NGHIN CU BIN PHP GIM PHN TNG CHO HN HP B TNG KERAMZIT T LN

NGUYN DUY HIU Trng i hc Kin trc H Ni TS. TRN B VIT Vin KHCN Xy dng GS. TSKH. PHNG VN L Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni
1. t vn Hi n tng phn tng ct li u nh l m t yu t bt li, c bit i vi hn hp b tng (HHBT) c chy cao, v b tng t ln. m bo iu kin thi cng v nng cao cht lng cho sn ph m cui c ng, c n phi c cc gii php khc phc hin tng ny. Hi n tng sa lng ca cc ht vt liu nng hay ni l n ca cc ht ct liu rng (CLR) l m t qu trnh t xy v tr s ca n ph thuc vo nht, tnh lu bin ca HHBT, sc cng b mt, kch thc ht, cc thng s trng thi v cu trc ca cc ht. Chuyn ng tng i ca cc cu t c khi lng th tch ht khc nhau trong HHBT tun theo phng tr nh Stocke: [3]. v= 2.r ..g/9 Trong : v - vn tc chuyn dch ca ht ct liu (m/s); r - bn knh c a ht ct liu (m); = /m - h/ (kg/m ); m- khi lng th tch ca h hoc va xi mng (kg/m ); h - kh i lng th tch ht ct liu (kg/m 3); g - gia t c trng trng (m/s ); - nht ng lc ca h hoc va xi mng (Ns/m ). Trn c s phn tch phng trnh (1) c th xut mt s phng php hn ch s phn tng c liu trong b tng c t liu rng (BTCLR) nh sau: Gim kch thc ht ct liu rng; Gim mc chnh l ch khi lng th tch gia ht ct liu v n n va/h xi mng, = /m - h/ ; Tng nht ca h/va xi mng. S dng CLR c ht nh, c khi lng th tch ht ln s hn ch mc ch nh l ch , tuy nhin s lm tng khi lng th tch ca b tng. M t phng php c hiu qu tng khi lng th tch ht m khng lm tng ng k khi lng th tc h ca BTCLR l cho CLR bo ho nc trc khi tr n. Lng nc d tr trong CLR c n c tc d ng dng h cho b tng (BT) trong qu trnh r n chc v pht trin cng , b p co ho hc, co t kh cho nn xi mng,... Tuy nhin, khi c th l m gi m cng ca BT tui ngn ng y, tu thuc loi ct liu v h s bo ho n c ca CLR. Do phi tnh ton mc ht nc ph hp cho CLR. Trong ch to BT chy ni ring v BTCLR c chy cao hay t l n, v n iu chnh nht ng lc ca h xi m ng nm trong mt gii hn nht nh l r t quan trng. Kh thi nht vn l bi n php s dng ph gia ho hc kt hp vi iu chnh t l N/X. V ngn cn hin tng ni ln ca CLR trong qu trnh thi cng b tng, c th s dng thm c t si phn tn nh mt ph gia cng ngh . S phn tn ngu nhi n c a si siu m nh trong b tng c tc d ng nh mt mng li cn tr s ni l n c a cc ht CLR. S c mt ca ct si si u m nh c n c tc d ng gim bin dng mm cho b tng [2]. Tu thuc tng loi si c ng nh t l hng si, vi mt hm lng nh t nh, s c mt ca si s khng lm tng ng k ng sut ct trong BT nhng li lm tng
2 2 3 3 2

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nh t ng ca va xi mng, do chy ca HHBT vn m bo trong khi hin tng tch CLR s c hn ch. 2. Vt liu s dng trong nghin cu 2.1. Cht kt dnh S dng xi mng PCB40 Chinfon, p ng y u c u theo ti u chun TCVN 6260-1997. 2.2. Ct liu nh C t liu nh trong nghi n c u l ct vng Sng L, t y u c u quy nh theo TCVN 7570-2006. 2.3. Ph gia khong Tro tuy n nhit in Ph Li, t yu c u k thut theo TCVN 6882 -2001. gim lng dng xi mng, trong cp phi BT thay th 15% xi mng, theo khi lng bng tro bay. V tng lng bt mn trong BT, tng c ca ct liu, thay th 3 0% ct vng theo th tch, bng tro bay cng lo i. 2.4. Ph gia siu do (PGSD) Gienium S51 trn c s Polymer Cacboxylate Ether ca h ng MBT, lo i F theo ASTM C494. 2.5. Ph gia n nh nht COMBIZELL do Hurcules Asia Pacific s n xut, dn xut ca Methylcellululoses, l lo i cellulose ether, khi ha tan trong nc s to n n nh ng tnh cht v chc ho hc khc nhau. 2.6. Ct si siu mnh S i polypropylen (PP) Grace ca M v s i thu tinh bn kim ARG ca Trung Quc. Tnh cht ca si si u m nh nh trong bng 1. Bng 1. Tnh cht c l ca si PP v si ARG Tnh ch t Khi lng ri ng, g/cm ng knh trung bnh, mm Chi u di trung bnh, mm Modun n hi, Gpa Cng duy tr (c a si tao) trong mi trng xi mng sau (96 1)h lo ho o trong nc (80 1) C, Mpa X p hng (theo EN 14649:2005) 2.7. Ct liu rng keramzit Si nh keramzit ca Bemes vi hai c ht: 5-10 v 3-6 mm, tho m n ASTM C330-99 v TCVN 6220-1997. 3. Kt qu nghin cu 3.1. nh hng ca m ban u n ht nc ca keramzit ht nc ca CLR khng nhng ph thuc loi v c u trc rng ca n m cn chu nh hng ca tnh tr ng m ban u. ng cong thc nghim gia ht nc gia tng sau 1 gi ngm m u, Hp1, vi m ban u Wi ( tnh tr ng kh mt), c th hin tr n hnh 1.
3

Tr s S i PP S i ARG 0,91 2.70 40-60 13-15 20 15-17 3,5 72 289 A

Phng php th nghi m ASTM D578 JISR 3420 BS EN 14649 : 2005 BS EN 14649 : 2005

 ht nc gia tng Hp1, %

12 10 8

K: 5-12mm, Hp1
6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

K: 3-6mm, Hp1

m ban u, % Hnh 1. Quan h gia m ban u v ht nc ca CLR

Nh vy: vi keramzit c ht 3- 6mm, ht nc s t cao nht m ban u xp x 3-4%. i vi c ht 5 - 12mm, ht nc s t cao nht m ban u khong 4-6%. 3.2. Nghin cu qu trnh mt nc ca Keramzit ngm nc Tnh cht ht nc ca CLR l quan tr ng. Tuy nhi n, kh nng tr li nc ca CLR ngm nc ban u cho nn b tng l c tnh cn c nghi n cu. Q u t r n h ch uy n n c t tr o n g l r n g c a C LR ch o n n xi m n g x y r a do s ch nh l c h l c h t m a o q u n t ro n g l r n g c a xi m n g v C LR . m c a b t n g l m t h m t ha y i t he o t h i gi a n k t k hi t o h n h . Tr o n g , s c h uy n tr n c t C L R c n g p h t h u c t u i ha y m c a n n xi m n g b a o qu a n h n .
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

M t nc ca keramzit, %

0.0 -5.0 -10.0 -15.0 -20.0 -25.0 3 ngy 7 ngy 14 ngy 28 ngy

m tng i (RH) ca mi trng,% Hnh 2. Mt nc ca keramzit trong dung dch mui b o ho

Th nghi m m t m ca si nh keramzit bo ho nc c xc nh sau cc mc thi gian lu o m u l 3, 7, 14 v 28 ngy nhit 25-27 C, l n lt trong cc mi trng c m tng i l 100%, 97%, 95%, 85% v 0%. Mi trng c m tng i 97%, 95% v 85% c to ra bng o cch s dng dung dch mui bo ho tng ng l: K 2SO4, KNO3 v KCl nhit 25-27 C. S d ch n cc mi trng ny th nghim l v t thc nghim cho thy, m tng i ca mu b tng khi r n chc khng c s trao i m vi mi trng, nm trong khong 85 99% [4]. Mi o trng c m tng i 0% c thc hin trong t sy nhit 40 C. K t qu th nghim cho th y, trong cc dung dch mui bo ho vi m tng i t 85 -97%, sau kho ng 14 ng y ngm m u keramzit (vi ht nc b o ho ban u 23,0 -23,5%), ph n ln nc d tr trong keramzit Bemes bo ho chuy n vo mi trng. Nh vy nc d tr trong mng li l rng ca keramzit s chuyn dn cho nn xi mng trong qu tr nh ng kt v r n chc tip tc qu trnh thu ho, b p cho co ho hc v co t sinh, ci thin cu trc vi m v v m cho xi mng v b tng. 3.3. Thnh phn cp phi ca BT Keramzit t ln

Tr n c s t hi t k t h nh ph n ht t c l n nh t, c n g v i kt q u n ghi n c u b n g ph ng p hp quy ho ch thc ng hi m, sau khi gi i b i to n t i u v hi u ch n h kt qu b ng thc n ghi m, t h nh ph n c p p hi c a B TK t m c 3 00, khi l n g th tch kh 160 0- 18 00 k g/ m , c a r a tr o ng b ng 2 . Bng 2. Thnh ph n cp phi BTK v cp phi b tng nng t ln
K hiu cp phi Kd Kdg Kw Kwp Kwg Kwv NA Xi mng (kg) 400 400 400 400 400 400 240 Ct vng (kg) 550 550 550 550 550 550 775 Tro tuyn (kg) 210 210 210 210 210 210 260 Nc (Lt) 200 200 185 185 185 185 198 dm (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 780 S i nh (kg) 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 S51 (Lt) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.0 Ct si (g) PP 0 0 0 471 0 0 0 AGR 0 700 0 0 700 0 0 Ph gia HPMC (g) 0 0 0 0 0 141 0 Hp ca CLR (%) 0 0 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 0
3

Ghi ch: Kd c p phi BT s dng Keramzit kh; Kdg cp phi BT s dng Keramzit kh v si thu tinh; Kw - c p phi BT s dng Keramzit t (ngm nc 15h); Kwp - c p phi BT s dng Keramzit t v si PP; Kwg - cp phi BT s dng Keramzit t v s i thu tinh; Kwv - cp phi BT s dng Keramzit t v ph gia nht; NA - c p phi BT t l n mc M30 s dng dm thng thng. 3.4. Tnh ton s b ht nc cn thit ca keramzit Lng nc d tr trong CLR chuyn cho nn xi mng thc hin s dng h b n trong v tip tc cung ng nc cho qu trnh thu ho xi mng li n h vi co ho hc v lng d ng ch t kt dnh (CKD) bi phng trnh [5]:

M CLR .S.Hp CLR CKD.CS. max

Trong :

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MCLR l kh i lng CLR trong b tng (kg/m BT); CKD lng xi mng hay CKD trong b tng (kg/m BT); CS - co ho hc ca xi mng hay CKD (gN/g CKD); max h s thu ho ca xi mng hay CKD; S h s tr li nc ca CLR cho nn CKD (0<S 1); HpCLR - ht nc theo khi lng ca CLR (%). Theo Jensen v Hansen [5], h s thu ho max c xc nh gn ng theo nguy n t c: nu N/CKD 0,36 th max=(N/CKD)/0,36; nu N/CKD=0,36 -0,42 th max = 1. Tuy nhin, trn quan im lng nc thm vo l duy tr s bo ho cc l rng trong nn CKD, n n khi N/CKD=0,36-0,42 th qu trnh d ng h bn trong v n c th thc hin bng CLR ngm nc vi h s b o ho <1. Trn c s thnh ph n khong ca xi mng v h s co ri ng ph n ca cc khong, c th tnh s b h s co CS ca xi mng l 0,07g (N)/g(XM). Tuy nhin khi tnh ton b qua nh hng ca ph gia khong c sn trong xi mng PCB v tro bay nhi t in c trong th nh ph n BT Keramzit. Chn h s mt nc S=100%, h s thu ho max = 1, theo phng trnh 2, ht nc cn thit
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ca keramzit s l HpCLR= 8,5%. Ch r ng, phng trnh 2 khng tnh n s trao i m gia BT v mi trng. Khi quan tm n s mt nc ca BT vo mi trng th phi m bo ht nc ca keramzit ln hn 8,5%. 3.5. Tnh cng tc ca HHBT 3.5.1. chy v t n tht chy ca HHBT K t qu o chy st ca HHBT ngay sau khi trn v sau cc kho ng thi gian khc nhau c minh ho bng cc hnh 6, 7 v 8. Th nghi m chy, tn tht chy st ca HHBT c th hin tr n hnh 3, 4 v 5.

Hnh 3. Hnh nh th nghi m chy t do v chy J-ring c a HHBT

800 750
chy st, mm
Cp phi Kd Cp phi Kw Cp phi Kwp Cp phi Kwg Cp phi Kwv Cp phi NA Kdg

700 650 600 550 500 450 400 0 30 60 Thi gian, pht 90 120

Hnh 4. chy st t do (Do) v t n tht chy ca HHBT

800 750

chy Dj, mm

DJ - cp phi Kd DJ- cp phi Kw DJ- cp phi Kwp DJ- cp phi Kwg DJ - cp phi Kwv DJ- cp phi NA Kdg

700 650 600 550 500 450 400 0 30 60 90 120

Thi gian, pht

Hnh 5. chy v t n tht chy J-ring (Dj) c a HHBT 3.5.2. Phn t ng ca HHBT

 phn tng ca HHBT c xc nh trn c s phng php xc nh phn tng ca HHBT ct liu nh Polistyron theo ti u chu n OCT P 51263-99 c a Nga. Tuy nhi n trong th nghi m khng s dng m rung m ch HHBT t ln y ca. Kt qu o phn tng ca HHBT c minh ho bng hnh 6. Phn b ca CLR trong BT Keramzit c m t bng hnh 7. T kt qu o phn tng ct liu cng nh nh chp s phn b ca chng trong b tng cho th y cc mu s dng keramzit ht nc trc c ng nht cao hn ng k so vi mu s dng ct liu kh. S c mt ca si siu m nh c tc dng nh mt mng li ngn cn s ni l n ca CLR. Do c t l hng si ln v tng thch vi h xi mng n n si ARG pht huy hiu qu ch ng phn tng tt hn si PP. Mu s dng CLR ngm nc kt hp si thu tinh hoc ph gia nh t c ho hi u qu rt tt, gim c khong 50% phn tng ct liu so vi mu s dng CLR kh v khng c s i.
30 25
Kd, 26 Kw, 21 Kwp, 20 Kdg, 16 Kwg, 14 Kwv, 13

Kd Kdg Kw Kwp Kwg Kwv NA

phn tng, %

20 15 10 5

NA, 5

Hnh 6. phn tng ca HHBT

(a) (b) (c) (a)- m t ct ngang cch mt 1cm; (b)- mt ct ngang cch y 1cm; (c)- c t dc mu tr Hnh 7. BT Keramzit c s i ARG 3.5.3. Kh nng t l n c a HHBTK Kh nng t l n c a HHBT c xc nh trn c s th nghim bng dng c J-ring theo tiu chun ASTM C 1666/C 1666M 2007 v ASTM C1611/C 1611M. Ngoi ra cn xc nh thi gian ch y ca HHBT qua phu V v kh nng chy vt ct thp trong hp L-box. K t qu th nghim c minh ho bng hnh 8.
60 50
Do-Dj, mm
CP Kd CP kw CP Kwp CP Kwg CP Kwv CP NA
Kwp Kw Kd Kdg NA

40 30 20 10 0
0 30 60 90 120

Kdg
Kwv Kwg

NA Kwv Kwg Kwp Kw Kd

Kdg

Thi gian, pht

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

a) Do Dj: Th nghi m J-ring (ASTM C1621/C1621M)

b) H s t l n K=H2/H1: (Th nghi m bng dng c hp L-box[1])

Hnh 8. Kh nng t l n ca HHBT Keramzit

K t qu th nghim cho thy, cp phi s dng keramzit kh c tn tht chy theo thi gian rt ln, do s ht nc mnh ca CLR trong h xi mng. C p phi ny c lng nc trn ln hn nn HHBT c xu hng phn tng ct liu v tch va mnh, dn n kh nng t l n km. C p phi s dng CLR ngm nc trc khi trn s gim c lng nc trn, ngn cn ct liu ht nc t do trong h xi mng nn gi m ng k tn tht chy cho HHBT, ng thi gim hin tng tch va v tch CLR, HHBT c kt ni b tt hn. chy v t n tht chy ca n tng ng vi HHBT n ng t l n cng mc. S dng thm ph gia n nh nht HPMC (cp phi Kwv) vi h m lng rt nh (0,03 -0,05% CKD) kh c phc c nhc im n y. Th c nghim cho thy cp phi Kwv cho HHBT c chy v t c chy cao, kh nng t l n t t, mc phn tng v t n tht ch y cng rt thp. Khi gi nguyn lng nc trn, s c mt ca ct si lm gim ng k chy ca HHBT so vi cp phi khng si. Hiu ng ny x y ra mnh hn i vi si ARG. Trong qu trnh th nghi m nh n thy rng, HHBT vi s c mt ca ct si u lm tng tnh d trn v hn ch hin tng sa lng h xi mng, v si thu tinh cng th hin hiu ng n y tt hn si PP. C th nh gi tnh t l n c a hn hp BT Keramzit theo chy st Do v chy qua vng Jring Dj, sau tnh hiu s Do-Dj; ho c chy Do v h s t ln H2/H1. K t qu thc nghim ch ng t tnh thng nht gia cc phng php. Tuy nhin thi gian chy ca hn hp BTKTL trong th nghi m V-test l n hn ng k so vi gii hn quy nh cho BTTL thng thng. Nguyn nhn c bn ca hin tng ny l BT Keramzit c khi lng th tch thp, hn na do CLR nh c xu hng ni l n trn nn tr ng tm ca khi va b dch xung thp, do th nng ban u ca n nh hn ng k so vi BT thng. 4. Kt lun T kt qu nghi n cu l thuyt v thc nghim, c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau : - Trong cng ngh ch to BTK c chy cao v BTK t l n, nn s dng CLR ngm nc trc. S dng keramzit ngm nc trc vi m ph hp, cho hiu qu nhiu mt so snh vi s dng keramzit kh: Gim phn tng cho HHBT (khong 20%); Tng kh nng cng tc cho HHBT; C i thin vi cu trc ca BT; - S dng si thu tinh hoc si PP si u m nh, cng vi gii php cho CLR ngm nc trc, cho hi u qu cao trong vic chng phn tng cho HH BTK c chy cao v BTK t l n. S i thu tinh lm gi m phn t ng t t hn si PP; - S dng ph gia nht HPMC vi hm lng hp l 0,03% - 0,05% CKD, c tc dng rt tt v ch ng phn tng v tng kh nng t l n cho HH BTK. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. B Xy dng. Ch dn k thut thit k v thi cng b tng t l n, 2004. 2. TR N B VIT v cc c ng tc vi n. Nghin cu ch to b tng cht lng cao s dng ct si nhn t o d ng cho cc cng trnh H N i. Bo co kt qu t i NCKH thnh ph H N i, 2005. 3. Satish Chandra and Leif Berntsson. Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Science, Techology and Aplications. William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, New York, U.S.A, 2003. 4. A. M Neville. Properties of Concrete. Pitman Publishing, 1985. 5. John P. Ries, Thomas A. Holm. HighPerformace Structural Lightweight concrete. ACI SP-218, 2004.