Thermal Stresses

3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

E T
E
1

0 T

Linear stress/strain law with initial thermal strain.

3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

x
x
T
E
1
1
D
E
1
D T

D T
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Thermal Stresses

Strain Energy

1 T
u 0 T
2
1
T
u 0 T D T
2
U u 0 dV
V

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Thermal Stresses

Strain Energy
1
T
U T D T dV
2
V

Bd

1
T
U B d T D B d T dV
2V

1
T
T
T
U d B T D B d T dV
2V
3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

Strain Energy

1
T
T
U d B DBd dV
2V

1
T
T
d B D T dV
2V

1
T
T DBd dV
2V

1
T
T D T dV
2V
3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

Strain Energy

1
T
T
U L d B DBd dV
2V

U T d B D T dV
V

1
T
Constant T D T dV
2V
3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

U UL UT
U
0
d
U L
T
B DB d dV
d V

U T
T
B D T dV f T
d V

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Thermal Stresses

Thermal Strain Matrix

(one-dimensional bar):

T x T
T

fT A B DTdx
T

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Thermal Stresses

Thermal Strain Matrix

(one-dimensional bar):

D E
1 1
B

L
L

f T1 ETA
f T

f T 2 ETA
T xT T

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Thermal Stresses

10

Thermal Strain Matrix

(two-dimensional element):
Plane Stress
x T T

T y T T
0
xyT
Plane Strain
xT
T

T y T 1 T

0

xyT

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Thermal Stresses

11

Constant Thickness
Constant Strain Triangle

fT B D T t A
T

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Thermal Stresses

12

Plane Stress :
i


f Tix
i

f Tiy E t T j
fT

21 j

f Tmy
m


m
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Thermal Stresses

13

Procedure
1. Evaluate thermal force matrix and treat this
as an equivalent nodal force matrix.
2. Apply: {F}=[K]{d}-{F0}.
3. If only thermal loads are present, then
{F0}=[K]{d}.
4. Back-substitute known {d} to obtain
element nodal forces, stresses, and strains.

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Thermal Stresses

14

A = 4 in2
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 7.0 x 10-6 (in/in)/oF
T = 50o F
2

3
2

4 ft
Find reactions at fixed ends and the axial stress due to a
50o F temperature rise.
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Thermal Stresses

15

For each element:

AE 1 1
k

L 2 1 1
ETA
fT

ETA
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Thermal Stresses

16

Assembling Global Matrices:

ETA
ETA

fT ETA ETA 0

ETA

ETA
1 1 0
AE

K 1 2 1
L2
0 1 1
3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

17

 ETA
1 1 0 d1

AE

1
2

1
d
0

L 2

ETA
d

1
1

3
B.C.
d1 d 3 0
Solving
d2 0
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Thermal Stresses

18

Reaction Forces:
F1x 0 ETA ETA

F2 x 0 0
0

F 0 ETA ETA
3x

F1x 42000

F2 x 0 lb
F 42000
3x

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Thermal Stresses

19

Axial Stress:
42000 lb

10500
psi
2
4 in

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Thermal Stresses

20

Bar 1
A = 12 x 10-4 m2
E = 70 GPa
= 23.0 x 10-6 (mm/mm)/oC

T = -10o C
only in Bar 1

2
2
1

3
2m

2m
Bar 2 & 3
A = 6 x 10-4 m2
E = 100 GPa
= 20.0 x 10-6 (mm/mm)/oC

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Thermal Stresses

21

For element 1:

12 10 70 10 1
k
4

1
1 1

1 1
k 42000

1 1
ETA
fT

ETA
19.32
fT

19.32
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Thermal Stresses

22

For elements 2 & 3:

6 10 100 10 1
k
4

1
1 1

1 1
k 30000

1 1
ETA
fT

ETA
0
fT
0
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Thermal Stresses

23

Assembling Global Matrices:

ETA 1 19.32

TA

19
.
32
1

fT

0
0

0
0
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Thermal Stresses

24

Assembling Global Matrices:

42
0
0
42

42
42

30

30

30

30

K 1000

0
30
30
0

30
0
30
0
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Thermal Stresses

25

 42
0
0 d1 19.32
42

42 42 30 30 30 30 d 2 19.32
1000

0
30
30
0 d 3 0

30
0
30 d 4 0
0
B.C.
d1 d 3 d 4 0
Solving
d 2 1.89 10 4 m
3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

26

Reaction
Forces:

F1x
42

F
2 x
42
1000
F3x
0

F3x
0

42

0
0
19.32

102 30 30 1.89 10 4 19.32

0
30 30
0
0

0
30
0
30
0
0

F1x 11.38

F
0
2 x

kN
F3x 5.69

F3x 5.69
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Thermal Stresses

27

Axial Stresses:
11.38 k N
1
9.48 MPa
4
2
12 10 m
5.69 k N
2
9.48 MPa
4
2
6 10 m
5.69 k N
3
9.48 MPa
4
2
6 10 m

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Thermal Stresses

28

A = 2 in2
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 7.0 x 10-6 (in/in)/oF

y
1

T = 75o F
(in element 1 only)

1
2

8 ft

6 ft

x
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Thermal Stresses

29

For element 1:
Node 2 - i
Node 1 - j
= 90o
cos = 0.0
sin = 1.0

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0 0
6

2 30 10 0 1
k
8 12 0 0

0 1

0 0
0 1
0 0

0 1

f2 x ETA
fT

f1x ETA
31500 f2 x
fT

31500 f1x
Thermal Stresses

30

Convert Temperature force to global coordinates:

f 2xT C S 0 0 f2xT

f

2yT S C 0 0 f 2yT
f

1xT 0 0 C S f1xT
f1yT 0 0 S C f

1yT
f2 31500
f 2xT 0
xT

f

f
2yT 0
2yT 31500

f1xT 31500
1xT 0
f 0
f1yT 31500

1yT
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Thermal Stresses

31

For element 2:
Node 3 - i
Node 1 - j
= 180o-53.13o =126.87o
cos = -0.6
sin = 0.8
0.36 0.48 0.36 0.48

6
0
0.64

2 30 10 0.48 0.64
k
10 12 0.36 0
0.36 0.48

0.48 0.64 0.48 0.64

0
fT
0

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Thermal Stresses

32

Assembling Global Matrices:

0.36 0.48

0.48 1.89

0
0
K 0.50 106
1.25
0

0
0

0
0
3/29/2014

0
0
0
0
0
0

Thermal Stresses

1.25
0
0

0
0
0

1.25
0
0

0
0.36 0.48

0
0.48 0.64
0

33

Assembling Global Matrices:

0

31500

fT

31500

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Thermal Stresses

34

B.C.
d1x d 2 x d 3 x 0
d 2y d 3y 0
Solving
d1y 0.0333 in
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Thermal Stresses

35

Reaction Forces (Element 1):

f k d f
T
d T* d
Eq . 3.1.14

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Thermal Stresses

36

Reaction Forces (Element 1):

0
f2 x 2 30 106 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 31500

8 12 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 31500
f1x
0.0333
f2 x 10700

lb
f1x 10700
1 5350 psi

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Thermal Stresses

37

Reaction Forces (Element 2):

f k d f
d T d
T

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Thermal Stresses

38

Reaction Forces (Element 2):

0
f2 x 2 30 106 1 1 0.6 0.8
0
0 0 31500

10 12 1 1 0 0 0.6 0.8 0 31500

f1x
0.0333
f2 x 13310

lb
f1x 13310
1 6660 psi

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Thermal Stresses

39

t = 5 mm
E = 210 GPa
= 0.30
= 12.0 x 10-6 (mm/mm)/oC
3

T = +50o C

4
3
4

500 mm

1
1

500 mm
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Thermal Stresses

40

Element 1:
x1 0.00 y 1 0.00
x 2 0.50 y 2 0.00
x 5 0.25 y 5 0.25
1 y 2 y 5 0.25
2 y 5 y 1 0.25
5 y1 y 2 0
1 x 5 x 2 0.25
2 x1 x 5 0.25
5 x 2 x1 0.50
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Thermal Stresses

41

Element 1
1 0 2
1
B 0 1 0
2A
1 1 2

0
2
2

5
0
5

5
5

0
0.25
0
0
0
0.25
1

B
0
0.25
0
0.25 0 0.5

0.125
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.5 0

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Thermal Stresses

42

E
D
0
1
2
1

0 0
2
0
1 .3
9

210

10
D
.
3
1
0

0.91
0 0 0.35

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Thermal Stresses

43

Element 1
k t A BT DB
8.4375
4.0625

4.0625
k
0.3125
4.375

3.75

3/29/2014

4.0625 0.3125 4.375 3.75

0.3125
4.0625 4.375 12.5
0.3125 8.4375 4.0625 4.375 3.75

4.0625 4.0625 8.4375

4.375 12.5
4.375 4.375
4.375
8.75
0

12.5
3.75
12.5
0
25
4.0625
8.4375

Thermal Stresses

44

Element 2
x 2 0.50 y 2 0.00
x 3 0.50 y 3 0.50
x 5 0.25 y 5 0.25
2 0.25
3 0.25
5 0.5
2 0.25
3 0.25
5 0
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Thermal Stresses

45

Element 2
k t A BT DB
8.4375 4.0625
4.0625 8.4375

4.0625
0.3125
k
12.5 4.0625
4.375
3.75

4.375
4.375

3/29/2014

0.3125 12.5 4.375

4.0625 3.75 4.375
8.4375 4.0625 12.5 4.375

4.0625 8.4375 3.75 4.375

12.5
3.75
25
0

4.375 4.375
0
8.75
4.0625
0.3125

Thermal Stresses

46

Continue process for elements 3 and 4.

Calculate thermal force matrices for each element:

i

i
Et T
j

f T

21 j
m

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Thermal Stresses

47

Thermal force matrices for each elements 1 & 2:

f
1
T

3/29/2014

112500
112500

112500

112500

225000

Thermal Stresses

2
T

112500
112500

112500

112500
225000

48

Thermal force matrices for elements 3 & 4:

f
3
T

3/29/2014

112500
112500

112500

112500

225000

Thermal Stresses

4
T

112500
112500

112500

112500
225000

49

Global Thermal Force Matrix:

f
T

3/29/2014

f T1x 225000
f

225000
T1 y

f T 2 x 225000

f T 2 y 225000

f T 3 x

225000

225000
T3y

f T 4 x 225000

f T 4 y 225000
f T 5 x

f T 5 y

Thermal Stresses

50

B.C.
d1x d 4 x 0
d1y d 4 y 0

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Thermal Stresses

51

Solving:

3/29/2014

d1x
0

0
1y

d 2 x 3.327 10 4

4
d 2 y 1.911 10
4

d
3x 3.327 10
d
m
4
d 3y 1.911 10
d 4 x

0
d 4 y

d 5 x 2.123 10 4

6.654 10

d 5 y

Thermal Stresses

52

Stresses:

DBd DT

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Thermal Stresses

53

Stresses:
x

E
y
2
1

xy

E
1 2

3/29/2014

1
0

i
0

0 1 0
1 2A
i
2

j j

d ix
d
iy

m 0

d jx

0
m

d
jy
m m
d mx

my

0 T

0 T
1 0

Thermal Stresses

54

Stresses:
Element 1:
x 1.800 108 1.800 108
0

8
8
7
y 1.342 10 1.800 10 4.57 10 Pa
1.600 107
1.60 107
0

xy

Element 2:
x 1.640 108 1.800 108 1.60 107

8
8
7
y 2.097 10 1.800 10 2.973 10 Pa
2150
2150
0
xy

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Thermal Stresses

55

Stresses:
Element 3:
x 1.800 108 1.800 108
0

8
8
7
y 1.342 10 1.800 10 4.57 10 Pa
1.600 107
1.60 107
0

xy

Element 4:
x 1.960 108 1.800 108 1.60 107

8
8
7
y 5.880 10 1.800 10 1.212 10 Pa
2150
2150
0
xy

3/29/2014

Thermal Stresses

56