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ECCE4356 Lab Manual
ECCE4356 Lab Manual
AUTHORS
This manual is the result of the contribution of the following SQU-EE faculty members:
Dr. M. M. El-Attar Dr. M. M. Ahmed Dr. M. A. El-Khazendar Dr. A. Gastli Dr. A. Adly
This manual has been continuously revised to match the modifications made on the contents of the Electrical Machines Courses. Dr. A. Gastli is responsible for changes made on the 1998 edition of this manual. During the Fall of 2005, Dr. A. Adly has applied some re-arrangements, as well as omissions, to make the manual in agreement with the ECCE4356 course material.
II
PREFACE
The electrical machine laboratory is intended specifically to meet the needs of modern courses in electrical machines. It is used at undergraduate level for studying the characteristics and operation of dc, induction, synchronous and special machines using state of the art teaching modules. The subjects that are covered in this manual include: characteristics of dc motors and dc generators (separate, series, shunt and compound), determining the parameters and performance characteristics of transformers, and finally the starting methods, speed control and performance of 3-phase induction motors.
III
CONTENTS
EM-I. EM-I.1 EM-I.2 EM-I.3 EM-I.4 EM-I.5 EM-I.5.1 EM-I.5.2 EM-I.5.3 EM-II. EM-II.1 EM-II.2 EM-II.3 EM-II.4 EM-II.4.1 EM-II.4.2 EM-III. INTRODUCTION TO TERCO ELECTRICAL MACHINE TEACHING UNIT AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: CONNECTION DIAGRAM INTRODUCTION CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT POWER PACK SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTORS TORQUE METER DC GENERATORS AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: CONNECTION DIAGRAM CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS LOAD CHARACTERISTICS (VT-IL) DC MOTORS I-1 I-1 I-1 I-1 I-2 I-2 I-2 I-3 I-4 II-5 II-5 II-5 II-5 II-6 II-6 II-7 III-10 III-10 III-10 III-10 III-10 III-11 IV-13 IV-13 IV-13 IV-13 IV-14 V-19 V-19 V-19 V-19 V-20 V-20 V-21 V-21
IV
EM-III.1 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EM-III.2 EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: EM-III.3 CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT EM-III.3.1 MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC (SERIES MOTOR) EM-III.3.2 LOAD TESTS EM-IV. EM-IV.1 EM-IV.2 EM-IV.3 EM-IV.4 EM-V. SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: OVERVIEW CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT THE 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS CONNECTION DIAGRAM CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT NO-LOAD TEST BLOCKED-ROTOR TEST AND STANDSTILL TEST
LOADING WITHOUT 3-PHASE ROTOR RESISTANCE LOADING TEST WITH A 3-PHASE ROTOR RESISTANCE IN CIRCUIT DETERMINATION OF STARTING TORQUE AND CURRENT
2.
TG Tachometer MV 1025 S F V Switch MV 1500 Power pack MV 1300 Voltmeter 300V MV 1926
rpm
MV 1036 F2 A M F1 A1 V S A A2 G F1 F2
TG
- +
- +
I-1
EM-I.4 Introduction
The power pack contains a three-phase transformer, rectifier, and variable voltage transformer connected so that fixed and variable DC and AC voltages can be supplied. The torque meter can be used to drive or brake an electric machine in order to measure its characteristics. It consists of a DC machine, the stator of which is mounted in bearings so that its torque reaction is transmitted to a pressure sensor. The range of the torque meter is 25 Nm. The reaction between the shaft torque, electromagnetic torque and losses torque, for both motoring and generating, is given in Fig. 2. The dynamometer reading is the net coupling torque (shaft torque).
Te
Bearing friction force opposing rotation Reaction on stator due to oil loss forces; for anti-clockwise rotation.
(b) Loss forces
Te Tr Tsh m m
Tsh=Te+Tloss Tr=-Tsh
Tr
Tloss
Tsh=Te-Tloss Tr=-Tsh
(d) Motoring
Figure 2. Dynamometer for loading and torque measurement: (a) air gap forces; (b) loss forces.
Make sure that all switches are off and the variable voltage controller (VVC) is set to minimum.
I-2
3.
Switch on the different switches in the sequence mentioned in the following tables and measure the specified DC and AC voltages.
Table 1. DC Supply Voltages Initial Position of VVC 0 0 0 100 0 Sequence of Closing Switches SmS1S2 SmS1S2 SmS1S2 SmS1S2 Sm S2 VVC rotated to Position 0 50 100 100 100 Fixed DC Voltage (V) Variable DC Voltage (V)
Table 2. AC Supply Voltages Initial Position of VVC Sequence of Closing Switches VVC rotated to Position Fixed AC Voltage (V) Variable AC Voltage (V)
RS
ST
TR
R0
S0
T0
RS
ST
TR
R0
S0
T0
0 0 0 100 Question 1
Based on the previous results, guess what are the limitations imposed upon the different switches ? Why this machine was designed with such limitations ?
2. 3. 4.
5.
I-3
6.
Turn back the field rheostat to get If =0.7A. Increase the terminal voltage from 60V to 210V in steps of 30V and record the corresponding speed n. Table 3. Variation of speed as a function of armature voltage at constant field current If=0.7A. Armature Voltage Vt (V) Speed n (rpm) 60 90 120 150 180 210
Question 2 Draw the relation between speed n and field current If at constant armature voltage. Comment on this method of speed control. Question 3 Draw the relation between speed n and armature voltage Vt at constant field current. Comment on this method of speed control.
3. 4.
Question 4 Draw the relation between torque and speed for the two cases. Explain the action of the dynamometer and comment on the difference between the torque speed curves.
I-4
EM-II. DC Generators
II-5
rpm
MV 1036 F2 A M F1 A1 A A2 IL
TG
A2 G A1
F2
Im
V S
F1
3.
Turn on the fixed DC voltage switch and adjust the field current of the torque meter to maximum excitation value. Adjust the DC generator field current to obtain minimum excitation current. Set the variable DC voltage to zero and turn on its switch. Then, increase the armature voltage up to 220V. The machine then rotates at about 1500 rev/min in the direction of the arrow (see above the shaft of the DC generator). Adjust the speed to 1400rev/min. It should be maintained constant throughout the experiment. Vary Im in steps of 0.1A from zero to maximum and take the corresponding reading (Ea) of the voltmeter V. Fill results in Table 1.
4. 5.
6. 7.
II-6
Table 1. DC Supply Voltages 1400 r. p. m. Increasing Im Ea (V) Im (A) Decreasing Im Ea (V) Im (A) Increasing Im Ea (V) Im (A) 1200 r. p. m. Decreasing Im Ea (V) Im (A)
8. 9.
Vary Im in steps from maximum value to zero at constant speed 1400 rev/min. Fill the results in Table 1. Repeat steps 7 and 8 at speed of 1200 rev/min and fill results in Table 1.
10. Draw on the same graph with a common Im axis the no-load characteristics for increasing and decreasing Im at both 1400 rev/min and 1200 rev/min. Question 1 Why does the no-load characteristics differ fot the increasing and decreasing Im ? Question 2 How the reduction in the speed from 1400 rev/min to 1200 rev/min has affected Ea at the same field current.
2.
3.
4.
Turn S on and vary RL such that IL varies in steps of 1A up to the rated current. Record the corresponding reading Vt and fill the results in Table 2. Stop the machines and turn off all switches and supplies.
5.
4.
5.
6.
IL
RL
2. 3. 4.
II-8
D2 D3 G D1 Vt S R my A1 F1 A2 F2 Im
IL
RL
Figure 3. Compound Generator Connection Diagram. Table 2. External Characteristic for Separate, Shunt and Compound Generators. Separate: Im=const. Shunt Compound D2-D3 Compound D1-D2 Vt (V) IL (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Vt (V) IL (A)
Question 3 Explain why does Vt decrease with increasing IL with separate excitation. Question 4 Explain why does Vt decrease more with shunt excitation than with separate excitation. Question 5 What would happen to Vt if the connection of the series winding were reversed in Part C section 2 ? What is this connection called ? Explain one application for that kind of excitation. Question 6 Why doesn't the generator take up voltage in Part B section 2 (shunt excitation) if the field is wrongly connected. Explain the necessary conditions for successful build up of the terminal voltage.
II-9
EM-III. DC Motors
300V
1A
-15A/0/15A
A1
250V
A1
10A
D1 D2
F1 F2
Dynam.
A2
M
A2
500 25 500W
0-240V DC
0-50V DC
Take note of the ratings of the Dynamometer and the DC motor. The ratings are shown on their rating plate. Theses ratings must not be exceeded at any time unless when it is specified by the manual.
III-10
Dynamometer Rating
DC Motor Rating
1.
Make sure that field current of the dynamometer is set to maximum value (500 variable resistance set to minimum). Switch ON the 0-240V DC supply and gradually increase it until the speed reaches 1300rpm. Adjust the field current and set the speed to 1400rpm. Make sure that the speed is kept constant during this experiment. Take readings of Vt and Ia when the conditions have settled. Switch ON the 0-50V DC supply and increase it gradually up to a maximum field current value of 10A. Record the field current Isr and the voltage Vt for each step and fill in Table 1. Use both the variable DC supply and the variable resistance 25W in order to adjust the field current to the values given in Table 2. Switch off the 0-50V DC supply.. Reduce the 0-240V DC supply and switch OFF. Plot the magnetizing characteristic Ef/Isr of the series DC motor. Table 1. Magnetization Characteristic of the Series Motor. Vt(=Ef) (V) Isr (A) 0 1 3 5 7 8 9 10
2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
1A
-15A/0/15A
A1
3x60
250V
0.5A
A1
10A
D1
1 2 1
D2
2
F1 F2
Dynam.
A2
30
F1 F2
M
A2
S1
500
500
S2
200V DC
0-240V DC
III-11
3.
4.
3.
4.
Te (Nm)
III-12
EM-IV.3 Overview
A single - phase transformer can be represented by an equivalent circuit. An equivalent circuit can be either referred to primary side or secondary side. Fig. a shows a single - phase two winding transformer. The exact equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to primary side is shown in Fig. b while the approximate equivalent circuit referred to primary side is shown in Fig. c.
IV-13
N1 R = N R2 2 2 N1 X 2/ = N X2 2
/ 2
N2 I 2/ = N I2 1 N1 V2/ = N V2 2
Re1 = R1 + R2/ X e1 = X 1 + X 2/
Open - circuit and short circuit tests are carried out to determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit. The power losses in the transformer can also be determined from these tests.
IV-14
5.
Calculate the no-load power factor cos o using the relation cos o =
6.
Table I. Calculate the magnetizing (reactive) current component Iom and core-loss (active) current component Iol using the following relations;
I o1 = I o cos o I om = I o sin o 7.
Calculate the parameters X (magnetizing reactance) and R (Core loss equivalent resistor) of the
X = V1 I om and enter the result in Table 1. equivalent circuit using the following relations R = V1 I ol
8. Repeat; the above steps with an air gap between U-Core and Yoke.
Questions:1. Why is the no-load current Io with air gap greater than that without air-gap? 2. The value of R and X in Table 1 are referred to primary side. Calculate R and X referred to secondary side. R (referred to secondary) = ___________________ X (referred to secondary) = ___________________
IV-15
3.
Calculate the no-load power Poc (core loss) using the following relation
2 Poc = I ol R = ____________________________ W
4. 5.
and compare it with the value of Poc in Table I. Identify the types of the core-loss Poc . If the primary side is opened and the no load current Io is measured from the secondary side1 what would be the value of Io Io = ________________ (without air gap) Io = ________________ (with air gap)
Part 2: Short Circuit Test (S.C.T.) 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Adjust the primary voltage V1 on the Variable transformer so that the short circuit current on primary side Isc1 is 170 mA. Measure the short circuit power Psc (copper losses), short circuit currents Isc1 , Isc2 and short circuit voltage Vsc. Enter the measurements in Table 2. Calculate the short circuit power factor cos sc using the relation cos sc = enter the result in Table 2.
6.
Calculate the short circuit equivalent impedance Zsc using the relation Z sc = Z e1 =
7.
and enter the result in Table 2. Calculate the equivalent resistance and reactance using the following relations Re1 = Z e1 cos sc , X e1 = Z e1 sin sc and enter the results in Table 2.
Questions:1. The value of Zel in Table 2 is referred equivalent impedance referred to secondary side Ze2. Ze2 = ___________________ ohm
to
primary
side.
Calculate
the
IV-16
2.
Calculate the efficiency of the transformer at 125%, 100%,50% and 25% of the full load using the relation: Efficiency =
(nS cos
(nS cos L )
L
+ Poc + n 2 Psc
) , take cos
. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Adjust the voltage V1 on the Variable transformer to 22 V. Vary the current I2 in steps of 100 mA by varying the rheostat (resistive load). Measure (secondary voltage) Voltage V2. Enter the measurements in Table 3. Calculate the voltage regulation of full load using the following relation % Voltage Regulation =
(V
2 , NL
V2,FL )
V2, NL
100 %
/
N2 N1
IV-17
Questions:1. Is it possible to get a -ve value for the voltage regulation? Explain. 2. What is the best value of voltage regulation? Is it possible to get it practically? 3. Calculate the power factor which yields the voltage regulation best value.
IV-18
Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit per phase. Plot the torque/speed and current/speed relation at different voltages. Study the effect of rotor resistance on the motor performance. Determine the starting torque and current at different voltages.
V-19
cw VV1
OVER TEMP
VV2
F1
F2
A1
A2
ccw
DR1
DR2
L1
L2
L3 MF
0-230V/1A 0-230V/1A 0-30V/5A 0-30V/5A
MA
MS1
MS2
MS3
L1 L1 L2 L3 N
S1 L1 S2
L2
L2 S3 L3
L3
N
IR
Rst
R1
OVER TEMP
Table 1.
Resistance R1+R2
Rph =
( R1 + R2 ) 111 . 2
Rotor Stator
V-20
5. 6.
Table 2.
VNL (V) INL (A) Pact|NL (kW) Qreact|NL (kVAR) cos nNL (rpm) SlipNL (p.u.)
Question 1
Why is the slip of the motor relatively small at no-load ?
Question 2
What does Pact|NL represents on no-load ? Calculate the resistive and inductive component of the magnetizing branch ?
Table 3.
VBL (V) IBL (A) Pact|BL (kW) Qreact|BL (kVAR) cos
V-21
Question 3
What is the relation between IBL and Istarting ?
Question 4
What does Pact|BL represent ? Calculate leakage impedance of the stator and rotor windings referred to the stator.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
=
where T is in Nm, n in rpm and Pact in kW.
T n 2 1000 Pact 60
Question 5
Plot the PF and current versus slip on one graph paper all at Vph=80V then plot the current at Vph=230V on the same graph.
Question 6
What is the relation between torque and voltage and the relation between current and voltage ? Plot T versus slip at Vph=230V on the same graph paper and comment.
V-22
Table 4.
Vph (V) IL (A) Ppact (kW) Qreact (kVAR ) cos T (Nm) n (rpm) s (pu) Pout (kW) Effi. (%)
2. 3.
Table 5.
Vph (V) IL (A) Ppact (kW) Qreact (kVAR ) cos T (Nm) n (rpm) s (pu) Pout (kW) Effi. (%)
Question 7
Repeat question 5 with the new results on the same graph paper.
Question 8
Explain with figures the effect of increasing the rotor resistance.
V-23
Table 6.
IL (A) Without Rst With Rst Pact (kW) Qreact (kVAR) cos Tst (Nm)
Question 9
Calculate the starting torque and current at Vph=230V with and without external rotor resistance and compare the values.
Question 10
Draw the equivalent circuit per phase with values on at a slip of 0.05. What happen to the total impedance of the motor when s is increasing from 0.05 to 0.5 ?
V-24