INTRODUCTION When a torque is applied to an object, torsion is produced.

Torsion is the strain experienced by a length of wire or rod when a twisting force is applied to one end while the other end is fixed. It can be measured by observing how much an object twists due to a given torque. Engineering materials employed in rotating machine parts, such as engine cran shafts and ship!propeller shafts, must resist the torsional stresses induced by the twisting loads.

OBJECTIVE This experiment"s objective is to study the behavior of a torsional pendulum. EQUIPMENT # collet which can grip shafts of various diameters firmly is attached to a wall!brac et.The vertical shafts supports a large body of revolution by a similar collet at its lower end.This body can be made to rotate tortionally. THEORY # fine wire whose shear modulus is to be determined is suspended from a fixed support A and the other end B is fixed to the center of a heavy disc $collet% whose moment of inertia is nown. The disc is allowed to oscillate with small amplitude , from the equilibrium position A. The torsion of the wire will try to restore the disc to the position A, but due to inertia it will continue to move beyond A to C till it swings bac and in the process executes simple harmonic motion. The equation of motion is given by& I d' ( ) * + dt' Therefore the time period T which can be measured by means of a stopwatch is given by & T * ' I,) Where, I * moment of inertia of disc I * - .r' 1

Where, M is mass of the disc and r is the radius of disc. #lso, G * shear modulus. ) * na/ 'l 1ere, a is radius of shaft and l is the length of shaft. a/ * 0 $second moment of area of the shaft% '

2upport

2haft d

3ength $L%

4ylindrical body

PROCEDURE 4hoose a shaft and length L and determine T by timing a number of vibrations. 5epeat several times and average your results. .ove a shaft through the collet and repeat for a range of

lengths. 5epeat for shafts of the same material and different diameters. 6etermine the variation of T with d. 5epeat for shafts of other materials. 6etermine G, and compare with published values. RESULTS Material: .ild steel Diameter ! "#a!t& 7.8mm N ! "$illati %& '+ t'&" :+.;+ :+.=+ :'.++ :'.'+ :'.9+ m * +.++98 s',cm t(&" ::.++ ::.++ ::.;+ :'./+ :'.7+ A)e*time&" :+.<+ :+.;9 ::.<+ :'.8+ :'.99 T&" +.9/9 +.9/8 +.9<9 +.7:9 +.7'; T(&"( +.'<= +.'<9 +.89/ +.8=; +.8</ L&$m 99.++ 7+.++ 79.++ =+.++ =9.++ Ta+*'

Material& .ild steel Diameter ! "#a!t& 9.'mm N ! "$illati %& '+ t'&" :9./+ :7.++ :7.;+ :=./+ :;.'+ m * +.+:+< s',cm t(&" :9.7+ :7.'+ :7.7+ :=./+ :;.'+ A)e*time&" :9.9+ :7.:+ :7.=+ :=./+ :;.'+ T&S +.==9 +.;+9 +.;89 +.;=+ +.<:+ T(&S( +.7+: +.7/; +.7<= +.=9= +.;'; L&$m 99.++ 7+.++ 79.++ =+.++ =9.++ Ta+*(

Material& .ild steel Diameter ! "#a!t& 8.'mm N ! "$illati %& '+ t'&" 8=.;+ 8<.7+ /:.'+ /'./+ m * +.+7/8 s',cm t(&" 8=.<+ 8<.'+ /+.7+ /'.'+ A)e*time&" 8=.;9 8<./+ /+.<+ /'.8+ 3 T&" :.;<8 :.<=+ '.+/9 '.::9 T(&"( 8.9;8 8.;;: /.:;' /./=8 L&$m 99.++ 7+.++ 79.++ =+.++

=9.++ Ta+*,

/8.;+

/8.;+

/8.;+

'.:<+

/.=<7

Material: 4opper Diameter ! "#a!t& 7.8mm N ! "$illati %"& '+ L&$m 99.++ 7+.++ 79.++ =+.++ =9.++ Ta+*t'&" :/.;+ :9.'+ :9.;+ :7./+ :7.7+ m * +.++<= s',cm t(&" :/.;+ :9./+ :9.;+ :7.7+ :=.++ A)e*time&" :/.;+ :9.8+ :9.;+ :7.9+ :7.;+ T&" +.=/+ +.=79 +.=<+ +.;'9 +.;/+ T(&"( +.9/; +.9;9 +.7'/ +.7;: +.=+7

Material: copper Diameter ! "#a!t& 9.:mm N ! "$illati %& '+ t'&" ''.;+ '8.;+ '/.;+ '9.;+ '7.'+ m * +.+'89 s',cm t(&" ''.;+ '/.++ '/.;+ '9.;+ '7./+ A)e*time&" ''.;+ '8.<+ '/.;+ '9.;+ '7.8+ T&" :.:/+ :.:<9 :.'/+ :.'<+ :.8:9 T(&"( :.8++ :./'; :.98; :.77/ :.='< L&$m 99.++ 7+.++ 79.++ =+.++ =9.++ Ta+*.

Material& 4opper Diameter ! "#a!t& 8.+mm N ! "$illati %& '+ L&$m 99.++ 7+.++ 79.++ t'&" 79.++ 7=.7+ =+.'+ m * +.:;;= s',cm t(&" 7/.;+ 7=.;+ 7<.;+ A)e*time&" 7/.<+ 7=.=+ =+.++ 4 T&S 8.'/9 8.8;9 8.9++ T(&S( :+.98+ ::./9; :'.'9+

=+.++ =9.++ Ta+*/

='.;+ =/./+

='.;+ =/.;+

='.;+ =/.7+

8.7/+ 8.=8+

:8.'9+ :8.<:8

DETERMINATION O0 G1 >rom theory, T = 2 IL GJ

T2 =

4 2 IL GJ

Therefore from graph, 4 2 I GJ Where, I 2 3 Mr(1 J 2 d,( a%d m 2 "l 4e

2lope $m% * G 2 - (I mJ

....... eqn ?

G ! r t#e )ari 5" diameter" ! mild "teel "#a!t: 7.8mm diameter, I * +.:8;=+'< 0 * :.9/7:+!:+ m * +.98, substituting into eqn ? gives& G 2 //*6 GPa

9.'mm diameter I * +.:8;=+'< 0 * =.:=<:+!:: m * :.+<, 8.'mm diameter substituting into eqn ? gives& G 2 78*8 GPa

I * +.:8;=+'< 0 * :.+'<7:+!:: m * 7./8 substituting into eqn ? gives& G 2 9(*9 GPa

#verage of the G:" of mild steel, G 2 7,*( GPa 2tandard value of G for mild steel, G 2 7.*8 GPa % Error * =9.+ @ =8.' :++% =9.+ * './%

G ! r t#e )ari 5" diameter" ! $ 44er "#a!t1 7.8mm diameter, I * +.:8;=+'< 0 * :.9/7:+!:+ m * +.<= 9.:mm diameter, I * +.:8;=+'< 0 * =.:=<+<:+!:: m * '.89 substituting into eqn ? gives& G 2 ,(*. GPa substituting into eqn ? gives& G 2 ,/*. GPa

8.+mm diameter, I * +.:8;=+'< 0 * =.<98:+!:' m * :;.;= substituting into eqn ? gives& G 2 ,/*. GPa

#verage of the )"s of copper shaft, ) * 89.' )Aa 2tandard value of ) for copper, ) * /+.+ )Aa % Error * /+.+ @ 89.' :++ % /+.+ * :'%

VARIATION O0 ;T< =ITH ;d<1 The period T is inversely proportional to the diameter d for both mild steel and copper. #s d increases, T decreases and as d decreases T increases.

E>ERCISE: 2how from analysis that the period of the torsional pendulum is

T* 2

IL GJ

Where, I * moment of inertia and 0 * 2econd moment of area. ) * 2hearing modulus

DEDUCTION # torsional pendulum consists of a rigid body supported on a shaft as shown below.

When the pendulum is twisted through a small angle and released, a simple harmonic angular motion results from the stresses developed in the shaft. #ssume that a vibratory motion of body B in diagram above is started by twisting the assembly through the small angle , as shown, and then releasing the pendulum. If the limit of proportionality of the material in a solid circular shaft is not exceeded, the moment necessary to twist the shaft is proportional to the angle of twist and can be obtained from& T * 0) 3 *B

J=

d4 $2econd moment of area% 32

) * 2hearing modulus * #ngle of twist in radians 3 * 3ength of shaft The moment exerted by the shaft on the body C is equal in magnitude and opposite in sense to the moment,T,required to twist the shaft.The moment exerted by the shaft on C has a sense opposite to the sense of the angular displacement of the lower end of the shaft.

The equation of motion for body C, in scalar form, is& .* I or @T*!B * I The angular acceleration is, D 2 K I

This equation proves that body B has simple angular motion, and the natural circular frequency of the motion is&

=
=

K I JG IL

The frequency is given by& f =

1ence Aeriod, T= 1 2 = f

Where,

JG IL

Therefore,

T = 2

IL GJ

CONCLUSION >rom the results obtained, the period T is dependent on the length L and diameter d of the shaft used. #s length L of shaft is increased the period T also increases, whiles as the diameter d of the shaft is increased the period T decreases. #s diameter d decreases the period T increases. #lso from the experimental values obtained, the square of the period T can be plotted against length L of the shaft, to give a straight line. >rom this line the shear modulus G of the shaft material can be determined from its slope. Experimental values not equal to theoretical values due to the following& I. II. III. The shaft not perfectly straight. #ngle of twist of the shaft not uniform throughout the experiment. Enbalance forces due to air resistance.

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IF.

3oss of some of the shafts elasticity due to the years it has being used.

>or the inaccuracies to be corrected, all the assumptions behind the theory must be obeyed and followed when performing the experiment to achieve very accurate results. The assumptions behind the theory are& De! rmati % @ the angle of twist must be small. Ge metr? @ the shaft must be straight. Material +e#a)i 5r @ the shaft should not be stressed beyond its elastic limit. E@5ili+ri5m ! all external loading should be such that the internal force resulting at any section along the axis of the bar is a torque or couple parallel to the axis of the bar. APPLICATIONS O0 E>PERIMENT ! It can be used to determine material behaviour $ieG strength, stiffness, etc%. ! It is used to determine material properties. ! It is used to solve statically indeterminate torsional problems. ! It can be used to determine the moment of inertia of a body. PRECAUTIONS 1) We made sure the angular displacement of the material was small. '% We made sure the time ta en for '+ oscillations was done twice and the average of ta en. 8% We made sure that the shafts did not swing as it was oscillating. RE0ERENCES 1) E%Ai%eeri%A Me$#a%i$" by #rchie 1igdon.

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