NGHIN CU S LM VIC V PH HOI CA MT LOI

TNG T NHN TO S DNG TRONG M HNH HA KT

CU BNG TH NGHIM NN V GIN BA TRC

KS. NGUYN S HNG
Vin KHCN Xy dng

1. M u
Vic nghin cu s chu lc v hnh thnh cc h thng nt gy trong cc kt cu t nhin
hay nhn to rt quan trng. V d trong cng nghip du m, cn d on h thng vt nt trong m
du hp l ha v tr cc ging khoan, ti a sn lng khai thc. Trong cc cng trnh xy dng
c lin quan trc tip n kt cu nh p thy in, hm tuy nen xuyn qua ni, cn phi kho
st cc h thng vt nt trc khi xy dng v d bo s l m vic ca kt cu sau khi xy dng.
Tuy nhin, do quy m cc kt cu k trn thng rt ln, t hng trm mt n hng km, nn cng
vic kho st, tnh ton ton din kt cu mt cch chnh xc rt kh thc hi n hoc bt kh thi.
vt qua, phng php s dng vt li u tng t m hnh ha kt cu trong phng th nghim
c bt u s dng t th k XIX v ng dng kh rng ri trong nhng nm gn y [Hubert,
1951 ; Schellart, 2000 ; Panien, 2006]. Vt liu tng t s dng cho m hnh ho l vt liu c
cc c trng c hc c bn tng t nh vt liu t nhin nhng c kh nng chu lc b hn
rt nhiu ln. Trn m hnh thu nh ca kt cu thc ta c th thc hin cc th nghim trong phng
cng nh cc tnh ton m phng chi tit trn my tnh. Do gia kt cu tht v m hnh c s tng
quan ln nhau thng qua cc h s t l v hnh hc, lc tc ng cng nh quy lut ng sut-bin
dng nn cc kt qu th nghi m, tnh ton trn m hnh s p dng c cho kt cu thc. Trong
phng php ny, vic tm ra loi vt liu tng t thch hp v tnh ton chnh cc xc h s t l
s cho php s tng quan m hnh kt cu thc tt, nng cao chnh xc ca d on.
T nm 2000, ti phng th nghim Gosciences Azur CNRS Cng ha Php a vo
nghin cu mt loi vt li u tng t c tn Cr
1
. Cr
1
c dng ti to thnh cng mt s
qu trnh hnh thnh h thng vt nt trong cc lp trm tch t nhi n di tc dng lc c hc
[J orand, 2005]. Tuy nhin, cc th nghim ny mi ch dng li mc nh tnh. Do vy, hon
chnh vic nghin cu v a ra ng dng trong thc t, chng ti tin hnh cc th nghim c
bn mang tnh nh lng trn my nn ba trc vi cc dng c o c chnh xc cao. Cc kt qu
th nghim s c s dng thit lp cc phng trnh m t s lm vic ca v cui cng m
phng v tnh ton kt cu trn my tnh.
Cc kt qu th nghim nn, gin ba trc ch ra vt liu Cr
1
c y cc tnh cht c hc ca
cc loi vi, ct kt thng thng. Di s gia tng ng sut trung bnh, s chuyn i dn -
do din ra mt cch li n tc th hin qua ng cong ng sut - bin dng cng nh kiu ph hoi
bi cc l oi bng bin dng. So snh kt qu hai loi th nghim nn v gin cho ta thy s nh
hng ca thng s trng thi ng sut N ln s lm vic v ph hoi ca vt liu.
2. Vt liu tng t Cr
1

tng t Cr
1
c sn xut bng cch nn mt l oi bt xt kim loi c bit di tc dng p
lc thy tnh 2 MPa. Bt xt ki m loi sau khi nn cht to ra mt loi vt liu gi n, c rng e =
50%, trng lng ring r =1.8 g/cm
3
, ng knh ht t 0.2 n 0.5 mm, c ng nht cao.
Cr
1
tha mn cc iu kin l mt vt liu tng t (cho vi, ct kt) nh iu kin quy
lut bin dng n hi, iu ki n quy lut bin dng khng n hi, iu kin pht trin vt nt
Griffith [Jorand, 2005]; m hnh ho mt cch t l, kt cu thc v m hnh thu nh cn phi tho
mn cc iu ki n tng t sau (K. Hubbert, 1937; A. Chemenda, 2000; G. Mandl, 2000):
- Tng t hnh hc (geometrical similarity): tt c cc chi u di ca kt cu m hnh v kt cu
thc phi t l vi nhau v tt c cc gc trong hai kt cu phi bng nhau;
- Tng t ng hc (kinematic si milarity) : s thay i hnh dng v v tr trong hai kt cu m
hnh v thc theo thi gian t l phi ng dng vi nhau;
- Tng t ng lc hc (dynamical similarity): S phn b v t l v cng ca cc loi lc
tc dng ln hai kt cu thc v m hnh phi nh nhau.
So snh cc thng s c hc c bn ca Cr
1
vi vt liu vi (bng 1) cho php xc nh s b
cc h s t l gia m hnh bng Cr
1
v kt cu thc bng vi nh sau (Jorand, 2005): H s t
l hnh hc 1/100, 1 cm kch thc m hnh th hin 1 m kch thc kt cu thc bng vi; H s
t l lc tc dng l 1/500, tc mt lc thng ng 0.1 MPa tc dng ln m hnh tng ng vi
trng lng ca a tng su 2 km tc ng l n kt cu thc.

Bng 1. So snh cc thng s c bn ca Cr
1
vi vi
Thng s vi Cr1
Cng chu nn sc
(Pa)
10
7
10
8
5.10
5

Cng chu ko sT
(Pa)
10
6
10
7
0,3.10
5

M un n hi E (Pa)
10
10

2,5.10
10

6,5.10
8

H s Poisson n 0.2 0.32 0.22
Trng lng ring
(kg/m
3
)
2,3.10
3
1,8
Cng ng sut ti
hn KIC (Pa.m
1/2
)
10
6
2.10
3

Gc ma st f () 25 45 25

J orand C., 2005, trn m hnh Cr
1
c kch thc 1 x 6.5 x 6.5 mm (hnh 1), u tin tc dng mt
trng thi ng sut thy tnh (s
x
=s
y
=s
z
= P), sau cho m hnh gin theo phng x trong khi kch
thc theo phng y c gi c nh v gi nguyn ng sut s
z
=P. Trng thi ng sut trn m
hnh tr thnh (s
z
=s
1
=P >s
y
=s
2
>s
x
=s
3
). Khi s
3
gim n mc ti hn, trong m hnh s xut
hin h thng vt nt (gi mt cch chnh xc hn l bng bin dng strain localization bands). M
hnh ny cho php m t mt s qu trnh kin to a cht, vi cc gi tr s
1
khc nhau s to ra
nhng h thng bng bin dng khc nhau tng t nh trong t nhi n (hnh 2). Nu ng sut trung
bnh s

=(s
1
+s
2
+s
3
)/3 tng th gc nghing ca cc bng bi n dng so vi phng ng sut s
1
tng.























3. Phng php th nghim bng my nn ba trc
My nn ba trc bao gm h thng gi a lc thng ng v h thng gia lc ngang thng qua p
lc cht lng trong lng th nghi m (hnh 3). Mu th nghim hnh tr c ng knh 40 mm v chiu
o
3
o
1
=const
o
2
6.5cm
o
3
x
z
y
Ax Ax
Hnh1. S m hnh bng Cr
1
v cc ng
sut tc dng, Jorand C (2005)
NATURE
3

m
MODEL
1

c
m
x
z
MODEL
1

c
m
NATURE
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hnh 2. Ti to cc h thng vt nt trong t nhin trn m hnh thu nh lm bng Cr
1
(Jorand, 2005).
(a), (b). H thng cc vt nt thng ng (joint) khi ng sut trung bnh s nh;
(c), (d. H thng cc vt nt xin (fault) khi ng sut trung bnh s ln.

(a)
cao 80mm. Lc thng ng c o bng b cm bi n lc gn u trc gia lc trong lng th
nghim. o bin dng, chng ti dng h thng o trong gm 6 cm bin LVDT (Linear Variabl e
Differential Transformer): 2 LVDT dn trc tip ln mu o bindng thng ng hai pha i xng
qua trc mu, 4 LVDT gn trn mt vng trn c nh o bin dng ngang phn gia chiu cao
mu theo hai phng vung gc (hnh 4). Sai s o ca cc LVDT l <0.1%. So vi phng php
o bi n dng ngoi, phng php o trong vi dng c o gn trc tip ln mu cho kt qa c
chnh xc cao hn rt nhiu. Phng php o bin dng ngoi ch dng mt dng c o bin dng
gn trn trc gia lc bn ngoi lng th nghim. Do cm bin bin dng khng ch o bin dng
ca mu m cn o bin dng ca mt phn h thng gia lc v chu nh hng nhiu bi cc
khim khuyt ca mu cng nh ca h thng gia lc [Bsuelle, 2001; Scholey, 1995]. gim ma
st tip xc gia b mt mu v h thng gi a lc, chng ti s dng hn hp a xit statique +
vaselin.





















Vi my nn 3 trc ta c th thc hin hai loi th nghi m nn v gin:
u tin tc dng ln mu mt p lc thy tnh P thng qua p lc cht l ng trong l ng th
nghim. Gi P c nh, trong th nghim nn, bn nn chuyn ng xung di lm tng ng sut
dc n khi ph hoi mu (s
1
=s
ax
>s
2
=s
r
=P) (hnh 5). Trong th nghim gin, bn nn chuyn ng
ln trn lm gim ng sut nn dc cho n khi ph hoi mu (s
1
=s
2
=P, >s
3
=s
ax
). Trong c hai
loi th nghi m, tc bin dng dc mu l 10
-5
/s.

4. Kt qu th nghim
a) Xc nh thi im xut hin bng bin dng BP (point of bifurcation)
Di tc dng ca ti trng, ban u mu bin dng mt cch ng nht. Khi ti trng t n
mt gi tr no , bng bin dng (localizati on band) s hnh thnh trong mu (poi nt of bifurcati on),
bin dng chm dt s ng nht v pht trin ch yu trong bng bin dng. Bng bin dng l mt
Hinh 5. S ng sut tc dng ln
mu
11
22
33
44
11
22
33
44
Hnh 3. My th nghim nn ba trc
1. H thng gia lc thng ng; 2. Trc gia lc ;
3. Lng th nghim; 4. Bm cht lng.

Hnh 4. H thng o bin dng
1. Mu th nghim; 2. LVDT o bin dng thng ng
dn trc tip ln mu; 3. LVDT o bin dng ngang; 4.
Vng trn c nh gn LVDT ngang.

bng phng, c chiu dy thng thng t 3 n 20 ln ng knh ht trung bnh ca vt liu. Tip
tc tng ti, bng bin dng s pht trin n khi mu b ph hu. Vi h thng o bin dng bng
nhiu cm bin, ta c th pht hin thi i m bng bin dng bt u xut hin (BP) bng cch so
snh cc s o ca cc cm bin gn trn cc im khc nhau ca mu. Trong giai on bin dng
ng nht, s o ca cc cm bin ti cc i m khc nhau l ging nhau. Cc s o ny bt u
khc nhau ti BP.
Trn hnh 6 th hin phng php xc nh BP trong mt th nghim vi P = 0.2 MPa. R rng ch
vi ng cong ng sut bin dng (q - s
ax
) (hnh 6a), ta khng th xc nh c v tr BP. Tuy
nhin trn ng cong th hin sai khc cc s o cc cm bin bin dng dc trung bnh (DLVDT
- e
ax
) ta c th thy 3 giai on bi n dng khc nhau:
- Giai on to tip xc ca h thng gia lc vi mu th nghim. Giai on ny c s sai khc
nh gia cc cm bin do khim khuyt ca b mt tip xc mu - h thng gia lc gi ai on ny
ngn v kt thc khi h thng gia lc ti p xc hon ton vi mu.
- Giai on bin dng ng nht, khng c s sai khc ng k gia cc cm bin khc nhau.
- Giai on hnh thnh v pht trin bng bin dng (xem bng bin dng hnh 8), s sai khc
gia cc cm bin tng ln t bin do s xut hin ca bng bin dng. BP chnh l im bt u ca
giai on III.



























Trn hnh 6 ta thy PB nm trc thi i m ph hoi hon ton mu (i m c q
max
) v n c
xem l im bt u ca qu trnh ph hoi.
b) Kt qa th nghim nn
Th nghim nn c thc hi n vi nhiu p lc P khc nhau t 0 n 2 MPa. Cc kt qa c
th hin trn cc ng cong (q - e
ax
) v (e - e
ax
)

(hnh 7a,b). S bin i ca bng bi n dng theo P
th hin trong hnh 8. T cc kt qa trn ta c th chi a ra 3 ch lm vic ca vt liu:
- P = 0 n 0.15 MPa: Ch l m vic gin, xy ra hin tng st ng sut t ngt khi mu b
ph hoi bi bng bi n dng ki u ct (shear band) c gc nghi ng so vi s
1
tng t 0 n 22 theo
P. Cc im PB l un xut hin trc im ng sut cc i q
max
, q
max
tng theo p lc P. Bin dng
th tch chuyn t trng thi nn cht sang trng thi gin n trc im BP.
(I) (II) (III)
BP
LVDTs doc
LVDTs ngang
q

=

s
1

s
3

(
M
P
a
)

D

L
V
D
T

(a)
(b)
ax
c
ax
c
Hnh 6. Phng php xc nh thi im xut hin bng bin dng BP (th nghim vi P = 0.2 MPa
a. ng cong (q - eax); b. ng cong (D LVDT - eax).
(I). Giai on to tip xc; (II). Giai on bin dng ng nht
(III). Giai on hnh thnh v pht trin bng bin dng.

- P = 0.2 n 0.3 MPa: Ch lm vic na gin (quasi brittle), khng xy ra hin tng st ng
sut t ngt sau im cc i q
max
m gim t t. P = 0.2 MPa, trong mu ch c mt bng bin
dng c =24, trong khi P = 0.25 v 0.3 MPa, xut hi n hai h thng nhiu bng bin dng
nghing song song v giao nhau c = 33 n 35. Cc im PB lun xut hin trc im ng sut
cc i q
max
. Bin dng th tch chuyn t trng thi nn cht sang trng thi gi n n sau im BP.
- P 0.4 MPa: Ch l m vic do: Khng c im ng sut cc i (trong gam bin dng tc
dng), ng sut lun tng theo bin dng. Khng nhn thy bng bin dng b mt ngoi mu nh
cc ch lm vic khc. Tuy nhin khi xem xt b mt cc lt ct mu trn knh hin vi ta c th
thy cc bng bin dng kiu nn (compaction band) c >40.




























Khi so snh cc kt qu trn vi mt s loi in hnh nh vi Tavel [Vajdova, 2003]; ct
kt Bl eurswiller [Fortin, 2005], cng nh mt s loi khc, chng ti nhn thy Cr
1
c y cc
tnh cht c hc in hnh ca cc loi t nhin [N. Sihung, 2007]. l s thay i ch l m
vic gin do cng vi cc loi bng bin dng tng ng theo chiu tng ca p lc P.
c) Kt qu th nghi m gin
im mnh trong cc nghi n cu ca chng ti so vi nhiu nghi n cu khc l kh nng thc
hin ng thi hai loi th nghim nn v gin trn my nn ba trc nh mt s ci tin k thut (N.
SiHung, 2007). Nh th nghim nn, th nghim gin c thc hin vi nhiu P khc nhau. Cc kt
qa th hin trn cc ng cong (q - e
ax
), (e -e
ax
)

(hnh 9a,b) v cc loi bng bin dng trn hnh
10. Cng nh th nghim nn, c 3 ch lm vic ca vt liu:
- P 1.1 MPa: Ch lm vic gin, mu b ph hoi bi bng bi n dng c tng t 0 n 24
theo P. Cc im PB lun xut hin trc im ng sut cc i q
max
, q
max
tng theo p lc P. Bin
dng th tch lun trong trng thi gin n.
- P = 1.2 n 1.4 Mpa: Ch lm vic na gi n (quasi brittle), vi P = 1.2 v 1.3 MPa, trong
mu ch c mt bng bin dng c l 32 n 34, trong khi P = 1.4 MPa, xut hin hai h thng
nhiu bng bin dng nghing song song v giao nhau c

l 45. Cc i m PB lun xut hin trc
i m ng sut cc i q
max
. Bin dng th tch chuyn t trng thi gin sang trng thi nn cht sau
i m BP.
- P 1.5 Mpa: Ch lm vic do: Khng c im ng sut cc i, cc bng bin dng kiu
nn (compaction band) ch nhn thy trn knh hin vi vi >40.
Hnh 8. Cc dng bng bin dng theo chiu tng ca P trong cc th nghim nn
Nt lin : bng bin dng nhn thy b mt mu;
Nt ct : bng bin dng ch nhn thy di knh hin vi.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 7. Kt qu th nghim nn ba trc
a. ng cong (q - ax); b. ng cong ( - ax)

























5. L thuyt v s hnh thnh bng bin dng, phn tch nh hng thng s trng thi ng
sut N
Nh cp trn, PB l im bt u ca qu trnh ph hoi kt cu m ta cn phi d on
c khi tnh ton. Cc c cu vt l hnh thnh bng bin dng rt a dng v phc tp, nh s m
rng cc vi vt nt (micro-crack), s trt, quay, nghi n nt cc ht v l rng trong vt liu. Cu trc
bng bin dng ph thuc vo c tnh vt liu v trng thi ng sut tc dng. L thuyt n hi do
Morh thng c dng trong thc hnh d bo ng sut ti hn kt cu v tnh n gin. Tuy
nhin n khng tnh n nh hng ca ng sut trung gi an s
2
, cng nh khng gii thch c s
hnh thnh nhiu dng bng bin dng khc nhau [Jaeger and Cook, 1979; Mandl, 2000; Bsuelle,
2004]. thay th, Rice va Rudnicki, 1975 ra l thuyt n do R.R v iu kin hnh thnh
bng bi n dng. Trn c s l thuyt ny, n nay c nhiu nghin cu, pht trin hon thin m
t v d bo ngy cng chnh xc s lm vic v cch thc ph hoi vt liu [Bsuelle,2001; Issen,
2002].
L thuyt R.R quan nim rng s ph hoi kt cu l kt qa ca s mt n nh cu thnh
(constitutive instability) ca kt cu di tc dng ti trng. Ti thi im mt n nh (bifurcation point),
cc phng trnh ton hc m t s lm vic ca kt cu (phng trnh cn bng, phng trnh ng
x ng sut bin dng) s mt tnh cht duy nht nghim, bng bin dng xut hin lm mt tnh bin
dng ng nht ca kt cu.
Cc phng trnh c bn ca R.R:
i lng bin dng ct do tch ly biu din lch s bi n dng do vt liu:

}
=
p
ij
p
ij
p
de de 2 (1)
Trong
p
ij
de l phn lch (deviatoric) ca s gia bi n dng do ton phn
p
ij
dc :
p
ij
p
ij
p
ij
de d de o c
3
1
= (2)
ij
o l delta Kronecker (=1 nu i = j; = 0 nu i j) v
p
kk
p
d de c = .
Hnh 10. Cc dng bng bin dng theo chiu tng ca P trong cc th nghim gin
Nt lin: bng bin dng nhn thy b mt mu;
Nt ct : bng bin dng ch nhn thy di knh hin vi.

Hnh 9. Kt qu th nghim gin
a. ng cong (q - ax); b. ng cong ( - ax).

(a)
(b)
Tng t, ta nh ngha phn lch
ij
s v phn trung bnh o ca trng thi ng sut:
o o o
ij ij ij
s + = (3)
vi
kk
o o 3 / 1 = .
Khng gian ng sut n hi (yeilding surface) Drucker Prager:
0 ) , ( =
p
f o t (4)
Trong : ) ( 2 / 1
ij ij
s s = t . Khng gian ng sut n hi bi n i theo
p
, nu trng thi ng
sut nm trong bin ca khng gian ng sut n hi th vt liu lm vic n hi v nu nm trn
bin th vt liu bin dng do.
iu kin tng thch (consistency condition) m bo cho trng thi ng sut lun nm trn bin
ca khng gian ng sut n hi trong qu trnh bin dng do lin tc:
0 =
p
hd d d o t (5)
Trong
o
o
d
df
p
= ) , ( l h s ma st v
t
o
d
df
h
p
= ) , ( l h s cng ha (pl astic hardening
modulus).
S gia bin dng do tnh theo cng thc:

o
c d
d
dg
d
ij
p
ij
= (6)
Trong ) , (
p
g g o t = l th nng bi n dng do v 0 > d .
Tch phn lch t (6) ta c:
t
d
s
de
ij p
ij
2
= (7)
Thay (6) v kt hp
p
d d = vo (1) ta c bin dng do th tch:

p p
d de | = (8)
Trong o o | c c = / ) , ( g
p
gi l h s gin n.
T cc phng trnh m t quan h ng sut bin dng k trn, kt hp vi cc phng trnh
cn bng lc v s lin tc ca trng ng sut bi n dng, R.R ch ra rng, iu kin kt cu
chuyn t trng thi bin dng ng nht sang bin dng khng ng nht do s xut hin bng bin
dng l:
2 2
)) ( 3 / 1 (
2
) 1 (
) (
) 1 ( 9
) 1 (
|
u
|
u
u
+ +
+

+
= N
G
h
cr
(9)
Trong t /
22
s N = l thng s biu th trng thi ng sut, 3 / 1 3 / 1 s s N , 3 / 1 = N
trong th nghim gin ba trc (s
1
=s
2
=P >s
3
=s
ax
) v 3 / 1 = N trong th nghim nn 3 trc. G v n
l cng ch u ct v h s Poisson ca vt liu.
Gc ca mt phng bng bin dng to vi s
1
l u c tnh nh sau:
o t u arcsin 2 / 1 4 / + = (10)
Trong
2
3 4
) 2 1 ( ) )( 1 ( 3 / 2
N
N

+ +
=
u | u
o ;
Trong th nghim nn, gi n ba trc, bng bin dng s l bng ct (shear band) nu:
) 1 /( ) 2 ( 3 3 v v | + s + s (11)
Trng hp v tri bt ng thc (11) b vi phm, ta c bng bi n dng gin (bng vung gc vi
s
3
, rng trong bng ln hn ngoi bng). Nu v phi bt ng thc (11) b vi phm ta c bng
bin dng nn (bng vung gc vi s
1
, rng trong bng b hn ngoi bng).
Nh vy thi im xut hin, c tnh bng bi n dng ph thuc vo vt li u v trng thi ng
sut N.
6. Phn tch nh hng ca N ln s lm vic v ph hoi ca vt liu t cc kt qu th
nghim trn Cr
1

T cc kt qu o trn th nghim nn ( 3 / 1 = N ) v gin ( 3 / 1 = N ), ta c th tnh c cc
thng s E v n. Sau tnh c thnh phn bi n dng khng n hi v cc thng s ca qu trnh
bin dng khng n hi , | .
Trong bng 2 v 3 th hin cc gi tr v | tnh ti thi im lin trc BP. Ta nhn thy c
trong hai trng hp th nghi m nn v gin, theo chiu tng P gi tr ca , | gim t gi tr
dng sang m. Tng ng vi s thay i ca | o + , khi quan st cc bng bi n dng di knh
hin vi [N. SiHung, 2007] cho thy mt s thay i lin tc cc dng bng nh sau theo chiu tng
ca P: bng gin (dilatation band) bng ct gin (nghing mt gc khc 0 vi s
1
, rng trong
bng ln hn bn ngoi bng) bng thun ct ( rng trong v ngoi bng l nh nhau) bng
ct nn ( rng trong bng b hn ngoi bng).

Bng 2. Cc gi tr , | v loi bng bi n dng trong th nghim nn
P (Mpa) o | Kiu bng bin dng
0,55 0,35 0,15 Bng ct gin
0,1 0,21 0,06 Bng ct gin
0,15 0,24 0 Bng ct gin
0,2 0,23 - 0,09 Bng thun ct
0,25 0,23 - 0,09
Bng ct nn giao
nhau
0,3 0,17 - 0,135
Bng ct nn giao
nhau
0,35 0,00 - 0,1 Bng ct nn
0,4 0,00 - 0,19 Bng ct nn
0,45 - 0,08 - 0,2 Bng ct nn
0,5 - 0,05 - 0,17 Bng ct nn
0,6 - 0,13 - 0,18 Bng ct nn
0,75 - 0,12 - 0,22 Bng ct nn
0,9 - 0,12 - 0,3
1,2 - 0,37

Bng 3. Cc gi tr , | v loi bng bin dng trong th nghi m nn
P (Mpa) o | Kiu bng bin dng
0,6 0,31 0,89 Bng gin
0,7 0,31 0,7 Bng gin
0,8 0,28 0,85 Bng ct gin
0,9 0,21 0,48 Bng ct gin
1 0,20 0,45 Bng ct gin
1,1 0,20 0 Bng thun ct
1,3 0,15 - 0,24
Bng ct nn giao
nhau
1,4 0,00 - 0,28 Bng ct nn
1,5 - 0,15 - 0,47 Bng ct nn
Trn hnh 11a, b, c biu di n s bin thin ca cc thng s , | , u theo ng sut trung bnh
max
o cho hai loi th nghim nn v gin.
- Cng mt gi tr o nh nhau, gi tr o , | trong th nghim gin ln hn so vi th nghi m ko,
tco , | ph thuc N. Tuy nhin trong l thuyt R.R cha tnh n nh hng ca N cho hai thng
s ny. Nh vy trng thi ng sut trong th nghim gi n thun li hn cho vi c to ra cc bng
bin dng kiu gin, tc thi n v ch l m vic gin. Ngc l i th nghim nn s thun li hn cho
vic to ra cc bng bin dng ki u nn v thin v ch l m vic do.
- Cng mt gi tr o nh nhau, gc u trong th nghim nn ln hn so vi th nghim gin, ph
hp vi d on ca l thuyt R.R.




























7. Kt lun
Qua cc th nghim nn v gin ba trc cho thy Cr
1
l mt vt liu tng t tt do n c y
cc tnh cht c bn v s lm vic v ph hoi nh cc loi t nhin. c sn xut trong
phng th nghim vi ng u v ng nht cao, sc chu ti b hn rt nhiu so vi t nhin
thng thng ( vi v ct kt), Cr
1
l loi vt liu rt tt nghin cu s lm vic v ph hoi
ca v cc kt cu v b tng (b tng cng c xem nh mt loi nhn to).
Di s tng p lc nn thy tnh xy ra s chuyn i ch lm vic gi n do, cng nh thay
i cc c tnh bng bin dng t gi n sang nn.
c tnh ca bng bin dng ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu v trng thi ng sut. So snh hai
loi th nghim nn v gin cho thy: s lm vic ca vt liu trong th nghim gin thin v ch
dn, to bng bin dng gi n, trong th nghim nn thin v ch do, to bng bin dng nn.
Thng s trng thi N nh hng ln s lm vic v ph hoi ca vt liu. Tuy nhin l thuyt R.R
cha tnh n s nh hng ca N trong cc phng trnh biu din khng gian ng sut n hi v
th nng bin dng do. Cc kt qu th nghim chnh xc nn v gin trnh by trn s cho php
b tc vn ny.
(a) (b)
Hnh 11. So snh s bin thin cc thng s u | , , trong
hai loi th nghim nn v gin theo chiu tng o

(c)

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