh v tr vt l ca ch v khi nhn bit v tr vt l s xc nh c vic kt ni
ti ch tt hay khng.
a ch th cp
Khi b sung vo a ch MAC vt l s cp, mi trm c th c mt hoc hai a ch MAX
b sung v c gi l a ch th cp. Nu khng cung cp a ch th cp trong my pht, vic
truyn a ch th cp s b trn, mc d ch c ch hin ti sao chp khung thu c cho khch
hng. Cc trm ngun c th phin dch cc a ch th cp thnh a ch MAC s cp ph hp
trc khi chuyn khung. Phin dch ngun a ch th cp nh vy s trnh c trn b sung.
phin dch ngun thun tin, cc trm c th cng b a ch th cp thng qua cc khung ATD
trong c s s liu tp ca cc trm khc.
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 0
iu khin Chn
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 1
Ty ng
Khch hng MAC
PHY

MAC
S1
MA_DATA.yu cu
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 0
iu khin Chn
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 1
Ty ng
PHY

S2
Giao din dch v MAC
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 0
iu khin Chn
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 1
Ty ng
Khch hng MAC
PHY

S3
MA_DATA.ch th
Hnh 4.34- Cu trc u cui- u cui MAC
135
4.6.1.6.. Cc loi khung RPR
C 4 loi khung RPR: khung s liu, khung iu khin, khung fairness v khung ri.
(1) Khun dng khung s liu
Cc trng trong khung s liu c minh ho ti hnh 4.35.














Cc k hiu trong hnh 4.35:
ttl- Thi gian sng. Trng ny gm 8 bit quy nh s lng bc nhy cc i m khung
mong mun t ti trc khi n ch. Trng ny cung cp c ch m bo khung khng chy
vng quanh lin tc trong mng vng.
baseControl- Trng iu khin c s 8 bit. Trong : bit u tin (ri) nhn dng mch
vng dt m khung ang truyn trong n (bng 0 khi truyn trn mng vng dt 0 v bng 1 khi
truyn trn mng vng dt 1), bit th hai (fe) nh du khung c chu s chi phi ca thut ton
chnh xc hay khng (bng 0 ch th khng iu kin, bng 1 c iu kin), bit th ba v th
t (ft) nhn dng kiu khung (00- khung ri, 01- khung iu khin, 10- khung fairness, 11- khung
s liu), bit th nm v th su (sc) nhn dng loi dch v ca khung (00- loi C, 01- loi B, 10-
loi A1, 11- loi A0), bit th 7 (we) ch th khung c iu kin ng gi hay khng (bng 0 ch
th khng iu kin, bng 1 c iu kin), bit th tm (parity) bo v cc trng tti v
baseCtrol.
extendedControl- iu khin mng vng m rng. Trng ny gm 8 bit: bit th nht ch
th khung s liu m rng, bit th hai v th ba ch th khung c b trn hay khng (00- khng
trn, 01- trn mt hng, 10- trn hai hng, 11- d tr), bit th t c s dng ngn nga
p (bng 0 khi c truyn ln u tin v bng 1 khi khung truyn ln th hai trong mng vng
dt), bit th nm ch th khung c yu cu sp xp cc nhu cu theo th t nghim ngt hay
khng, ba bit cui l d tr.
da- Trng a ch ch 48 bit. Trng ny cha a ch MAC 48 bit ring hoc nhm.
sa- a ch ngun 48 bit nh r trm gi khung i.
ttlBase- Trng ttlBase 48 bit c ci t ti gi tr ban u ca trng ttl ca khung s
liu ang truyn.
Ti trng
a)
a) Khun dng khung c bn
b) Khun dng khung m rng
ttl
baseControl
da
sa
ttlBase
extendedControl
hec
protocol/Type
seviseDataUnit
fcs
1
1
6
6
1
1
2
n
4
2
u
ui
b)
ttl
baseControl
da
sa
ttlBase
extendedControl
hec
1
1
6
6
1
1
protocol/Type
seviceDataUnit
fcs
2
n
4
2
daExtended
saExtended
6
6
u
Ti trng
ui
Hnh 4.35- Khun dng khung s liu
136
hec- Trng kim tra li u 16 bit.
fcs- Trng kim tra khung 32 bit theo cch kim tra s d chu trnh (CRC).
seviceDataUnit- Trng c di thay i cha khi s liu dch v do khch hng cung
cp.
protocol/Type- Trng 16 bit ch th bn cht ca giao thc khch hng MAC (cch phin
dch) v kiu khung.
hec- Trng kim tra li u 16 bit Hec c tnh ton da vo cc trng ttl,
baseControl, da, sa, ttlBase v extendedControl.
daExtended- Trmg a ch ch m rng 48 bit quy nh r trm cui cng tip nhn
khung.
saExtended- Trng a ch ngun 48 bit quy inh trm gc gi khung vo mng vng.
Trng ny cha a ch MAC 48 bit ring.
Cc gii hn kch c ca khung s liu c lit k trong bng 4.5.
Bng 4.5- Gii hn kch c khung s liu

Gi tr (byte) Tn Hng ngha
24 DATA_MIN 1 Kch c khung s liu cc tiu
12 EXT_HDR_SIZE 2 Kch c b sung ca khung s liu m rng
1616 ERGULAR_MAX 3 Kch c khung s liu thng thng cc i
9216 JUMBO_MAX 4 Kch c khung s liu ln cc i

Khung s liu nh nht c 24 byte. Kch c cc i ca khung s liu l 1616 byte trong
trng hp khng c cung cp khung ln (Jumbo) v 9216 bye khi c cung cp khung ln.
(2) Khun dng khung iu khin
Hnh 4.36 th hin khun dng khung iu khin.














ttl
baseControl
da
sa
ttlBase
extendedControl
hec
controlVersion
controlDataUnit
fcs
1
1
6
6
1
1
2
u
Hnh 4.36- Khun dng khung iu khin
1
n
4
ui
Ti trng
controlType
1
137

Cc k hiu trong hnh 4.36:
ttl, baseControl, da, sa, ttlBase v fcs gii thch trong phn m t khun dng khung
s liu.
extendedControl -Trng m rng 8 bit. Bt th nht (ef) bng 0 ch th cc khung iu
khin c to lp ch t cc trm ni b ca mng vng cc b, bit th hai v th ba (fi) ch th
cc khung iu khin khng b trn, bit th t (ps) bng 0 ch th cc khung iu khin gi i lc
u khng nht thit phi hon chnh, bit th nm (so) bng 0 ch th cc khung iu khin khng
yu cu nghim ngt v th t cc yu cu hoc trnh p khung, ba bit cn li (res) d tr v
c ci t ton bit 0 v pha thu b qua.
controlType- Trng 8 bit ch th kiu khung iu khin.
controlVersion- Trng 8 bit l s lng phin bn kt hp vi trng controlType.
controlDataUnit- Trng c di thay i ph thuc vo gi tr ca trng controlType.
(3) Khun dng khung fairness
Khun dng khung fairness c m t trong hnh 4.37.










Khun dng khung fairness khc vi khun dng khung s liu v khung iu khin.Cc
khung fairness khng gi ti cc nt ch nh. Chng c gi ti trm gn nht ca trm
pht hoc truyn qung b trn ton b mng vng dt. V vy a ch ch khng cha bt k
thng tin hu ch no v c b qua. Cc khung c rt ngn gim rung pha (jitter) ca cc
khung khc v gim s tiu th rng bng tn hu dng, ng thi cc tiu ho yu cu nh
khi lu tr nhiu khung.
ngha cc trng trong khung:
ttl- Trng 8 bit c ci t ti gi tr MAX_STATIONS bi trm gc. Mi trm k tip
trong vng tc nghn ci t ttl nh hn ttl SCFF thu c ln cui. iu ny cho php trm thu
tnh ton s lng bc nhy ti trm gc nh l MAX_STARTIONS-frame.ttl. Trm l gc ca
khung fairness nu n t myMacAddress trong trng frame.saCompact ca khung truyn dn.
baseControl- Trng 8 bit tc ng n cc phng n x l khung.
saCompact- Trng 48 bit cha mt a ch MAC 48 bit ring. N quy nh trm cung
cp cc gi tr cha trong cc trng fairnessHeader v fairRate.
fairnessHeader- Trng iu khin 16 bit, trong ba bit u tin (ffType) ch th loi
khung v 13 bit cn li l d tr.
ttl
baseControl
1
1
6
2
2
4
u
fairnessHeader
fairRate
fcs ui
sacompact
Ti trng
Hnh 4.37- Khun dng khung fairness
138
fairRate- Trng 16 bit ch th tc ng y .
(4) Khun dng khung ri (chy khng)
Khun dng khung ri nh hnh 4.38.








Khun dng khung ri khc vi khun dng khung s liu v khung iu khin. Khung ri
khng gi ti cc nt ch nh trc, nhng c gi ti trm gn nht ca trm to ra khung
ny. V vy a ch ch khng cha bt k thng tin hu ch no v c b qua. Khung ri duy
tr kch c nh nht v c nh gim bt rung pha ca cc khung khc v gim tiu th rng
bng tn hu dng.
ttl- Trng 8 bit c gi tr ban u bng 1.
baseControl- Trng 8 bit v chc nng ca chng c gii thch trong cc loi
khung khc.
saCompact- Trng 48 bit nhn dng trm to ra khung.
idlePayload- Trng 32 bit d tr cho tng lai.
fcs- Trng 32 bit kim tra khung theo phng php kim tra s d chu trnh CRC.

4.6.1.7. Lp vt l RPR
(1) M hnh cc phn lp
Mi lin quan gia cc phn lp vt l v MAC c th hin nh hnh 4.39.













ttl
baseControl
1
1
6
4
4
u
idlePayload
fcs
ui
saCompact
Ti trng
Hnh 4.38- Khun dng khung ri
Tuyn s liu MAC
SRS


GFP thch ng HDLC thch ng
SDH PHY PacketPHY



Mi trng Mi trng
Giao din
dch v PHY
MDI
GRS PRS-1 hoc PRS-10
GMII
XGMII
XAUI
SPI-X
Hnh 4.39- Cc phn lp vt l ca RPR
Tng ng vi
lp vt l ca m
hnh tham kho OSI
139
Cc thut ng vit tt trong hnh 4.39:
GMII- Giao din c lp mi trng Gigabit
PRS-1- Phn lp trung gian packetPHY 1 Gbit/s
PRS-10- Phn lp trung gian packetPHY 10 Gigabit/s
GRS- Phn lp trung gian GFP
GFP- Th tc ng khung chung
HDLC- iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao
MDI- Giao din ph thuc mi trng
PHY - Thc th lp vt l
SRS- Phn lp trung gian SDH
XAUI- Giao din khi cm 10 Gbit/s
SPI- Giao din gi h thng.
Chc nng ca phn lp GFP v HDLC thch ng trong thit b PHY l xen k hiu ri
trong trng hp khng truyn khung s liu vo mi trng ti hng pht v xo s liu ri v
m t khung ti pha thu. Giao din SPI ch m t khung truyn i.
(2) Cc giao din lp vt l
a) Cc giao din lp vt l SDH v cc PHY
Cc giao din lp vt l SDH v cc PHY bao gm cc thnh phn sau y:
Cc phn lp trung gian sp xp cc nguyn thu dch v logic ti giao din dch v lp
vt l MAC thnh dng cc giao din in tiu chun gm c: th tc ng khung chung (GFP),
phn lp p ng ng khung HDLC ng b byte hoc phn lp p ng khung LAPS.
Quy nh hai phn lp trung gian l phn lp trung gian SDH (SRS) c s dng vi
phn lp p ng bt k v phn lp trung gian ca GFP (GRS) ch s dng vi phn lp p ng
GFP. Hai phn lp trung gian l nh nhau, ngoi tr GRS truyn ti thng tin chiu di khung ti
phn lp p ng GFP nhm hn ch yu cu tnh ton cc tham s chiu di khung.
Hai phn lp trung gian ny c cc giao din SPI-3 8 bit, SPI-3 12 bit, SPI-4.1 v SPI-4.2.
Cc giao din l tu chn, nhng chng c s dng lm c s xc nh SRS v GRS.
Cc lp p ng GFP, HDLC v LAPS c xy dng trn lp tuyn SDH v khng lin
h trc tip vi mi trng SDH, bi v kh nng ghp v kt chui ca SDH cng nh hiu qu
ca ng gi khung khng tn ti mi lin quan mt- mt gia tc bit ti phn lp RPR MAC
v tc ca mi trng vt l.
Giao din gia lp SDH v lp p ng l giao din tiu chun gia phn lp tuyn SDH
v phn lp pha trn bt k.
Phn lp trung gian SDH ca trm RPR pha ng hoc pha Ty u hot ng ti tc
nh nhau.
Phn lp trung gian SDH (SRS v GRS)
C 4 cch thc hin SRS v GRS khi s dng cc giao din in do "Din n phi hp
hot ng quang (OIF)" quy nh:
- SPI mc 3 (SPI-3) truyn 8 bit v thu cc tuyn s liu hot ng t 155 Mbit/s
n 622 Mbit/s.
140
- SPI mc 3 (SPI-3) truyn 32 bit v thu tuyn s liu hot ng t 155 Mbit/s n
2,5 Gbit/s.
- SPI mc 4 giai on 1 (SPI-4.1) hot ng t 200 Mbit/s n 10 Gbit/s.
- SPI mc 4 giai on 2 (SPI.4.2) hot ng ti 622 Mbit/s n 10 Gbit/s.
SRS v GRS i vi mt trong cc giao din l hon ton ging nhau v in, tr GRS
mang thng tin chiu di khung.
Phn lp p ng SDH
- Phn lp p ng GFP sp xp khung
- Phn lp p ng ng khung HDLC ng b byte
- Phn lp p ng ng khung LAPS
b) Cc giao din lp vt l Packet PHY
Phn lp trung gian packetPHY
Hai phn lp trung gian c quy nh cung cp cc giao din cho PacketPHY. Th
nht l phn lp trung gian PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s (PRS-1).Th hai l phn lp trung gian
PacketPHY10 Gbit/s (PRS-10) cung cp giao din tiu chun khi s dng PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s.
- Phn lp trung gian PRS-1
Phn lp trung gian PRS-1 sp xp cc nguyn thu dch v lp vt l MAC thnh dng
giao din c lp mi trng gigabit (GMII). GMII l giao din tu chn, nhng n c s dng
lm c s m t PRS-1.
- Phn lp trung gian PRS-10
Phn lp trung gian PRS-10 sp xp cc nguyn thu lp dch v MAC thnh dng giao
din c lp mi trng 10 Gbit (XGMII). Phn lp XGMII m rng c s dng cung cp
giao din khi cm 10 Gbit (XAUI). XGMII v XAUI l cc giao din tu chn. XGMII c s
dng lm c s cho vic m t PRS-10.
PacketPHY
- PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s
PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s bao gm phn lp m ho vt l (PCS), phn lp tip xc mi trng
vt l (PMA) v phn lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). Cc danh mc ngoi l sau y p
dng i vi PCS, PMA v PMD:
Khng cung cp cc trm lp
Kch c khung nh nht l 16 byte
Kch c khung ln nht bng 9216 byte
Khng s dng m phn t ng nn PRS-1 hot ng hon ton song
cng, mt chc nng iu khin lung v my pht khng to ra li t xa, nu c th my thu b
qua.
- PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s
PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s bao gm phn lp m ho vt l (PCS), phn lp tip xc mi
trng vt l (PMA) v phn lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). PacketPHY c th tu
chn, bao gm mt phn lp giao din WAN (WIS), giao din khi cm 10 Gbit/s (XAUI) v
phn lp XGMII m rng . Cc danh mc ngoi l sau y p dng cho cc phn lp giao din
ny:
141

Kch c khung nh nht l 16 byte
Kch c khung ln nht l 9216 byte
iu khin lung mt chc nng, khng to ra iu kin li t xa.

4.6.2.Khung SRP v cc giao din lp vt l
4.6.2.1. Tng quan v SRP
Chuyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) l cng ngh truyn dn c pht trin nh cc h thng
Cisco a vo s dng giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) lp 2 mi, c gi
l giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP). SRP c kh nng pht trin mng vng gi IP quang.
Hnh 4.40 l cu trc ca mng vng kp truyn gi trn si quang c kh nng ti s dng khng
gian.










SRP c IETF xut. SRP thc cht l giao thc MAC lp 2 dnh cho LAN, MAN
v WAN. Cc giao din chuyn ti gi linh hot c s dng kt ni giao din khch hng
MAC vi thit b SDH hoc vi cc h thng DWDM hoc cc si d tr, bi v SRP cung cp
giao din SDH tiu chun.
Cc mng vng DPT si quang kp c hng truyn ngc nhau. C si bn trong v si
bn ngoi u c s dng truyn cc gi s liu v cc gi iu khin. C mt vi loi gi
iu khin, th d nh gi pht hin topo, gi chuyn mch bo v v gi iu khin s dng
rng bng tn. Cc gi iu khin ca mng vng ny c truyn trn mng vng kia.
SRP s dng c ch tc b ch. Trong SRP, cc gi s liu ch c truyn gia ngun
v ch, to ra kh nng trao i lu lng ng thi trn cc phn khc ca mng vng. V vy
c gi l kh nng ti s dng khng gian nhm s dng c hiu qu rng bng tn.
Trm S3 trao i s liu 1,5 Gbit/s vi trm S4. Ti thi im , cc trm S2 v S5 c
th trao i s liu vi nhau ln ti 1 Gbit/s. Mt khc, cc trm S0 v S1 c th s dng ht 2,5
Gbit/s trn phn bn tri ca mng vng. Nh vy s lng tng ca s liu c trao i trong
mng vng ny l 5 Gbit/s.

4.6.2.2. Khung SRP s dng ng gi IP
1,5 Gbit/s
1 Gbit/s
2,5 Gbit/s
Mng vng 1
Mng vng 0
iu khin mng vng 1
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
S liu mng vng 0
S liu mng vng 1 iu khin mng vng 0
Hnh 4.40- Cu trc mng vng kp truyn gi
trn si quang c kh nng ti s dng khng gian
142
Cc gi s liu IP trong SRP bao gm a ch MAC ngun v ch dnh cho vic tm kim
a ch, trng kiu giao thc biu th giao thc truyn ti v dy kim tra khung (FCS) pht
hin li. a ch MAC c 48 bit . Vic tnh ton FCS c tin hnh trn ton b gi, tr 16 bit
u ca SRP. Khun dng khung ng gi IP c th hin ti hnh 4.41.
Bng 4.6 l cc gi tr ca trng kiu giao thc.
Bng 4.6- Cc gi tr c kh nng ca trng kiu giao thc
Trng S bit Gi tr S dng
Kiu giao thc 16 0 2007
0 0800
0 0806
iu khin SRP
Ipv4
ARP



















u khung bao gm cc trng thi gian sng (TTL), nhn dng mng vng (R), kiu
(MOD), th t u tin (PRI) v kim tra tng l (P) c cc chc nng c lit k trong bng 4.7.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
a ch MAC ch
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI P
Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 55 9216 byte

Hnh 4.41- Khun dng gi s liu SRP ng gi IP
Kiu giao thc
a ch MAC ngun
MTU
Ti trng
FCS
143
Bng 4.7- Cc trng u ca SRP
Trng S bit Gi tr S dng
TTL 8 m bc nhy
R 1 0
1
Mng vng bn ngoi
Mng vng bn trong
PRI 3 Th t u tin
MOD 3 000
001
010
011
100

101

110
111
D tr
D tr
D tr
T bo ATM
Thng bo iu khin
gi ti HOST
Thng bo iu khin gi ti b
m ca HOST
Thng bo s dng
S liu gi
P 1 Kim tra tng l u MAC

4.6.2.3. Khung SRP s dng ng gi cc t bo ATM
Trong bng 4.9 c mt kiu mang tn t bo ATM. Kiu ny i din cho chc nng
truyn ti cc t bo ATM qua mng vng truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT). iu ny cho php kt
hp cc b nh tuyn IP v chuyn mch ATM trong cng mt mng vng. Khun dng gi s
liu ATM c trnh by ti hnh 4.42.












Gi s liu ATM khng bao gm trng FCS. Vic tch hp s liu c tin hnh ti lp
p ng ATM (AAL).-
4.6.2.4. Lp vt l SRP
(1) ng khung
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
VPI/VCI
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI P
Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 55 9216 byte
Hnh 4.42- Khun dng gi s liu SRP ng gi cc t bo ATM
MTU
VCI
PTI C HEC
Ti trng (48 byte)
144
Mc d SRP l giao thc lp MAC c lp mi trng vt l, nhng vic thc hin trc
ht phi da vo lp vt l SDH. Vic thc hin ny s dng m t c nh nhau v c ch n
octet nh trong truyn gi trn SDH (POS).
Dy nh phn "01111110" c thm vo ti u v cui ca mi gi SRP ch th cc
bin gii gi. C ch n byte s dng dy nh phn "01111101" nh l mt k hiu thot. iu
ny nhm m bo cc byte s liu ging c hoc k hiu thot s khng dn ti lm mt ng b
khung.
(2) Khun dng giao din v tc truyn
Lung s liu c sp xp vo AUG ca cc khung SDH kt chui. Cc giao din truyn
ti gi linh hot (DPT) c th c s dng kt ni cc ADM SDH, cc si d tr v cc u
cui DWDM, v vy chng to ra rt nhiu thun li cho nh thit k mng.
DPT nh r cc giao din ca STM-4c, STM-16c. p ng mt phm vi y cc
yu cu ca mng quang tng lai trong vng trc chnh, cc giao din STM-64c cng s c s
dng.
4.6.3.Cc giao thc trong RPR
4.6.3.1.Giao thc ti s dng khng gian SRP
(1) Pht hin topo
Khun dng ca gi pht hin topo c th hin ti hnh 4.43.





















0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
a ch MAC ch
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI P
FCS
Kiu MAC
Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 9216 byte

Hnh 4.43- Khun dng gi pht hin topo SRP
Kiu giao thc = 02700
iu khin tng kim tra
Chiu di topo
Kiu iu khin = 1 Phin bn .K.= 0
iu khin thi gian sng (TTL)
a ch MAC thng nht
ton cu ca b khi u (48 bit)
Cc rng buc MAC khc
a ch MAC (48 bit)
a ch MAC ngun
MTU

B MAC
145
Mi nt c nhim v pht hin topo nh gi cc gi pht hin topo vo mt hoc c hai
mng vng. Cc gi c gi t im ti im v mi nt b sung thm thng tin bt buc MAC,
bao gm a ch MAC, nhn dng mng vng, cc trng thi u vng v nng cp trng chiu
di topo. Mi nt nng cp s topo ca tt c cc trm v trng thi u vng sau khi nhn
c hai gi topo nh nhau c cng ngun gc. iu c ngha l c hai gi pht hin u
truyn vng quanh ton b mng vng v c cc nt trong mng vng x l.
C th thy rng, s topo bt u t a ch MAC ca b khi u, tip theo l mt s
b MAC. Mi b bao gm trng kiu MAC v trng a ch MAC. Trng kiu MAC c s
dng ch th ID mng vng v cc trng thi u vng (bit 0 d tr; bit th nht bng 0- mng
vng bn ngoi, bng 1- mng vng bn trong; bit th hai bng 0- khng u vng, bng
1- u vng; bit th ba n bit th by - d tr).
(2) X l gi
Hnh 4.44 m t logic MAC.
Cc gi n c tip nhn v chuyn ti lp cao hn x l hoc truyn ti lp 2 m
khng cn hot ng ca lp 3. Logic MAC bao gm b m pht, b m thu v b m chuyn
tip. Logic MAC p ng lch trnh truyn dn v vic thc hin thut ton fairness SRP (SRP-
fa).
Khi thu mt gi, a ch ch c kim tra ln u. Nu ph hp vi a ch nt th gi
c x l ti lp 3 nh t n vo hng i thu u tin thp hoc cao ph hp vi cc trng
PRI ca cc gi. Bn trong SRP, lu lng n hng c ch lc b, v vy gi c ly t
mng vng nh ch v khng a vo b m pht.














Nu a ch ch ca gi thu c khng ph hp th trng TTL s gim. Nu trng
TTL bng zero th gi b loi. Mt khc, gi c a vo b m pht tip tc lu thng. Vic
c a gi vo hng i u tin thp hay cao ca b m pht hay khng l do kim tra trng
FRI v ngng ca b m SRP quyt nh.
Tt c cc gi iu khin n u c nt ca mng vng x l v c lc b khi
mng vng v cc gi iu khin thng c truyn t im ti im. Mi gi iu khin c
Lp 3 - X l gi s liu v iu khin
Tm a ch
SRP-fa

Si
quang
pht
HI LO
Logic MAC
B m
thu
B m
pht
B m trung gian
HI
LO
Si
quang
thu
HI LO
B
m
thu
gi
.K
SRP-fa: thut ton fairness SRP

Hnh 4.44- X l gi SRP
146
phn tch xc nh kiu ca n khi s dng trng kiu. Quy nh c hai kiu thng bo iu
khin. Th nht, cc gi iu khin m ti ch l cc gi iu khin rt quan trng v chng c
s dng cho chuyn mch bo v v c a vo b m thu ring. Th hai, cc gi iu khin
gi ti trm ch c a vo b m thu dnh cho cc gi s liu.
Ti pha pht, cc gi n t lp 3 c a vo hng i pht u tin thp hoc cao nu
ph hp vi a ch PRI ca cc gi. B lp chng trnh do SRP-fa iu khin v sau chn
mt gi t u ra b m pht u tin thp/cao hoc t hng i pht u tin thp/cao gi i
tip.
(3) a hng
SRP kt hp lp 2 v 3 v l l do ti sao cn cung cp a hng. a ch MAC c 3
byte u tin dnh cho a ch MAC ca SRP. Bit c ngha thp nht ca cc byte quan trng
nht c gi l bit a hng c ci t bng 1 v ch th gi a hng. SRP cung cp a
hng cho giao thc lp 3 bt k, nhng trng tm l IP a hng.
Xem IP nh l giao thc lp 3. Ba byte cui cng ca a ch MAC SRP c s dng
sp xp trc tip ID nhm a hng 23 bit ca a ch a hng IP vo a ch a hng SRP.
Hnh 4.45 minh ho a ch a hng IP 224.2.175.237 c ghp vo a ch MAC a hng
SRP nh th no.














Nt mng vng khi ngun mt gi a hng l p ng cho trnh t sp xp m t
trn y. Mi nt thu gi a hng, thm tra n c phi l mt phn ca nhm a hng hay
khng. Nu c, mt bn sao ca gi c a vo b m thu. Nu khng phi, gi c a vo
b m pht v tip tc truyn vng quanh mng vng v TTL b gim. Gi a hng b loi b
khi mng vng nh nt ngun hoc nt khc, v TTL ht hiu lc.
(4)u tin gi
Thng qua u tin gi, SRP c th h tr cho ng dng thi gian thc (video v voice trn
IP), ng dng nhim v quan trng v iu khin lu lng c bit. Nt ngun ca mt gi sp
xp cc gi tr u tin IP vo u tin SRP MAC. C hai c ch u tin u s dng trng 3 bit
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
a ch a hng SRP- 001:00:5E:02: AF:ED

Hnh 4.45- a ch a hng IP sp xp a ch a hng SRP
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI P
a ch MAC ngun
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
Bit a hng
0 01005E
a ch a hng IP
224.2.175.237
147
biu th mt trong 8 mc u tin. Sau , vic sp xp c tin hnh bi sao chp ba kiu bit
dch v ca u IP vo trng PRI 3 bit ca u SRP MAC.

4.6.3.2. Chuyn mch bo v thng minh
(1) Tng quan
Cc mng vng chuyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) s dng chuyn mch bo v thng minh
(IPS) cung cp kh nng t phc hi hiu qu cao, cho php mng vng t ng phc hi khi
hng tuyn hoc nt nh u vng lu lng sang si thay th (chuyn mch bo v). IPS cung
cp chc nng tng t nh APS ca mng vng SDH nhng c mt s m rng quan trng.
IPS nhn bit topo c lp. IPS cung cp mng vng c nhiu hn 16 nt. Hn na, v
chuyn ti gi linh hot ghp thng k cc gi d liu trn mng vng nn cc nh lu lng c
th iu khin ti 100% ca rng bng tn kh dng. Trong SDH, cc ngun bo v l c nh,
v vy ch c 50% rng bng tn kh dng c th c s dng cho lu lng hot ng.
IPS gim st li v cht lng d dng hn. IPS s dng u vng mng vng trnh
cc nt hoc cc tuyn b hng thng sut ti lp th 3. Phn cp s kin mng vng bo v c
s dng ngn nga s phn chia mng vng thnh cc mng vng con ring bit trong trng
hp c nhiu s c.
(2) Cc thng bo IPS
Cc mng vng SDH s dng cc byte mo u K1 v K2 thc hin bo hiu bo v.
Nhng IPS li s dng cc gi iu khin IPS cho bo hiu chuyn mch bo v. Khun dng gi
iu khin IPS c m t ti hnh 4.46.



















0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
a ch MAC ch
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI P
Octet IPS
Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 9216 byte

Hnh 4.46- Khun dng gi iu khin IPS
iu khin tng kim tra Kiu iu khin = 2 Phin bn .K.= 0
iu khin thi gian sng (TTL)
a ch MAC b khi ngun
a ch MAC ngun
MTU
Octet d tr
pFCS
Kiu giao thc = 02700
FCS
148
Octet IPS ca thng bo IPS bao gm thng tin v kiu yu cu IPS, trng thi u vng
v ch th tuyn. Bng 4.8 lit k chi tit cc gi tr c kh nng ca octet IPS, trong ch lit k
cc gi tr c kh nng, khng a ra cc gi tr d tr. ch r ni dung thng bo IPS, trch
dn mt th d: (Request Type, Source Address, Wrap status, Path Indicator).
Bng 4.8- Cch s dng cc bit ca octet IPS
Trng Th t bit Gi tr S dng
Kiu yu cu IPS 0 3 1101
1011
1000
0110
0101
0000
Chuyn mch cng bc (FS)
Mt tn hiu (SF)
Suy gim tn hiu (SD)
Chuyn mch nhn cng (MS)
i phc hi (WTR)
Khng c yu cu (I)
Ch th tuyn 4 0
1
Tuyn ngn (S)
Tuyn di (L)
M trng thi 57 010

000
Hon thnh chuyn mch bo v,
u vng lu lng (W)
Ri (I)

Cc gi tr c kh nng dnh cho kiu yu cu, ch th tuyn v m trng thi c lit k
trong bng 4.9. a ch ngun c th t "Srs" thay th a ch MAC ca thng bo IPS bt ngun
t nt v "Self" thay th cho a ch MAC ring ca nt.
ng khung SDH c kh nng thng bo cc s kin mng, th d t si quang hoc suy
gim tn hiu nh s dng cc byte mo u. (bng 4.9).
Bng 4.9- Cc s kin mng c kh nng ca SDH
Tn M t
Mt khung (LOF) c pht hin qua gim st byte A1 v A2
Mt tn hiu (LOS) Trong trng hp dy cc bit 0 ko di trong 100 s
Tn hiu ch th cnh bo (AIS) Thng bo mt lung xung ti cc nt nh ci t cc
bit 6 n 8 ca K2 c gi tr u bng "1"
T s li bit (BER) m cc vi phm tng chn khi s dng byte B2

(3) C cu iu khin trng thi thng bo IPS
Hnh 4.47 l biu chuyn dch trng thi ca c cu trng thi IPS.
Cc thng bo IPS biu th trng thi hin ti ca mng vng c truyn im ti im
trn c mng vng bn trong v mng vng bn ngoi. C cu trng thi iu khin thng bo IPS
c s dng x l thng bo v iu khin trng thi cc nt. Nt c th c cc trng thi sau
y:
- Trng thi ri: nt hot ng bnh thng v gi cc thng bo tuyn ngn IPS {Idle,
Seft, I, S}.
149
- Trng thi thng sut: nt hot ng bnh thng, lu lng u vng v cc thng
bo tuyn di IPS {Req, Src, W, L} v pha trc.
- Trng thi u vng: cung cp chuyn mch bo v bng cch u vng lu lng ti
si quang thay th v gi i thng bo tuyn ngn IPS {Req, Self, W, S}.
Khi hot ng bnh thng, cc nt trng thi ri v truyn u n thng bo tuyn
ngn IPS {Req, Self, W,S} ch th trng thi ri.
Trong trng hp c yu cu ni b, nt chuyn sang trng thi u vng. Mc d ang
gi i thng bo tuyn ngn {Req, Self, W, S}, nhng nt ti pha khc ca chng b hng cng
c gi l "nt kt ni" v buc phi i vo trng thi u vng.
Nt i vo trng thi u vng v yu cu ni b c thng bo ti cc nt khc v
u vng mng thng qua vic gi i thng bo tuyn di {Idle, Self, W,L}.
Cc nt trong mng vng tip nhn thng bo di ny mt cch t ng s chuyn sang
trng thi chuyn tip v gi cho nt tip theo thng bo tuyn di thu c.















4.7. S0 SNH, NH GI HIU SUT S DNG BNG THNG V
CC CH TIU KHC CA CC PHNG THC
4.7.1. Hiu sut s dng bng thng
Phng thc chuyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) truyn s liu gia ngun v ch, to kh
nng ti s dng khng gian nn s dng bng thng ng truyn c hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin v
mt s ch tiu khc th cha hn DPT chim u th.

4.7.2. Cc ch tiu khc
Sau y so snh v tc gi, thng lng, tc truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng ca
cc phng thc POS, DPT v Ethernet.
Tc gi l s gi s liu truyn trong mt giy (P/s), thng lng l s byte s liu
truyn trong mt giy (Byte/s), tc truyn (Mbit/s), hiu sut (%) biu th s byte s liu truyn
Ri
Chuyn tip
u vng
Chuyn {Req, Src, W, L}
Tx {Req, Src, W, S} i
vi yu cu ni b
hoc Tx {Idle, Self, W, S}
i vi yu cu kt ni
v Tx {Req, Src, W, S}
Rx {Idle, Src, I, S}
Rx {Idle, Src, I, L}
Yu cu FS, SF, SD, MS ti ch
Xo yu cu ti ch hoc
Rx {Idle, Src, I, S}
Chuyn {Req, Src, W, L}>
Yu cu hot ng
Yu cu FS, SF, SD, MS ti ch >
Yu cu hot ng hoc Rx {Req, Src, W, S}
Hnh 4.47- M hnh c cu trng thi iu khin thng bo IPS
Tx {Idle, Src, I, S}
150
i chim bao nhiu phn trm so vi tng s byte ti trng ca khung STM-1 truyn i trong mt
giy v hiu sut tng (%) biu th s byte s liu truyn i chim bao nhiu phn trm so vi
tng s byte ca khung STM-1 truyn i trong mt giy.
Giao din SDH 155,52 Mbit/s c kh nng chuyn ti lung s liu IP theo phng thc
POS, DPT v Ethernet. Trong cc trng hp ny, gi tr cc i ca tc gi, thng lng, tc
bit truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng u ph thuc vo kch c gi IP.
Cn c vo hnh 4.6, kch c gi POS c xc nh theo biu thc (4.1):
POS_ PSIZE = IPSIZE + POS_OH = IPSIZE + 9 (4.1)
Hnh 4.41 cho php xc nh c kch c gi SRP theo biu thc (4.2):
SRP_PSIZE = IPSIZE + 20 (4.2)
Kch c gi Ethernet c xc nh theo hnh 4.26 v biu thc (4.3):
E_PSIZE = IPSIZE + 26 (4.3)
Biu thc chung xc nh tc gi, thng lng, tc bit v hiu sut tng cc i:
Tc gi Pr (P/s) =
PSIZE PSIZE
s PLD 8000 2340 /
= (4.4)
Thng lng Th (MB/s) = Pr IPSIZE (4.5)
Tc truyn dn Tr (Mbit/s) = Th 8 (4.6)
Hiu sut Ef (%) =
8000 2340
SIZE Pr
/

=
P
s PLD
Th
(4.7)
Hiu sut tng Et (%) = Ef
2430
2340
=
2430 8000
SIZE Pr
2430
2340
8000 2340
IZE Pr

IP IPS
(4.8)
trong : PLD- ti trng ; PSIZE- kch c gi POS, DPT hoc Ethernet.
Ti trng PLD bng tng s byte trong khung STM-1 tr i tng s byte OH (gm
SOH+VC-4 POH):
PLD = (9 270) - 9 (9+1) = 2340 byte
i lng 8000 trong cc biu thc trn y l s khung STM-1 trong 1 giy v ch s 8
trong biu thc (4.3) l 8 bit/byte.
tin hnh so snh, ly th d IPSIZE = 4470 byte. T tnh c: POS_SIZE= 4479
byte, DPT_SIZE= 4490 byte v E_SIZE = 4496. S dng cc biu thc (4.4) (4.8) tnh c:
- Truyn ti IP trn SDH (POS):
Pr = s p
s
/ 4179
4479
/ 8000 2340
=

Th = 4179 4470 = 18.680 MB/s
Tr = 18.680 8 = 149.440 Mbit/s
Ef = % 76 , 99
8000 2340
4470 4179
=

Et = 89,71 % % 09 , 96
2430 8000
4470 4179
=

- Truyn ti gi trn Ethernet:
Pr = 4163 P/s
151
Th = 18.608 MB/s
Tr = 148.864 Mbit/s
Ef = 99,40 %
Et = 95,72 %
- Truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT):
Pr = 4169 P/s
Th = 18.635 MB/s
Tr = 149,08 Mbit/s
Ef = 99,54 %
Et = 95,86 %
T kt qu tnh ton cho bit phng thc truyn ti gi trn SDH m i din l kiu
ng khung HDLC c tc gi, thng lng, tc truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng u cao
hn cc thng s tng ng ca Ethernet v DPT.

TM TT
C mt s cng ngh ng gi c s dng truyn ti lu lng IP trn mng quang
SDH: gi trn SDH, gi tt l POS; truyn ti gi linh hot, gi tt l DPT v Ethernet. POS bao
gm kiu ng gi HDLC, LAPS v GFP. POS s dng cho cc tuyn im ni im v cng c
thc hin l giao thc im - im (PPP).
Truyn ti gi IP trn SDH c thc hin bng cch ng khung cc gi IP theo cc kiu
PPP, HDLC, LAPS, GFP v sau sp xp vo khung n hoc khung kt chui SDH. C th kt
chui cc STM-1 hoc cao nht l cc STM-64.
Phng thc truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) s dng giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi
trng (MAC) lp 2 mi hay cn gi l giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP) hnh thnh
mng vng gi truyn IP hoc ATM trn SDH. y l loi mng vng dt kp c th cung cp s
nt trong mi mng vng ln hn 16, cc i l 255 nt. DPT s dng chuyn mch bo v thng
minh (IPS) da vo cc gi iu khin IPS ch khng s dng chuyn mch bo v t ng
(APS) nh mng vng SDH.
Cc chun Ethernet c s dng hnh thnh mng truyn ti cc gi IP hoc ATM
trn cp ng xon i hoc cp si quang. Mng vng Ethernet quang l FDDI c tc truyn
100 Mbit/s.
Ngoi cc phng thc truyn ti s liu IP trn y cn c mt s phng thc khc nh
IP trc tip trn quang, IP trn ATM trn quang v ATM trc tip trn quang.
Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo cc khung ca SDH l phng thc truyn ti s liu ATM.

BI TP
1) Xy dng c tnh tc truyn s liu cc i qua giao din STM-1 l hm ca kch
c cc gi IP trong phm vi kch c gi IP t 46 n 4470 byte i vi cc phng thc POS,
DPT v Ethernet.
152
2) Xy dng c tnh hiu sut tng cc i khi truyn s liu qua giao din STM-1 l
hm ca kch c cc gi IP trong phm vi kch c gi IP t 46 n 4470 i vi cc phng thc
POS, DPT v Ethernet.
3) Da vo cc c tnh xy dng, nhn xt v so snh:
- Tc truyn v hiu sut tng c quan h th no vi kch c gi IP?
- So snh hiu sut tng ca POS, SRP v Ethernet.

CU HI
(Tr li chn mt trong 3 phng n)
1) Ti sao khi sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-n-Xc li phi n X-1 ct ?
a- V s lng cc t bo ATM khng sp xp.
b- V trong khung VC-4-Xc ch cn s dng ct VC-4 POH ca khung VC-4 th nht
ng vai tr VC-4-Xc POH, cc ct VC-4 POH ca cc khung VC-4 khc c thay th bi cc
byte n.
c- V c hai l do trn.
2) Kiu ng khung HDLC, LAPS, GFP nhm mc ch g?
a- Truyn ti s liu IP trn SDH.
b- Truyn ti s liu ATM trn SDH.
c- Truyn ti s liu IP trn SDH v Ethernet trn SDH.
3) Kt chui lin k v kt chui o X khung VC-4 khc nhau nh th no?
a- Khng c g khc nhau: c trong VC-4-Xc v VC-4-Xv u to thnh khung VC-4-X
ln gp X ln khung VC-4.
b- Cc khung VC-4 trong VC-4-Xc truyn cng trn mt tuyn, cc khung VC-4 trong
VC-4-Xv truyn trn cc tuyn khc nhau.
c- Trong VC-4-Xc cc khung VC-4 vn tn ti c lp.
4) Trong mng vng FDDI, tn hiu truyn trn si quang l m g?
a- 4B/5B NRZI.
b- NRZI 4 bit
c- NRZ 5 bit
5) Mng Ethernet quang truyn tc bit cao nht l bao nhiu?
a- 100 Mbit/s.
b- 1 Gbit/s.
c- 10 Gbit/s.
6) Trong mng vng gi ti s dng khng gian, s liu truyn nh th no?
a- Ch trn mng vng 1.
b- Trn mt trong hai mng vng.
c- Trn c mng vng 1 v 0.
(Xem p s v tr li ti phn ph lc).
153
PH LC- HNG DN GII BI TP V TR LI

Chng I

Cu 1. 11101011
Cu 2. 01111101
Cu 3. Tng ng vi xung b nn v c bin l 37
Cu 4. V
PAM
= - 928;
Cu 5.









V
PAM
= 2048 0,5 = 1024
T y tm c 8 bit u ra: 11110000

Cu 6. Khi cha nn:
R
CH
= 1 byte/khung 12 bit/byte 8.10
3
khung/s = 96 kbit/s
Khi nn:
R
CH
= 1byte/khung 8 bit/byte 8.10
3
khung/s = 64 kbit/s

Chng II
Cu 1:
Biu thc tnh tc bit truyn:
R= S bit trong khung (hoc a khung) S khung (hoc a khung) /s (1)
Th d:
Tc truyn xung ng b khung: R
SF
= 7bit/khung 4. 10
3
khung/s = 28 kbit/s.
Tc truyn xung ng b a khung: R
SMF
= 16 kbit/s
Tc truyn xung gi chung (bo hiu) ca mt thu bao: R
Sig
= 2 kbit/s
Tc truyn xung cnh bo mt ng b khung: R
AF
= 4 kbit/s
Tc truyn xung cnh bo mt ng b a khung: R
AMF
= 0,5 kbit/s

Cu 2: (xem hnh 2.8)
Lung 1 v 3:
bit I
= 200 + 204 + 208 2 = 820 bit I
Lung 2 v 4:
bit I
= 821 bit I

Cu 3: (xem hnh 2.11)
Lung 1:
bit I
= 2112 bit I; Lung 2:
bit I
= 2114 bit I; Lung 3 v 4:
bit I
= 2113 bit I

Cu 4: (xem hnh 2.12)
Lung 1 v 2:
bit I
= 2889 bit I; Lung 3 v 4:
bit I
= 2888 bit I

Cu 5: Cu trc 10 bit GTCT AU-4: 0001000011

Cu 6: Khi khng chn: 0100111000
Khi chn dng: 1110010010
Khi chn m: 0001101101
Sau chn dng: 0100111001

X
Y
1
1
0
0..5
0..25
0..5
0.75
0.75 0..5
154
Sau chn m: 01000110111
Cu 7:(xem hnh 2.26)
Biu thc xc nh hng (H) ca J1 VC-4:
S a ch nhm byte u hng (A
d1
) GTCR AU-4 S a ch nhm byte cui hng (A
d2
) (2)
Biu thc xc nh ct (C) ca J1 VC-4:

C = (GTCT AU-4 PTR - A
d1
) 3 + 9 +1 (3)
Tr li: To J1 VC-4 (H = 5; C= 118)

Cu 8: (xem hnh 2.27)
Xc nh hng theo biu thc (2)
Biu thc xc nh ct ca J1 VC-3 # n (n = 1, 2, 3):

C
1
= (GTCT AU-3 - A
d1
) 3 + 1 i vi J1 VC-3 #1 (4)
C
2
= (GTCT AU-3 - A
d1
) 3 + 2 i vi J1 VC-3 #2 (5)
C
3
= (GTCT AU-3 - A
d1
) 3 +3 i vi J1 VC-3 #3 (6)

Tr li: To ca J1 VC=3#2 (H= 3; C
2
= 89)

Cu 9: (xem hnh 2.27)
Biu thc tm GTCT khi bit to ca J1 VC-n:

GTCT =
3
6 3
1
n A C
d
+
(7)

Trong : n= 1 i vi J1 VC-4 v J1 VC-3#1;
n=2 i vi J1 VC-3#2 v n=3 i vi J1 VC-3#3

Tr li: GTCT= 19.

Cu 10: (xem hnh 2.28)
Gi tr con tr TU-12 bng bao nhiu th khong cch t V5 n V2 bng by nhiu byte. V vy
V5 cch V2 16 byte.
Biu thc xc nh v tr V5 trong a khung TU-12 khi bit GTCT TU-12:

V5 = GTCT +1 (8)
Tr li: V5 cch V2 l 16 byte v ghp vo v tr byte c s th t (16 +1) = 17

Cu 11:
Cch tin hnh:
Ln lt cng cc bit tng ng (t b1 n b8) ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 #1, nu
tng l s chn m bit tng ng trong B1 ca khung STM-1#2 bng 1 th m mt li khi, nu
bng 0 th khng c li.

Tr li: C 5 li khi trong khung STM-1#1

Chng III
Cu 1. (d); Cu 2. (b); Cu 3. (b); Cu 4. (c); Cu 5. (c); Cu 6. (c); Cu 7. (c); Cu 8. (a);
Cu 9 (c)

Chng IV
Cu 1. (b); Cu 2. (c); Cu 3. (b); Cu 4. (a); Cu 5. (c); Cu 6. (c)

155
- THUT NG VIT TT -

AAL ATM adaptation layer Lp p ng ATM
A/D Analog/Digital Chuyn i analog /s
ADM Add/Drop multiplexer B ghp Xen/R
ADMo Adaptive Delta Modulation iu ch Delta thch ng
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s khng i xng
AIS Alarm Indication Signal Tn hiu ch th cnh bo
AM Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin
APS Automatic Protection Swiching Chuyn mch bo v t ng
ARP Address Resolution Protocol Giao thc phn gii a ch
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b
AUI Attachment Unit Interface Giao din khi cm
AUG Administrative Unit Group Nhm khi qun l
AU-n Administrative Unit-n Khi qun l mc n
B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Services
Digital Network
Mng s lin kt a dch v bng rng
BIP-n Bit Interleaved Parity-n T m kim tra chn l n bit xen bit
BW BandWith rng bng
CDM Code Division Multiplexing Ghp phn chia theo m
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CEPT Conference Europen des administration
des Post and des Tlecommunications
Hi ngh qun l Bu in chu u
CFI Canonical Format Indicator B ch th khun dng chnh tc
cHEC core Header Error Correction Sa li u chnh
CMI Code Mark Inversion M o du
CP Cyclic Prefix Tin t chu trnh
CPU Central Processing Unit Khi x l trung tm
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Kim tra s d chu trnh
CS Convergence Sublayer Phn lp hi t
CSMA/CD Carrier- Sence Multiple Access/Collision
Detection
a truy nhp nhy cm sng mang/ pht
hin xung t
CTRL ConTRoL iu khin
D/A Digital / Analog Chuyn i s thnh tng t
DA Destination Address a ch ch
DCC Data Communication Channel Knh truyn s liu
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier ri rc
DM Delta Modulation iu ch Delta
DMT Discrete MultiTone a m ri rc
DMUX DeMUltipleXer B tch knh
156
DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation iu xung m vi sai
DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus Bus kp hng i phn tn
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting Truyn hnh s th h mi
DXC Digital cross- Connect Ni cho s
E/O Electrical- to- Optical Chuyn i in thnh quang
ED End Delimiter B gii hn cui khung
eHEC Expansion Header Error Control Kim tra li u m rng
ESCON Enterprise Systems CONnection Kt ni cc h thng doanh nghip
EOS End Of Selection Kt thc chn
FC Fiber Channel Knh si quang
FCS Frame Check Sequence Dy kim tra khung
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface Giao din s liu phn phi si quang
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing Ghp phn chia theo tn s
FICON Fiber CONnectivity Kt ni si quang
FS Frame Status Trng thi khung
4F BSHR/L 4- Fiber Bidirectional Self-Healing Ring
/Line protection swiching
Mng vng t phc hi 4 si hai hng
chuyn mch bo v ng
2F BSHR/L 4-Fiber Bidirectional Self- Healing
Ring/Line protection swiching
Mng vng t phc hi 2 si hai hng
chuyn mch bo v ng
2F USHR/L 2-Fiber Undirectional Self-Healing
Ring/Line protection swiching
Mng vng t phc hi 2 si mt hng
chuyn mch bo v ng
2F USHR/P 2-Fiber Undirection Self-Healing
Ring/Path protection swiching
Mng vng t phc hi 2 si mt hng
chuyn mch bo v tuyn
GFP Generic Framing Procedure Th tc ng khung chung
GFP-F Generic Framing Procedure - Framed GFP sp xp khung
GFP-T Generic Framing Procedure- Transparency GFP-T trong sut
GMII Gigabit Media Independent Interface Giao din c lp mi trng Gbit
GRS GFP Recocillation Sublayer Phn lp phc hi GFP
GSM Global System for Mobile phone H thng ton cu in thoi di ng
HDB-3 High Density Bipoler -3 zero M hai cc mt cao- ti a c 3 bit 0
lin tip
HDLC High-level Data Link Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin tuyn s liu mc
cao
HEC Header Error Control Kim tra li u
HI HIgh- priority u tin cao
IF In Frame Trong khung
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
IPS Intelligent Protection Swiching Chuyn mch bo v thng minh
LAPS Link Access Procedure -SDH Th tc truy nhp tuyn SDH
LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme S iu chnh dung lng tuyn
157
LCI Label Control Indicator B ch th iu khin nhn
LCP Link Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin tuyn
LO LOw- priority u tin thp
LOF Loss Of Frame Mt khung
LOS Loss Of Signal Mt tn hiu
LSB Least Significant Bit Bit t c ngha nht
LSP Label Switched Path Tuyn chuyn mch nhn
MAU Media Attachment Unit Khi tip xc mi trng
MAC Media Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng
MDI Medium Dependent Interface Giao din ph thuc mi trng
MII Media- Independent Interface Giao din c lp mi trng
MFI MultiFrame Indicator B ch th a khung
MOD MODe Kiu
MSB Most Significant Bit Bit c nhiu ngha nht
MS Manual Swich Chuyn mch nhn cng
MSOH Multiplex Section OverHead Mo u on ghp
MSP Multiplex Section Protection Bo v on ghp
MST Member Status Trng thi thnh vin
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit Khi truyn dn cc i
MUX MUltipleXer B ghp
NA Not Applicable Khng p dng
NDF New Data Flag C s liu mi
NG-SDH Next- Generation SDH SDH th h tip theo
NIC Network Interface Card Tm giao din mng
NMS Network Management Systems Cc h thng qun l mng
NORM Normal Operating Mode Phng thc hot ng bnh thng
NRZI Non Return to Zero Khng tr v zero
NTP Network Time Protocol Giao thc thi gian mng
O/E Optical -to- Electrical Chuyn i quang thnh in
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OIF Optical Internetworking Forum Din n phi hp hot ng v quang
OLTM Optical Line Terminal Multiplexer B ghp u cui quang
OOF Out Of Frame Chch khung
OS Operation System H thng iu hnh
OSI Open Systems Interconnection Kt ni cc h thng m
P Parity Tnh chn l
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu xung m
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy Phn cp s cn ng b
158
PDU Protocol Data Unit Khi s liu giao thc
pFCS payload Frame Check Sequence Dy kim tra khung ti trng
PFI Payload FCS Indicator B ch th dy kim tra khung ti trng
PHY PHYsical Layer Lp vt l
PI Primary In Li vo s cp
PLD PayLoaD Ti trng
PLI Payload Length Indicator B ch th chiu di ti trng
PLL Phase - Locked Loop Vng kho pha
PMD Physical Medium Dependent layer Lp ph thuc mi trng vt l
PO Primary Out u ra s cp
POS Packet Over SDH Gi trn SDH
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol Giao thc im - im
PRI PRIority u tin
PRS PacketPHY Reconcilliaton Sublayer Phn lp phc hi PacketPHY
PSC Protection Swiching Controler B iu khin chuyn mch bo v
PTI Payload Type Identifier B nhn dng kiu ti trng
PLI PDU Length Indicator B ch th chiu di PDU
PTR PoinTeR Con tr
RCR CLK ReCeiver Recovery CLoK ng h hi phc t tn hiu thu
REG REGenerator B ti sinh (Lp)
RIP Routing Information Field Trng thng tin nh tuyn
RPR Resilient Packet Ring Mng vng gi t phc hi
RSOH Regenerator Section OverHead Mo u on lp
SA Source Address a ch ngun
SD Starting Delimiter B gii hn u khung
SDXC Synchronous Digital cross Connection Ni cho s ng b
SF Signal Failure Mt tn hiu
SFET Synchronous Frequency Encoding
Technique
K thut m ho tn s ng b
SI Secondary In u vo th cp
SO Secondary Out u ra th cp
SRP Spatial Reuse Protocol Giao thc ti s dng khng gian
SRS SDH Reconcillation Sublayer Phn lp phc hi SDH
SRTS Synchronous Residual Time Stamp Du hiu thi gian d ng b
STM-N Synchronous Transmistion Module -N Mun truyn dn ng b mc N
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp phn chia theo thi gian
tHEC Type Header Error Correction Sa li u kiu
TRM Terminal u cui
TS Time Stamp Du hiu thi gian
159
TTL Time To Live Thi gian sng
TUG-n Tributery Unit group Nhm khi nhnh
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thc gi s liu ngi s dng
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator B to dao ng iu khin bng in p
VC Virtual Container Conten o
VCG Virtual Concatenation Group Nhm kt chui o
VID VLAN IDentifier B nhn dng VLAN
VLAN Virtual LAN Mng din cc b o
VPI/VCI Virtual Path Identifier/ Virtual Channel
Identifier
B nhn dng tuyn o/B nhn dng knh
o
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp phn chia theo bc sng
WIS WAN Interface Sublayer Phn lp giao din WAN
WTR Waite To Restore i phc hi
XAUI 10 Gigabit/s Attachment Unit Interface Giao din khi cm 10 Gbit/s
XGM 10 Gigabit/s Media Independent c lp mi trng 10 Gbit/s
XGMII 10 Gigabit/s Media Independent Interface Giao din c lp mi trng 10 Gbit/s
XGXS XGMII Extender Sublayer Phn lp m rng XGMII

160
- TI LIU THAM KHO-

[1] TS. Cao Phn v ThS. Cao Hng Sn, "Ghp knh PDH v SDH". Hc vin Cng ngh
BCVT, H Ni 1-2000.
[2] ThS. Cao Hng Sn, "Cng ngh IP trn WDM" Tp 1 v Tp 2. Nh xut bn Bu in, H
Ni 8-2005.
[3] Robert J. Hoss, " Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook". Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, 1990.
[4] Tsong - Ho Wu, "Fiber Network Sevice Survivability", Artech House, Boston- London, 1992.
[5] Neill Wilkinson, " Next Generation Network Service", John Wiley & Sons, LTD. England
2002.
[6] Jean - Pierre Laude, "DWDM Fundamentals, Component, and Applications", Artech House,
Boston- London 2002.
[7] ITU-T Telecommunication standardization sector of ITU G.707/Y. 1332. "Network Node
Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)", 12/2003.
[8] ITU-T Recommendation G.7041/Y.1303, Generic Framing Procedure, Jan. 2002.
[9] ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y1322, Network Node Interface for SDH, Oct. 2000.
[10] ITU-T Recommendation G.7042/Y.1305, Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) for
Virtual Concatenated Signals, Nov. 2001.
[11] ITU-T Recommendation X.85/Y1321, IP over SDH using LAPS, Mar. 2000.
[12] www.acterna.com, Next Genration SONET/SDH Technologies and Applications, Oct.
2003.
[13] RFC 2615, PPP over SONET/SDH, Jun.1999.
[14 ] Part 17: IEEE Standards 802.17, "Resillient Packet Ring (RPR) Access Method and Physical
Layer Specifications", 2004.
[15 ] Corrigent Systems, IEEE 802.17- "Resillient Packet Ring", 2005.
[16 ] Stejano Bregni, "Synchronization of Digital Telecommunicatins Network", John Wiley &
Sons, 2002.
[17 ] Siemens, " Optical Network": SURPASS hit 70 series OAM, Advanced topic, 2004.
[18] Max Ming - Kang Liu, "Principles and Applications of Optical Communications", IRWIN,
1996.
[19] John Gowar, "Optical Communication Systems", Prentice Hall (UK), 1984.
[20] Peter Tomsu and Christian Schmutzer, "Next Generation Optical Networks", Prentice Hall
PTR, 2002.
[21] Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, "Fiber Optic Communications Technology",
Prentice Hall, 2001.
161
[22] Kiyoshi Nosu, "Optical FDM Network Technologies", Artech House, Inc., Boston, London,
1997.
[23] Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan, "Optical Networks, A practical Perspective",
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco New York, 2002.
[24] ATM Forum Specification, af-lance-0021.000,"LAN Emulation over ATM", Version 1.0,
January 1995.
[25] Cisco Systems Inc. Whitepaper, "Cisco's Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) Technology
Support", February, 1998.
[26] Cisco Systems Inc. Whitepaper, "Dinamic Packet Transport Technology and Applications
Overview", January, 1999.
[27] OIF Contribubution, "A proposal to Use POS as Physical Layer up to OC-192c", 2000.
[28] RFC 1662, "PPP in HDLC- like framing", July 2000.
162
- MC LC-

Li ni u 1

CHNG I- MT S KHI NIM C BN TRONG TRUYN DN TN HIU 3
1.1. Gii thiu chung 3
1.2. Nhp mn ghp knh s 3
1.2.1. Tn hiu v cc tham s 3
1.2.2. ng truyn v rng bng tn truyn dn 4
1.2.3. Truyn dn n knh v a knh 5
1.2.4. H thng truyn dn s v cc tham s 5
1.3. S ho tn hiu analog 7
1.3.1. iu xung m PCM 7
1.3.2. iu xung m vi sai DPCM 12
1.3.3. iu ch Delta DM 13
1.4. Cc phng php ghp knh 14
1.4.1. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s 14
1.4.2. Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM 17
1.4.3. Ghp knh phn chia theo m 21
1.5. Khung v a khung tn hiu 22
1.5.1. Khi nim v khung v a khung 22
1.5.2. Cu trc c bn ca mt khung tn hiu 22
1.6. ng b trong vin thng 22
1.6.1. M u 22
1.6.2. ng b sng mang 24
1.6.3. ng b k hiu 25
1.6.4. ng b khung 26
1.6.5. ng b bit 30
1.6.6. ng b gi 30
1.6.7. ng b mng 32
1.6.8. ng b a phng tin 32
1.6.9. ng b ng h thi gian thc 33
1.7. Ngu nhin ho tn hiu 34
1.7.1. Khi nim 34
1.7.2. Cu to v hot ng ca b trn v b gii trn 34
Tm tt 35
Bi tp 35
163

CHNG II- GHP KNH PCM, PDH v SDH 36
2.1. Gii thiu chung 36
2.2. Ghp knh PCM 36
2.2.1. S khi b ghp PCM-N 36
2.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng 36
2.2.3. Cu trc khung v a khung PCM-N 37
2.3. Ghp knh PDH 39
2.3.1. Cc tiu chun tc bit PDH 39
2.3.2. K thut ghp knh PDH 40
2.3.3. Cu trc khung PDH in hnh () 43
2.4. Ghp kng SDH 48
2.4.1. Cc tiu chun ghp knh SDH 48
2.4.2. S khi ghp cc lung PDH vo khung STM-N 50
2.4.3. Qu trnh ghp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung STM-1 51
2.4.4. Vai tr v hot ng ca con tr trong SDH () 60
2.4.5. Mo u on SOH v mo u tuyn POH 69
Tm tt 77
Bi tp 78

CHNG III- CC GII PHP DUY TR MNG 80
3.1. Gii thiu chung 80
3.2. Cc cu hnh thit b 80
3.2.1. Gii thiu 80
3.2.2. Cc loi cu hnh thit b 81
3.3. Cc cu hnh mng 85
3.3.1. Cu hnh im ni im 85
3.3.2. Cu hnh a im 85
3.3.3. Cu hnh r nhnh 86
3.3.4. Cu hnh vng 86
3.3.5. Cu hnh a vng 86
3.4. Cc khi nim v duy tr mng 87
3.4.1. Khi nim 87
3.4.2. Cc bin php 87
3.5. Cc c ch bo v 88
3.5.1. Bo v 1+1 88
3.5.2. Bo v 1:1 88
3.5.3. Bo v 1:N 88
164
3.5.4. Cc c im ca chuyn mch bo v 90
3.6. Bo v trong mng vng 91
3.6.1. u im ca vic s dng mng vng t phc hi 91
3.6.2. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn 93
3.6.3. Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v ng 96
3.6.4. Mng vng 2 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng 96
3.6.5. Mng vng 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng 97
3.6.6. So snh cc mng vng bo v 99
Tm tt 100
Cu hi 101

CHNG IV- CC PHNG THC TRUYN TI S LIU 103
4.1. Gii thiu chung 103
4.2. Truyn ti s liu qua SDH 103
4.2.1. Truyn ti ATM qua SDH 103
4.2.2. Cc phng thc ng khung s liu 105
4.2.3. Cc c ch kt chui cc conten o 111
4.2.4. C ch iu chnh dung lng tuyn LCAS 116
4.3. IP/ATM trc tip trn quang 120
4.3.1. Hn ch cc lp trung gian trn mng ng trc 120
4.3.2. IP/ATM trc tip trn quang 121
4.4. Cng ngh Token ring v FDDI 121
4.4.1. Gii thiu 121
4.4.2. Cu trc khung 123
4.5. Cng ngh Ethernet 123
4.5.1. Cc chun Ethernet 123
4.5.2. Cu trc khung Ethernet 124
4.5.3. Lp vt l Ethernet 126
4.6. Cng ngh mng vng gi t phc hi RPR 131
4.6.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh RPR 131
4.6.2. Khung SRP v giao din lp vt l 142
4.6.3. Cc giao thc trong RPR 144
4.7. So snh, nh gi hiu sut s dng bng thng v cc ch tiu khc ca cc phng
thc () 149
4.7.1. Hiu sut s dng bng thng 149
4.7.2. Cc ch tiu khc 149
Tm tt 151
Bi tp 151
165
Cu hi 152
Ph lc 153
Bng thut ng vit tt 155
Ti lu tham kho 160
Mc lc 162










GHP KNH TN HIU S
M s: 411GKS360

Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1