NH GI CNG B TNG TRN CC CNG TRNH

THY LI KHU VC NG BNG SNG CU LONG

ThS. KHNG VN HUN
Vin Khoa hc Thy li min Nam
1. t vn
khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) rt nhiu cng trnh thu li c xy dng.
Sau mt s nm khai thc, hu ht cc kt cu b tng ct thp (BTCT) u c du hiu b n mn
b mt, gim cng , e do s an ton ca cng trnh v c h thng thy li, nht l trong ma
bo l.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn cng trnh b xung cp l do tc ng ca mi trng chua,
mn v cht lng b tng cha p ng yu cu chng n mn. phc v cho cng tc thit k cc
cng trnh mi, sa cha tu b cc cng trnh c v hn ch lng ph trong xy dng vic tin hnh nh
gi tnh trng suy gim cht lng b tng ct thp cc cng trnh thy li nhm tm cc bin php nng
cao tui th cng trnh l rt cn thit. Bi bo ny trnh by kt qu nh gi cng ca b tng trn
cc cng trnh thu li xy dng khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long.
2. Phng php nghin cu

Phng php thng k phn tch

S dng kt qa iu tra s thai ha b tng ct thp cc cng trnh thy li xy dng

BSCL.

Phng php kho st :

+ Xc nh cng b tng bng phng php nn li khoan v s dng thit b siu m kt

hp sng bt ny. C trn 70 cng trnh c kho st tp trung cc tnh (khi cha tch tnh mi)
An Giang, Kin Giang, Bc Liu, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, Vnh Long, Bn Tre, Tin Giang, Long An v
ngoi thnh Tp. H Ch Minh. Mi tnh kho st t 5 n 10 cng trnh.[1];[2];[3].
+ Phn vng mi trng xm thc: Mi trng nc mn, mi trng chua c phn loi theo
tiu chun TCVN 3994-85 (chng n mn trong Xy dng kt cu b tng v BTCT- Phn loi mi
trng xm thc) [4] nh sau:

Mi trng chua: Cng trnh thuc vng t chua phn, pH < 6,5.

Mi trng mn: Cng trnh thuc vng t ven bin, pH > 6,5 v SO4-2 > 250 mg/lit.

V tr cng trnh kho st th hin trn bn phn lai t khu vc BSCL [5] c th
hin trn Hnh 1.

3. Kho st v nh gi cng b tng

Kt qa kho st cho thy s cng trnh c du hiu b n mn b mt b tng chim t l rt ln.
Biu hin b tng b n mn khu vc nhim mn d thy nht l lp b tng bo v b bong trc.
Vi cc cng trnh trong khu vc mi trng chua, hnh thc b tng xung cp l lp b tng b
mt b mt va kt dnh, tr dm, b tng bo v b bong trc, ct thp g st.
Kt qa kho st cng b tng cc cng trnh xy dng khu vc BSCL trong mi trng
nc nhim mn trnh by trong bng 1 v mi trng nc chua trong bng 2.
S v tr cng trnh kho st v mt s hnh nh b tng ct thp b n mn trong mi trng
BSCL.

Bn t ng bng sng cu long

B

CAM PU CHIA

62

63

60
51

71

64

67

70

68

69

58
66

65

57

ON G THA P

TP.HO CH MINH

61

59

LONG AN

2
5

49

MY THO

AN GIANG

13

48
50

16

37
41

38

BE
39 N TRE
40

VNH LONG

12

43

CAN TH

BIE N TA Y

47

44

15

KIE N GIANG

36

11

45

46

31

42

TRA VINH

14

10
17
18

HA U GIANG

28

29

34

35
33

30

32

SO C TRA
NG
26
27

BA C LIE U
22

21

23
25
24

BIE N O NG

CA MAU
19
20

0 Km

25

50

GHI CHU
a t phen
a t phen
a t phen
a t phen
a t phen

na ng
trung bnh va nhe
na ng, ma n mu a kho
trung bnh va nhe, man mu a kho
tiem ta ng, man thng xuye n

a t man thng xuye n

a t man mu a kho
Co ng trnhtrong vu ng
man
Co ng trnh trong vung
chua ma n

Ngun: Phn vin Quy hoch Thit k Nng nghip

Hnh 1. Bn pht trin BSCL

Hnh 2. Dng b tng b n mn vng mn

Hnh 3. Dng BT b n mn vng chua

3.1. C s nh gi cng chu nn ca b tng theo thi gian

C s nh gi cng chu nn ca b tng theo thi gian nh sau:

Kho st xc nh cng chu nn ca b tng ti cng trnh ;

Tnh ton s pht trin cng b tng trong iu kin kh hu nng m Vit Nam theo ti liu [6] .

S pht trin cng nn b tng theo thi gian c nh gi thng qua ch s S, n c

tnh bng (%/nm) theo cng thc sau :

S=

( Rtt Rn)
100
n.Rtt

(%)

(1)

Trong :
-

Rtt - cng chu nn tnh tan ca b tng ti tui n ( nm), nu pht trin trong iu kin
bnh thng khng b n mn c tnh theo cng thc (2),

Rn - vng chu nn ca b tng ca cng trnh ti thi im kho st (kG/cm2),

n - tui cng trnh (nm).

Cng b tng pht trin trong iu kin bnh thng tui sau n nm (Rtt ) c tnh tan
da trn kt qa nghin cu ca GS.TS. Nguyn Tin ch Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng
[6].
S pht trin cng b tng theo thi gian

Mc 200 ( kG/cm2)

Cng ca b tng

350
300
y = 6,4844Ln(x) + 309,13

250

R = 0,8132

200
150
100
0

10

15
20
25
30
Tui ca b tng n ( nm)

35

40

45

Hnh 4. S pht trin cng BT theo thi gian

Trong iu kin kh hu nng m Vit Nam, s pht trin cng b tng theo thi gian nh sau:
2

Cng BT tui 28 ngy t R28 = 200 kG/cm (b qua nhng sai st trong qu trnh thi
cng, cng BT khi im tui 28 ngy coi nh t thit k );

Cng BT tui 1 nm t khong 1,4-1,6 ln mc thit k [6]. Nu chn h s 1,52 th

2
R1 nm = 304 kG/cm ;

Cng BT tui 5 nm (1,6-1,95 ln mc thit k): Nu chn h s 1,62 th R5 nm = 324

kG/cm 2;

Cng BT tui 40 nm t gi tr 1,65 ln mc thit k (tc gi ngh): R 40 nm = 330

kG/cm 2.
Quan h v s pht trin cng b tng theo tui trong iu kin bnh thng c biu din
trn Hnh 4 v cng thc (2).
2
Rtt = 6,4844 Ln (n) +309,13 (kG/cm )
(2)
Trong , n l tui ca b tng tnh theo nm.
3.2. nh gi s pht trin cng chu nn ca BT trong mi trng mn BSCL
S cng trnh kho st vng mn l 36, cc cng trnh nm trn gii t gip bin thuc cc tnh C
Mau, Bc Liu, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, Bn Tre, Tin Giang. Kt qu kho st v tnh ton trnh by trong
bng 1.
Bng 1. Bng thng k s pht trin cng chu nn ca b tng
cc cng trnh trong mi trng mn

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Cng trnh
kho st

Tui
(Nm)

Mu th Ng.
CTC -T V
CCC - B L
CCD - BT
CC1- CG
CC2- CG
CVH - BT
CA 2 - CG

1
4
6
9
9
9
10
10

Cng nn (kG/cm )
Thit k
Thc
Tnh ton
R28ng
t Rn
Rtt
200
309
309,1
200
251
318,1
200
181
320,7
200
200
323,4
200
207
323,4
200
216
323,4
200
217
324,1
200
218
324,1

H s bin i cng
K1
Rn/R28ng
1,55
1,26
0,91
1,00
1,04
1,08
1,09
1,09

K2
Rtt/R28ng
1,55
1,59
1,60
1,62
1,62
1,62
1,62
1,62

S
(%/nm)
5,27
7,26
4,24
4,00
3,69
3,30
3,27

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

CTP - TV
CL - TV
CBB - BT
CCT-BT
CLU - TG
CVK - TG
TNT- CG
CCO- ST
CLH -TV
CV - BT
CA1 - CG
CNN - CM
C - TG
CLS - BT
CABT - BT
CB S - CM
C2B - BT
CCT- B L
CAD - BL
CTN - ST
CNM- BL
CLB -TV
CTC -ST
CCG- ST
CBT- BT
CCM - BL
CLP - ST
CBTR - BT
CRB - TG

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
21
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
35

200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200

270
269
194
213
240
267
245
287
264
195
175
223
238
211
236
332
223
244
236
261
304
309
305
294
232
274
327
210
181

325,2
325,2
325,2
325,2
325,2
325,2
325,2
326,2
326,2
326,2
326,7
327,1
327,5
327,9
327,9
328,2
328,2
328,6
328,6
328,6
328,9
329,2
329,5
329,5
329,5
329,7
329,7
330,0
332,2

1,35
1,35
0,97
1,07
1,20
1,34
1,23
1,44
1,32
0,98
0,88
1,12
1,19
1,06
1,18
1,66
1,12
1,22
1,18
1,31
1,52
1,55
1,53
1,47
1,16
1,37
1,64
1,05
0,91

1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,63
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,64
1,65
1,65
1,65
1,65
1,65
1,65
1,65
1,66

1,42
1,44
3,36
2,88
2,18
1,49
2,06
0,86
1,36
2,87
3,10
1,99
1,61
1,98
1,56
-0,06
1,69
1,29
1,41
1,03
0,36
0,28
0,32
0,47
1,29
0,70
0,03
1,45
1,30

Mu th: M200 khng ph gia ngm trong mi trng mn ti Rch Bn - G Cng ng Tin Giang
Kt qu kho st th hin trn biu quan h hnh 5; hnh 6.

H s pht trin cng nn

K= Rn/R28ng

1,8

S pht trin cng nn b tng

trong mI trng "Mn"

1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6

Cng kho st
Cng tnh tan

0,4
0,2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Tui ( nm)

Hnh 5. Pht trin cng trong MT mn

H s suy gim cng b tng trong mi trng
"Mn" so vi mI trng khng b n mn

suy gim S ( %/nm)

8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
0

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Tui ( nm)

Hnh 6. So snh h s suy gim cng BT

H s St s b c th xc nh theo cng thc (3).

Smt = 20,32668 t-0,30535 - 7

( %/nm)

(3)

Da vo kt qa kho st cc cng trnh trong mi trng mn (bng 1), tin hnh thng k s
cng trnh c cng thp hn mc thit k M200; cc cng trnh t 110; 130; 150; 170 % mc
thit k. Kt qa thng k biu din trn hnh 7.

T l cng trnh kho st

( %)

Thng k t l s cng trnh c cng

lch vi mc thit k trong mi trng "Mn"
50
40,0

40
25,7

30
20

14,3

14,3
5,7

10
0
< M200

110%

130%

150%

170%

Mc chnh lch cng hin ti vi

mc thit k M200

Hnh 7.T l cng trnh c cng lch

Nhn xt:

Cng chu nn ca BT tnh ton theo (2) cao hn so vi cng BT kho st thc t:
Chng t trong iu kin mn cng b tng pht trin chm hn so vi iu kin nng
m tnh ton theo [6];

Cng ca BT cc cng trnh kho st trong mI trng mn phn ln thp hn cng

BT pht trin trong iu kin khng b n mn;

S cng trnh c cng thp hn mc thit k chim khang 14%; s cng trnh c cng
thp hn 110% chim khong 54%;

BT trong mi trng mn tuy c du hiu b n mn song phn ln BT cha mt kh nng chu lc.

3.3 nh gi s pht trin cng b tng theo thi gian trong mi trng chua BSCL
Cc cng trnh b tng b n mn nm trong mi trng chua tp chung ch yu cc tnh An
Giang, Kin Giang, C Mau, Long An, Vnh Long, v mt s cng trnh thuc vng t chua phn
huyn Bnh Chnh (Tp. HCM). S cng trnh kho st vng chua l 35.
Mt s cng trnh tuy khng nm vng t chua phn nhng c xy dng trn cc sng knh
c nhim v ngn mn v x phn t cc vng t phn nng nn cng trnh vn b nh hng rt
mnh ca mi trng nc chua (pH < 6,5). Kt qu kho st v tnh ton trnh by trong bng 2.
Bng 2. Bng thng k s pht trin cng chu nn ca b tng
cc cng trnh trong mi trng chua
2

Cng nn (kG/cm )
Thit k
Thc
Tnh ton
R28ng
t Rn
Rtt

Cng trnh
kho st

Tui
(Nm)

Mu Th Ng

200

266

CT10- BC

200

257

CT4 BC

200

TBLAT AG

200

CC285-KG

CTX-KG

CAH- BC

CLP-AG

TT

H s bin i cng
K1
Rn/R 28ng

K2
Rtt/R28ng

S
(%/nm)

307,4

1,33

1,54

309,1

1,29

1,55

16,86

247

309,1

1,24

1,55

20,10

219

313,6

1,10

1,57

15,09

200

208

318,1

1,04

1,59

8,65

200

205

318,1

1,03

1,59

8,89

200

256

318,1

1,28

1,59

4,88

200

220

319,6

1,10

1,60

6,23

CTC -2,12

200

258

320,7

1,29

1,60

3,26

10

CTC - 25

200

269

320,7

1,35

1,60

2,69

11

CB - LA

200

212

321,7

1,06

1,61

4,87

12

CAL-AG

200

225

323,4

1,13

1,62

3,38

13

CRC-KG

200

210

323,4

1,05

1,62

3,90

14

CBN KG

10

200

217

324,1

1,09

1,62

3,30

15

CMKL - BC

10

200

204

324,1

1,02

1,62

3,70

16

CMKN - BC

10

200

214

324,1

1,07

1,62

3,40

17

CLTT-KG

14

200

238

326,2

1,19

1,63

1,93

18

CTH - LA

14

200

217

326,2

1,09

1,63

2,39

19

TBAV-AG

15

200

232

326,7

1,16

1,63

1,93

20

CXX KG

16

200

195

327,1

0,98

1,64

2,52

21

CR- KG

16

200

213

327,1

1,07

1,64

2,18

22

CTX-KG

16

200

219

327,1

1,10

1,64

2,07

23

CTB-KG

16

200

204

327,1

1,02

1,64

2,35

24

CTN-KG

16

200

196

327,1

0,98

1,64

2,51

25

CBT - LA

16

200

231

327,1

1,16

1,64

1,84

26

CSN-AG

17

200

202

327,5

1,01

1,64

2,25

27

CUC-KG

17

200

207

327,5

1,04

1,64

2,16

28

CCG - LA

20

200

207

328,6

1,04

1,64

1,85

29

CBNG - AH

21

200

207

328,9

1,04

1,64

1,76

30

CRC TA-LA

22

200

212

329,2

1,06

1,65

1,62

31

CTV - LA

22

200

225

329,2

1,13

1,65

1,44

32

CRC BL - LA

22

200

226

329,2

1,13

1,65

1,42

33

CKS - LA

23

200

224

329,5

1,12

1,65

1,39

34

CH-KG

25

200

213

330,0

1,07

1,65

1,42

35

CHT-CM

25

200

276

330,0

1,38

1,65

0,65

36

CCT- VL

28

200

290

330,7

1,45

1,65

0,44

Mu th nghim : Mu c M200 khng ph gia ngm trong mi trng chua tai cng Rch
Chanh Long An
Kt qu kho st c th hin trn biu quan h hnh 8; hnh 9.

1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6

Cng kho st

0,4

Cng tnh tan

T l cng trnh kho st

( %)

1,8
H s pht trin cng nn
K= Rn/R28ng

Thng k t l s cng trnh c cng

lch vi mc thit k trong mi trng "Chua"

S pht trin cng nn b tng

trong mI trng "Chua"
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

74,29

17,14
5,71

< M200

0,2
0

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Tui ( nm)

Hnh 8. Pht trin cng trong MT chua

2,86

110%

130%

150%

Mc chnh lch cng hin ti vi

mc thit k M200

Hnh 9. So snh h s suy gim cng BT

H s suy gim cng b tng trong mi trng

" Chua" so vi mI trng khng b n mn

suy gim S ( %/nm)

25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Tui ( nm)

Hnh 10. T l cng trnh c cng lch mc thit k

H s St m s b c th xc nh theo cng thc (4).
Da vo kt qa kho st cc cng trnh trong mi trng chua (bng 1), tin hnh thng k s
cng trnh c cng thp hn mc thit k M200; cc cng trnh t 110; 130; 150% mc thit k.
Kt qa thng k biu din trn hnh 10.
Nhn xt:

Cng ca b tng cc cng trnh kho st trong mi trng chua phn ln thp hn cng
b tng pht trin trong iu kin khng b n mn.

Cng BT trong mi trng chua b gim theo thi gian. S cng trnh c cng thp hn
mc thit k chim khong 8%; s cng trnh c cng thp hn 110% chim khong 80%,
theo hng I ca ng quan h (hnh 8), cc cng trnh BT sau 30 nm c nguy c mt kh
nng chu lc do cng xung thp hn mc thit k.

3.4 So snh tc suy gim cng b tng trung bnh trong mi trng chua v mn
Da vo quan h gia suy gim cng b tng theo thi gian trong 2 mi trng chua v
mn, tnh tan s suy gim cng pht trin theo tui. Kt qa ghi trong bng 3.
Bng 3. S suy gim cng b tng
Mi trng

Mc suy gim cng khng nn ca b tng tnh ton theo tui

(%/nm )
5 nm

10n

15n

20n

25n

30n

Chua

19,0

13,2

8,4

6,2

5,0

4,1

Mn

13,1

10,4

7,2

5,4

4,3

3,5

Nhn xt : Qua kt qa tnh tan trong bng 3 v ng biu din quan h pht trin cng BT
theo thi gian ta thy b tng trong mi trng chua b suy gim cng nhiu hn mi trng
mn
4. Kt lun v kin ngh
-

Cht lng b tng xy dng trong mi trng mn, chua khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long
u b gim. BT trong mi trng chua b suy gim mnh hn trong mi trng mn;

BT c mc M200 trong mi trng chua b n mn v sau 30 nm c nguy c mt kh nng

chu lc;

Cn c nhng nghin cu xc nh c ch n mn b tng trong mi trng chua mn khu vc

ng bng sng Cu Long lm c s nghin cu gii php nng cao kh nng chng n mn
cho b tng ct thp, c bit cho b tng ct thp vng chua.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. HUNH NG TON. iu tra s thoi ha bn b tng cc cng trnh thy li xy dng
vng chua mn BSCL nm 1998. Vin Khoa hc Thu li min Nam, 1998.
-

2. KHNG VN HUN. iu tra s thoi ha bn b tng cc cng trnh thy li xy dng

vng chua mn BSCL nm 1999. Vin Khoa hc Thu li min Nam, 1999.
3. KHNG VN HUN.iu tra s thoi ha bn b tng cc cng trnh thy li xy dng
vng chua mn BSCL nm 1998-199-2000. Bo co tng kt thc hin iu tra c bn, Vin
Khoa hc Thu li min Nam, 2000.
4. TCVN 3994-85. Chng n mn trong xy dng kt cu BT v BTCT Phn loi mi trng xm
thc, 1995.
5. L SM. Xm nhp mn ng bng sng Cu Long. NXB Nng nghip, Tp. H Ch Minh,
2006.
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