TNH TON KHUNG THP C LIN KT NA CNG PHI TUYN

CHU TI TRNG NG V TI TRNG NGANG THAY I

ThS. NGUYN QUC HNG
Cng ty kim nh Si Gn
PGS. TS. NGUYN TIN CHNG
Trng i hc Kin trc H Ni

1. M u
Trong bi bo s xem xt khung thp phng khng gi ng, c cc phn t dm c li n kt na
cng hai u ti nt lin kt dm - ct. Ti trng tc dng l n khung bao gm ti trng ng v ti
trng ngang.
Xem xt phn t dm c lin kt na cng hai u nh m hnh sau y:



Hnh 1. M hnh phn t dm c lin kt na cng nt lin kt dm - ct

Theo m hnh trn, tng gc xoay ca h nt dm l (u
A
, u
B
), gc xoay do bin dng ca nt lin
kt na cng dm-ct l (
A
,
B
). Hai thnh phn (u
A
-M
A
/R
kA
) v (u
B
-M
B
/R
kB
) l bin dng gc xoay
u dm do bin dng ca phn t thanh.
i vi bi ton khung khng ging, khi lin kt na cng n hi v u
A
=u
B
, th quan h gia m
men lin kt v bin dng tng gc xoay c biu din theo cng thc sau[3]:
k
k
k
EIR
EI LR
M
LR EI L
EI
M
6
) 6 (
/ 6 1
1 6 +
=
(

+
=
(1)
Trong M = (M
A
, M
B
), u =(u
A
, u
B
)
Tr s gc xoay u quan h phi tuyn vi tr s m men lin kt M.
i vi phn t dm c li n kt na cng ti nt lin kt dm - ct, cc thnh phn ni lc cn
bng s khc khi so snh vi trng hp c nt lin kt cng thng thng.

Hnh 2. M hnh phn t dm c lin kt na cng ch u lc tp trung nhp

Thnh phn ni lc li n kt ca phn t dm c lin kt na cng ti nt lin kt dm-ct ph
thuc vo cng lin kt hai u theo cng thc sau [3], [9]:

) 4 4 12 (
) 4 2 (
2 1 1 2
2 2
2 1
k k i k i k i L
b k bi ai Pabk
M
A
+ + +
+ +
= (2)

) 4 4 12 (
) 2 4 (
2 1 1 2
2 2
1 2
k k i k i k i L
a k bi ai Pabk
M
B
+ + +
+ +
= (3
LT ab k k i abk i k a abik k k a i k a T Pb Q
A
/ ) 4 2 2 4 (
2 1 1 1
2
2 2 1
2
2
2
+ + + = (4)
LT b k k i k b i abk ik b k abk i bk a T Pa Q
B
/ ) 4 2 2 4 (
2
2 1 1
2
1 2
2
2 1 2
+ + + = (5)
Trong :
L
EJ
i = ; ) 4 4 12 (
2 1 1 2
2 2
k k i k i k i L T + + + = , v H
A
=H
B
=0
r - vc t ni lc phn t; k - ma trn cng phn t; d - vc t chuyn v nt phn t v r
F
- vc
t ni lc lin kt.
Phng trnh quan h lc chuyn v phn t c dng: r = kd + r
F
(6)
Trong r
F
={H
A
, Q
A
,M
A
,H
B
,Q
B
,M
B
), r
F
={0}khi khng c ngoi lc tc dng ln phn t.
2. M hnh ng x nt lin kt na cng dm ct
M hnh ng x ca nt lin kt na cng dm - ct th hin mi quan h gia m men lin kt
(M
A
, M
B
) v gc xoay do bin dng ca nt lin kt na cng dm ct(
A
,
B
).
Tiu chun Eurocode 3 trnh by m hnh 3 ng thng th hin mi quan h n-do ca
quan h m men gc xoay nh hnh 3 di y [2], [5], [10].

Hnh 3. M hnh ng x mmen - gc xoay theoEurocode3
M hnh ng x mmen gc xoay theo Eurocode 3 gm ba on thng. on thng th nht c
h s gc theo cng lin kt ban u K
0
nhm m t ng x n hi ca quan h mmen - gc
xoay. on thng th hai c cng lin kt K

nh hn K
0
, m t ng x n - do. on thng
th ba c dng nm ngang tng ng vi cng lin kt bng khng, m t ng x do.
i vi phn t dm ang xt, ty thuc vo tnh cht tc dng ca ti trng vo khung m tr s
m men ti hai u nt lin kt c th t n m men do ti tng lin kt mt hoc cng lc c hai
lin kt. Trong bi ton phn tch khp n do bc hai, khi m men ti nt lin kt t n tr s m
men do th c th ni rng dn n s hnh thnh khp do ti u dm (xem hnh 4,5,6). Khi
khp do hnh thnh ti lin kt u dm, s gia ca ngoi lc khng lm tng thm m men ti nt
lin kt dm-ct m ch tch ly bin dng gc xoay.
Phng trnh (6) c vit li tng ng vi cc thnh phn s gi a c dng nh sau:
Ar =kAd +Ar
F
(7)



Hnh 4. Tr s m men do t c ti nt A


Hnh 5. Tr s m men do t c ti nt B

Hnh 6. Tr s m men do t c ti nt A v B

Cc thnh phn s gi a ni lc phn t l : Ar =(Ar
1
, Ar
2
, Ar
3
, Ar
4
, Ar
5
, Ar
6
)
Sau khi m men ti nt A hoc nt B t n tr s m men do, cc s gia m men Ar
3
v Ar
6
s
bng khng, trong khi s gia chuyn v Ad=0.
Xem xt ma trn cng phn t dm c lin kt na cng hai u c dng[9], [10]:

| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+ +
+ + + + +

+
+ +
=

L
EIB
L
B B EI
L
EIB
L
B B EI
L
B B B EI
L
B B EI
L
B B B EI
L
EA
L
EA
L
EIB
L
B B EI
doixung
L
B B B EI
L
EA
K
22
2
22 12 12
2
22 12
3
22 12 11
2
12 11
3
22 12 11
11
2
12 11
3
22 12 11
6 6
4 ) 2 ( 2
0
2 ) 2 ( 2
0
) ( 4
0
) 2 ( 2 ) ( 4
0
0 0
4 ) 2 ( 2
0
) ( 4
0
(8)
Trong :
2 1
1
11
4
3
P P
P
B

= ;
2 1
2 1
12
4
3
P P
P P
B

= ;
2 1
2
22
4
3
P P
P
B

= ; 2 , 1 ;
3
=
+
= i
k
k
P
i
i
i
(9)
Tr s cng lin kt k
i
(i=1,2) c qui lut thay i theo m hnh Eurocode 3 (xem hnh 3), ty
thuc vo tr s cc thnh phn ngoi lc tc dng vo kt cu khung v c im ng x ca nt
lin kt dm-ct.
Phng trnh quan h lc-chuyn v (7) c vit li vi dng nh sau:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A
A
A
A
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A
A
A
A
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A
A
A
A

6
5
4
3
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
6 6
6
5
4
3
2
1
F
F
F
F
F
F
r
r
r
r
r
r
d
d
d
d
d
d
K
r
r
r
r
r
r
(10)
Ma trn [K]
6x6
nh phng trnh (8).
Xt trng hp m men ti nt A t n tr s m men do, cng lin kt k
1
=0, Khi Ar
3
=0, gii
phng trnh (10) tm c Ad
3
theo cng thc sau:
) (
1
3 6 36 5 35 4 34 2 32 1 31
33
3 F
r d k d k d k d k d k
k
d A A A A A A = A (11)
Khi m men ti nt B t n tr s m men do, cng lin kt k
2
=0. Khi Ar
6
=0, gii phng
trnh (10) tm c Ad
6
theo cng thc sau:
) (
1
6 5 65 4 64 3 63 2 62 1 61
66
6 F
r d k d k d k d k d k
k
d A A A A A A = A (12)
Trong trng hp li n kt kiu nt cng, khi cng lin kt k
i
=, tr s gc xoay do bin
dng gc xoay s bng khng. Trng hp nt lin kt na cng, khi m men ti li n kt t n tr
s m men do, cng ca li n kt s bng khng (k
i
=0), lin kt s b mm ha. Tr s gc
xoay do bin dng lin kt dm-ct c ly bng vi bin dng gc xoay ca nt dm v c
tnh theo cc cng thc (11) v (12).
3. M hnh ng x lp [2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Khi kt cu chu tc dng ca qu trnh gia ti v d ti hoc ti trng tc dng thay i v du,
cng nh v ln s gy ra hin tng ng x lp i vi quan h m men-gc xoay ca nt lin kt
dm - ct. i vi bi ton phn tch kt cu khung thp phng, ti trng ng c quan nim l tc
dng trc ln kt cu khung, mc d ln c th thay i ty thuc tng trng hp c th. Ti
trng ngang c xem l nguyn nhn tc dng sau, c th thay i v ln cng nh v du. Ty
thuc vo cng ca cc thnh phn ti trng m ti mi nt lin kt, trng thi ng x m men-gc
xoay s t n trng thi n hi (on thng 1), n-do (on thng 2) v do (on thng 3) theo
m hnh Eurocode 3 (xem hnh 3 v hnh 7).



Hnh 7. c im gi a ti v d ti ca nt lin kt khung

Nu s tc dng ca ngoi lc l khng thay i qui lut th s dn n vi c cc lin kt t n
trng thi vt qu mc gi i hn v kh nng bin dng gc xoay. Ngc li, khi ti trng tc dng
l thay i qui lut s l m cng lin kt cng thay i theo v to ra trng thi tng hoc gi m bin
dng cng nh ni lc ca kt cu qua cc trng hp ti trng khc nhau. Tng ng vi mi qui
lut tc dng ca ti trng ngang, c im ng x m men-gc xoay ti mi lin kt cng thay i
theo. Lc ngang s lm gia tng m men, gc xoay ti nt lin kt ny nhng ng thi c th lm
gim chng cc nt lin kt khc v ngc l i.
Nh phn tch trn y, tng bin dng gc xoay ca h nt dm bng tng ca hai thnh
phn, bao gm gc xoay do bin dng ca nt lin kt dm-ct v gc xoay do bin dng u dm
ca phn t thanh. Khi tr s m men ca nt lin kt t n m men do, ch s cng lin kt ti
s bng khng, s gia m men cng bng khng, tng gc xoay ti li n kt s bng vi gc xoay
do bin dng u dm ca phn t thanh.
c im ng x lp ca quan h m men-gc xoay ti nt li n kt dm-ct theo m hnh
Eurocode 3 c m t nh hnh 7.



Hnh 7. Qui lut bin i cng lin kt khi tng v gim ti
Nu mmen tng i nh sao cho lin kt lm vic trong trng thi n hi th vic tnh ton
nhn chung l n gin. Nhng khi mmen t gi tr sao cho ng x lin kt t n trng thi n
do v thay i theo nhi u chu trnh tng gim th quan h gia mmen v gc xoay ti lin kt na
cng tr nn phc tp. Trng hp ny quan h mmen gc xoay ti lin kt c th hi n trn
hnh 8 di y.

Hnh 8. Quan h ng x lp mmen - gc xoay

4. Phng php tnh ton
Phn tch kt cu khung vi phn t dm c nt lin kt na cng dm - ct hai u dm, l
dng bi ton phn tch phi tuyn c hc hay phi tuyn vt liu.
Trng hp ng quan h m men-gc xoay l ng cong trn, phng php lp cng ct
tuyn s c dng.[9]
Trng hp ng quan h m men-gc xoay c dng a tuyn, m trong trng hp ny l
dng ba ng thng theo m hnh Eurocode 3, th s tn ti cc im phn nhnh gia hai ng
c cng khc nhau, l im A v B nh hnh 9a, 9b. Cc im A v B c ta bi t trc, vn
l ln ca bc ti Ap tnh ton c chn bng bao nhiu tr s m men t c c sai
s vi cc tr s M
e
hoc M
p
cn tm l nm trong gii hn cho php.


Hnh 9a. Thut ton tnh xp x im A cho trc

Hnh 9b. Thut ton tnh xp x im B cho trc

Bn cnh , khi phn tch cho bi ton khung c nhiu nt lin kt dm-ct (khung nh nhiu
tng), c im ng x ca mi lin kt ti cc v tr khc nhau s khng ng thi, bi v iu ny
ph thuc vo gi tr ni lc c phn phi vo cc nt lin kt , mc d gi nh rng cc nt li n
kt l c cng cu to nh nhau. Phng php gi a ti tng bc vi s gia mi bc ti l rt nh
c th c dng phn tch, tuy nhin thi gian cn tnh ton s rt ln. khc phc hn ch
ny, phng php gia ti tng bc kt hp thut ton chia nh bc ti, hay thay i s gia ti cc
b s c p dng. Theo phng php ny, u tin mi trng hp ti tnh ton P s c chia
nh thnh n bc gi a ti u nhau P = n x Ap
i
, i=1n. Khi tnh n bc ti th i, ki m tra iu kin
(M
i+1
= M
i
+A M
i
)>M
e
hoc (M
i+1
= M
i
+A M
i
)>M
p
tm im phn nhnh u tin nt lin kt bt
k. Khi bc ti Ap
i
s c chia thnh m bc gia ti nh hn, tc l Ap
i
=m x Ap
j
, j=1m. Sau
qu trnh tnh ton s c thc hi n vi bc gia ti mi l Ap
j
, kt hp kim tra iu kin hi t
tho mn theo cng thc:
(|(M
i+1
= M
i
+A M
ij
)- M
e
) / (M
e
) s c (=10
-3
) hoc
(|(M
i+1
= M
i
+A M
ij
)- M
p
) / (M
p
) s c (=10
-3
)
Da trn thut ton trn y tc gi xy dng chng trnh trong mi trng Matl ab. Chng
trnh c th c s dng phn tch cc khung thp c lin kt dm ct dng phi tuyn, phc v
cng tc nghin cu v thit k.
5. V d tnh ton
Khung thp phng 1 tng, 1 nh p (hnh 10a). Lin kt cng ti chn ct, lin kt hai u dm vo
ct l kiu lin kt na cng c cu to nh hnh 10b. Thp c modun n hi l: E= 2.10e+8
(KN/m
2
).
Trong tng trng hp, ti trng ng c cho tc dng trc v gi nguyn tr s ln. Ti
trng ngang c cho tc dng sau vi qui lut thay i, nhng kt qu v ng sut v bin dng do
ti ng gy ra trc c gn thnh iu kin ban u khi tnh ton cho cc trng hp ti trng
ngang. Gi thit ng x do trong lin kt cha gy ra bin dng gc xoay vt qu gi tr gc xoay
gii hn ca lin kt, cc lin kt vn lm vic bnh thng di cc cp ti trng chn.


Hnh 10a. S kt cu
+ Phn t 1, 2, 3 c kch thc tit din:
H400x200x13x8.
+ Nt lin kt 1 & 2 theo kiu nt cng
+ Nt lin kt 3 & 4 theo kiu lin kt na
cng(xem hnh 6b), vi cc thng s [12]:
- cng lin kt ban u: 74.600KNm/rad
- M men do ca lin kt: 172.3KNm

Hnh 10b. Cu to nt lin kt 3 & 4. [11]

a. Dng ti ngang thay i lp chu k (hnh 11)
Tng s c 36 bc gia ti, bao gm 72 bc ti (N=72), gi tr ti ngang bt u bng 0, gia s
gia hai bc gi a ti bt k l 5KN.

Hnh 11. S ti ngang thay i chu k
b)Biu quan h m men- gc xoay ca cc nt lin kt

M men - gc xoay nt 3

M men - gc xoay nt 4

TH1: ti trng ng P=0, N =72, A=5KN

M men - gc xoay nt 3

M men - gc xoay nt 4

TH2: ti trng ng P=50KN, N =72, A=5KN

M men - gc xoay nt 3

M men - gc xoay nt 4

TH3: ti trng ng P=200KN, N =72, A=5KN.

M men - gc xoay nt 3

M men - gc xoay nt 4

TH4: ti trng ng P=300KN, N =72, A=5KN.
Hnh 12. Biu quan h m men-gc xoay ca cc nt 3 v 4 ca dm
c)Biu quan h ti ngang- gc xoay v ti ngang - m men ti nt lin kt

Ti ngang - gc xoay nt 3

Ti ngang - M men nt 3

TH1: ti trng ng P=0, N =72, A=5KN


Ti ngang - gc xoay nt 3

Ti ngang - M men nt 3
TH2: ti trng ng P=50KN, N =72, A=5KN

Ti ngang - gc xoay nt 3

Ti ngang - M men nt 3
TH3: ti trng ng P=200KN, N =72, A=5KN

Ti ngang - gc xoay nt 3

Ti ngang - M men nt 3
TH4: ti trng ng P=300KN, N =72, A=5KN.

Hnh 13. Biu quan h ti ngang-gc xoay v ti ngang mmen ti nt 3 ca dm
6. Nhn xt kt qu tnh ton
T cc hnh 12 v 13 ta thy vi s c mt ca ti trng ng cc quy lut lm vic ca kt cu
tr nn phc tp hn khi khng c ti ng v khi ti ng cng ln th cc bc tranh l m vic ca
kt cu cng phc tp.
Kt cu xem xt c tnh i xng. Trng hp kt cu ch chu ti trng ngang thay i lp, bc
tranh v s l m vic ca kt cu (quan h ti ngang gc xoay, ti ngang mmen, mmen-gc
xoay) c tnh i xng qua gc to . Khi trn khung c ti trng ng th tnh i xng ca bc
tranh v s lm vic ca kt cu b ph v, bc tranh lm vic ca kt cu b dch sang mt bn.
Khi gi tr ca ti trng ng tng ln th bin dng ca kt cu ti cc nt lin kt dm ct tng
ln v bin dng d c tch l u ti cc lin kt ny cng tng theo (hnh 12, 13).
7. Kt lun
Kt qu nghi n cu trn y cho thy s lm vic ca kt cu khung thp c lin kt phi tuyn
n do khi ch u ti thay i l phc tp. Vic phn tch trong trng hp ny phi xt n s tch
lu bin dng d v ng sut d trong kt cu.
Trong bi bo ny xem xt khung thp c lin kt na cng phi tuyn theo m hnh n - do
chu ti trng ng v ti ngang theo quy lut l p chu k. xy dng thut ton v chng trnh
tnh ton v p dng chng trnh tnh ton, nghi n cu nh hng ca ti trng ng n c
i m lm vic ca khung, phn tch qui lut tch ly bi n dng d v mmen d trong kt cu khung.

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